Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

by

Prof. Deepankar Choudhury

Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076, India. Email: dc@civil.iitb.ac.in URL: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dc/ Lecture 2
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Module 1
Introduction to Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Effects of Earthquake
Devastating effects of earthquakes due to failure of structure

Earthquake never kills, but damage of structures during earthquake due to incorrect or insufficient design and constructions kills
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Effects of Earthquake
Devastating effects of earthquakes due to failure of soil beneath

Structure is safe, but it has settled down by huge amount, due to failure of ground beneath.

Buildings dilapidated because of failure of soil beneath

Effects of Earthquake
Devastating effects of earthquakes due to landslides and rockslides

Fig. Landslides in Sikkim during 2011 earthquake

Fig. Rockslides in Sikkim at different road streches

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 Tsunami

Effects of Earthquake

is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, "harbor wave ("tsu," means harbor, while "nami," means "wave)

Figures showing disasters due to Tsunami

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Principal Types of Earthquake Damage

Structural
Caused by excessive ground shaking Strongly influenced by local soil conditions

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

 Ground Shaking: Shakes structures constructed on

ground causing them to collapse

Liquefaction: Conversion of formally stable

cohesionless soils to a fluid mass, causing damage to the structures

Landslides: Triggered by the vibrations Retaining structure failure: Damage of anchored

wall, sheet pile, other retaining walls and sea walls

Fire: Indirect result of earthquakes triggered by broken

gas and power lines

Tsunamis: large waves created by the instantaneous

displacement of the sea floor during submarine faulting
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Damage due to Earthquakes

Earthquakes have varied effects, including changes in geologic features, damage to man-made structures and impact on human and animal life.

Earthquake Damage depends on many factors:

The size of the Earthquake

The distance from the focus of the earthquake The properties of the materials at the site

The nature of the structures in the area

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Ground Shaking
Frequency of shaking differs for different seismic waves.

High frequency body waves shake low buildings more.

Low frequency surface waves shake high buildings more. Intensity of shaking also depends on type of subsurface material. Unconsolidated materials amplify shaking more than rocks do. Buildings respond differently to shaking depending on construction styles, materials
Wood -- more flexible, holds up well Earthen materials, unreinforced concrete -- very vulnerable to shaking.
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Collapse of Buildings
(Fukui Earthquake, 1948)
June 28th (Mon), 1948 16:13 pm M7.1, D=0km Death Toll: 3,769 Injured: 22,203 Collapse Ratio of Houses: almost 100% (The Area of SouthNorth 20km by EastWest10km of Fukui Plain)

Damage to Pile-Heads of Hokuriku Haiden Building. (Shear Cracks)

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Collapse of Buildings
(Fukui Earthquake, 1948)

Damage to the Pile Foundations of Hokuriku-Haiden Building caused by the 1948 Fukui Earthquake
Settlements of the First Floor Cracks at the Column-Heads of the Second Floor and the Floor Slabs of the First Floor
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Image of Bachau in Kutch region of Gujarat after earthquake

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Principal Types of Earthquake Damage

Liquefaction
Occurs in loose, saturated sands Grain structure collapses

Pore pressure increases

Effective stress decreases Strength and stiffness decrease
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Soil Liquefaction
Termed liquefaction, the strength of the soil reduced, often dramatically, to the point where it is unable to support structures or remain stable.

Fukui 1948 Earthquake, Liquefaction Failure

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1964 Niigata Earthquake

June 16th (Tue) 1964, 13:02pm Magnitude M=7.5

(Reference: The 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake M=7.2, The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake M=7.9) Death Toll: 29 Total Burnt and Collapse of Houses: 3,557

Damage: Soil Liquefaction, Bridge Collapse, Fire of Oil Storage Tanks (Fire continued 300 hours) Tokyo Olympic Games: October 10th -21st, 1964

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Collapsed Buildings (Kawagishicho Apartments) due to Soil Liquefaction

Accelerometers: At bldg. top: 184 Gal, At bldg base: 159 Gal

340 RC Buildings were damaged in Niigata City. The damage ratio of RC building is 22%.

Nigata 1964 Earthquake, Liquefaction and Bearing Failure

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Nigata 1964 Earthquake, Liquefaction and Other Failures

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The 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake January 17th 1995 (Tue), 05:46 am Epicenter: Awaji Island, Depth: 14km Magnitude: 7.2 Death Toll 6,439, Heavy Injured 1,883, Light Injured 26,615, Missing 2 Completely Destroyed House: 93,773, Partially Destroyed: 107,008 Collapsed Bridge: 46, Collapsed or Heavily Damaged Building: 3,081 Total Monetary Loss: 96 billion US dollars
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Data of Kobe 1995 Earthquake

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Sand Boil: Ground water rushing to the surface due to liquefaction

Sand blow in mud flats used for salt production southwest of Kandla Port, Gujarat
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Principal Types of Earthquake Damage

Landslides Can occur due to liquefaction Can occur in non-liquefiable soil

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Earthquake Destruction: Landslides

Devastating effect of earthquake on slope stability during San Fernando 1971 earthquake
Courtesy: EERC library, UC Berkeley

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Devastating effect of earthquake on pavement foundation during Chile 1960 earthquake

Courtesy: EERC library, UC Berkeley

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Devastating effect of earthquake by Liquefaction induced movement during Niigata 1964 earthquake
Courtesy: EERC library, UC Berkeley

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Devastating effect of earthquake by Liquefaction induced Bearing capacity failure during Turkey 1999 earthquake
Courtesy: EERC library, UC Berkeley

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Lateral Spreading: Liquefaction related phenomenon

Upslope portion of lateral spread at Budharmora, Gujarat

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Lateral spreading in the soil beneath embankment causes the embankment to be pulled apart, producing the large crack down the center of the road.
Cracked Highway, Alaska, 1964

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Earthquake Destruction: Retaining Structure Failure

September 1999 Chi Chi Earthquake, Taiwan

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Liquefied soil exerts higher pressure on retaining walls,which can cause them to tilt or slide.

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Increased water pressure causes collapse of dams

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Earthquake Destruction: Lifelines

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Earthquake Destruction: Fire

Earthquakes sometimes cause fire due to broken gas lines, contributing to the loss of life and economy.

The destruction of lifelines and utilities make impossible for firefighters to reach fires started and make the situation worse eg. 1989 Loma Prieta 1906 San Francisco
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Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis

Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. The water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium. Tsunami travels at a speed that is related to the water depth - hence, as the water depth decreases, the tsunami slows. The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave speed and wave height, remains nearly constant. Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into shallower water, its height grows. Because of this effect, a tsunami, imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in height near the coast and can flood a vast area.
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Tsunami
Tsunami Movement: ~800 kmph in deep water

~350 kmph in medium depth water

~50 kmph in shallow water

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Geomorphological Changes
Geomorphological changes are often caused by an earthquake: e.g., movements--either vertical or horizontal-along geological fault traces; the raising, lowering, and tilting of the ground surface with related effects on the flow of groundwater;

An earthquake produces a permanent displacement across the fault.

Once a fault has been produced, it is a weakness within the rock, and is the likely location for future earthquakes. After many earthquakes, the total displacement on a large fault may build up to many kilometers, and the length of the fault may propagate for hundreds of kilometers.
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Year 1556
1906 1960 1964 1976 1985

Location China
San Francisco S. Chile Alaska China Mexico City

Deaths 5,30,000
700 2,230 131 7,00,000 9,500

Magnitude 8.0
7.9 9.5 9.2 7.8 8.1

1989
1995 2001 2004 2005 2008

California
Kobe Gujarat, India Sumatra Pakistan China

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5,472 1,00,000 2,20,000 1,00,000 90,000

7.1
7.2 7.7 9.1 7.6 7.9

List of Major Historic Earthqu akes in World

2010
2010 2011

Haiti
Chile Japan

2,22,000
50,000 1,00,000

7.0
8.8 9.1
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LIST OF SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD

DATE Lat( Deg N ) 1819 JUN 16 1869 JAN 10 1885 MAY 30 1897 JUN 12 23.6 25 34.1 26 EPICENTRE Long( Deg E ) 68.6 93 74.6 91 KUTCH,GUJARAT NEAR CACHAR, ASSAM SOPOR, J&K SHILLONGPLATEAU 8.0 7.5 7.0 8.7 LOCATION MAGNITUDE

1905 APR 04
1918 JUL 08 1930 JUL 02 1934JAN 15 1941 JUN 26 1943 OCT 23 1950 AUG 15 1956 JUL 21 1967 DEC 10 1975 JAN 19 1988 AUG 06 1988 AUG 21 1991 OCT 20 1993 SEP 30 1997 MAY 22 1999 MAR 29 2001 JAN 26

32.3
24.5 25.8 26.6 12.4 26.8 28.5 23.3 17.37 32.38 25.13 26.72 30.75 18.07 23.08 30.41 23.40

76.3
91.0 90.2 86.8 92.5 94.0 96.7 70.0 73.75 78.49 95.15 86.63 78.86 76.62 80.06 79.42 70.28

KANGRA, H.P
SRIMANGAL, ASSAM DHUBRI, ASSAM BIHAR-NEPALBORDER ANDAMAN ISLANDS ASSAM ARUNACHAL PRADESH-CHINA BORDER ANJAR, GUJARAT KOYNA, MAHARASHTRA KINNAUR, HP MANIPUR-MYANMAR BORDER BIHAR-NEPAL BORDER UTTARKASHI, UP HILLS LATUR-OSMANABAD, MAHARASHTRA JABALPUR,MP CHAMOLI DIST, UP BHUJ , GUJARAT

8.0
7.6 7.1 8.3 8.1 7.2 8.5 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.8 6.9

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Table: Historical strong earthquakes and damages worldwide till 2010

Date
October 20, 1687 July 8, 1730 November 1, 1755

Magnitude
8.5 8.7 8.7

Location
Lima, Peru Valparasio, Chile Lisbon, Portugal

Effects
Destroyed much of the city. Killed about 3000 people. Also generated Tsunami and killed about 60,000 people and destroyed much of Lisbon. Generated Tsunami and killed atleast 58 people in Hawaii.

November 7, 1837 August 13, 1868

8.5 9.0

Valdivia, Chile

Africa, Peru Generated catastrophic Tsunami and (currently in kille about 25,000 people in South Chile) America. Sanriku, Japan Generated a Tsunami and killed atleast 22,000 people.

June 15, 1896 January 31, 1906

8.5 8.8

Off the coast of Generated Tsunami and killed atleast Ecuador and 500 people. Colombia.
42 . Choudhury, D. (2010) in Structural Longivity

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Table (contd.): Historical strong earthquakes and damages worldwide till 2010
Date November 11, 1922 August 15, 1950 May 22, 1960 March 27, 1964 Magnitude 8.5 8.6 9.5 9.2 Location Chile-Argentina border Effects Killed several hundred people.

Assam, India and Killed about 780 people. Tibet Southern Chile Also generated Tsunami and killed atleast 1,716 people.

Prince William Also generated Tsunami and killed Sound, Alaska about 128 people.

December 26, 2004

9.0

Off the Indonesia Triggered a Tsunami that killed about Island of 226,000 people in 12 countries, Sumatra including 165,700 in Indonesia and 35,400 in Sri Lanka.
Offshore Chile Maule, Generated Tsunami and number of people killed and massive damages in Chile

February 27, 2010

8.8

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43 . Choudhury, D. (2010) in Structural Longivity

Table: Worldwide largest and deadliest earthquakes during 2000 to 2010

Largest Earthquakes Deadliest Earthquakes

Date

Magn it u d e

Fataliti es

Region

Date

Magnitude

Fatalities

Region

February 27, 8.8 2010

507

Offshore Maule, Chile

January 12, 2010

7.0

222,570

Haiti
Southern Sumatra, Indonesi a Eastern Sichuan, China Near the Coast of Central Peru Java, Indonesi a

September 29, 2009

8.1

192

Samoa Islands September 30, 2009 region Eastern Sichuan, China Southern Sumatera , Indonesia Kuril Islands

7.5

1,117

May 12, 2008

7.9

87,587

May 12, 2008

7.9

87,587

September 12, 2007

8.5

25

August 15, 2007

8.0

514

November 15, 8.3 2006

May 26, 2006

6.3

5,749

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44 . Choudhury, D. (2010) in Structural Longivity

Table: Worldwide largest and deadliest earthquakes during 2000 to 2010

Largest Earthquakes Magni t u d e 8.6 Deadliest Earthquakes Fataliti es

Date

Region

Date

Magnitude

Fatalities

Region

March 28, 2005

1,313

Northern Sumatra, Indonesia Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra Hokkaido, Japan Region

October 8, 2005

7.6

80,361

Pakistan Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra Southeastern Iran Hindu Kush Region, Afghanist an Bhuj, India Southern Sumatera , Indonesia

December 26, 2004

9.1

227,898

December 26, 2004

9.1

227,898

September 25, 2003

8.3

December 26, 2003

6.6

31,000

November 2002

3,

7.9

Central Alaska

March 25, 2002

6.1

1,000

June 23, 2001

8.4

138

Near Coast of Peru New Ireland Region, P.N.G.

January 26, 2001

7.7

20,023

November 16, 2000

8.0

June 4, 2000

7.9

103

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45 . Choudhury, D. (2010) in Structural Longivity

Tohoku, Japan (2011)

Earthquake Records (courtesy: www.stvincet.ac.uk)

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Share of Earthquake Disaster in 20th Century

Walling and Mohanty (2009)

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Earthquake Fatalities vs. Magnitude

Hough and Bilham, 2005

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End of

Module 1

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