"Website On Deforestation": Submitted To

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WEBSITE ON DEFORESTATION
Submitted to: SIKKIM MANIPAL UNIVERSITY Fo t!e "# ti#$ %u$%i$$me&t o% t!e A'# d o% De( ee o%
BA)*ELOR+S OF S)IEN)E IN INFORMATION TE)*NOLO,Y

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SIMRAN0EET SIN,* SOD*I 123415361
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TA*IR TA*RIKEE
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CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that Simranjeet Singh Sodhi of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology@ Re(i9t #tio& No8 123415361 has satisfactorily completed the project work, Website on Global Warming for the partial f lfillment of the award of the degree of BA)*ELOR+S OF S)IEN)E IN INFORMATION TE)*NOLO,Y by Sikkim !anipal "ni#ersity$ AA/#demi/ Ye# : 2334>2373B
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First of all, let me thank the Almighty God and my Parents who are the most graceful and merciful for their blessing. would like to take this o!!ortunity to e"!ress my !rofound sense of gratitude and res!ect to all those who are hel!ing me during this !ro#ect. those who are contributing significantly to my !ro#ect feel !ri$ileged to offer my sincere thanks and dee! sense of gratitude to my guide %r. Tahir Tahrikee for e"!ressing their confidence in me by letting me work on a !ro#ect of this magnitude and using the latest technologies and !ro$iding their su!!ort, hel! & encouragement. would like to e"!ress my sincere gratitude towards all my teachers for their skillful 'eaching, !recious suggestions and encouragements. regret any inad$ertent omissions. acknowledge the effort of
Simran Jeet Singh Sodhi
P o=e/t P o%i$e
Pro#ect 'itle +rgani,ation Pro#ect /uration Persons 1orked 'echnical 0!ecification Hardware Environment Processor 2A% 3A2/ / 04 F// So+tware Environment +P52A' 6G 070'5% (I,ROSOFT WINDOWS -P 8A.456/ F2+6' 56/ (S A..e// 0$$$ HT(1 Pentium I! "#$ %H& '#$ %B RA( ')$ %B '#**(B ))WEBSITE ON DEFORESTATION* - ' .ollege 0i" %onths +ne
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0ubmitted to:
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S7STE( DE!E1OP(ENT 1IFE ,7,1E

0ystem /e$elo!ment re$ol$es around a life cycle that begins with the recognition at user needs. n order to de$elo! good software, it has to go through different !hases. 'here are $arious !hases of the 0ystem 9ife .ycle of this !ro#ect. 'here are different models, which de!ict these !hases. 1e decided to use waterfall model, the oldest and the most widely used !aradigm for software engineering. 'he -arious rele$ant stages of the 0ystem 9ife .ycle of this A!!lication 'ool are de!icted in the following flow diagram.
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9et us ha$e a look on each of the abo$e acti$ities: PRE1I(INAR7 IN!ESTI%ATION Preliminary system study is the first stage of system de$elo!ment life cycle. 'his is a brief in$estigation of the system under consideration and gi$es a clear !icture of what actually the !hysical system is= n !ractice, the initial system study in$ol$es the !re!aration of a )0ystem Pro!osal> which lists the Problem /efinition, +b#ecti$es of the 0tudy, 'erms of reference for 0tudy, .onstraints, 5"!ected benefits of the new system, etc. in the light of the user re?uirements. 'he system !ro!osal is !re!ared by the 0ystem Analyst @who studies the systemA and !laces it before the user management. 'he management may acce!t the !ro!osal and the cycle !roceeds to the ne"t stage. 'he management may also re#ect the !ro!osal or re?uest some modifications in the !ro!osal. n summary, we would say that system study !hase !asses through the following ste!s: B B B !roblem identification and !ro#ect initiation background analysis inference or findings @system !ro!osalA
FEASIBI1IT7 ST6D7 +n the basis of result of the initial study, feasibility study takes !lace. 'he feasibility study is basically the test of the !ro!osed system in the light of its workability, meeting user>s re?uirements, effecti$e use of resources and .of course, the cost effecti$eness. 'he
main goal of feasibility study is not to sol$e the !roblem but to achie$e the sco!e. n the !rocess of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy. S7STE( ANA17SIS Assuming that a new system is to be de$elo!ed, the ne"t !hase is system ana9:/i/. Analysis in$ol$ed a detailed study of the current system, leading to s!ecifications of a new system. Analysis is a detailed study of $arious o!erations !erformed by a system and their relationshi!s within and outside the system. /uring analysis, data are collected on the a$ailable files, decision !oints and transactions handled by the !resent system. nter$iews, onDsite obser$ation and ?uestionnaire are the tools used for system analysis. Esing the following ste!s it becomes easy to draw the e"act boundary of the new system under consideration: 4ee!ing in $iew the !roblems and new re?uirements 1orkout the !ros and cons including new areas of the system
B B
All !rocedures, re?uirements must be analysed and documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams @/F/sA, data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature s!ecifications. 0ystem Analysis also includes subDdi$iding of com!le" !rocess in$ol$ing the entire system, identification of data store and manual !rocesses. 'he main !oints to be discussed in system analysis are:
0!ecification of what the new system is to accom!lish based on the user re?uirements.
Functional hierarchy showing the functions to be !erformed by the new system and their relationshi! with each other.
Function network which are similar to function hierarchy but they highlight the those functions which are common to more than one !rocedure.
9ist of attributes of the entities D these are the data items which need to be held about each entity @recordA
S7STE( DESI%N 8ased on the user re?uirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be designed. 'his is the !hase of /:/tem de/igning. t is a most crucial !hase in the de$elo!ment of a system. 6ormally, the design !roceeds in two stages : !reliminary or general design 0tructure or detailed design
B B
Preliminary or general design: n the !reliminary or general design, the features of the new system are s!ecified. 'he costs of im!lementing these features and the benefits to be deri$ed are estimated. f the !ro#ect is still considered to be feasible, we mo$e to the detailed design stage. 0tructure or /etailed design: n the detailed design stage, com!uter oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured. 0tructure 1G
design is a blue !rint of a com!uter system solution to a gi$en !roblem ha$ing the same com!onents and interDrelationshi! among the same com!onents as the original !roblem. n!ut, out!ut and !rocessing s!ecifications are drawn u! in detail. n the design stage, the !rogramming language and the !latform in which the new system will run are also decided. 'here are se$eral tools and techni?ues used for designing. 'hese tools and techni?ues are: Flowchart /ata flow diagram @/F/sA /ata dictionary 0tructured 5nglish /ecision table /ecision tree
B B B B B B
5ach of the abo$e tools for designing will be discussed in detailed in the ne"t lesson. ,ODIN% After designing the new system, the whole system is re?uired to be con$erted into com!uter understanding language. ,oding the new system into com!uter !rogramming language does this. t is an im!ortant stage where the defined !rocedure is transformed into control s!ecifications by the hel! of a com!uter language. 'his is also called the !rogramming !hase in which the !rogrammer con$erts the !rogram s!ecifications into
com!uter instructions, which we refer as 3rogram/. 'he !rograms coordinate the data mo$ements and control the entire !rocess in a system. t is generally felt that the !rograms must be modular in nature. 'his hel!s in fast de$elo!ment, maintenance and future change, if re?uired.
TESTIN% 8efore actually im!lementing the new system into o!erations, a test run of the system is done remo$ing all the bugs, if any. t is an im!ortant !hase of a successful system. After codifying the whole !rograms of the system, a test !lan should be de$elo!ed and run on a gi$en set of test data. 'he out!ut of the test run should match the e"!ected results. Esing the test data following test run are carried out: Enit test 0ystem test
B B
Enit test: 1hen the !rograms ha$e been coded and com!iled and brought to working conditions, they must be indi$idually tested with the !re!ared test data. Any undesirable ha!!ening must be noted and debugged @error correctionsA. 0ystem 'est: After carrying out the unit test for each of the !rograms of the system and when errors are remo$ed, then system test is done. At this stage the test is done on actual data. 'he com!lete system is e"ecuted on the actual data. At each stage of the e"ecution, the results or out!ut of the system is analysed. /uring the result analysis, it may be found that the out!uts are not matching the e"!ected out of the system. n such case, the errors in the !articular !rograms are identified and are fi"ed and further tested for the e"!ected out!ut.
1hen it is ensured that the system is running errorD free, the users are called with their own actual data so that the system could be shown running as !er their re?uirements. I(P1E(ENTATION After ha$ing the user acce!tance of the new system de$elo!ed, the im!lementation !hase begins. m!lementation is the stage of a !ro#ect during which theory is turned into !ractice. /uring this !hase, all the !rograms of the system are loaded onto the userHs com!uter. After loading the system, training of the users starts. %ain to!ics of such ty!e of training are: 3ow to e"ecute the !ackage 3ow to enter the data 3ow to !rocess the data @!rocessing detailsA 3ow to take out the re!orts
B B B B
After the users are trained about the com!uterised system, manual working has to shift from manual to com!uterised working. 'he following two strategies are followed for running the system: i. Para99e9 run; n such run for a certain defined !eriod, both the systems i.e. com!uterised and manual are e"ecuted in !arallel. 'his strategy is hel!ful because of the following:
%anual results can be com!ared with the results of the com!uterised system.
Failure of the com!uterised system at the early stage, does not affect the working of the organisation, because the manual system continues to work, as it used to do.
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Pi9ot run; n this ty!e of run, the new system is installed in !arts. 0ome !art of the new system is installed first and e"ecuted successfully for considerable time !eriod. 1hen the results are found satisfactory then only other !arts are im!lemented. 'his strategy builds the confidence and the errors are traced easily.
(AINTENAN,E %aintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its working life and to tune the system to any $ariations in its working en$ironment. t has been seen that there are always some errors found in the system that must be noted and corrected. t also means the re$iew of the system from time to time. 'he re$iew of the system is done for: knowing the full ca!abilities of the system knowing the re?uired changes or the additional re?uirements studying the !erformance
B B B
f a ma#or change to a system is needed, a new !ro#ect may ha$e to be set u! to carry out the change. 'he new !ro#ect will then !roceed through all the abo$e life cycle !hases.
P ob$em De%i&itio& I&t odu/tio& The project was to de#elop a website on De+ore/tation # Web9ite De%i&ed Website is a collection of web pages, which are linked to the pages in the site itself$
O<=e.tive/;
'# Providing in+ormation a<out what the De+ore/tation i/# 0# Providing in+ormation a<out what .au/e/ De+ore/tation# "# Providing in+ormation a<out what .an <e the e++e.t/ o+ the De+ore/tation# *# Providing in+ormation a<out the danger/ o+ De+ore/tation#
># Providing in+ormation a<out what we .an do to redu.e De+ore/tation# )# Providing in+ormation a<out De+ore/tation /o9ution/
PROPOSED S7STE(
'he !ro!osed system is to de$elo! a web based a!!lication that will kee! all the data at a centrali,ed !lace so that it can be retrie$ed by any !erson from anywhere at anytime for its use and online data modifications and entries can be !erformed.
SI%NIFI,AN,E OF THE PROPOSED S7STE(
'oday the web technology has become $ery ad$anced and so con$enient means of information. 'he significance of the !ro#ect lies in the utili,ation of the web technology along with the !ower of com!uters to hel! the common man for retrie$ing information irres!ecti$e of their different locations. AD!ANTA%ES OF THE PROPOSED S7STE( 'he $arious ad$antages of the !ro!osed system are:D '# 6/er Friend9ine// !er: u/er +riend9: and intera.tive 0# 6/er /ati/+a.tion the /:/tem i/ /u.h that it /tand/ u3 to the u/er e?3e.tation/ "# In+ormation .an <e ke3t +or 9onger time +or the +uture need/# *# ,on/idera<9e amount o+ time i/ /aved# ># An: In+ormation 3o/ted .an <e modi+ied i+ re@uired )# ,ommon man .an a9/o a..e// data that +u9+i99/ hi/ need/# A# The re/3on/e time o+ a99 the o3eration/ i/ ver: 9ow# B# The /o+tware i/ ea/: to under/tand
DESI,N )ON)EPTS
The design of an information system prod ces the detail that state how a system will meet the re2 irements identified d ring system analysis$ System specialists often refer to this stage as Lo(i/#$ De9i(&, in contrast to the process of de#elopment program software, which is referred to as P!.9i/#$ De9i(&$
System %nalysis begins process by identifying the reports and the other o tp ts the system will prod ce$ Then the specific on each are pin pointed$ "s ally, designers sketch the form or display as they e3pect it to appear when the system is complete$ This may be done on a paper or comp ter display, sing one of the a tomated system tools a#ailable$ The system design also describes the data to be inp t, calc lated or stored$ Indi#id al data items and calc lation proced res are written in detail$ The proced res tell how to process the data and prod ce the o tp t$
DESI,N OB0E)TIVES 'he following goals were ke!t in mind while designing the system: '# To redu.e the manua9 work re@uired to <e done in the e?i/ting /:/tem# 0# To avoid error/ inherent in the manua9 working and hen.e make the out3ut/ .on/i/tent and .orre.t# "# To im3rove the management o+ 3ermanent in+ormation o+ the .om3an: <: kee3ing it in 3ro3er9: /tru.tured ta<9e/ and to 3rovide +a.i9itie/ to u3date thi/ in+ormation e++i.ient9: a/ 3o//i<9e#
*# To make the /:/tem u/er +riend9:2 thi/ wa/ ne.e//ar: /o that even non 3rogrammer/ .ou9d u/e the /:/tem e++i.ient9:# ># To make the /:/tem .om39ete9: .om3ati<9e i#e#2 it /hou9d +it in the tota9 integrated /:/tem# )# To de/ign the /:/tem in /u.h a wa: that redu.ed +uture maintenan.e and enhan.ement time/ and e++ort/# A# To make the /:/tem re9ia<9e2 under/tanda<9e and .o/t e++e.tive#
SYSTEM DESI,N The design stage takes the final specification of the system from analysis stages and finds the best way if filing them, gi#en the technical en#ironment and pre#io s decision on re2 ired le#el of a tomation$
The system design is carried o t in two phases4 i5 ii5 %rchitect ral ,esign 67igh *e#el ,esign5 ,etailed ,esign 6*ow *e#el ,esign5
AR)*ITE)TURAL DESI,N
The high le#el ,esign maps the gi#en system to logical data str ct re8 %rchitect ral design in#ol#es identifying the software component, deco pling and decomposing the system into processing mod les and concept al data str ct res and specifying the interconnection among components$ Good notation can clarify the interrelationship and interactions if interest, while poor notation can complete and interfere with good design practice$ % data flow8oriented approach was sed to design the project$ This incl des
+ntity .elationship ,iagram 6+.,5 and ,ata 1low ,iagrams 6,1,5$
E&tit. Re$#tio&9!i" Di#( #m
)ne of the best design approaches is +ntity .elationship !ethod$ This design approach is widely followed in designing projects normally known as +ntity .elationship ,iagram 6+.,5$
+., helps in capt ring the b siness r les go#erning the data relationships of the system and is a con#entional aid for comm nicating with the end sers in the concept al design phase$ +., consists of4 I E&tit. 9 It is the term se to describe any object, place, person, concept, acti#ity that the enterprise recogni:es in the area nder in#estigation and wishes to
collect and store data$ It is diagrammatically represented as bo3es$ I Att ibute 9 They are the data elements that are sed to describe the properties that disting ish the entities$ I Re$#tio&9!i" 9 It is an association or connection between two or more entities$ They are diagrammatically represented as arrows$ % "nary relationship is a relationship between instances of the same entity$ % Binary relationship is a relationship between two entities$ % (8ary relationship is a relationship among ( entities$ It is defined only when the relationship does ha#e a meaning witho t the participation of all the ( entities$
I De( ee o% Re$#tio&9!i" 9 %n important aspect of relationship between two or

more entities is the degree of relationship$ The different relationships recogni:ed among #ario s data stores in the database are4
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It is an association between two entities$ 1or e3ample, each st dent can ha#e only one .oll (o$
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It describes entities that may ha#e one or more entities related to it$ 1or e3ample, a father may ha#e one or many children$
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It describes entities that may ha#e relationships in both directions$ This relationship can be e3plained by considering items sold by 0endors$ % #endor can sell many items and each item can be sold by many #endors$
ER DIA%RA(
Simran Jeet Singh Sodhi
CODING
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K/ - idMcontentLKTDD googleRadRsectionRstart DDL KO/ -L KO/ -L K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL1hat is /eforestation=KO0PA6LKO32L K!LK0PA6 langMenDusL K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM233 hs!aceM1G srcMN!icsOdeforestation13.#!gN widthM33C alignMright borderMGL n recent times,KO0PA6L mankind has felt the wrath of nature. %ore and more natural disasters are taking !lace due to human induced climate change. 'his has lead to an increasing awareness of our im!act on the !lanet we call home and itHs natural resources. Forests are some of our most abused habitats due to the fact that wood is a raw material with a wide range of uses and fill $irtually al of our basic needs !articularly food, fuel and shelter.K82L
K82LAnother im!ortant influencing factor for deforestation is the need for more land, so forests are cleared to make way for industrial de$elo!ment, housing or agriculture @either li$estock or cro!sA or e$en a dum!. K82LK82LKELK8L8y /efinitionKO8LKOELK82L/eforestation is the clearing or remo$al of trees from an area of woodland or forest for many differing reason usually commercial. /eforestation usually doesnHt a!!ly to cases where the trees are re!laced,
usually as sa!lings, in the same or alternati$e location in order to re!lace those that were cut down. Also usually refers to large scale clearing of whole areas rather than limited or selecti$e clearing.K82LK82L%an has cut down trees since we first a!!eared, changing and ada!ting the en$ironment to suit our needs in order to !ro$ide the things we re?uire to li$e successfully. For kindling, shelter, wea!ons and in more modern times !a!er, furniture and housing. 'housands u!on thousands of acres of forest ha$e disa!!eared worldwide to fill our insatiable a!!etite for wood and land, yet they also ha$e to meet the demands of the $ast ma#ority of the worlds other s!ecies both !lant and animal. K82LK82LKELK8L2aising .onsciousnessKO8LKOELK82L3umans are roused to action when an issue directly affects them. 'his is undoubtedly the reason !eo!le are more aware than e$er of the effects of deforestation as more and K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2;3 srcMN!icsOdeforestation12.#!gN widthM34G alignMleft borderMGLmore !eo!le become affected by climate change and e"treme weather e$ents.K82LK82L t is these effects that are the most effecti$e way of showing !eo!le the benefits forests !ro$ide and why it is so $ital the little we ha$e left be !rotected at all costs. 'he de!letion of the forests has a number of detrimental effects on the en$ironment and climate. 'here are two main thrusts to this argument. 'he first is the en$ironmental ser$ices that
forests !ro$ide such as maintaining our atmos!here and slowing global warming and !rotecting us from floods. 'he second is the need to ensure a reliable and sustainable su!!ly of natural resources. .e. if they are being used and managed !ro!erly and ensuring reforestation occurs.K82LK82LFirst the en$ironmental benefits forests hel! maintain the balance of gases in the atmos!here !articularly o"ygen and carbon dio"ide. 'he trees ability to take carbon dio"ide out of the atmos!here and tra! it is our most im!ortant wea!on in the battle against climate change. .utting down and burning trees releases the green house gas back into the atmos!here worsening the !roblem. t is these green house gases that are causing global warming and e"treme weather e$ents.K82LK82L n many cases the timber is sim!ly burned to clear the land ?uickly which is the worst !ossible thing to do es!ecially when it could be !ut to good use !ro$iding for those who might be in need of it. Finally woodland tra!s water and act as s!onges when water le$els are high reducing the chances of flooding. K82LK82LKELK8L1hat can you do to hel!=KO8LKOELK82L.an one !erson make a difference= AbsolutelyK0PA6 langMenDusL.KO0PA6L K0PA6 langMenD
usL5KO0PA6L$en if it #ust you thing of all the trees you can sa$e by reducing #ust your own or your families waste. Plus you will find once you start !eo!le will take notice and you can s!read your knowledge and con$ince them to do there bit too. 'here are many sim!le things you can do reduce the amount of !ackaging you buy and recycle all !a!erDbased waste. 0mall actions done by enough !eo!le regularly add
u! to make a massi$e difference.KO!L
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL.auses of /eforestationKO0PA6LKO32L K!L K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM3GG srcMN!icsOdeforestation2.#!gN widthM4GG alignMright borderMGL magine the future if the rate of deforestation occurs at a rate of #ust 1( hectares annually= At that rate in #ust 3G to 4G
years the worlds forests will ha$e been turned into arid barren wasteland useless for any !ur!ose. .limate change would increase dramatically and many millions of s!ecies, !ossibly us included would be e"tinct. 8leak, yet that is the reality of what we are facing unless we take action to !ut a sto! to it now.K82L K82L'his is !ossible but it will re?uire a massi$e effort from the !ublic and consumers to !ressure the go$ernment and those res!onsible to achie$e a halt to the reduction in shrinking of our forests. 'he challenge is huge but not by any means insurmountable we ha$e the answers we #ust need to make sure they are !ut into !ractice to sto! deforestation. K82LK82LK8L'he 'o! Fi$e .auses of /eforestationKO8LK82L'here are many different causes for deforestation and they $ary widely from location to location. 'he to! ( include logging @both legal and illegalA, industriali,ation, agriculture, oil e"!loitation and human disasters. All can be tackled but it is unlikely we will e$er get rid of deforestation altogether but as long as we re!lace what is lost and manage the $ast ma#ority of forests sustainably we can sol$e the !roblem and !re$ent forests shrinking further and !erha!s e$en allow areas to be !lanted in order to bring back what has already been lost. 1ellD managed woodlands can actually grow whilst su!!lying timber on a commercially $iable scale.K82LK82LForest fires can be started naturally or deliberately and are becoming more common as tem!eratures rise. 9arge areas can go u! in flames $ery ?uickly threatening not only forests but also cro!s and homes nearby. 5ducation may hel! in teaching !eo!le not to start
fires in $ulnerable areas and forest fire fighting e?ui!ment and e"!ertise will hel! to !ut out these fires ?uickly and reduce the amount of damage. %any areas reco$er ?uickly from fire as seeds and some !lants and animals ha$e natural defense mechanisms that !rotect them during fires. 'his reco$ery can be aided by re!lanting and lea$ing the areas surrounding untouched allowing the !lants and animal to reco$er and recoloni,e.K82LK82L llegal logging is difficult to tackle yet go$ernments nK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2;< srcMN!icsOdeforestation;.#!gN widthM4GG alignMleft borderMGLeed to ha$e legislation and effecti$e means of enforcing that legislation in order to !rotect their forests and natural resources. n countries that are struggling with these issues outside hel! and coo!eration maybe needed if !ossible. K82LK82L9egal logging need to be tightly monitored to ensure it is done in a sustainable and en$ironmentally friendly way as !ossible ensuring that workers and those who !rotect the forests are !aid a decent wage. %oney can also be raised through tourism to these beautiful and di$erse !laces. Again the right legislation and enforcement is re?uired, though this is difficult to achie$e in some !laces it should be worked towards if !ossible. deally a balance will be struck between su!!lying what is needed and !rotecting the habitat for wildlife. 'his is !ossible through sustainable management and re!lanting !rograms. K82LK82L'he need of land for agriculture, industrial and li$ing !ur!oses is an e$erD increasing !ressure on wild areas and forests and a ma#or contributor to deforestation. 'his is one issue that is not
easily resol$ed. Again a balance needs to be struck between the need to ha$e and !reser$e a certain amount of forested land and de$elo!ment. Eltimately we ha$e to acce!t that the !lanet can only su!!ort and !hysically ha$e room for a certain number of !eo!le and the e"!ansion in our numbers cannot and will not go on fore$er. K82LK82LK8L.an deforestation be sto!!ed=KO8LK82L'he answer to this rests with us, it is this generation at the ele$enth hour who ha$e the knowledge and ability to act. f we lea$e it to the ne"t generation it will sim!ly be to late and the forests won=t be there to sa$e. 'here are many differing grou!s that will ha$e to work together to achie$e an end to deforestation en$ironmental and conser$ation grou!s, go$ernments, consumers, cor!orations as well as those who actually work in the forests. 1e need each and e$ery one of us to take a stand and do our bit. KO!L
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL5ffects of /eforestationKO0PA6LKO32L K!L3umans ha$e always and !robably always will de!ended on forests to a lesser or greater degree. 'rees !ro$ide food, shelter from the elements and !redators not #ust to humans but the $ast ma#ority of life on land. Enfortunately the forests resources and a!!eal is its downfall. K82L K82L/eforestation is !robably oK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2CC
srcMN!icsOdeforestationF.#!gN widthM3C4 alignMright borderMGLne of the greatest challenges we face. 1e need the forests to maintain the atmos!here alongside the burning of fossil fuels our destruction of the forests is a ma#or contributory factor to the rising le$els of carbon dio"ide and global warming, the effects of which we are only now beginning to feel.K82LK82L9argeDscale deforestation for agricultural and industrial !ur!oses transforms rich and di$erse habitat in barren arid land. 'he resources are ?uickly re!eated and another massi$e are of forest has to be destroyed to !ro$ide yet more. 'he damage to the land and soil has been done and little can grow on these areas once they ha$e been finished with. /eforestation needs to be sto!!ed before we end u! with a !lanet that is little more than an arid wasteland inca!able of su!!orting life. K82LK82LKELK8L5ffects of /eforestation on the 5n$ironmentKO8LKOELK82L2ainforests are the richest and most di$erse areas on the !lanet and are home to the $ast ma#ority of the worlds s!ecies, many yet to be seen or classified by science. Any one can wander into a rainforest and will fairly ?uickly disco$er a new s!ecies.K82LK82L K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM(GG srcMN!icsOdeforestation1G.#!gN widthM333 alignMleft borderMGL'his biodi$ersity took many millions of years to e$ol$e and can be destroyed with the swi!e of a !owerful saw. 'here is no !ossibility of getting back the estimated (G,GGG s!ecies that go e"tinct e$ery
year a figure that is increasing. 'he chance to e"!lore this forest world is disa!!earing fast and wonHt come again once itHs gone, a chance future generations wonHt thank us for denying them. K82LK82L6ot only are countless s!ecies being lost but also the chance to increase or knowledge of the world, chemicals and medicines unknown to science are out waiting to be disco$ered. 'he !reser$ation of the rainforest also means the chance to e"!lore these o!!ortunities and make new disco$eries and ad$ance human knowledge. K82LK82LKELK8L5ffects of /eforestation on 0ocietyKO8LKOELK82L'he indigenous !eo!le, whose home and way of life is turned u!side down by the arri$al of the lumber lorries, will feel much of the effects of deforestation. 'hey sur$i$e by li$ing in harmony with the forest and itHs inhabitants but are often forced to lea$e or change their way of li$ing in order to sur$i$e. 'his dis!lacement of !eo!le and the conse?uent loss of that culture makes the human race a little !oorer. 'hose that li$e on the edges of the forest are also affected, as they can no longer gather resources from it for themsel$es. K82LK82L'hese !eo!le are unused to li$ing in towns and cities a totally alien culture and are unlikely to ha$e the money, skills or education to make a decent li$ing ha$ing learned to li$e off the land.K82LK82L6ature cannot be com!letely re!laced by our own efforts e$en after all our recent ad$ances in technology she does it better than us. 6ature ser$es us in far better ways than the best designed structures and industry, yet we treat her with nothing but contem!t and unless we sto! the conse?uences will be dire.KO!L
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL/eforestation FactsKO0PA6LKO32L K!L K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2(F srcMN!icsOdeforestation<.#!gN widthM344 alignMright borderMGL'he PlanetHs forests and woodlands are under and e$er increasing !ressure from deforestation, to !ro$ide timber for the lumber
and !a!er trades. 9and for de$elo!ment, agriculture as well as acti$ities such as mining and hydro!ower. 'hese !ressures show no sign of sto!!ing or slowing down.K82LK82L0uch acti$ities threaten the way of life of the indigenous !eo!les and the li$es of the da,,ling array of !lants and animals that li$e there causing e"tinction on a massi$e scale. 0o why is deforestation on the increase= Greed and the need to feed and !ro$ide for an e$erD increasing human !o!ulation. 7et there is such waste if we used the worldHs resources sustainably we could !ro$ide !lenty for all and still !rotect the balance of naturK0PA6 langMenDusLeKO0PA6L. 8ut while once fertile land turns to dust, we cut down more forestK0PA6 langMenDusLsKO0PA6L to re!lace it and we ha$e only oursel$es to blame.K82LK82L6ature strikes back in a $ariety of ways, fires, storms, cyclones, flooding and drought are #ust a few, yet we are the cause of it all, nature is sim!ly res!onding to the conditions we create by releasing carbon dio"ide. Forests !ro$ide !rotection from these disasters by taking in green house gasses, slowing down climate change yet we still cut them down hastening our own demise. Forests are also instrumental in !re$enting flooding and drought by acting as s!onges that absorb water when there is a lot and are able to retain it when there is little. K82LKELK82LKOELK8LKEL'he 'ruth of how our Forests
/isa!!earKOEL KO8LK82L1e are destroying the last of our !recious natural resources, #ust as we are beginning to wake u! to how $ital they are. 2ainforest once co$ered 14Q of the land now itHs down to a mere ;Q. 0cientists !redict that theK %G
styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM24; srcMN!icsOdeforestation3.#!gN widthM32C alignMleft borderMGL rest could disa!!ear in less than 4G years. 'housands of acres are cut down each second with dire conse?uences for the countries in$ol$ed and the !lanet as a whole. K82LK82L0cientists estimate that we loose (G,GGG s!ecies e$ery year, many s!ecies e$ery second including 13< !lant ty!es @not e$en s!ecies but whole grou!s of !lant s!eciesA and as these !lants disa!!ear before science can record them so does the o!!ortunity to gain useful knowledge and !ossible medical cures.K82LK82L.urrently 121 registered drugs are !roduced from !lants, 2(Q of !harmaceutical ingredients come from forests, yet not e$en 1Q of the worldHs flora has been tested for medicinal !ro!erties and we are ra!idly loosing the chance to do so. (GQ of the worldHs flora and fauna is thought to be $ulnerable to e"tinction in the near future. K82LK82LKELK8L%ankindHs /ri$e to sa$e 6atureKO8LKOELK82L f we donHt sto! abusing nature then its total annihilation @us includedA is the only !ossible outcome. 7et nature is resilient and the !ossibility of re!airing the damage is within our reach if only we take the big ste!s necessary to make amends.K82LK82L0ustainable use of the worldHs forests will allow nature and itHs lifeD gi$ing !ro!erties to flourish whilst !ro$iding e$erything we need. 8alancing the needs of e$ery li$ing thing with ca!italism is ne$er easy but e$en the greediest cor!oration has to sit u! and listen if we make a stand. t will
be too late when resources start to dry u! so don=t wait for go$ernments and big cor!orations to get on board but su!!ort the green moment now.K82LK82L1e are now aware of the damage our actions are ha$ing and it will be our biggest test to see if we can change in time to sa$e the !lanet. 'he 5arth can !ro$ide for us endlessly if only we work with her and not against. KO!L
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL3ow to 0to! /eforestationKO0PA6LKO32L K!L K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM234 srcMN!icsOforest1.#!gN widthM3(G alignMright borderMGL0atellite images of what until only a few years ago was a rich and abundant rainforest teaming with life, thousands of creatures
!er s?uare meter, some rare, some endangered, some ne$er seen by human eyes. 6ow show nothing but a deserted and desolate arid wasteland u!on which little grows ne"t to a track that hea$y trucks use to cart timber and e?ui!ment from the remaining !atch of forest now miles away. 'he statistics are e?ually desolate CGQ of all forested areas ha$e been com!romised since 2GG3. K82L K82LAs deforestation continues unabated the remaining !ockets of forest get smaller and smaller and more widely dis!ersed. .ontrolling deforestation is a di$isi$e issue. 1e can !lot the rate of the rainforests disa!!earance, but are we sim!ly !lotting our own demise. f we are no careful we may find nature flourishing without us there to witness it. +nly now are we waking u! to the fact that we need to do something and fast as it may already be too late. K82LK82L f we donHt act then all life on the !lanet may be at risk. Forests are the lungs of the !lanet kee!ing the atmos!here su!!lied with o"ygen and taking out carbon dio"ide and storing it in the !lantHs cells. 'his finely tuned system is being affected by man as once a tree is burned carbon dio"ide is released into the atmos!here and with far fewer trees much less o"ygen is being released. 'his system is what makes the !lanet habitable for all life. 1e should be thanking and !reser$ing the forests for this life gi$ing ser$ice not destroying and abusing it. 1e need to restore this natural balance before things get out of control.K82LK82LKELK8L0im!le things you can do to !reser$e the !lanetKO8LKOELK82L'hough distant forests seem miles away from your life li$ing in the urban or suburban s!rawl the choices youK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N
heightM4GG srcMN!icsOforest2.#!gN widthM2CF alignMleft borderMGL make daily influence the li$es of !lants and creatures on e$ery continent. +ne e"am!le of this is !alm oil, used in a wide $ariety of !roducts found on your su!ermarket shelf. Palm oil comes from the ndonesian islands such as 8orneo, where rainforest is cut down to su!!ly room for e$ermore of this cro!. 1ithout the hea$y cano!y and root system of the rainforest the soil ?uickly erodes and nothing can grow not e$en oil !alms so more land has to be found. 'his trade is ?uickly dri$ing the orangutan to e"tinction in the wild. A sim!le choice not to buy !roducts containing !alm oil can make a huge difference. 'his is #ust one e"am!le among many but by being aware of where the things you buy and use daily come from and how they are !roduced allows you to make decisions, which will hel! sa$e the !lanet. 'he two sim!le rules are buying local @less food milesA and buy only sustainable or recyclable !roducts. K82LK82L+ther things you can do include using energy and fuel efficiently and as little as !ossible by making our home, work and trans!ort as carbon neutral as !ossible. %inimi,ing our carbon foot!rint doesnHt mean cycling e$erywhere or sitting in a cold dam! house through the winter, it #ust means not wasting energyP by not lea$ing electric items on standby and switching off what we donHt need. %aking sure our a!!liances and cars are as efficient and en$ironmentally friendly as !ossible and going for those green energy tariffs. K82LK82L+ne thing we can all do is lobby go$ernment to make the
necessary largeDscale changes in legislation needed to !reser$e the en$ironment. 3owe$er there is no need to wait for go$ernment action, you ha$e the !ower to act nowTK82LK82LKELK8LFuture Paths KO8LKOELK82L'he deforestation of the !lanet will only sto! if enough !eo!le say 6oT 'he decision rests with humanityP the conse?uences of this decision are immense and will influence the li$es and deaths of millions. %any thousands of li$es ha$e already been lost to global warming and !reser$ing the forests may be the factor that ti!s the scales back into our fa$or.KO!L
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heightMN1FNLKO'/L K'/ $AlignMcenter alignMrightL K'A895 cell0!acingMG cellPaddingMG widthM314 borderMGL K'8+/7L K'2L K'/ widthM1GL&nbs!PKO'/L K'/ classMsearch $AlignMcenter alignMleft widthM3G4L KF+2% idMcseDsearchDbo" htt!:OOwww.gagan.comOsearchOgsearchengine.as!Mhtt!:OOw ww.gagan.comOsearchOgsearchengine.as!L K/ -LK 6PE' ty!eMhidden $alueM!artnerD!ubDFG3<3G4CF(41GGFG:g3smgkD?s"m nameMc"L K 6PE' ty!eMhidden $alueMF+2 /:1G nameMcofL K 6PE' ty!eMhidden $alueM 0+DCC(FD1 nameMieL K 6PE' si,eM33 nameM?L K 6PE' ty!eMsubmit
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL/eforestation Pictures, Photos of /eforestationKO0PA6LKO32L K!L K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM234 srcMN!icsOforest1.#!gN
widthM3(G alignMright borderMGL 3ere are !ictures with manHs greatest sin D deforestation. f you catch other deforestation sights email the !hoto to us at contactUeffectsD ofD deforestation.com T K82L K %G srcMN!icsOforestDdeforestationD!icture.#!gN widthM(GG heightMN334NL K %G srcMN!icsOdeforestationD!hoto.#!gN widthM(GG heightMN312NL K %G srcMN!icsO#ungleDdeforestationD!ic.#!gN widthM(GG heightMN3<(NL K82L0ome of the locals in 8oli$ia are causing deforestation to large !ortions of the #ungle for se$eral reasons. .learing land for !lantations of coca, or for building, !a!er, and fires to name a few. K82L K82L K %G srcMN!icsObulldo,ersDdeforestationD!icture.#!gN widthM(GG heightMN3<(NL 'his !hoto de!icts bulldo,ers destroying forest right off of GA 4GG. %achines, like bulldo,ers, really can do damage to designated areasD and they can do it fast. K %G srcMN!icsOmoreDdeforestationD!ics.#!gN widthM(GG heightMN3<(NL 'his is another !icture of the deforestation going on off of GA
4GG. .learDcutting directly affects !ollinators in that gi$en area, like the birds and bees. 'hese essential animals hel! !ollinate flowers and other !lants and trees, without them there will not be half as many !lants in todayHs world.KO!L
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL2ainforest /eforestationKO0PA6LKO32L K!L+ur rainforestHs are being cut down at a rate of ;GGG acres and hour. A fact that may shK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2(C srcMN!icsOdeforestationC.#!gN widthM341 alignMright borderMGLock you, yet do we really know what the effect this will ha$e= 0ome belie$e with the rainforests disa!!earing at such an
alarming rate it will ha$e a de$astating effect on the !lanet resulting in a dying world. +thers are reluctant to belie$e this could actually ha!!en. K82L K82L8ut the facts are there the rainforests ha$e a large effect on the atmos!here and climate, destroying them is and will release an incredible amount of carbon dio"ide and reduce the amount of life gi$ing o"ygen released into the atmos!here changing the air we breath for the worse and aiding climate change. 'he effects will be dramatic and unsto!!able.K82LK82L6ow we are beginning to feel the de$astating effects of climate change we are suddenly aware of the im!act we are ha$ing after ignoring green issues for so long now they ha$e to be taken seriously. t is a matter of life and death, not an issue we can sideste! any longer. /ecisions need to be made and change needs to ha!!en and ha!!en fast if we are to sa$e our !lanet from destruction at our own hands. K82LK82LKELK8L2ainforests: An 5ssence to the 1orldKO8LKOELK82L3 8illion !eo!le li$e in the tro!ics and much of the natural resources ha$e been s!oken for, disa!!earing to !ro$ide land food, fuel and shelter for an e$er e"!anding and demanding human !o!ulation. 'he rainforests are being destroyed as their $aluable resources become e$er more in demand.K82LK82L K %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM4GG srcMN!icsOforest3.#!gN widthM2;< alignMleft borderMGL2ainforests offer abundance not #ust in the
di$ersity of !lant and animal life but also in resources for humans such as timber, food and medicines. %any !lants e$ol$e s!ecific chemicals that can cure certain illnesses.K82LK82L'he indigenous tribes know the medicinal and other !ro!erties of $arious !lants growing in the rainforest, knowledge which is !ast on through the generations. t was only in 1orld 1ar that we !ro$ed
conclusi$ely that some !lants do ha$e s!ecific medicinal !ro!erties. A little known fact is that half the known cures for cancer ha$e been found in forests. 1e should be !rotecting this wealth and di$ersity of !lant life in order to obser$e and study it as it is likely the cures to many more diseases is out there waiting for us to disco$er and are likely to be destroyed before we e$er get the chance. K82LK82LKELK8L3ow to !reser$e the remaining 2ainforestsKO8LKOELK82L2ainforests can be managed sensiti$ely and sustainably !rotecting rare and $ulnerable s!ecies of !lant and animal or the global en$ironment whilst still su!!lying what we need. 0ustainability is they key and will allow us to !reser$e the rainforest for future generations. K82LK82L0ustainable forest management in$ol$es careful and selecti$ely deciding how the forest is managed. 'echni?ues include re!lanting or lea$ing an area to re grow after cutting. .learing only small areas to enable the forest to re coloni,e easily afterwards. 'here should be regular monitoring of the effects of our actions on the wildlife and en$ironment. Protecting areas where no clearing or harmful acti$ities can take !lace allowing them to act as wildlife refuges. K82LK82L1e need our rainforests and so by damaging them we harm our children and
oursel$es. 1e should work in harmony with nature rather than against. /isru!tion to the en$ironment as we are beginning to learn causes serious harm to oursel$es, so we must all do our bit to kee! the balance. KO!L KObodyL KOhtmlL
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL0tatistics on /eforestationKO0PA6LKO32L K!L'he en$ironment affects e$ery li$ing thing from earwigs to humans. /amage to the en$ironment can ha$e a dramatic effect on the li$es of those who de!end on and li$e in that en$ironment including oursel$es as we are beginning to learn.K82L K82L t is no easy task to !ut right the damage we ha$e done in recent centuries and are currently still inflicting on the en$ironment today. 'he statistics
fK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM42( srcMN!icsOdeforestation14.#!gN widthM31F alignMright borderMGLor deforestation !ro$ide a stark reminder of the damage we ha$e done. 'rees are being cut down at an e$er more furious rate, if a sto! is not made to this !ractice then the conse?uences could be se$ere.K82LK82L/eforestation statistics are used for research and study by go$ernments and conser$ation bodies to hel! them !ro$ide the answers to the !roblem of deforestation and see how it can be sto!!ed. 3owe$erK0PA6 langMenDusL,KO0PA6L we too can !lay our !art in using this information to do our bit for the en$ironment and hel! to !re$ent further deforestation.K82LKELK8LK82L1hy forests are neededKO8LKOELK82L'o understand why deforestation is a global issue affecting the whole !lanet from the deserts to the !oles we need to know why they are so $ital and the effect they ha$e on the en$ironment.K82LK82LForests are home to most land s!ecies with u! to FGQ !lus of all land s!ecies being found in tro!ical forests. 'he forest ecosystem e"ists in a delicate balance with the trees and !lants !hotosynthesi,ing. 'aking carbon dio"ide from the air and using the energy from light to turn it into the fuel the !lant needs to sur$i$e, then releasing the left o$er o"ygen from the reaction back into the atmos!here. Animals from tiny insects to large forest dwelling herbi$ores browse on the !lants andK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2<< srcMN!icsOdeforestation1(.#!gN
widthM3;( alignMleft borderMGL are in turn eaten by other animals. t is the !hotosynthesi,ing !lants that are im!ortant on a worldwide scale they affect the com!osition of the atmos!here and as they absorb the green house gas carbon dio"ide can affect global warming and hel! to reduce it. t is this balance of gas e"change we when we cut down forests releasing the carbon dio"ide that has the knock on effect on the climate causing global warming. 'his is one of the main reasons we need to !rotect the forests as by lea$ing them to do there #ob we can ho!efully ha$e a !ositi$e im!act in reducing climate change. K82LK82LKELK8L'he 5"tent of /eforestationKO8LKOELK82L n highly de$elo!ed mainly western countries u! to FGQ of all forest has disa!!eared to urbani,ation and agriculture, with many other areas ha$ing followed suit with figures nearly as high at CGQV. n total CGQ of the worlds forest has been cleared or com!romised by human
de$elo!ment.K0PA6 langMenDusL KO0PA6L1e ha$e e$en started e"!anding the land by building artificial islands de$elo!ing into the sea, this isnHt a $iable o!tion as low lying island will be ?uickly flooded by rising sea le$els. K82LK82L'he effects of this deforestation and climate change are felt worldwide though !articularly in $ery cold !olar and lowD lying areas susce!tible to flooding. 'hese effects include e"treme weather, flooding, and drought as well as warming leading to en$ironmental change. .limate change is e"!ected to get much worse and !ick u! !ace and those s!ecies who canHt ada!t including oursel$es face e"tinction.K82LK82L1e need to call a halt to this de$elo!ment and e"!ansion and make room for nature that is
essential for our sur$i$al as if we donHt change and ada!t now we are likely to sur$i$e much further into the future.KO!L KObodyL KOhtmlL
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K32LK0PA6 langMenD usL1hy does /eforestation 3a!!en=KO0PA6LKO32L K!L1e are now learning the conse?uences of trying to battle against nature, yet change is slow and we are still abusing the natural world. 1ith our knowledge we should be doing all we can to sto! further deforestation so why does deforestation continue des!itK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM2(( srcMN!icsOdeforestation1<.#!gN
widthM33F alignMright borderMGLe the harm we know it does to the en$ironment and thus oursel$es=K82L K82L'he answers are not straightforward but undoubtedly lie with us and our des!erate need for the resources the forest !ro$ides. 'he needs of a massi$e human !o!ulation ha$e to be met daily !utting the natural world under enormous !ressure. 1e constantly look for new ways to get what we need faster and more efficiently. 8ut the more efficiently we e"!loit nature the ?uicker natural resources are used u! and disa!!ear. 'his leads to new ways of getting what we need or finding new resources to e"!loit de!leting the natural world e$en faster, it=s a $icious cycle that leads to the de$astation of our beautiful !lanet. K82LK82LKELK8L'he Global %an %ade PhenomenonKO8LKOELK82L%an has bee clearing woodland since ancient times but it is recently in the last century that the worlds forests and rainforests ha$e been dramatically reduced shrinking in si,e year on year at an e$er more furious !ace. Entil fairly recently there was little real o!!osition from the !ublic or go$ernment as the seemed to be no real $iable alternati$es and so it continues to this day.K82LK82L9and is a finite commodity in a world with an e$erDgrowing human !o!ulation. /e$elo!ed land is worth far more than forest so the forest is clear to make way for largeDscale de$elo!ment and agriculture. 1ood is unfortunately worth nothing standing growing in a forest but far more as a !iece of !a!er, furniture or e$en a house. Profit dri$en by the high demand for these resources is the reason
these forests are disa!!earing. K82LK82L'here are many resources which can be gathered from the forest such as food and medicines though the main !roduct is wood which has a wide $ariety of uses from !a!er to a building material and e$en as a fuel. 1ith lumber ha$ing such a number of uses and a strong demand then it should ha$e a strong im!act on economic growth. 8ut forest $alues are actually falling, a sur!rising trend gi$en that forests are fast disa!!earing and man=s !ro!ensity towards e"!loiting limited resources for !rofit.K82LK82LKELK8L1hy /oes /eforestation 2esult in /e$astation=KO8LKOELK82L5"!erts don=t see deforestation as an allDbad thing as long as it is done in an en$iK %G styleMN%A2G 6: 1G!"N heightM214 srcMN!icsOdeforestation11.#!gN widthM344 alignMleft borderMGLronmentally sensiti$e and sustainable way. t is a matter of careful controlling how and where you clear areas of forest. A small area of clearing !ro$ides o!!ortunities for o!!ortunistic s!ecies and is ?uickly recoloni,ed and breaks in the cano!y ?uickly filled. K82LK82L9arge areas take longer to recolonise and se!arate areas of forest !re$iously #oined. 'hey also allow the wind and rain to erode the soil making recoloni,ation by forest !lants much harder. 2ain forests ty!ically ha$e $ery thin soil which is held in !lace by the roots of the giant trees and with out which ?uickly disa!!ears. K82LK82L1ildlife that li$es in the forest cannot sur$i$e in the o!en and so has to retreat with the forest or if it cannot die. Ender the cano!y is a moist dank warm en$ironment as the !lants tra! the heat and moisture from esca!ing, without
these $ery s!ecific conditions, which e"ist in few other !laces many s!ecies are unable to sur$i$e.K82LK82L0o who is the cul!rit= 7ou we all !lay a !art in deforestation to a lesser or greater degree though the choices we make when sho!!ing daily. 1e can=t !oint the blame solely on go$ernments and big cor!orations though they certainly !lay a big !art but it is our willingness to block out the knowledge of where the things we buy come from and how they are !roduced that means they can carry on destroying the earth and it is unlikely to sto! until we make it with our consumer choices. KO!L
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SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION The implementation is the final stage of the de#elopment$ Implementation is the process of ha#ing system personnel check o t and p t new e2 ipment into se, train sers, install the new application and constr ct any file of data needed to se it$
,epending on the si:e of the organi:ation that will be in#ol#ed in
sing the
application and the risk associated with its ser, system de#elopers may choose to pilot the operations in only one area of the firm, say in one department or with only one or two persons$ .egardless of the implementation strategy de#elopers stri#e to ens re that the systems initial se in tro ble$ sed,
)nce installed, applications are often
sed for many years$ 7owe#er, both the
organi:ation and the ser wo ld change and the en#ironment wo ld be different o#er weeks and months$ Therefore the application will ndo btedly ha#e to be maintained, modifications and changes will be made to software, files or proced res to meet the emerging ser re2 irements$ In the sense,
implementation is an ongoing process$
This in#ol#es tasks like backing of the e3isting system data con#ersion and prod cing ser doc mentation, ser training, software distrib tion and set p of the infrastr ct re for the s pport of the new system$ To implement the system,
we m st get the appro#al first$ Then training program is cond cted to gi#e the demonstration of the system to the sers$
EDU)ATION AND TRAININ,
Training the sers is also important so that they can work with it witho t getting any problem; it is de#eloper organi:ation<s d ty to familiari:e the sers with the new system$ "ser man als are re2 ired for the sers with the description of application flow charts$ The screens sho ld be shown to the sers for teaching$ )nly a thori:ed persons sho ld be allowed to open the application$
USER INTERFA)E
In this section I ha#e reprod ced all the screens, which ha#e been de#eloped by me$ %ltho gh, it was not possible to reprod ce all the intermediate processing screens which ser enco nter while doing his job I ha#e tried to p t forth at least the major ones$
B 0ystem scale
SYSTEM SE)URITY security is an essential !art of the increased
of com!uteri,ation. 0o it is essential to kee! enough security and !ri$acy of the
system so that neither !hysically nor o!erationally disturbed.
BA)K UP
Back
ps for the hardware, data and the system is ine#itable factor to
consider$ ,ata back p represents ins rance against act al loss of data d e to e2 ipment malf nction, application fail re or accident, hence back p for the data m st be pro#ided on hard disk or on floppy disks$
SYSTEM TESTIN,
System Testing is a #ital part of software de#elopment life cycle$ , ring the de#elopment of software, applications are written witho t the knowledge track of entire data$ It is only d ring testing that we come to know abo t application=s limitation and b gs$ (ew systems m st be thoro ghly tested before being accepted$ System testing implies testing programs>mod les and their interaction$
System testing is one of the most8 cr cial elements to which the attention is needed for the caref l e3amination of the operations$ System testing ens res the 2 ality of the prod ct and represents the ltimate re#iew of specification, design and coding$ Testing represents an interesting analogy for the System$ , ring definition and de#elopment pleases, it was attempted to b ild software from an e3tract concept to tangible implementation$ Testing phase is responsible for the ass rance of good 2 ality of the prod ct$ The system is tested s ccessf lly with the different testing techni2 e$
, ring system testing, the system is
sed e3perimentally to ens re that the
software doesn<t fail i$e$ it will r n according to its specification and in this way ser e3pect$ Special test data are inp t for processing, and the res lts e3amined$ % limited n mber of sers may be allowed to se the system so analysts can see
whether they try to se it in nforeseen ways$ It is preferable to disco#er any s rprise before the organi:ation implements the system and depends on it$
In many organi:ations, testing is performed by the person other than those who wrote the original program to ens re more complete and nbiased testing and more reliable software$ Since the sers are not familiar to the new system, the data screen were designed in s ch a way that they were4
B B B
)o&9i9te&t E#9. to u9e *#d # %#9t e9"o&9e time
The 1ollowing con#entions were sed while designing the #ario s screens4
%ll data related to one task is on a single screen$ The remember data from one screen to the ne3t
ser need not
%ll items that are logically related are together and arrange in importance from the top to bottom$
B B
-ossible list #al es are pro#ided to display all #alid option to ser$ +rror and 0alidation messages are pro#ided where#er re2 ired$
TESTIN, PRO)EDURE
+3tensi#e Testing -roced res were followed, which incl ded following4
UNIT TESTIN,
%t the #ery lowest le#el is nit testing, where the -rogrammer that writes the code, tests the code as per the specification of the -roject$ It tests the internal str ct re of the mod les integrated in the application$ %ll the checks and other constraints are tested and appro#ed for f rther testing of application$ %ll the mod les are tested indi#id ally$ "nit Testing foc ses #erification effort on the smallest nit of software
design 9 the mod le$ "sing the detail design model as a g ide, important control paths are sed tested to nco#er errors within the bo ndary of the mod le$ The relati#e comple3ity of tests and the errors within the bo ndary of the mod le$ The relati#e comple3ity of tests and the errors therein is limited by the constrained scope established for nit testing$ The nit test is always white8bo3 oriented, and the step can be cond cted in parallel for m ltiple mod les$
%fter a form has been created, the de#eloper of the form fills o t a
nit test
specification 6"TS5 doc ment$ This doc ment contains all possible test conditions and their e3pected res lts$ The mod le leader to ens re that no test condition has been neglected in the "TS then re#iews this doc ment$
The feat res to be tested d ring "nit Testing are as follows ?$ +ach form m st meet the f nctionality as specified in the system re2 irement specification$ @$ In general, testing of a screen sho ld incl de the following48 B B -roper and logical na#igation$ ,atabase field lengths consistent with the corresponding table col mns$ B B B B B -roper format masks applied to fields$ &orrect comp tation 6if applicable5 as per the f nctionality$ Bo ndary of non8database objects 6fields, b ttons etc5 &orrectness of database pdates 6if applicable5 A ery res lts6as per the inp t specified by the ser or any other criterion5
B$ "ser interface6e$g$ alignment of G"I objects, appearance , title off screen, G"I object properties5
%fter the "TS has been appro#ed by the mod le leader, the nit testing of the form is accomplished in three steps4 8
?$ The form is tested and the act al res lts of the test conditions are obser#ed$ % defect log is maintained which contains the act al res lts, corresponding to the e3pected
MODULE TESTIN,
The testing of indi#id al mod les as completed d ring the design phase itself$ +ach mod le was tested at the tested at the time of coding as well as whene#er there were any modifications re2 ired$ The emphasis was not only on the f nctionality of the software b t also on the 2 ality of the written code$ Software coding standards for good 2 ality of software were adhered to$
INTE,RATION TESTIN,
)nce the different mod les were thoro ghly tested, they were combined i$e$ integrated to make the system work as a whole and it=s performance was e#al ated$ Tests were performed for proper f nctionality of the system and res lts were e#al ated for different data conditions$
Integration testing is the testing of the interfaces among system mod les$ In other words, it ens res that the data mo#ing between the mod les is handled as intended$
SYSTEM TESTIN, In ne3t le#el the System is tested with all the components of application$ System testing is the testing of the system against its initial objecti#es$ It is done either in a sim lated en#ironment or in a li#e en#ironment$
The -roject *eader or System %nalyst tests all the components to see that they interact correctly when combined as a one prod ct$ % series of testing are performed for newly de#eloped systems before the system is ready for the sers acceptance testing$
USER A))EPTAN)E TESTIN, %fter the system is completely ready for the installation the most important test has to be performed i$e$ ser acceptance testing beca se the system has to satisfy the sers re2 irement and only when the ser is f lly satisfied and appro#es the system, the system can be installed$ The System is tested for the ser acceptance by constantly keeping in to ch with prospecti#e system sers at the time of de#elopment and changes were made where#er re2 ired$
C Inp t and o tp t design$ C !en sed in application is descripti#e eno gh to work with$
C ) tp t reports are s fficient for the re2 irements$ There are three le#els of testing4 8 Ve i%i/#tio& Te9ti&( r ns the system in a sim lated en#ironment sing
sim lated data$ This sim lated test is sometimes called alpha testing the sim lated test is primarily looking for errors and omission regarding end ser and design specification that were specified in the earlier phases b t not f lfilled d ring constr ction$
V#$id#tio& Te9ti&( r ns the system in a li#e en#ironment sing the real data$ This sometimes called beta testing$ 0alidation s cceeds when the software f nctions in a manner that can be reasonably e3pected by the c stomer$ Software #alidation has been achie#ed thro gh series of black bo3 testing that demonstrate with the re2 irements$ ,e#iations and errors ha#e been corrected at this step$ , ring this #alidation, we are testing a n mber of items, incl ding B B B Systems -erformance -eak workload processing performance 7 man engineering test$
B B
!ethods and proced res test$ Back p and .eco#ery testing$
% dit Testing certifies that the system is free of errors and is ready to be placed into operation not all organi:ation re2 iring an a dit$ B t many firms ha#e an independent a dit or 2 ality ass rance staff that m st certify a systems acceptability and doc mentation before that system is placed into final operation$ There are independent companies that perform systems and software certification for end ser=s organi:ations$
STRESS TESTIN,
%pplying Stress to a program means that a large amo nt of data is fed for processing in short period of time$ In other words, cons mption of comp ter reso rces is drastically raised in that time frame with the intention to ens re that the system will still perform effecti#ely if the same condition occ rs in the f t re$ 1or each data entry screen, I prepared test data with the e3treme #al es and tested nder all rele#ant test conditions$ %fter my own satisfaction, I in#ited ser to test the rele#ant data entry screen against real data$
the concerned
This process helps in rectifying>modifying the mod les, again and again$
OUTPUT TESTIN,
he o tp t generated by the system nder consideration is in the format re2 ired by the sers$ %nd the information in the reports is acc rate and reliable$ The o tp t reports are in the appropriate formats with meaningf l headings and the footers$
I&t odu/tio& To *TML
What i/ HT(1D
The comp ter world is f ll of acronyms 8 some prono nceable, some not$ The acronym for the primary World Wide Web lang age is 7T!* 67yperte3t mark p lang age$ !any other programming elements 8 s ch as Da#a applets and
%cti#eE controls 8 also are part of the Web, b t witho t 7T!* the Web wo ld not be s ch an e3citing place for so many people to spend so m ch time$ The creation of the Web and widespread implementation of 7T!* ha#e res lted in World Wide e3plosion of e#eryday people logging onto the Internet$ The Internet is no longer confined primarily to scientists and &omp ter geeks$
7T!* code is essentially a set of instr ctions gi#en to a web browser for the formatting and lay o t of the Web page$ 7T!* does not act ally tell a comp ter how a Web page will look to a #isitor$ .ather, yo se 7T!* to compose the
page, to specify all the elementary things that appear on that page 8 the te3ts, the graphics, the hori:ontal r les, headings, and so on$ In addition, yo se 7T!* to
tell a comp ter what color to se where, and to indicate the relati#e si:e of te3t 6headings #ers s reg lar te3t, for e3ample5$ %ltho gh that description may so nd like yo se fairly complete instr ctions that lea#e little room for error or
differences, in reality, the final appearance of a web page is left to the #isitor=s browser$ The si:e of te3t in a heading may #ary from browser to browser, for e3ample, as may the font the browser ses for the heading$ !oreo#er, not all
monitors reprod ce colors the same way; in other words, red on one monitor may be darker or lighter on a different monitor$ %dditionally, some monitors may only be able to reprod ce a few colors for detailed photographs with tho sand of colors$ In essence, 7T!* pro#ides browsers with g idelines, b t browsers create the final prod ct, and the look of the page on indi#id al comp ters depends on each ser=s ni2 e comp ter set p$
7T!* enables
s to do many things besides create 6and color5 te3t4 we can se a graphic in the
insert graphics and so nds, insert simple animation,
backgro nd, create hyperlinks, and many other things$ %nyone who has spent time s rfing the web has e3perienced 7T!*=s capabilities$ Those same people, howe#er, also ha#e e3perienced 7T!*=s shortcomings$ That is where the e3citing world of dynamic 7T!* comes to play$
The In/ and Out/ o+ Tag/:

+ssentially, 7T!* consists of tags and their attrib tes and #al es$ The tags gi#e browsers the information they need to display the web page, many tags also take attrib tes, and the a#ailable attrib tes #ary according to the tag$ !ost tags ha#e more than one possible attrib te$ We assign a #al e to an attrib te$ %n e3ample of all the three is the following 4 FB),/ T+ET G bl eH The tag is FB),/H, the attrib te is text , and the attrib te=s #al e is bl e$
When we se attrib tes with a tag, all the attrib tes fit between the two brackets 6F and H5 of the start tag$ !ost tags ha#e two #ariations, one that we se to
indicate where the tag begins 6the start tag 5, and another to indicate where that partic lar tag ends 6the end tag 5$ The tag that we place at the beginning of o r 7T!* code for a web page, for e3ample is the following 4 F7T!*H %t the #ery end of o t 7T!* code, we place this end tag4 F>7T!*H The only difference between these start and end tags is the placement of a slash before the letters HTML in the end tag$ 7T!* tags come in two basic #arieties4 J &ontainer Tag J +mpty Tag The preceding F7T!*H tag is an e3ample of a container tag$ %n e3ample of an empty tag is as follows4 F!+T% (%!+ Ga thor &)(T+(T 0ikram 'horanaH In this e3ample, the tag is F!+T%H, which contains so 9called meta information$ !eta information doesn=t show p in a #isitor=s browser b t can still be significant$ 7ere, the (%!+ and &)(T+(T attrib tes work together to
indicate that the a thor of the web page is Vikram Khorana.
6nder/tanding 6R1S
A Uniform Resource Locator(URL) is simply an address on the internet$ When we enter an ".*, we are telling o r browse e3actly where to go to find the page we want, j st the way p tting an address on a letter tells postal employees e3actly where o r letter sho ld go$ ".*s take the following general form4 http4>>www$yo rcompany$com>in#entory$html In this fictional ".*, http is short for hy ertext transfer rotoco! ( HTTP) , which is the most common beginning for internet addresses these days$ "nless we start one otherwise, browsers ass me that each ".* we enter begins with http$ The slashes separate the parts of the address 9 notice that two slashes are re2 ired after http, while s bse2 ent slashes occ r singly$ The ''' in this ".* stands for "or!d "ide "e#. The yo rcompany$com in this e3ample is the domain name, and references the partic lar ser#er on the web where the file we=re looking for is located$ The in$entory portion of the address is the e3act page within that ser#er$
Ru9e/ +or writing HT(1;

7T!* which some people consider more a formatting lang age than a programming lang age, re2 ires to follow certain r les$ . les may #ary somewhat from one programming lang age to another, b t those for 7T!* are few$ They probably won=t s rprise e3perienced programmers$
?$ "se the less than and greater than sign 6F and H5 as the o ter part of the tag as in FB),/H$ 28 If the tag sed re2 ires an end tag, one m st not forget to p t it in$ The end tag is the same as the start tag, e3cept that it incl des a slash immediately to the right of F symbol, as in F>B),/H$ 68 %ltho gh no longer re2 ired, we sho ld begin o r 7T!* file with the F7T!*H tag and end with the F>7T!*H tag$ +#erything else goes between these two tags$ <8 When designating attrib tes, we se the e2 al sign 6G5, as in T+ET G$ ,o not p t a space on either side of the e2 al sign when incl ding attrib tes$ 18 In the attrib te designation, place 2 otation marks on both sides of the #al e, as in T+ETGIJK?+??$ !any times, we may be able to write 7T!* witho t the 2 otation marks, b t it=s better to incl de them$ That way, we m st a#oid problems with any browsers that may ha#e tro ble interpreting what we mean$ Besides, the 2 otation marks make it easier to find any attrib tes yo want to change when we=re modifying o r 7T!* files$ ?8 "se the po nd sign 6I5 when indicating colors by means of their he3adecimal codes, as in the following4 FB),/ T+ETGIJK?+??H
48 We often will need to nest tags, so make s re that we keep track of the end tags in order not to forget any of them$
C8 When nesting tags, it is #ery important to keep track of start and end tags so that we don=t o#erlap them$ In other words, if we want to nderline a sentence in bold type, we p t the other set of tags aro nd the first set as follows 4 F"HFBHThis sentence appears nderlined and in bold type$F>BHF>"H L$ We m st se all ppercase letters for tags and attrib tes, s ch as se lower case letters, b t that makes the
FB),/H and T+ET$ We can
tags and attrib tes more diffic lt to identify when we want to make changes to the 7T!*$ We m st stri#e for readability in yo r code$ "se tabs and ret rns to make o r code more readable$ -ress +nter after each line of 7T!* code, beca se that #astly impro#es the ease with which we can read and follow the 7T!*$ We don=t necessarily need m ltiple blank lines of 7T!*, b t it doesn=t h rt, either$ In addition, it=s good idea to indent code to show the relationships among the lines of code$ In other words, be logical abo t how o r code looks, and think in terms of re#isiting that 7T!* sometime in f t re when we are modifying o r site$
BIBLIO,RAP*Y
Boo:9DRe%e e&/e9 '# Prin.i39e/ o+ ,om3uter S:/tem De/ign; An Introdu.tion by Jerome H# Sa9t&er2 (# Fran/ 5aa/hoek D (organ 5au+mann , 0$$E 0# S:/tem Ana9:/i/ and De/ign by E9ia/ (. Awad "# FS:/tem/ Ana9:/i/ and De/ign2 0nd EditionF by Dona9d 7eate/ G Ton: Wake+ie9d 4. Acti$e 0er$er Pages Enleashed W 'echmedia (. 'each yourself A0P 2.G in 21 /ays W 'echmedia ;. Ad$anced Xa$a0cri!t Programming D 'echmedia

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1

BA)*ELOR+S OF S)IEN)E IN INFORMATION TE)*NOLO,Y

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