On the names of the Egyptian gods and months

Introduction It was realized early in the study of Ancient Egyptian that when the sounds of words are written out at all, the most you get is the consonants. Arabic and Hebrew, distantly related to Egyptian, are written in a similar fashion: only the consonants are generally written down. (There are, as always, exceptions, but they aren't relevant here.) In those languages, it makes sense, since changing the vowels in a word is the most common way to mark, say, plurals, or verb tense changes. It stands to reason that the same is true of Egyptian. But in the case of Egyptian, we have no living specimens, no Ancient Egyptians to go listen to, or learn the spoken language from, and so we can't say firsthand what those vowels might have been. Now return with me to our Early Days of Egyptology. This presents an obvious problem for anyone who wants to discuss the vocabulary of the language, in spoken conversation: Hw d y prnnc wrds tht hv n vwls? As you can see, it's not that difficult if you already know what vowels to expect; the problem was precisely that no one did know which ones to expect. They could have been anything. So a convention was patched together. Certain consonants could be pronounced as vowels: w becomes u, j (y) becomes i, and the sounds a lot of Europeans, at least, had trouble with, ` and ' (for language buffs: a voiced pharyngeal fricative and glottal stop, respectively) could be pronounced as a. If you were still left with something unpronounceable, just insert es wherever you need them. As an example, the name DHwtjbecomes DeHuti. But as it turns out, the Egyptian language did not actually die out until well into the Christian era. Instead, it evolved, as languages will do given time. The Christians of Egypt are known as Copts, and their liturgical language remains, to this day, the tongue known as Coptic, the latest form of the Egyptian language. And Coptic is written in a true alphabet, derived from the Greek one, complete with vowels. So, as usual, the sounds of Coptic can be worked back to shed a little light on the sound of earlier forms of Egyptian. In addition, there exist records in Assyrian cuneiform that mention Egyptian personal names, dating from the later Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom; these too indicate vowel sounds. Also, a few place-names here and there were borrowed into neighboring languages, such as Hebrew, in which the subsequent sound changes can be inferred from what's already known about the language that did the borrowing. It turns out DHwtj was probably something more like DiHawtaj! Unfortunately, in spite of this plethora of indirect evidence, scholars still disagree on the exact pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian, with vowels. In any scientific field, evidence can be interpreted in any number of ways; how well you back up your interpretation is what determines how seriously

you'll be taken. Linguistics is certainly no exception. I choose here to draw primarily on the work of Antonio Loprieno (see Main Sources below), because it is recent, and therefore has, at least in theory, the benefit of all previous works; and because this happens to be a convenient starting place for me. The "Egyptian" Month-Names I've found a lot of sites on the web that claim to give the names of the months in the "Egyptian" calendar. While this may be one accepted name for it, the calendar used by the Coptic Church is more widelyand correctlytermed the Coptic Calendar. It's misleading and confusing to present Coptic words as if they were Ancient Egyptian. Coptic is certainly Egyptian, and it may seem ancient from a non-Egyptian point of view, but to say that Coptic is the same language as Ancient Egyptian is a little like saying that Spanish is the same language as Latin, or that Panjabi is the same language as Sanskrit. Speakers of one would not be able to understand the other. The names are given in several variant forms from two or three Coptic dialects, followed by the Greek and Arabic forms derived from them. Information in this chart is from Vycichl, Cerny, and Atiya. Some information on the pronunciation of Coptic can be found in Loprieno. I don't give equivalent modern month names, because the traditional year in this calendar is shorter than an actual (astronomical) year; the months tend to shift over time, so that what was January in any given year might be May in some other year. They were always in the same order, though: Thoout was always first. I do attempt to give the actual translations, where possible. Sahidic thoout, thth, thoot, thaut paope, paape, poope Bohairic Fayyumic Greek Arabic translation

thout

Thth

Tt

(the god) Thoth

paophi, papi

paapi

Phaphi

Bba

hathr

athr

hathl, hethl, hathol, hatol kiakh, khiak

Athyr

Htr

(the goddess) Hathor

koiahk, kiahk, khoiahk,

khoiak

Khoiak

Kiyahk

khiahk, khoiak, khaiak, khoiakh tbe, tbe mir, mekhir (month of) the sacrificial offering

tbi

tbi

Tybi

T.ba*

mir, mekhir

mekhil

Mekheir

Amir

parmhotp phamenth

Phamenth

Baramht

(month of the deified) Amenhotep (month of the goddess) Renenutet

parmoute pharmouthi

Pharmouthi Baramda

paons, pakhons, pans, pakhans, apoos

paons, pakhn, pakhons

paans, paas

Pakhn

Baans

(month of the god) Khonsu

10 pane epp, 11 epph, epeiph 12 mesor

pani

Pani

Ba'na

epp

'Abb

mesr

Misr

birth of (the god) Re

* The dot should be under the T, representing the Arabic letter t.aa' or "emphatic t".

Some names of Egyptian deities Information here is from Vycichl and Loprieno, except some of the proposed vocalizations, which are mine based on their works. A few of the Coptic forms are extracted from longer names. Transcriptions of Greek forms employ the circumflex accent for stressed long vowels, the acute accent for stressed short vowels, and the umlaut (in lieu of a macron) for unstressed long vowels. I transliterate the

letter upsilon as u instead of y in order to show the relation to the Coptic form a little more obviously, and because I'm evidently not allowed to put a circumflex accent on a y. (What if I wanted to translate this site into Welsh? And in fact the name Cerny in the list of sources should have an acute accent on the y.) In the hieroglyphic forms and proposed vocalizations, the glottal stop is represented with a3, and the voiced pharyngeal is represented with a c, because those are easier to see than ' and `. (Normally they're represented in ASCII with A and a, but since I'm adding vowels that would only be confusing.) Also, see the footnote below the chart. Otherwise I follow the conventions used by the AEgyptian-L mailing list.

Greek

Coptic

Hieroglyphic

Proposed Vocalization 3sat 3usijrij jamnu(w) janpaw Hujpaw

c

meaning

Isis Osiris Amon Anubis Apis Apophis Hathor Horus Khnum Khonsu Maat

sis siris amon noubis pis pphis athr hros khnobis

se ousire amoun anoup hape aphph hathr hr hnoum ons me

3st 3sjrj jmn(w) jnpw Hjpw

c

"throne"

3pp(j)

a3ppi(j)

Hwt-Hr(w) Hr Xnmw xnzw m3ct

Hawit-Hru(w) "house of Horus" Hru(w) Xanmaw xanzaw mu3cat "truth" "falcon"

Mehit Month Mut moth mont maau

mHjt mnTw mwt nbt-Hwt ptH rc(w) stX DHwtj

maHjat manTaw mu'wat* nibat-Hwit pitH rcu(w) staX Dihawtij "the sun" "mother" "lady of the house"

Nephthys nphthus nebth Ptah Re Set Thoth thth phth ptah r st thoout

* In this name and a few other words, Loprieno reconstructs an actual, original glottal stop, whereas in most cases the later glottal stop came from a uvular r sound.

Main Sources Atiya, Aziz S., ed. in chief. The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan, 1991. Cerny, Jaroslav, paleographer. Coptic etymological dictionary. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Loprieno, Antonio. Ancient Egyptian: a linguistic introduction. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Vycichl, Werner. Dictionnaire tymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Peeters, 1983. (Back to main text)

This page was added to the site on 04 February 2002. To get in touch, please use the contact form at the Ink Sauce blog.