LABORATORY OUTCOME BASED ASSESSMENT GUIDELINE

TOPIC EXPERIMENT: REYNOLDS NUMBER

PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO) Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals to well defined civil engineering theories and procedures. 2. Use necessary skills and technique to conduct e periment and civil engineering practices. !. "ommunicate effectively both in written and spoken form with other collegue and community. #. $rovide effective solution to civil engineering problems. %. &evelop social responsibilities and humanistics values. '. (ecognise the need and to engage in, lifelong learning and professional development. ). Apply entrepreneurship skill for career development. *. Adhere to professional codes of ethics to adapt in working environment. +. &emonstrate effective leaderships skills and team work responsibilities.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO) Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:,

1. Apply correctly the basic principles and characteristics of fluid mechanics, and fluid flows in pipe and open channel and the application of these principles to solve the related problem. -"!. 2. "arry out laboratory test according to standard procedures correctly -$#.. !. &emonstrate positive team working attributes by contributing actively in group for laboratory tests that yield valid results -A!.. No. 1. 2. !. #. %. Lab. Title /luid "haracteristics 2ernoulli 3heorem (eynolds 4umber /luid /riction 3est Uniform /low $ractical 20+ 1& 2 0 1& + Tea !i"# Met!o$ PLO LD

1earning &omain -1&.: 1& 1 5nowledge 1& 2 $ractical 6kills 1& ! "ommunications 6kills 1& # "ritical 3hinking and $roblem 6olving skills 1& % 6ocial 6kills and (esposibilities 1& ' "ontinious 1earning and 7nformation 8anagement 6kills 1& ) 8enagement and 9ntepreneurial 6kills 1& * $rofessioalism , 9thics and 8oral 1& + 1eadership and 3eamwork 6kiils

NO. EXPERIMENT

: 3

TOPIC EXPERIMENT OB%ECTI&E

: REYNOLDS NUMBER : : 3o observe the characteristics of the flow of a fluid in a pipe, this may be laminar, transitional or turbulent flow by measuring the (eynolds number and the behavior of the flow. : 3o calculate and identify (eynolds number -(e. for the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.

APPARATUS

: ;ydraulic bench <sborne (eynolds &emonstration Apparatus 6top watch &ye 3hermometer 8easuring cylinder

'i#()e *: <sborne (eynolds &emonstration Apparatus 1. 2ase $late 2. =ater (eservoir !. <verflow 6ection #. Aluminium =ell %. 8etering 3ap '. 2rass 7nflow 3ip ). /low,<ptimised 7nflow *. 3est $ipe 6ection +. 2all 2lock 1>. =aste =ater &ischarge 11. "onnections for =ater 6upply 12. &rain "ock 1!. "ontrol valve

T+EORY : <sborne (eynolds in 1**! conducted a number of e periments to determine the 1aws of (esistance in pipes to classify types of flow. (eynolds number ?(e? is the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force where viscous force is shear stress multiplied area and inertia force is mass multiplied acceleration. (eynolds determined that the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at a definite value of the dimensionally property, called (eynolds number: Re , -.$ / 0!e)e: v @ flow velocity -mAs. B @ density -kgAm!. d @ inside diameter of pipe section -m. C @ dynamic viscosity of the fluid -kgAms. D @ volumetric flow rate -m!As. A @ cross sectional area of the pipe -m 2. @ kinematics viscosity -m2As. (eynolds carried out e periments to decide limiting value of (eynold?s number to a quantitatively decide whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. 3he limits are as given below: :1aminar when (e E 2!>> :3ransition when 2!>> E (e E #>>> :3urbulent when (e F #>>> o) Re, .$

-a.

-b.

-c.

'i#()e 1 : 3hree flow regimes: -a. laminar, -b. transitional 0 -c. turbulent 3he motion is laminar or turbulent according to the value of (e is less than or greater than a certain value. 7f e periments are made with decreasing rate of flow, the value of (e depends on degree of care which is taken to eliminate the disturbances in the supply or along the pipe. <n the others hand, if e periments are made with decreasing flow, transition from turbulent to laminar flow takes place at a value of (e which is very much depends on initial disturbances. 3he valve of (e is about 2>>> for flow through circular pipe and below this the flow is laminar in nature. 3he velocity at which the flow in the pipe changes from one type of motion to the other is known as critical velocity.

PROCEDURES : 1. /irstly, the apparatus is set up and measure and note down diameter of pipe and also room temperature. /ill the aluminum well with dye, the metering tap -dye flow control valve. and drain cock must be closed. 2. 6witch on the pump, carefully open the control valve above the pump and adGust the tap to produce a constant water level in the reservoir. After a time the test pipe section is completely filled. !. <pen the drain cock slightly to produce a low rate of flow into the test pipe section. #. <pen the metering tap and the dye is allowed to flow from the noHHle at the entrance of the channel until a colored stream is visible along the test pipe section. 3he velocity of water flow should be increased if the dye accumulates around the noHHle. %. AdGust the water flow until a laminar flow pattern which is a straight thin line or streamline of dye is able to be seen along the whole test pipe section. '. "ollect the time in seconds for the 1> liters volume of colored waste water that flows down at the outlet pipe. 3he volume flow rate is calculated from the volume and a known time. ). (epeat step %,' with increasing rate of flow by opening the drain cock and the flow pattern of the fluid is observed as the flow changes from laminar to transition and turbulent. 3ake five to si readings till the dye stream in the test pipe section breaks up and gets diffused in water. *. "lean all the apparatus after the e periment is done.

RESULTS : 7nside diameter of pipe section,d @ >.>1> m "ross sectional area of the pipe, A @ IIIIIIIIIIIIm 2 &ensity of water, B @ IIIIIIIII kgAm ! 5inematics viscosity of water at room temperature, @ IIIIIIm2As -see Table *. Average room temperature,J @ IIIIIIIIIK" R(" No * 1 3 ; < = &ol(2e3& (23) Ti2e3t (4) 'lo5 )ate36 (2374) &elo it83 . (274) Re8"ol$4 N(2be)(Re) T89e o: 'lo5

'ORMULA : A , (> $1 7 ;) Re , ( -.$ 7 / ) 6UESTIONS : 1. =hat is (eynold?s numberL 2. 6tate some practical e amples of laminar and turbulent flowL !. 6tate the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flowL #. =hat is the behavior of path linesL i. 1aminar flow iii. 3ransitional flow ii. 3urbulent flow %. =hat are the application of (eynolds?s 4o. other than type of flowL Table *: 5inematic Miscosity, v of =ater at Atmospheric $ressure
Te29e)at()e ?i"e2ati Te29e)at()e ?i"e2ati

6,&7t o) Re , .$ 7

&,67A

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($e#)ee4 C)

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