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4G TECHNOLOGY

A Paper Presentation on

4G TECHNOLOGY
Presented by,

4G TECHNOLOGY

Abstract There is a great demand of user needs for accessing more interactive multimedia application like video on demand and seamless connection while moving from one network from other without any disturbance and maintaining the high data rate at lower cost. Current technologies are able to provide the services like multimedia applications but they failed to provide high data rate, transmission cost and seamless connectivity on user mobility from one network to another and at the same time maintaining its Quality of Service (QoS). Some groups namely !"##, !"##$, and %i&'( are working to achieve the key aspects of the )" technology which has been defined in *&T 'dvance. The ma+or components of the )" technology are ,-.& modulation, transmission of data using &*&,, use of smart antennas, S./, *#01 and *# &obility. *t is e2pected that the groups (!"##, !"##$, and %i&'() will achieve key components and will successfully deploy )" technology by $344. Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................2 Contents.......................................................................................................2

1. Introduction

0oice communication was the ma+or factor for second5generation mobile and it was considerably
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4G TECHNOLOGY

successfully with the standard "lobal System for &obile Communication ("S&) using T.&6-.& technology with $33 k78 fre9uency band. The $" technology was designed only for the voice communication and internet service for transferring user data were not available. Since both voice and data communications services including *nternet service were needed and the research on !" systems were on the way. The protocols and standards were developed to allow data transmission over the e2isting $" infrastructure. The first is $.:" ("#/S, ;.";, and C.&' #hase 4) technology that allows data transfer at a better rate than $" ("S&). Today, data transfer applications like video conferencing, music or video downloads, video, and T0 services at high data rate are more in demand that force us to third generation (!") deployment which includes standard <&TS and C.&' $333. To increase the speed various new technologies have come into picture. 'nd in the future, higher speed data transmission with low cost than !" technology will be important factor to enter forward the fourth generation ()"). Anytime and anywhere service and accessing of application, with a high degree of customi8ation and personali8ation of user application and users can interact with the other protocol based user devices, will be another factor. The current !" system works on *#:.3 and )"
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systems will work on *#1.3 and the user will be able to receive voice, data and smooth streaming of video transmission at anytime and anywhere at much higher data rates than !" technologies. The data rate range for )" will be between 433 &bit6s and 4 "bit6s speeds for both stationary and moving devices with best 9uality and high level of security. =roadband applications may be like wireless broadband access, &ultimedia &essaging Service (&&S), video chat, mobile T0, 7.T0 content, .igital 0ideo =roadcasting (.0=) demands high data rate and the 9uality of service(QoS) but this type of data rate and QoS are not available in !" technology. )" wireless technology will be able to provide the seamless services as per the re9uirements which are set by these applications. The ob+ectives of the )" wireless communication is defined by the )" working group which includes standard a spectrally efficient system (in bits6s678 and bits6s6786site), 7igh network capacity> more simultaneous users per cell, Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks, Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks, *nteroperability with e2isting wireless standards, an all *#, packet switched network. Still )" is not clearly defined or documented anywhere what are the basic re9uirements to build )" wireless technology, like !" is clearly defined in *&T5$333

4G TECHNOLOGY

(*nternational &obile Telecommunications $333). *&T5 'dvanced is the closest where some of the )" re9uirements can be found. -or supporting high data rate and high mobility in fast moving car (13kilometers6hours) or fast moving trains ($:3 km6hr) and it is predicted that the new potential wireless system will support 433 &bps on mobility and 4 "bps appro2imately on without mobility at lower cost. This potential new wireless system could be developed by $343. *ts characteristics should be like high degree of commonality of design worldwide to provide backward compatibility, compatibility of services within *&T5'dvanced and with the fi2ed networks, high 9uality, and small terminal suitable for worldwide use, worldwide roaming capability, capability to run high data rate multimedia applications within a wide range of services and terminals. The parameter outlined by the *T< (*nternational Telecommunication <nion) which re9uired in order to meet the targeted data rate and QoS (Quality of service) as already discussed above in the main ob+ective of )" wireless technology are going to be based on OFDMA (,rthogonal -re9uency .ivision &ultiple 'ccess) modulation with MIMO (multiple inputs, multiple outputs) and other smart antenna enhancements. )" is also called network of networks like low network latency, integration of
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mobile broadband heterogeneous network, smooth sharing of networks, seamless connection during handoff from one cell to another cell, providing mobile subscriber with always5best5 connected, and high QoS broadband e2perience. 2. Evolution of 4G wireless Technology *n order to make smooth transition from !" to )" the mobile communication companies are promoting Super !"6?T;. The companies are upgrading !" Technology by initiali8ing the introduction of 7igh Speed .ownlink #acket 'ccess (7S.#') service, which increases the downlink data rate of packet services, and by finali8ing specifications for 7igh Speed <plink #acket 'ccess (7S<#'), which enhances uplink speed. 7S.#' and 7S<#' cover area by !5) times relative to %5C.&' and by providing the high transmission rate with low cost per bit transmission. The main ob+ective of the Super !" is to construct simple, low cost system by removing the comple2ity from wireless network and mobile handsets. The !" provides packet and voice services separately where as Super !" is based on '??5*# network covering both packet and voice services. 's from diagram we can infer that by the $343 we would be able to achieve the 4 "bps in motion at low speed and 433 &bps at high speed. ,n .ecember $:, $331, NTT DOCOMO became the first

4G TECHNOLOGY

in the world to achieve a packet signal speed of 5 Gb s in an outdoor test in a low5speed environment (43 km6h). The test was undertaken to demonstrate the e2pected ma2imum transmission speed in an actual cell environment, taking into account interference from peripheral cells.

$.4 ,-.&' (,rthogonal -re9uency .ivision &ultiple 'ccess) modulation $.$ *mplementation of &*&, (multiple inputs, multiple outputs) $.! Smart antenna enhancements $.) S./ (Software5.efined /adio) $.: *#v1 and *# mobility 2.1 !"#A $ rthogonal !re%uency "ivision #ulti&le Access' modulation &ultipath phenomena in C.&' can tolerate long delay but it does not capture the entire energy, only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because of limited no. of capability of taking the signal. *n ,-.& as from the below figure it can be understand the long guard band interval is long enough to absorb all inter5 symbols5interference.

%e are steadily approaching towards )" wireless technologies by upgrading the current !" technology by increasing the data rate speed and by reducing the cost of transmission which is the main ob+ective of )" wireless technology. There are some key components for the successful deployment of the )" wireless technology.

,rthogonal -re9uency .ivision &ultiple2ing (,-.&) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer $ performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. <sing ,.-&, it is possible to e2ploit the time domain, the space domain, the fre9uency domain and even the code domain to optimi8e radio channel usage. *t ensures very robust transmission in multi5path environments with reduced receiver comple2ity.

4G TECHNOLOGY

4 .

*n ,-.&, a data stream is split into @c parallel lower data streams (a few k78) that are modulated on separate subcarriers. The split the signal is called orthogonal s!bcarriers and these subcarriers are modulated by In"erse Discrete Fo!rier Trans#ormation $IDFT% and hence it does not affect the signals on multipath effects. The long g!ard band is inserted between each ,-.& symbol to absorb all inter signal symbols interference. This significantly improves the physical layer performance. The ,-.& signal is also compatible with other enhancement technologies like smart antennas and &*&,. &ultiple access technology (,rthogonal -re9uency .ivision &ultiple 'ccess ,-.&') can also be used for modulation of ,-.&. *n this case, each ,-.& signal symbol can transmit information to6from several users using a different set of subcarriers (subchannels). This not only provides additional fle2ibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross5 layer optimi8ation of radio link usage.
2.1.1 Advantages OF ! over C !A of

$ . ! .

C"#A C.&' can tolerate long delay but it does not capture the entire energy, only fraction of the energy of the multipath signal because of limited no. of capability of taking the signal. &ultipath self5 interference affects C.&'. C.&' interference affects symbols.

!"# *t captures entire energy because of capability to absorb high no. of ,-.& signal subcarriers. *n ,-.&, as long as guard interval is long enough, all inter5symbol5 interference is absorbed &ultipath self5 interference does not affect ,-.&.

the ,nly a few tones are affected or lost all in ,-.& ,-.& spreads the impulse noise over a burst reducing its effect

) .

C.&' several symbols may be lost because of impulse noise.

: .

C.&' is very This results in sensitive to comple2 algorithms timing and and overhead re9uires fast unlike ,-.&. ac9uisition C.&' rake receiver is more comple2 than ,-.& digital front end (--T). *mplementation of e9uali8ation, interference cancellation, and adaptive antenna array algorithms is simpler in ,-.&.

1 .

A .

C.&' re9uires %hich is not in the fast and precise case of ,-.&. power control as it is very sensitive to received power fluctuations

"

4G TECHNOLOGY

B .

minimum number of antennas in C.&' %hich is not in the technology is less case of ,-.&. the link. The &*&, enables significant increase in the data sensitive to throughput and link range with capacity additional bandwidth or transmit enhancement by power. *t achieves this by higher using smart spectral efficiency more bits per antenna second per hert8 of bandwidth) techni9ues than and link reliability or diversity ,-.& (reduced fading). =ecause of these technology properties &*&, has become because of current theme of wireless C.&' intra5cell research. interference behavior. 2.) *mart antenna enhancements. The main purpose of the radio communication depends on the advancements of the antennas which refer to smart or intelligent antennas. *n early C3s, in order to meet growing data rate needs of the data communication, many transmission techni9ues were proposed such as spatial multiple2ing which increases the bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. S atial m!lti le'ing provides the multiple deployment of antennas at the transmitting and receiving end and then independent streams of data can be transmitted as re9uested by the user can be transmitted simultaneously from the all transmitting antennas. Thus increasing the throughput into multiple folds with minimum number of the transmitting and receiving antennas.

2.2 Im&lementation of #I# $multi&le in&uts( multi&le out&uts'. *n order to improve the communication performance between sender and receiver, the multiple antennas are used at both transmitter and receiver end. &*&, multiple2 the signals from the multiple transmitting antennas as it is suitable for ,-.& because time symbols can be processed independently after ,-.& waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspects of ,-.& reduces the comple2ity while transmission and makes processing simple. The signal transmitted by m antennas and signal received by n antennas and the processing of the received signal may produce significant performance improvement such as range, &!ality o# recei"ed signal and s ectr!m e##iciency. 7ence &*&, is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the
#

4G TECHNOLOGY

2.4 *"+ +adio'

$*oftware,"efined

There are two types of smart antennas which are switched beam smart antennas and adaptive array smart antennas. Switched beam systems have several available fi2ed beam patterns which help in making decisions as to which beam to access at any given point of time based on the re9uirements of the system. %hile adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to any direction of interest while simultaneously nulling interfering signals. The reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity. =oth transmit6receive diversity and transmit spatial multiple2ing are categori8ed into the space5time coding techni9ues, which does not necessarily re9uire the channel knowledge at the time of transmitting the signals. The other category is closed5loop multiple antenna technologies which use the channel knowledge at the transmitter.

' basic S./ produces a radio that is capable of receiving and transmitting a different form of radio protocol (sometimes referred to as a waveform) as per the needs +ust by r!nning di##erent so#tware. ' S./ will allow to increase network capacity at specific time (e.g. during a sports event) and the operator can recon#ig!re its network by adding several modems at a given =ase Transceiver Station (=TS). S./ will allow reconfigure network structure as per the needs. 't the present S./ implementation is done by the infrastructure which develops multi5band, multi5 standard base stations and terminals. S./ can be a powerful aid for manufacturer by providing multi5standard, multi5band e9uipment with red!ced de"elo ment e##ort and costs through simultaneous multi5 channel processing. Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services, both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio rotocols in real time. *n the long term, software5defined radio is e2pected by its proponents to become the dominant technology in radio communications. 2.- I.v/ and I. mobility )" wireless technology will be using mobile *#v1 which allows assigning more number of addresses than *#v). *n *#v1 each device have own I( address. <ser can keep their *# address even if
$

4G TECHNOLOGY

user changes the access point. #resently translate *# with each change because there are not enough *# addresses. The following diagram shows that each *#v1 packet can have multiple source addresses and multiple destination

handovers is considered to have low mobility. ). *&ectral efficiency in 4G The )" wireless technology bandwidth efficiency will be measured in terms of spectral efficiency. Spectrum efficiency describes that the amount of information that can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. *t is a measure of how efficiently a limited fre9uency spectrum is utili8ed by the physical layer protocol, and sometimes by the media access control (the channel access protocol). Clearly the bit rate should be associated with an amo!nt o# s ectr!m. -or mobile use, a good target is a network performance of : bit6s678, rising to B bit6s678 in nomadic use. -or e2ample, a transmission techni9ue using one kilohert8 of bandwidth to transmit 4333 bits per second has a spectral efficiency of 4 (bit6s)678. 'lso, a 0.C$ modem for the telephone network can transfer :1,333 bit6s downstream and )B,333 bit6s upstream over an analog telephone network. .ue to filtering in the telephone e2change, the fre9uency range is limited to between !33 hert8 and !,)33 hert8, corresponding to a bandwidth of !)33 F !33 G !433 hert8. The spectral efficiency is :1,3336!,433 G 4B.4 (bit6s)678 downstream, and )B,3336!,433 G 4:.: (bit6s)678 upstream. ).1 *&ectral efficiency target
%

addresses. &obile *# techni9ues allow network roaming, a device can move from one network to other network. *# &obility is often termed Dmacro)mobilityE since it will be global, and independent of mechanisms (such as routing protocols, link5layers technologies and security architectures) of different administrative *#5 domains. These methods are applicable to data and probably also voice. .uring handover in *# &obility the ,-.&, &*&, allows Dmacro5diversityE processing with performance gains. 7owever, the implementation of macro5 diversity implies that &*&, processing is centrali*ed and transmissions are synchrono!s. *n high mobility a device is capable to cope with more than 43 handovers per minute. *n contrast, a host performing less than 43

4G TECHNOLOGY

' simple calculation illustrates the order of magnitude. The design target in terms of radio performance is to achieve a scalable capacity from :3 to :33 bit6s6786km$ (including capacity for indoor use). The e2pected best performance of !" is around 43 bit6s6786km$ using 7igh Speed .ownlink #acket 'ccess (7S.#'), &ultiple5*nput &ultiple5,utput (&*&,), etc. @o current technology is capable of such performance. ).2 *&ectral efficiency ob0ectives 's per the various traffic analyses by analy8ing the transmission and receiving the data from various mode of communication, the %ireless %orld *nitiative (%%*) has issued target air interface performance figures. ' consensus has been reached around peak rates of 433 &bit6s in mobile situations and 4 "bit6s in nomadic and pedestrian situations, at least as targets. So far, in a 43 &78 spectrum, a carrier rate of $3 &bit6s has been achieved when the user is moving at high speed and )3 &bit6s in nomadic use. These values will do!ble after introduction of &*&,. Clearly, the bit rate should be associated with an amount of spectrum. -or mobile use, a good target is a network performance of : bit6s678, rising to B bit6s678 in nomadic use. 4. 1or2ing grou&s wireless technology on 4G

the cellular technology. There are ! groups who are working for deployment of )" wireless technology. ).4 !"## "eneration #ro+ect) (The Third #artnership

).$ !"##$ (The Third "eneration #artnership #ro+ect $) ).! %i&'(

There are many groups who work together for the enhancement of
1&

4.1 )G.. $The )rd Generation .artnershi& .ro0ect' The !rd "eneration #artnership #ro+ect (!"##) is body which is formed by collaborating the groups of the telecommunications associations to develop upcoming a globally applicable third generation (!") mobile phone specification within the scope of *nternational &obile Telecommunications5$333 pro+ect of the *nternational Telecommunication <nion (*T<). !"## standardi8ation ma+or focus is on /adio, Core @etwork and Service architecture. !"## is working to ! grade the mobile

4G TECHNOLOGY

comm!nication by increasing the data rate and reducing the cost. 's from the figure above it states that !"## focus on mobile communication since $33A and !"## is working in that direction which will lead to enter in the )" technology by the $344. 4.2 )G..2 $The )rd Generation .artnershi& .ro0ect' 'gain there is another working group on mobile communication is called the Third "eneration #artnership #ro+ect $ (!"##$) is formed by collaborating third generation (!") telecommunications specifications5setting pro+ect comprising @orth 'merican and 'sian interests developing global specifications for '@S*6T*'6;*'5 )4. Cellular /adio telecommunication *ntersystem ,perations network evolution to !" and global specifications for the radio transmission technologies (/TTs) supported by '@S*6T*'6;*'5)4. !"##$ is the standardi8ation group focuses on C.&' $333 which includes the set of !" standard based on earlier $" C.&' technology. 4.) 1i#A3 's we can see in the above figure that %i&'( is using the some of the ma+or key component of )" technology which is defined in *&T5'dvance. %i&'( is using the ,-.& modulation techni9ue for transmission of the signals but other features of the )" technology such as &*&,, smart antennas capabilities and *# mobility which are not available
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in the %i&'(. 's it is shown in figure in the %i&'( section in $33B &obile %i&'( is using S*S, and 1351:H of S*&, with fre9uency spectrum of the43&78. 'nd in $33C %i&'( will be using S*&,6&*&, and data rate of $!6)1 &bps in downlink and data rate of 4$ &bps in uplink with fre9uency spectrum of 43 &78 *n $344 %i&'( will be able to achieve the 433 &bps with high mobility which is defined in the *&T 'dvance. *n $344 %i&'( will fully enter into )" technology because it is e2pected that the %i&'( will using all the ma+or key component of the )" technology. 't present %i&'( is one of the potential candidate for the )" technology. %i&'( has served as a catalyst for !"## (Third "eneration #artnership #ro+ect) and !"##$ to accelerate their ne2t round of innovation, adopting OFDM modulation and implementing MIMO and other smart antenna technologies with high mobility. =oth !"## and !"##$ camps have clearly defined their paths toward )". &obile %i&'( was being commerciali8ed in $33A and *t had been e2pected that the %i&'( will have several advantages, including throughput, cost, time5to5market. *t does seem to have a time5to5market advantage over ?T; (?ong Term ;volution) and <&= (<ltra &obile =roadband). 7owever, the first generation of mobile %i&'( technologies without &*&, enhancements will not be

4G TECHNOLOGY

able to deliver significantly higher thro!gh !t as compare to !.:" technologies such as 7S.#' (7igh5Speed .ownlink #acket 'ccess), which has already been deployed commercially. %i&'( vendor had predicted the cost advantages of the %i&'(. &obile company sprint claims that &obile %i&'( will deliver a cost5per5bit performance of 43 times ;0., (;volution5.ata ,ptimi8ed). The spectral efficiency of %i&'( is better but the coverage area of the %i&'( is smaller, possibly at only half to one59uarter the cell radius of an e9uivalent 7S#' (7igh5Speed #acket 'ccess) cell. ,ver period of time %i&'( will improve by increasing thro!gh !t and lower cost, but !"## and !"##$ technologies are also evolving to support higher throughput, lower latency and better economics by leveraging &*&, and other smart antenna technologies, wider spectrum bands and eventually ,-.& modulation. !"## and !"##$ are still getting stronger support from technology companies, and they are already being integrated into laptops and other embedded devices. -. "emonstration of 4G wireless technology There are companies who have successfully tested and implemented the )" technology. The companies are @TT .oCo&o, &obile and @ortel @etworks, and @okia Siemens @etworks.
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-.1 4TT "oCo#o @TT .oCo&o after successful e2perimentation in -ebruary $33A announced the completion of a )" trial where they achieved a ma2imum packet transmission rate of appro2imately :"bps in the downlink using 433&78 fre9uency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 43km6h. -ourth generation ()") technology implementation is in the laboratory now and also in the field trials in certain areas of the world. Some people define the )" goal as increasing data transfer rates to 433&b6sec. /ecently, @TT .oCo&o, the Iapanese telecommunications giant and IapanJs largest wireless carrier, has claimed to achieve a ma2imum packet transmission rate of appro2imately :"b6sec in a downlink transmission. The transmission used a 433&78 channel bandwidth and the target receiving device was a mobile device moving at 43km6hour. Since the ma2imum transmission rates closest to commerciali8ation today are approaching 43&b6sec. -.2 T,#obile and 4ortel 4etwor2s &obile operator T5&obile and @ortel @etworks after successfully testing a new high5speed wireless technology, designed to make mobile connections as fast as fi2ed fiber links. ' connection was maintained while driving in a car in range of three cell sites on a highway in =onn, "ermany at an average speed of 1A kmph. The e2periment achieved data rates of

4G TECHNOLOGY

up to 4A3 &bit6s for downloads and up to :3 &bit6s for uploads, the operator said, about three times faster than the new high5 speed broadband technology 0.S? it is currently rolling out across the country. *f the ?ong5 Term ;volution (?T;) technology proved promising in more everyday situations, the =onn5 based company would consider upgrading its network with it, said #hilipp 7umm, head of T5&obile "ermany. ' decision would be made within si2 months. There is increasing urgency for fourth5 generation ()") wireless networks, where growing demand for mobile data is driven by such tools as smart phones and embedded laptops. CanadaEs @ortel @etworks has said it sees ?T; as the most likely upgrade path for about B3 percent of the worldEs e2isting mobile phone providers, with others going for %i&'(. -.) 4o2ia *iemens 4etwor2s @okia Siemens @etwork announced after testing that achieved theoretical data rates of up to 4A! megabits per second, ?T; is in something of a race to market with mobile %i&'(, which only promises around A3&bps but has a significant head start. The fastest currently available mobile broadband, 7S.#', offers around A.$&bps. =oth ?T; and mobile %i&'( use the ,-.& modulation scheme and multiple5 input multiple5output (&*&,)
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technology, which is based on the use of multiple antennae. &obile %i&'(Es recent inclusion to the !"## family of standards has raised the possibility of both technologies becoming part of what will be known as )". *n its announcement, @okia Siemens @etworks said it had completed the worldEs first multiuser field trial of ?T; in an urban environment. The trial, which was in =erlin, utili8ed $3&78 of bandwidth in the $.1"78 spectrum, which is set for a hotly contested auction in the <.K. ne2t year. The trial confirmed that ?T; performance re9uirements can be met using !"## standardi8ed technologies and it reali8ed data rates of more than 433&bps over distances of several hundred meters, while maintaining e2cellent throughput at the edge of typical urban mobile radio cells, the companyEs statement read. Calling the trial an important initial proof of concept for ?T;, @okia Siemens @etworksE chief technology officer, Stephan Schol8, said that ?T; would further the companyEs goal of connecting : billion users by $34:, due to ?T;Es efficient use of spectrum. /. Conclusion There has been constant development in the cellular as we have seen in $" technology to !" technology which includes "S&, "#/S, ;.";, C.&', C.&'$33, 7S#.', %i&'( etc. $" only supports the voice communicate and $.:" supports

4G TECHNOLOGY

voice and data communication and !" supports voice and data communication but at higher rate as compare to the $.:". =ut today there is high demand of multimedia applications like online video, video conferencing. 'nd there is need of better 9uality of service (QoS) and device mobility from one network to network at high speed. There is strong need of technology better than !". ' )" technology which is an upgraded version of !" technology, will be introduced in the market by $344 which will meet the needs which were not found in the !" technology while maintaining its backward compatibility. 's we have seen in the working group of )" technology namely +GG(, +GG(- and .iMA/ technologies will continue to evolve and enhance its capability, with a clear roadmap of reaching 0 Gb s in motion at low s eed and 011 Mb s at high s eed at lower cost. The successful demonstration of the )" technology has been done by the companies such as NTT DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Networ2s, and No2ia Siemens Networ2s. A. Abbreviations $Al&habetically Arranged' )GG. 5 The Third Generation .artnershi& .ro0ect )GG.2 5 The Generation .artnershi& .ro0ect2
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E6" 5 &timi7ed 8*.A 5 Access

Evolution,"ata 8igh,*&eed .ac2et

I#T5 International #obile Telecommunications IT95 International Telecommunication 9nion :TE 5 :ong Term Evolution #I# #ulti&le 5 #ulti&le In&ut ut&ut rthogonal

!"# 5 !re%uency "ivision #ulti&le;ing

*"+ 5 *oftware "efined +adio 9#<5 9ltra #obile <road <and 1i#A35 1orldwide Intero&erability for #icrowave Access <. <ibliogra&hy 1ebsites Tech @ews %orld> %ho %ill %in the )" /aceL .ate> 436436$33B htt&5==www.technewsworld.com= story=->2-/.html -re9uently 'sked Questions on )" =y Mahid "hadialy .ate> 436436$33B htt&5==www.)g4g.co.u2=4G=fa%.h tml

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