PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

1.0

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Steel is the most widely used metal as a construction material. Steel structure is an artificial building which consists of one or more elements arranged in certain form in order to resists the subjected forces with no excessive deformation. Therefore, for the subject BFC 4 !! "Steel and Timber Structural #esign$ students are re%uired to com&lete &roject of steel &ortal frame structure with me''anine floor. The &roject design the &roject manually based on module and other additional reference. (ach grou& should design a &ortal frame, beam, column and connection. For the connection &art, each grou& are re%uired to design the connection that is located at the connection between beam and column, beam and &ortal frame leg also at eaves and a&ex. Furthermore, structural drawing and detailing should be &rovided and &roduced. For this &roject our grou& has decided to design a single)storey factory with me''anine floor by ta*ing into account factory floor and office s&ace. (ach member in grou& has given a tas* to design different &art in this &ortal frame+s &roject. For doing this &roject we have follow design standard for structural steel which is British Standard, BS ,-,-)./0 &rocedures for the &roject are summari'ed as follows/ .$ 1reliminary structural configuration 0$ (stablishment of the loads !$ 1reliminary member selection 4$ 2nalysis
1

. The design

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

,$ (valuation to ensuring the strength and serviceability re%uirement are satisfied nand the result is o&timum. 3$ 1rovide the detailing "drawing$

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

2.0 CALCULATION OF PORTAL FRAME DESIGN

Figure ./ 1ortal frame

3

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Loading 4m&osed load 5 .6, *78m0 9oofing sheet and insulation 5 .0 *78m0 1urlins self weight 5 .. *78m0 Frame self weight 5 ..0, *78m0 Truss s&acing 5 3., mm 1urlin s&acing 5 .0. mm Total dead load 5 ..,, *78m0 Total im&osed load 5 .6, *78m0

Loading on Frame Frame dead load 5 ..,, : 3.., 5 .!" #N$m Factored dead load 5 -.,! : ..4 5 1"."% #N$m Total dead load 5 .!.!4 :!0.6;, 5 %"&. "! #N Frame im&osed load 5 .6, : 3.., 5 %.'1 #N$m Factored im&osed load 5 4.3. : ..3 5 &."( #N$m Total im&osed load 5 6.!; : !0.6;, 5 2%1. ! #N Total dead load < total im&osed load 5 4!6. !, < 04..-, 5 '& ." #N By using gra&h/ "a$ Total load on frame 5 '& ." #N "b$ Total load on s&an 5 36-.! : !0.6;, 5 22 2&0.(! #Nm "c$ S&an8eaves height 5 !0.6;,8-.3, 5 ".%0 "d$ 9ise8s&an 5 ..!;8!0.6;, 5 0.0%21

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

From gra&h/ "a$ =ori'ontal force at foot of the frame "figure 0/ gra&h .$ .03 : 36-.! 5 1&'.'2 #N "b$ 1lastic moment re%uired in the rafter "figure !/ gra&h 0$ . !; : 00 06 .;, 5 ('%.2 #Nm "c$ 1lastic moment re%uired in the legs "figure 4/ gra&h !$ . 3; : 00 06 .;, 5 1!1%.%2 #Nm "d$ 1oint maximum moment in the rafter "figure ,/ gra&h 4$ .466 : !0.6;, 5 1!.'% m

0.2 6

Figure 0/ >ra&h .

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

0.03 8

Figure !/ >ra&h 0

0.06 8

Figure 4/ >ra&h !

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

0.477

Figure ,/ >ra&h 4

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

339.65

Figure 3/ Bending ?oment #iagram

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

De)ermine Si*e+ o, Ra,)er+ and Leg+ #esign strength, 1y 5 06, 78mm0 i. 9after moment 5 ('%.2 #Nm Sx re%uired 5 5 "1%2 -m"

@sed si'eA 3. : 00- : .0, @B "Sx 5 !3; cm!$ From table of &ro&erties/ # 5 3...- mm 4r 5 -; 3 cm4 x 5 !4 ry 5 4.-3 cm ii. Beg moment 5 .,.4.40 *7m Sx re%uired 5 5 !!0& -m" cm!$

@sed si'eA 630 : 036 : .6! @B "Sx 5 30 From table of &ro&erties/ # 5 630 mm 4r 5 0 , cm4 x 5 !;.. ry 5 ,.,6 cm 2g 5 00 cm0

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

C.e-# On S)a/i0i)1 S2a1

Bb 5 !0.6;, C !.06;, 5 2 .!1 m # 5 3...- mm

5"2. 0 m

The right)hand side of the ex&ression can now be calculated/

10

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

S)an-.ion S)a/i0i)1

2verage stress in column5 x 5 !;.. ry 5 ,.,6 cm 1y 5 06, 78mm0

5., 78mm0

Figure 6 / #imension at =aunch For grade S06, steel

11

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

#s8#h 5 . Dl 5 ..0,

Ra,)er S)a/i0i)1

3a4n-. S)a/i0i)1

12

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

".0

CALCULATION OF 5EAM DESIGN 65EAM 2$A758

Loading S0a/ 6Toi0e)8 1recast slab Tiles 1artition 5 0., *78m0 5 ., *78m0 5 .. *78m0 5 .3 *78m0 Total >* Total E* 5 4.3 *78m0 5 0. *78m0 5 "..4 x 4.3$ < "..3 x 0. $ 5 .'% #N$m2 S0a/ 6O,,i-e8 1recast slab Tiles 1artition 5 0., *78m0 5 ., *78m0 5 .. *78m0 5 .3 *78m0 Total >* Total E* 5 4.3 *78m0 5 0., *78m0 5 "..4 x 4.3$ < "..3 x 0.,$ 5 10.%% #N$m2

#esign Boad 5 "..4 x >*$ < "..3 x E*$

#esign Boad 5 "..4 x >*$ < "..3 x E*$

13

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Load on 5eam Beam selfweight Bric*wall Total >* #esign Boad 5 "..4 x >*$ 5 0.3 x !.4 5 0. *78m 5 ;.;4 *78m 5 . .;4 *78m 5 ..4 x . .;4 5 .,..; *78m From slab "toilet$ 5 -.34 x .., From slab"office$5 . .44 F ..,6, Total @#B load on beam Ma9im4m S.ear and Momen) Fv ?max 5 wB805 43. ; x 3. 0, 8 0 5 Gl08; 5 43. ; x 3. 0,08; 5 1"(.(2 #N 5 20 .0 #Nm 5 .4.43 *78m 5 .3.44 *78m 5 .,..; < .4.43 < .3.44 5 %'.0( #N$m

Pre0iminar1 6)ria08 5eam Si*e

Sx re%uired 5

Try %0' 9 1%0 9 %' U5 6S9:((( -m"8 From table &ro&ertiesA # 5 4 !.0 mm B 5 .40.0 mm t 5 3.; mm T 5 ...0 mm r 5 . .0 mm d 5 !3 .4 mm
14

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

b8T 5 3.!,

d8t 5 ,!.

4x 5 .,6

cm4 Hx 5 66; cm! Sx 5 ;;; cm!

Se-)ion C0a++i,i-a)ion Since T 5 ...0 mm I .3 mm, &y 5 06, 78mm0

b8T 5 3.!, I d8t 5 ,!. I ;

the flange is &lastic "Class .$ the web is &lastic "Class .$

Thus, the section is &lastic class .. S.ear 54-#0ing 65S ! !071;2000 C0a4+e %.2."8

d8t 5 ,!. I 6

so, there is no need to chec* for shear buc*ling.

S.ear Ca<a-i)1 65S ! !071;2000 C0a4+e %.2."8 1v 5 .3&yTd 5 .3 x 06, x 3.; x 4 !.0 x . 5 %!2." #N
)!

Fv 5 .!;.;0 *7 I 1v 5 4,0.!- *7

Shear ca&acity is ade%uate.

15

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

%.0

CALCULATION OF COLUMN DESIGN 6COLUMN 528

A9ia0 Load

#esign axial com&ressive load

Fc

5 5

.!;<.-0<6..<.0; 5 %'' #N %'&0 mm

(ffective Bength, LE = .;,L, thus, LE

Pre0iminar1 de)ermina)ion o, -o04mn +e-)ion 2ssume the section is of Class ! "semi)com&act$

16

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

2nd roughly estimate that pc to be .3py 5 .3 x 06, 5 .3, 78mm0 thus Pc Ag = 5 5 0;04 mm 5 2(.2% -m2 Ag pc

From section &ro&erties table, try .,0 x .,0 x !6 *g8m universal column section B d t T = .,4.4 mm = .0!., mm = ;.. mm = ..., mm D Ag rx ry 5 .3..; mm 5 46.. 5 !.;6 cm 5 3.;4 cm

De+ign S)reng).= <1 Thic*ness of the thic*est element of the steel section, T 5 ..., mm < .3 mm =ence, py = 06, 78mm0 Se-)ion -0a++i,i-a)ion

5 ..

Flange classification, b/T: Jutstand element of com&ression flange, b/T 5 3.6. < - Therefore, flange is class ..
17

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Web classification, d/t: Chec* whether web is class .. Bimit for class . is

r1 5

5 ..3- , but ). < r1 < .

since r1 > ., web is not neither class . or class 0

Therefore chec* web for class !. Bimit for class ! is

r2 5

5 .!3, r2 < ..

So limit class ! section 5

5 ' .&'

d/t = .,.0 < 3-.63, therefore web is class ! semi com&act Flange is class . and web is class ! =ence the section is classified as class !. Com<re++ion Ca<a-i)1= Pc Com&ression ca&acity for class ! section, Pc = Ag x pc (ffective length 5 436 mm Slenderness ratio,

x x

5 Le / r 5 Le / rx 5 Le / ry = = 463-8!;.6 463-83;.4 = 12" = ' .'

18

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

9olled = section, thic*ness less than 4 mm For buc*ling about x)x axis, use strut curve Kb+ of Table 04 For buc*ling about y)y axis, use strut curve Kc+ of Table 04

x 5 .0!, py 5 06, 78mm0 y 5 .0!, py 5 06, 78mm0

} pcx 5 . !., 78mm0 } pcx 5 .;.. 78mm0

Therefore pc 5 pcx = . !., 78mm0 Com&ression ca&acity, Pc Chec* ade%uacy/ Fc 5 433 *7 < Pc 5 4;6., *7 T.ere,ore= -o04mn +i*e 1!2 9 1!2 9 "& i+ +a)i+,a-)or1 and -an /e 4+ed. 5 46. mm x . !., 78mm0 5 %(&.! #N

!.0

CALCULATION OF CONNECTION DESIGN 65EAM TO COLUMN 528 AT ME>>ANINE FLOOR

Conne-)ion de+ign a+ End P0a)e Conne-)ion.

Column section .,0 x .,0 x !6 @C, t 5 ;..mm Boad on Beam, 1 5 .!;.;0 (nd 1late Thic*ness 5 .,mm Bolt Si'e 5 04mm Bolt 7o, n 5 ;

19

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

5 ''

Thic !"## P$%&"

Figure ./ Connection #etailing

To de)ermine ).e /o0)ed -onne-)ion /e)2een end <0a)e and ).e -o04mn ,0ange. 2ssume the bottom row of bolts does not carry shear force. Fs5 5 5 1&."! #N 2ssume center of rotation is about the bottom bolts Ft 5 5 5 "&.1( #N For sim&le method/
20

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

<

L ..4

S.ear Ca<a-i)1 o, -onne-)ion/ 1s 5 &s.2a 2s 5 2t 5 !,! mm0 "assume failure at thread of bolt$ &s 5 .3 78mm0 So shear force, 1s 5 .3 x !,! x . 5earing -a<a-i)1 o, /o0); 1bb 5 d.t.&bb 5 04 x ;.. x 43 x . 5 ;-.40 *7 >
)! )!

5 !'.%( #N

>

Fs 5 .6.!, *7MM.. JDN

Fs 5 .6.!, *7MM.. JDN

"t is ta*en as the smaller of thic*ness of end &late or column flange. The thic*ness of column flange for .,0 x .,0 x !6 @C is ;..mm$

5earing Ca<a-i)1 o, -o04mn ,0ange; 1bs 5 d.t&.&bs I .,.e.t.&bs 5 04 x ;.. x 43 x . 5 ;-.40 *7 1nom 5 .; x &t x 2t 5 .; x 04 !,! x . 5 36.663 *7 O
)! )!

., x 4 x ;.. x 43 x .

)!

64.,0 *7.

Thus, ta*e 1bs 5 64.,0 *7

Ft 5 !6..; *7

C.e-# in)era-)ion ,orm40a;

21

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

I ..4

Therefore, the connection is safe. C.e-# For ).e /0o-# +.ear; 1r 5 .3&y.tP Bv < De"Bt C *#t$Q Bv5 !4 mm Bt 5 , mm #t5 03mm * 5 ., "double row$ De5 ..0 1r 5 .3 x 06,x ;.. x P!4 <..0", ) .,x03$ Q 5 .!!3., x !;4.4 5 ,.!.; *7 O 6, *7MMM.. JDN

To de)ermine ).e +i*e o, 2e0d 2.i-. i+ +a,e and e-onomi- ,or ).e /eam and <0a)e -onne-)ion. 1 5 .!;.;080 5 ' .%1 #N Fs 5 18B 5 3-.4.8 "0 x !; $ 5 0.0 1 #N$mm

Ft 5

22

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

4xx 5 0 5 .1%! 9 10'

Ft 5 5 0.&2 #N$mm

9esultant Force, Fr 5 5 0.&2' #N$mm @se weld si'e , mm, electrode Class (!,, &w 5 00 78mm0 1w 5 .6.s.&w 5 .6 x , x 00 x . 5 .66 *78mm
)!

O Fr

T.ere,ore ).e 2e0d +i*e ! mm i+ +a,e.

'.0

CONNECTION DESIGN AT ME>>ANINE FLOOR 65EAM TO LEG OF PORTAL FRAME8

23

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Pro<o+e end <0a)e -onne-)ion Column si'e 630 x 036 x .6! @B Beam si'e 4 3 x .4 x 3 @B @seA i. ii. iii. (nd &late ., mm thic*ness ; bolts 04 mm diameter , >rade 4.3 (ccentricity 5 0, mm

Ca0-40a)ion and C.e-#ing

24

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Fs

5 187os. of bolts 5 .!;.;0 8 ; 5 1&."! #N

Ft

5 "&.1( #N S.ear Ca<a-i)1 o, 5o0) 65S ! !071;2000 Ta/0e "08 1s 2s &s 1s 5 &s 2s 5 !,! mm0 5 .3 78mm0 5 &s 2s 5 .3 x !,! x .
)!

5 ,3.4; *7

Fs 5 .6.!, *7 JDN

5earing Ca<a-i)1 o, 5o0) 65S ! !071;2000 Ta/0e "18 1bb 5 d.t.&bs 5 04 x .4.! x 43 x .
)!

5 .,6.;6 *7 O Fs 5 .6.!, *7 JDN

"t is ta*en as the smaller of thic*ness of end &late and column flange. The thic*ness of column flange for 630 x 036 x .6! @B is .4.! mm while end &late thic*ness is ., mm$ 5earing Ca<a-i)1 o, End P0a)e 65S ! !071;2000 Ta/0e "28 1bs d.t.&bs ., . e.t.&bs 5 d.t.&bs I ., . e.t.&bs 5 04 x .4.! x 43 x .
)!

5 1!&.(& #N
)!

5 ., x 4 x .4.! x 43 x . O

5 1"1.!' #N

Ta*e 1bs as .!..,3 *7 1nom

Fs 5 .6.!, *7 JDN
)!

5 .; x &t x 2t 5 .; x 04 x !,! x .

5 36.6; *7 O Ft 5 !6..; *7 JDN

C.e-#ing in)era-)ion ,orm40a ;

25

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

JDN

50o-# S.ear Ca<a-i)1 65S ! !071;2000 C0a4+e '.2.%8

Bv 5 !

< 4 5 !4 mm

Bt 5 , mm #t 5 03 mm * 5 ., "double rows$ De 5 ..0 1r 5 .3 x 06, x ., x R!4 < ..0 ", C ., x 03$S 5 -,..!- *7 O 3-.4. *7 ?e0d Si*ing Fs 5 18B 5 3-.4. 8 "0 x !; $ 5 0.0 1 #N$mm JDN

Ft

5 0.&21 #N$mm 9esultant Force, Fr 5 #N$mm

@se weld si'e , mm, electrod class (!,, &w 5 00 78mm0 1w 5 .6 . s.&w 5 .6 x , x 00 x . 5 .66 T.ere,ore= 2e0d +i*e ! mm i+ +a,e.
)!

*78mm O Fr 5

*78mm

JDN

26

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

&.0

CALCULATION OF PORTAL FRAME CONNECTION &.1 De+ign o, Ea@e+ Conne-)ion

27

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

28

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Figure ;/ #etail of (aves Connection Table ./ Section 1ro&erties of 9after and Beg of 1ortal Frame Ra,)er 3. : 00- : .0, @B "Sx 5 !3; cm!$ B5 00- mm # 5 3...- mm T 5 .-.3 t 5 ...d 5 ,46.! r 5.0.6 Leg 630 : 036 : .6! @B "Sx 5 30 B5 033.6 # 5 630 mm T 5 0..3 t 5 .4.! d 5 3;,.; r 5 .3., cm!$

De+ign C.e-#+ 618 Ten+ion /o0)

?odulus of the grou& is

?aximum tensile force in the bolt

@se bolt si'e 06 mm with >rade ;.; Tensile force ca&acity 5

29

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Fc Figure -/ triangular distribution of tensile force in the bolts For e%uilibrium condition, the com&ression force in the bottom flange of beam is e%ual on the sum of tensile force in the bolt.

628

Ra,)er ,0ange 2e0d

(ffective length 3 mm fillet weld

Ca&acity weld grou&,

Ca&acity weld

tensile force in flange of rafter

30

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

Co04mn ,0ange /ending Tield line &attern

2ssume weld thic*ness Uertical distance from center)line bolts to root of weld to to& stiffener is

4nternal wor* 5 (xternal wor*

Figure . / Tield Bine 1attern

31

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

End P0a)e 5ending 4nternal wor* 5 (xternal wor*

Try end &late 0 mm thic*ness.

? 5 40.- *7mm8mm O 4t is suggested that the thic*ness of the end &late be increased.

Figure ../ Tield Bine 1attern

6"8

Co04mn ?e/ In Ten+ion

32

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

(ffective de&th in tension 5 3 < 0"..6! x , $ 5 2"" mm (ffective area acting in tension 5 0!! x .4.! 5 """2 mm2 Tension ca&acity of column web 5 !!!0 x 06, x .
)!

5 1'." AN

Tension force a&&lied 5 ".,0. 3 x 0$ < ".4. x 0$ 5 ,;3..0 D7 I -.3.! D7.

6%8

Co04mn ?e/ In S.ear

Shear area 5 .4.! x 630 5 10 ( & mm2 Shear ca&acity of column web 5 .3 x 06, x . ;-68. Therefore shear stiffener is not needed. 6!8 Co04mn ?e/ In 5earing 5 1& ( #N. Shear force in the web 5 .63.30 < 0"64,. 3$ 5 .336 D7 I .6-; D7

1bw 5 "b. < n*$ t 1yw Stiff bearing length, b. 5 0 < 0".-.3$ 5 ! .2 mm * 5 r < T 5 .3., < 0..3 5 "(.1 mm n5, 1bw 5 ",-.0 < ,"!;..$$ x .4.! x 06, x .
)!

5 (2 #N

1bw 5 -;0 *7 I .336 *7, therefore bearing stiffener is needed. Bearing Stiffener #esign/ 2rea of stiffener re%uired, 2sn 5 2ssume the width of stiffener to be ; mm. Thic*ness of stiffener, t 5 5 21 mm. 5 ""!" mm2.

33

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

6'8

Co04mn ?e/ 54-#0ing

b. 5 t < ..3r < 0r 5 .4.! <..3".3.,$ < 0"0..3$ 5 (". mm n5, * 5 T <r 5 .3., < 0..3 5 "(.1 mm

Shear force in the web 5.63.30 < 0"64,. 3$ 5 1'''.&% #N M therefore stiffener is needed. The resistance of load carrying stiffener 1x 5 2s&c 2s is the effective are of the load carrying stiffener figure .0

1c 5 064 78mm0 1x 5 ..333 : 06, 5 !0 ; *7 O .! - *7 Figure .0/ effective are of the load carrying stiffener

6&8

5eam ?e/ ?e0d+

34

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

(ffective length of . mm fillet welds 5 4"3...-$ ) 4". $ 5 2%0( mm Ca&acity weld of grou& 1w 5 .6"3$"00 $"04 ;$ 5 222! #N Shear force 5 36-.!80 5 "" .'! #N 1w 5 000, *7 O !!-.3, *7 Mo*

6(8

End P0a)e 5o0)+ in S.ear

The shear force acting on the connection 5 "" .'! #N The shear force is assumed to be raised by four bolts adjacent to the com&ression flange. The ca&acity of the bolt under direct shear, 1s/ For grade ;.;, the shear strength &s 5 "&! N$mm2 Single shear ca&acity, 1s 5 4,- : !6, : . Bearing ca&acity of bolt, 1bb 5 .
)!

5 1&2 #N
)! )!

: 06 : 0 : .

5 !%0 #N 5 2(% #N

Bearing ca&acity of &late, 1bs 5 43 : 06 : 0 : . Therefore the shear ca&acity 5 1&2 #N

The total ca&acity of four rows of bolts 5 ; : .60 5 .!63 *7 O !!-.3, *7 Mo*

35

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

&.2

De+ign o, A<e9 Conne-)ion

Figure .!/ #etail of 2&ex Connection

Si*ing o, 5o0)+ The ratio of two largest lever arms of the notional bolts about the com&ression flange

Therefore, the bolt load distribution is assumed to be linear.

Then, the torsional load, Fo

36

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

The bolts shear ca&acity/ @sed bolt si'e 06 mm with grade ;.; Bolt shear ca&acity, 1s 2ssume shear occurred at thread, 1s 5 2s&s &s 5 !6, 78mm0 2s 5 2t 5 4,- mm0 1s 5 !6, : 4,- : .
)!

5 .60..! *7 O .44.,! *7 M satisfactory

De+ign o, End P0a)e 2s the rafter si'e is the same for the both eaves and a&ex connections then ma*e the width of the end &late the same as for the eaves. @se 0, mm : 0 mm : .! connection, then ma*e/ Flange and web weld 3 mm FG Flange and web weld . mm FG mm long 2s the basis of the calculations for the flange and web identical to that determined for eaves

37

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

(.0

CONCLUSION

1ortal frame construction is a method of building and designing structures, &rimarily using steel or steel)reinforced &recast concrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber such as glulam. The connections between the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment)resistant, i.e. they can carry bending forces. Because of these very strong and rigid joints some of the bending moment in the rafters is transferred to the columns. This means that the si'e of the rafters can be reduced or the s&an can be increased for the same si'e rafters. This ma*es &ortal frames a very efficient construction techni%ue to use for wide s&an buildings. 1ortal frame construction is therefore ty&ically seen in warehouses, barns and other &laces where large, o&en s&aces are re%uired at low cost and a &itched roof is acce&table.
38

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

>enerally &ortal frames are used for single story buildings but they can be used for low rise buildings with several floors where they can be economic if the floors do not s&an right across the building "in these circumstances a s*eleton frame, with internal columns, would be a more economic choice$. 2 ty&ical configuration might be where there is office s&ace built against one wall of a warehouse. 1ortal frames can be clad with all sorts of material but the most &o&ular solution, for reasons of economy and s&eed, is some form of lightweight insulated metal cladding with cavity masonry wor* to the bottom 0 m of the wall to &rovide security and im&act resistance. The lightweight cladding would be carried on sheeting rails s&anning between the columns of the &ortal frames. 1ortal Frames can be defined as two dimensional rigid frames which have the basic characteristics of a rigid joint between column and beam. The main objective of this form of design is to reduce bending moment in the beam which allows the frame to act as one structural unit. The transfer of stresses from the beam to the column results in rotational movement at the foundation which can be overcome by the introduction of a &in8hinge joint. For warehouses and industrial buildings, slo&ing roof made of &urlins and ac sheet roofing between &ortals is &rovided. For assembly halls, &ortals with 9.C slab roof cast monolithically is used. 1ortal Frames are designed for the following loads/ roof load wind load

Ghile designing, care should be ta*en for &ro&er joints

39

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

foundation bracing

40

PORTAL FRAME DESIGN PROJECT

.0

APPENDICES

#etailing of 1ortal Frame

41