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Nat. Sci. 3 Minerals, Rocks, Rock Cycle 2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P.

Baguio

1/8/2014

Minerals, Rocks, and the Rock Cycle

Geosphere: regolith, crust, mantle, core

Nat. Sci. 3 Earth and life through Time A. M. P. Tengonciang and D.N. Javier Department of Physical Sciences University of the Philippines, Baguio

Relative Abundance of Elements

Minerals
... are naturally occuring not man-made or artificial; created by a natural process not a liquid or gas; and uniform throughout not produced by any biological process can be described by a chemical formula is made of a regular network of atoms and molecules

The silicon oxygen tetrahedron and possible arrangements (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2009.GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

homogeneous solids that are inorganically formed with a definite but not fixed chemical composition and an ordered internal structure.

Nat. Sci. 3 Minerals, Rocks, Rock Cycle 2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio

1/8/2014

Native elements Ex. Diamond, copper, gold


Oxides
Hematite (Fe2O3) Magnetite (Fe3O4) Ice (H2O)

Oxides

http://www.minresco.com/display/djpg/mi068.jpg http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/j/c/copper.jpg

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

Sulfides
Sulfides
Pyrite (FeS2) Galena (PbS)

Carbonates
Calcite (CaCO3)

Perfectly cubic pyrite crystal (length=2.222 cm) in a limestone matrix; smaller pyrite cube behind has length of about 0.953 cm)

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1294/680703130_a235a735b6.jpg?v=0

http://stonecraftminerals.com/images/rocks/Optical%20calcite.JPG

Halides
http://www.greatneck.k12.ny.us/GNPS/SHS/dept/science/Blumberg/nacl.jpg

Halite (NaCl)

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/structure_of_solids/Scans/Halite(NaCl).JPG

Nat. Sci. 3 Minerals, Rocks, Rock Cycle 2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio

1/8/2014

Halite

Ice

http://www.greatneck.k12.ny.us/GNPS/SHS/dept/science/Blumberg/nacl.jpg

http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/structure_of_solids/Scans/Halite(NaCl).JPG

Graphite
Atomic Structure Crystal Form

Diamond
Atomic Structure Crystal Form

Rocks
... are naturally formed aggregates of minerals that may include rock fragments, organic material and natural glass. 1. Igneous from lava, magma or pyroclastic material 2. Sedimentary from rock fragments or dissolved minerals 3. Metamorphic from pre-existing rocks that have been heated, folded or crushed by intense geological processes

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

Nat. Sci. 3 Minerals, Rocks, Rock Cycle 2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio

1/8/2014

Volcanic rocks

Plutonic rocks

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

Common Igneous rocks

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

Nat. Sci. 3 Minerals, Rocks, Rock Cycle 2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio

1/8/2014

Common Sedimentary rocks


Detrital or clastic

Non-Detrital or non-clastic

Coquina made up of coarse CaCO3 shells/ shell fragments Chalk made up of fine CaCO3 shells/ shell fragments Coal made up of plant remains (carbon) Chert made up of cryptocrystalline quartz Limestone made up of CaCO3, muddy matrix w/ fossils Rock salt made up of halite (NaCl)
(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)

Common Metamorphic rocks


Foliated

Non-foliated

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