DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING FREQUENCY OR

VOLTAGE BEYOND ACCEPTABLE RANGE

Project Synopsis
In power distribution systems, the power grid station gets supply from different feeder stations like a thermal power station, a wind power station, a solar power station etc. For feasible transmission, the frequency and voltage of the AC supply should be within the limits as decided by the grid, depending upon the demand of the power supply. In case these limits are exceeded and the demand for power is more than the demand for supply, it results in grid failure. In such situations, the feeder unit is completely disconnected from the grid, causing islanding situation. Thus synchronization is needed between the grid and the feeder unit. This project defines a way to detect the variations in frequency and voltage of the power supply from the feeder unit to determine the synchronization failure. Here a frequency

variation detection system and a voltage variation detection system are used. The frequency variation is achieved using anexternal timer and detection is achieved using the internal timer of the microcontroller. Incase of the frequency limits exceeding or being too low, the lamp is accordingly switched on. The voltage variation is achieved using a VARIAC and detection is achieved using a comparator arrangement and any variation in voltage is detected by the microcontroller. Incase of any voltage variations, the lamp is switched on.

Islanding
An Islanded situation is where the generator(s) and some local loads have becomedisconnected from the main distribution system. The usual situation is a section of distributionline (or the complete distribution line or lines), becomes disconnected from the main distribution/transmission system. The generator(s) output may balance with the loaddemand.

Hazards of Islanding

The hazards created during islanded operation are: 1. Unearthed operation of the distribution system 2. Lower fault levels 3. Out of synchronisation reclosure 4. Voltage levels outside statutory limits 5. Reduction in quality of supply 6. Risk to maintenance personnel

SYNCHRONISATION
Synchronisation means the minimisation of the difference in: MAGNITUDE (VOLTAGE) FREQUENCY PHASE ANGLE Between the corresponding phases of the generator output and the grid supply prior to theconnection of the two supplies.

Synchronisation must occur before a generator can beconnected to the grid Synchronisation can be achieved either manually or

automatically, Automatic synchronisationis preferred. It is very unlikely that new installations will include only

manualsynchronisation. If manual synchronisation is suggested for a particular reason, its safe andreliable operation should be seriously considered and implemented carefully. Synchronization means the minimization of difference in voltage, frequency and phase angle between the corresponding phases of the generator output and grid supply. An alternating current generator must be synchronized with the grid prior to connection. It cant deliver the power unless it is running at same frequency as the network. Synchronization must occur before connecting the generator to a grid. Synchronization can be achieved manually or automatically. The purpose of synchronization is to monitor, access, enable, and automatically take the control action to prevent the abnormalities of voltage and frequency.

Rules must be followed for Synchronization:

Voltage Fluctuation

When a generator is synchronized with a power grid, normally there is a voltage fluctuation on the distribution line. During synchronization the voltage fluctuation should not exceed 3% at the at the point of common coupling.

Synchronization Limits

The limits allowing for synchronization are 1. Phase angle- +/-20 degrees 2. Maximum voltage difference 7% 3. Maximum slip frequency 0.44%

Relays

For checking the synchronization synch check relay must be used. The usage of relays cant apply for induction generators. The use of synch check relay is to accept as a backup during synchronization and to ensure a generator will not connect to a dead distribution line.

Synchronization of Induction Generators

For the synchronization of induction generators it just needs to be run up to synchronization speed and connected. For this purpose standard motor controllers will be used. To

mechanically drive the generators up to synchronization speed turbine shaft power will be used. The speed of the motors depends on supplied frequency and number of poles on the generators.

Synchronization of Synchronous Machines

For synchronous generators output waveform should be in phase with the grid voltage waveform or with in specified limits. The

rate of change of phase angle between the grid and the machine (generator) must be within the specified limits. Some other rules are variable speed drive arrangement to maintain a constant output frequency, inter connection protection between the generator and distribution system.

Failure of Synchronization

Synchronization circuit may fail for responding to a received input pulse when the received input pulse is shorted than the sampling period of the synchronizer. Then no synchronized representation will take place. When the pulse rate of the input signal is higher than the synchronization rate of the synchronizer then also it may fail to respond. Sometimes the synchronizer itself may fail by ignoring input events. These all are the circumstances which could create problems if not detected. There are various reasons for failure of power grid synchronization.

Synchronization Failures and their Detections

There are some situations where the generators and some local loads have become disconnected from main distribution lines. Due to this reduction in quality of supply, and it may prevent automatic reconnection of devices. This is called as islanding. For this reason islanding must be detected immediately and producing power must be stopped immediately.

Due to Islanding following hazards may take place

1. Generally distributed lines are earthed only at the substation. When the distributing lines and generators are disconnected the line is not earthed. Due to this reason line voltages may excessive.

2. The fault level contribution from the grid to sub-station may be lost. This will affect the operation of protection on distributed lines. Due to this sufficient current may not be generated.

3. Due to Islanding synchronization cant be maintained. When the grip attempts to reconnect with distribution line it may be out of synchronization at the reconnection point. Due to this, suddenly large power may flows which cause damage for generators, distribution units and consumer products.

Some other disadvantages due to islanding are the voltage levels may go outside of normal operating limits, and the quality of supply may be reduced.

Detection methods of Islanding

Detection of islanding can be done through active and passive methods. Passive methods look for transient events on the grid and active methods will probe the grid by sending signals from the distribution point of grid. Loss of Mains Protection (LoM) will be designed to sense the disconnection of generators and loads when an island has been created. The most utilized LoM detection methods may fail to detect islanding when the production matches closely with the consumption in the island zone. This blind area is called Non Detection Zone (NDZ). The size of NDZ can be reduced by tightening the LoM setting relays.

Active Methods
Impedance measurement, Detection of impedance at specific frequency, slip mode frequency shift, Frequency bias, and frequency jump detection methods are some passive methods for

islanding detection. The advantage of impedance measurement method is an extremely small NDZ for a single inverter. Slip mode frequency shift method is relatively easy to implement. It is highly effective in islanding prevention when compared to other detection methods.

Passive Methods
All grid-connected PV inverters are required to have Over/Under frequency protections methods and Under/Over voltage protection methods that cause the inverter to stop supplying power to the utility grid if the frequency or voltage of grid at the point of coupling.

Under/Over Protection for Voltage/Frequency

These protection methods protect consumers equipment and also servicing as anti-islanding methods. Voltage Phase Jump detection, and Detection of voltage harmonics are some more passive methods for detection islanding. The Under/Over voltage protection methods and the Under/over frequency methods are required other than preventing islanding. Several

islanding prevention methods produce abnormal voltage, and frequency. Under/Over voltage protection methods and

Under/Over frequency protection methods are low cost methods for the detection islanding.

Applications of Power grid failure Detection

Lighting is one of the main causes for power system faults. The entire power system is consisting electrically of power plants, sub-stations and transmission lines, distribution feeders and power consumers. Detecting the synchronization failure between generators and power grid is the major advantage such as saving the energy. Then we can avoid the loss of power consumption by disconnecting from the power consumption devices.

Block Diagram Explanation

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: Microcontroller, LCD (16X2), op-amps, 555 timer, Crystal Oscillator, Resistors, Capacitors, Diodes, Transformer, Regulator, Relay , Transistors, Slide Switch, Lamp.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: Kiel compiler, Language: Embedded C or Assembly