LP BI DNG KIN THC 10, 11, 12 v N THI QUC GIA mn HA HC Thy L Phm Thnh

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CC PHNG PHP GIP GII NHANH
BI TON HA HC
L Phm Thnh
Trng THPT Nguyn Tt Thnh H Ni
Tip theo s bo trc, trong bi bo ny chng ti
xin gii thiu n cc bn mt s phng php c bn
gip gii nhanh bi ton ha hc.
I. Phng php bo ton khi lng
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (BTKL):
Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng
tng khi lng cc sn phm gip ta gii bi ton
ha hc mt cch n gin, nhanh chng.
V d 1. Hn hp A gm 0,1 mol etylenglicol v
0,2 mol cht X. t chy hon ton hn hp A cn
21,28 lt O
2
(ktc) v thu c 35,2 gam CO
2
v 19,8
gam H
2
O. Tnh khi lng phn t X (bit X ch cha
C, H, O).
Hng dn gii:
Ta c cc phng trnh phn ng chy:
2C
2
H
6
O
2
+ 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
X + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo BTKL:
O H CO O O H C X
2 2 2 2 4 2
m m m m m + = + +
2 2 4 2 2 2
O O H C O H CO X
m m m m m + =
(gam) 18,4 32
22,4
21,28
62 0,1 19,8 35,2 m
X
= |

\
|
+ + =
Khi lng phn t ca X:
(g/mol). 92
0,2
18,4
M
X
= =
V d 2. Ha tan hon ton 3,34 gam hn hp hai
mui cacbonat kim loi ha tr II v ha tr III bng
dung dch HCl d ta thu c dung dch A v 0,896 lt
kh bay ra (ktc). Tnh khi lng mui c trong dung
dch A.
Hng dn gii:
Gi 2 mui cacbonat l: XCO
3
v Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
. Cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl 2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2

(1)
(2)
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra:
(mol) 0,08 04 , 0 2 2n n (mol) 04 , 0
22,4
0,896
n
2 2
CO HCl CO
= = = = =
p dng LBTKL:
mui
m m m m ) m (m
O H CO HCl ) (CO Y XCO
2 2 3 3 2 3
+ + = + +

) m m ( m ) m (m m
O H CO HCl ) (CO Y XCO
2 2 3 3 2 3
+ + + =
mui

(gam). 3,78 ) 44 04 , 0 18 04 , 0 ( 5 , 36 08 , 0 34 , 3 m = + + =
mui
V d 3. Kh m gam hn hp A gm cc oxit
CuO, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO nhit
cao, ngi ta thu c 40 gam hn hp cht rn X v
13,2 gam kh CO
2
. Tm gi tr ca m.
Hng dn gii:
Phn tch: vi bi ton ny, nu gii theo cch
thng thng, tc t s mol ca cc oxit ln lt l x,
y, z, t th c mt kh khn l ta khng th thit lp 4
phng trnh gii ra c cc n. Mt khc, chng
ta cng khng bit lng CO cho c kh ht
cc oxit v kim loi hay khng? l cha k n
hiu sut ca phn ng cng l mt vn gy ra
nhng kh khn! Nhng nu chng ta dng phng
php bo ton khi lng s gip loi b c nhng
kh khn trn v vic tm ra gi tr ca m tr nn ht
sc n gin.
Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO 2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2

Fe
3
O
4
+ CO 3FeO + CO
2

FeO + CO Fe + CO
2

CuO + CO Cu + CO
2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Ta c:
(gam) 8,4 3 , 0 . 28 m (mol) 3 , 0
44
13,2
n n
CO CO
2
= = = = =
(p) p) ( CO
Khi lng cht rn: m
r
= 40 (gam)
p dng LBTKL:
(p) p) CO CO r A B r A
m m m m m m m m
2
+ = + = +
( CO
(gam). 8 , 4 4 4 , 8 2 , 3 1 0 4 m m
A
= + = =
V d 4. Thu phn hon ton 14,8 gam hn hp
2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau thy cn va
200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, thu c m gam hn
hp 2 mui v 7,8 gam hn hp 2 ru. Tm m.
Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 este l: R' COO R
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
OH R' COONa R NaOH R' COO R + +
Theo bi ra ta c:
(gam) 8 .0,2 0 4 m (mol) 2 , 0 1 . 2 , 0 n
NaOH NaOH
= = = =
p dng LBTKL:
OH R' NaOH R' COO R COONa R OH R' COONa R NaOH R' COO R
m m m m m m m m + = + = +
(gam). 15 7,8 8 14,8 m m
COONa R
= + = =
LP BI DNG KIN THC 10, 11, 12 v N THI QUC GIA mn HA HC Thy L Phm Thnh
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II. Phng php tng gim khi lng
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Da vo s tng
gim khi lng (TGKL) khi chuyn t 1 mol cht A
thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol cht B (c th qua cc giai
on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca cc
cht hoc ngc li.
Chng hn:
a) Xt phn ng:
MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo phn ng ny th khi chuyn t 1 mol MCO
3

1 mol MCl
2
, khi lng hn hp tng thm
71 60 = 11 gam v c 1 mol CO
2
c gii phng.
Nh vy, khi bit lng mui tng ta c th tnh c
s mol CO
2
sinh ra hoc ngc li.
b) Xt phn ng:
RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
C 1 mol este RCOOR chuyn thnh 1 mol mui
RCOONa, khi lng tng (hoc gim) |23 R| gam
v tiu tn ht 1 mol NaOH, sinh ra 1 mol ROH. Nh
vy, nu bit khi lng ca este phn ng v khi
lng mui to thnh, ta d dng tnh c s mol ca
NaOH v ROH hoc ngc li.
C th ni hai phng php bo ton khi lng
v tng gim khi lng l 2 anh em sinh i, v
mt bi ton nu gii c bng phng php ny th
cng c th gii c bng phng php kia. Tuy
nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay
phng php kia l u vit hn.
V d 5. Gii li v d 2 bng phng php tng
gim khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
XCO
3
+ 2HCl
XCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Y
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 6HCl
2YCl
3
+ 3H
2
O + 3CO
2

(1)
(2)
S mol kh CO
2
bay ra:
(mol) 04 , 0
22,4
0,896
n
2
CO
= =
Theo (1), (2): khi chuyn t mui cacbonat
mui clorua, c 1 mol CO
2
sinh ra, khi lng hn
hp mui tng thm 71 60 = 11 gam. Vy khi
lng hn hp mui tng ln l: m = 0,04.11 = 0,44
gam.
Khi lng ca mui trong dung dch:
=
mui
m 3,34 + 0,44 = 3,78 (gam).
V d 6. Gii li v d 3 bng phng php tng
gim khi lng.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO 2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2

Fe
3
O
4
+ CO 3FeO + CO
2

FeO + CO Fe + CO
2

CuO + CO Cu + CO
2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Ta c:
2
CO
CO
13,2
n n 0, 3 (mol)
44
m 28.0, 3 8,4 (gam)
= = =
= =
p)
(p)
CO (
Khi lng cht rn: m
r
= 40 (gam)
Theo (1), (2), (3), (4): c 1 mol CO phn ng
1 mol CO
2
, khi lng hn hp A gim l:
m = 1 (44 28) = 16 gam. Vy khi lng hn hp
A b gim l: 16 0,3 = 4,8 (gam)
Khi lng ca hn hp A ban u l:
m = 40 + 4,8 = 44,8 (gam).
V d 7. Nhng mt l nhm vo 200 ml dung
dch CuSO
4
, n khi dung dch mt mu xanh ly l
nhm ra cn thy nng hn so vi ban u l 1,38
gam. Xc nh nng ca dung dch CuSO
4
dng.
Hng dn gii:
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu (*)
Theo (*): c 2 mol Al phn ng ht vi 3 mol
CuSO
4
, sinh ra 3 mol Cu, khi lng thanh nhm tng
ln: m = 3.64 2.27 = 138 (gam).
Vy s mol CuSO
4
tham gia phn ng l:
(mol) 0,03 3
138
1,38
n
4
CuSO
= =
Nng ca dung dch CuSO
4
:
(M). 0,15
0,2
0,03
C
M
= =
Ch : Khi nhng thanh kim loi A vo dung dch
mui ca kim loi B (km hot ng hn A). Sau khi
ly thanh kim loi A ra, khi lng thanh kim loi A
ban u s thay i do:
1) Mt lng A b tan vo dung dch
2) Mt lng B t dung dch c gii phng, bm
vo thanh kim loi A
3) Tnh khi lng tng (hay gim) ca thanh A
phi da vo phng trnh phn ng c th.
V d 8. Cho 11 gam hn hp 3 axit n chc
thuc cng dy ng ng tc dng hon ton vi kim
loi Na d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Tnh khi
lng mui hu c to thnh.
Hng dn gii:
S mol kh H
2
to thnh: (mol) 0,1
22,4
2,24
n
2
H
= =
Gi cng thc chung ca 3 axit n chc l:
COOH. R Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
LP BI DNG KIN THC 10, 11, 12 v N THI QUC GIA mn HA HC Thy L Phm Thnh
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2
H COONa R 2 Na 2 COOH R 2 + + (*)
Theo (*): c 2 mol COOH R phn ng 2
mol COONa R v 1 mol H
2
, khi lng mui tng ln
so vi khi lng ca axit l:
m = (gam) 44 45)] R ( 23) 44 R 2.[( = + + +
Khi lng mui hu c ln hn axit l:
m = 44.0,1 = 4,4 (gam)
Vy, khi lng mui hu c to thnh l:
11 + 4,4 = 15,4 (gam).
4 44. .. P PPH HH N NNG GG P PPH HH P PP B BB O OO T TTO OO N NN N NNG GGU UUY YY N NN T TT

Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ny l da
vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t (BTNT): Trong
cc phn ng ha hc thng thng, cc nguyn t
lun c bo ton.
iu ny c ngha l: Tng s mol nguyn t ca
mt nguyn t X bt k trc v sau phn ng l lun
bng nhau.
V d 9. Hn hp cht rn A gm 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
. Ha tan hon ton A bng dung dch
HCl d, thu c dung dch B. Cho NaOH d vo B,
thu c kt ta C. Lc ly kt ta, ra sch ri em
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu
c m gam cht rn D. Tnh m.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phn ng ha hc xy ra:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
2NaOH + FeCl
2
2NaCl + Fe(OH)
2

3NaOH + FeCl
3
3NaCl + Fe(OH)
3

4Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2

0
t
4Fe(OH)
3

2Fe(OH)
3

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng ta c s :
3 2
4 3
3 2
O Fe
mol 0,1 : O Fe
mol 0,1 : O Fe

)
`

(rn D)
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:
(mol) 0,5 0,1.3 0,1.2 n
D) (trong Fe
= + =

(gam). 40 0,25.160 m (mol) 0,25

2
0,5
n
D D
= = = =
V d 10. Tin hnh crackinh nhit cao 5,8
gam butan. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh X
gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
. t chy hon
ton X trong kh oxi d, ri dn ton b sn phm sinh
ra qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c. Tnh tng khi lng
ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c.
Hng dn gii:
Cc s phn ng xy ra:
C
4
H
10

crackinh
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6

(1)
C
4
H
10

crackinh
C
2
H
6
+ C
2
H
6
(2)
CH
4

0
t
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(3)
C
2
H
4

0
t
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(4)
C
2
H
6

0
t
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(5)
C
3
H
6

0
t
3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(6)
C
4
H
10

0
t
4CO
2
+ 5H
2
O
(7)
tng khi lng ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c chnh l
tng khi lng H
2
O sinh ra trong phn ng t chy
hn hp X.
Theo bi ra ta c: (mol) 0,1
58
5,8
n
butan
= =
T phng trnh phn ng, c:
H
(butan ban u)
H
(nc)
v C
4
H
10
10H 5H
2
O
p dng nh lut BTNT i vi hiro:
= =
O) (H H (butan) H
2
n n 10 0,1 = 1 (mol)

(gam). 9 18.0,5 m m (mol) 0,5
2
1
n
O H O H
2 2
= = = = =
V d 11. Hn hp kh A gm mt ankan, mt
anken, mt ankin v hiro. Chia A thnh 2 phn c th
tch bng nhau ri tin hnh 2 th nghim sau:
Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri dn sn phm
chy ln lt qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2 ng
nc vi trong d. Sau phn ng cn thy khi lng
bnh 1 tng 9,9 gam, bnh 2 tng 13,2 gam.
Phn 2: dn t t qua ng ng bt Ni nung nng
thu c hn hp kh B. Sc kh B qua bnh ng
nc vi trong d, thy khi lng bnh nc vi
trong tng m gam. Tm gi tr ca m.
Hng dn gii:
Phn tch: V 2 phn c th tch bng nhau nn
thnh phn ca chng l nh nhau. V sn phm t
chy ca 2 phn l hon ton ging nhau! y, vic
dn phn 2 qua bt Ni, nung nng hn hp B,
sau mi em t chy B ch l mt bc gy nhiu,
khin chng ta b ri m thi, v thnh phn cc
nguyn t ca B v phn 2 l hon ton ging nhau.
Chnh v vy, khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng
th nghim 2 chnh bng tng khi lng ca nc v
CO
2
sinh ra trong th nghim 1!
Vy:
m = m
bnh 1
+ m
bnh 2
= 9,9 + 13,2 = 23,1 (gam).
5 55. .. P PPH HH N NNG GG P PPH HH P PP B BB O OO T TTO OO N NN E EEL LLE EEC CCT TTR RRO OON NN
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Khi c nhiu cht
oxi ha hoc cht kh trong hn hp phn ng (nhiu
phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng
LP BI DNG KIN THC 10, 11, 12 v N THI QUC GIA mn HA HC Thy L Phm Thnh
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s mol electron m cc phn t cht kh cho phi
bng tng s mol electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn.
y chnh l ni dung ca nh lut bo ton electron
trong phn ng oxi ha kh.
iu quan trng nht khi p dng phng php ny
l vic phi nhn nh ng trng thi u v trng
thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cc cht kh, nhiu
khi khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng phn ng
ha hc xy ra.
Phng php ny c bit l th i vi cc bi ton
phi bin lun nhiu trng hp xy ra.
V d 12. Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam kim loi M
trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lt (ktc) hn
hp kh gm NO
2
v NO c t l th tch 3:1. Xc nh
kim loi M.
Hng dn gii:
S mol ca hn hp kh: (mol) 0,4
22,4
8,96
n
kh
= =
V
2 2
NO NO NO NO
V :V 3:1 n :n 3:1 = =
2
NO
NO
3
n 0,4 0,3 (mol)
4
1
n 0,4 0,1 (mol)
4

= =

= =

Gi n l ha tr ca M.
Qu trnh nhng electron:
0 n
M ne M
+
(1)
S mol electron nhng l:
(*) (mol) n
M
19,2
n =
nhng e
Qu trnh nhn electron:
5 4 2
4 N 6e 3N N
+ + +
+ + (2)
Tng s mol electron nhn l:
(**) (mol) 6 , 0 1 , 0 6 n = =
nhn e
p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c:
32n M 0,6 n
M
19,2
n n = = =
nhn e nhng e
n = 2; M = 64. Vy kim loi M l ng (M
Cu
= 64).
V d 13. Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam Fe vo
HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lt hn hp
kh B gm NO v mt kh X, vi t l th tch l 1:1.
Xc nh kh X.
Hng dn gii:
S mol ca hn hp kh B:
(mol) 0,15 n n (mol) 0,3
22,4
6,72
n
X NO B
= = = =
Qu trnh nhng electron:
3e Fe Fe
3 0
+
+
(1)
S mol electron nhng l:
(*) (mol) 0,6 3
56
11,2
n = =
nhng e
Qu trnh nhn electron ca NO:
2 5
N 3e N
+ +
+ (2)
S mol electron do NO nhn l:
(**) (mol) 45 , 0 15 , 0 3 n = =
nhn) (NO e
p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta c:
n n =
e nhng e nhn
n n n = +
e nhng e (NO nhn) e (X nhn)
n n n
0,6 0,45 0,15 (mol)
=
= =
e (X nhn) e nhng e (NO nhn)
Gi n l s electron m X nhn. Ta c:
n) (5 5
N ne N
+ +
+ (3)
n = . 1
15 , 0
15 , 0
= T suy ra X l NO
2
.
V d 14. m gam phoi bo st A ngoi khng
kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp B c khi
lng 12 gam gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
.
Cho B tc dng hon ton vi axit nitric d thy gii
phng ra 2,24 lt kh duy nht NO. Tnh khi lng m
ca A?
Hng dn gii:
S cc bin i xy ra:
Fe B NO
Fe
FeO
Fe
3
O
4
Fe
2
O
3
dd HNO
3
m
A
gam 12 gam 2,24 lt (ktc)
Qu trnh nhng electron:
3e Fe Fe
3 0
+
+
(1)
S mol electron nhng l:
(*) (mol) 3
56
m
n =
nhng e
Cc qu trnh nhn electron:
+) T st oxit:
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
(2)
S electron do O
2
nhn l:
(mol)
8
m 12
4
32
m 12
n

=

=
nhn) (O e
2
+) T oxit mui Fe
3+
:
2 5
N 3e N
+ +
+ (3)
S electron do N nhn l:
(mol) 3 , 0 1 , 0 3 n = =
nhn) (N e
Tng s electron nhn l:
(**) (mol) 0,3
8
m 12
n +

=
nhn e
LP BI DNG KIN THC 10, 11, 12 v N THI QUC GIA mn HA HC Thy L Phm Thnh
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p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c :
0,3
8
m 12
56
m
3 n n +

= =
nhn e nhng e
m = 10,08 (gam).
6 66. .. P PPH HH N NNG GG P PPH HH P PP B BB O OO T TTO OO N NN I II N NN T TT C CCH HH
Nguyn tc ca phng php: Trong mt dung
dch nu tn ti ng thi cc ion dng v m th
theo nh lut bo ton in tch: tng s in tch
dng bng tng s in tch m.
y chnh l c s thit lp phng trnh biu
din mi lin h gia cc ion trong dung dch.
V d 15. Kt qu xc nh nng mol/lt ca
cc ion trong mt dung dch nh sau:
Ion:
+
Na
+ 2
Ca

3
NO

Cl

3
HCO
S mol: 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,025
Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao?
Hng dn gii:
Tng s in tch dng: 0,05 + 2.0,01 = 0,07
Tng s in tch m: 0,01 + 0,04 + 0,025 = 0,075
V tng s in tch dng tng s in tch m
kt qu xc nh trn l sai!
V d 16. Lp biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d
trong dung dch cha a mol Na
+
, b mol Ca
2+
, c mol

3
HCO v d mol Cl .
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch, ta c:
a + 2b = c + d.
7 77. .. P PPH HH N NNG GG P PPH HH P PP
K KKH HH I II L LL N NNG GG M MMO OOL LL T TTR RRU UUN NNG GG B BB N NNH HH
Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca mt hn
hp l khi lng ca mt 1 mol hn hp :

=
=
= =
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i i
hh
hh
n
.n M
n
m
M
Trong : +) m
hh
l tng s gam ca hn hp
+) n
hh
l tng s mol ca hn hp
+) M
i
l khi lng mol ca cht th i trong
hn hp
+) n
i
l s mol ca cht th i trong hn hp
Ch :
+)
max min
M M M < <
+) Nu hn hp gm 2 cht c s mol ca
hai cht bng nhau th khi lng mol trung
bnh ca hn hp cng chnh bng trung
bnh cng khi lng phn t ca 2 cht v
ngc li.
Phng php ny c p dng trong vic gii
nhiu bi ton khc nhau c v c v hu c, c bit
l i vi vic chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton
mt cht rt n gin v ta c th gii mt cch d
dng. Sau y chng ta cng xt mt s v d.
V d 17. Ha tan 2,97 gam hn hp 2 mui
CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c
448 ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Tnh thnh phn % s mol ca
mi mui trong hn hp.
Hng dn gii:
Cc phn ng xy ra:
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
T (1), (2) (mol) 0,02
22,4
0,448
n n
2
CO hh
= = =
Gi x l % v s mol ca CaCO
3
trong hn hp
(1 x) l % v s mol ca BaCO
3

Ta c:
5 , 0 x
0,02
2,97
x) 197.(1 00x 1 M2 = = + = mui
%. 50 n % %n
3 3
CaCO BaCO
= =
V d 18. Ha tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui
cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim vo
dung dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh
(ktc). Xc nh tn kim loi kim.
Hng dn gii:
Gi kim loi kim cn tm l M
Cc phn ng xy ra:
MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
MSO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
O + SO
2
(2)
T (1), (2)
n
mui
= n
kh
=
3,36
0,15 (mol)
22,4
=
16,8
M 112
0,15
= = mui
Ta c:
26. M 16 80 2M M 60 2M < < + < < +
V M l kim loi kim nn M = 23 (Na).
V d 19. Trong t nhin Brom c hai ng v bn
l: Br
79
35
v Br.
81
35
Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
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Brom l 79,319. Tnh thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
mi ng v.
Hng dn gii:
Gi x l % v s nguyn t ca ng v Br
79
35

(100 x) l % s nguyn t ca ng v Br
81
35

Ta c:
Br
79x 81(100 x)
A 79,319
100
x 84,05; 100 x 15,95
+
= =
= =
Vy trong t nhin, ng v Br
79
35
chim 84,05% v
ng v Br
81
35
chim 15,95% s nguyn t.
V d 20. Cho 6,4 gam hn hp 2 kim loi k tip
thuc nhm IIA ca bng tun hon tc dng vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long, d thu c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc). Xc
nh tn 2 kim loi.
Hng dn gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA l
M. Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
(*) H M 2H M
2
2
+ +
+
+
Theo (*):
32
2 , 0
4 , 6
M (mol) 0,2
22,4
4,48
n n
2
H
M
= = = = =
Hai kim loi l Mg (24) v Ca (40).
8 88. .. B BB I II T TT P PP V VV N NN D DD N NNG GG
I.1. thu c dung dch CuSO
4
16% cn ly m
1
gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O cho vo m
2
gam dung dch
CuSO
4
8%. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/5 D. 1/6
I.2. Ha tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo
40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu c dung dch
NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m (gam) l:
A. 11,3 B. 20,0 C. 31,8 D. 40,0
I.3. S lt nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung
dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) c dung dch
mi c nng 10% l:
A. 14,192 B. 15,192 C. 16,192 D. 17,192
I.4. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54.
ng c hai ng v bn: Cu
63
29
v Cu
65
29
. Thnh phn
% s nguyn t ca Cu
65
29
l:
A. 73,0% B. 34,2% C. 32,3% D. 27,0%
I.5. Cn ly V
1
lt CO
2
v V
2
lt CO iu ch 24 lt
hn hp H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan bng 2.
Gi tr ca V
1
(lt) l:
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
I.6. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml
dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M. Khi lng cc mui thu c
trong dung dch l:
A. 10,44 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 8,5 gam K
3
PO
4
B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4
C. 10,24 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
D. 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam K
3
PO
4

I.7. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v
MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 0,672 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca
MgCO
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 33,33% B. 45,55% C. 54,45% D. 66,67%
I.8. A l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu
2
O. B l
khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO. Cn trn A v B
theo t l khi lng T = m
A
/m
B
nh th no c
qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c ti
a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht. T bng:
A. 5/3 B. 5/4 C. 4/5 D. 3/5
I.9. t chy hon ton m gam mt hn hp gm
C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 2,52 gam
H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,34. B. 1,48. C. 2,08. D. 2,16.
I.10. Dung dch X c cha a mol Na
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c
mol Cl v d mol
2
4
SO . Biu thc no di y l
ng ?
A. a + 2b = c + 2d B. a + 2b = c + d
C. a + b = c + d D. 2a + b = 2c + d
I.11. Crackinh 5,8 gam C
4
H
10
thu c hn hp kh X.
Khi lng H
2
O thu c khi t chy hon ton X l:
A. 4,5 gam B. 9 gam C. 18 gam D. 36 gam
I.12. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CH
4
,
C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v 2,52 gam
H
2
O, m c gi tr l:
A. 1,48 B. 2,48 C. 14,8 D. 24,8
I.13. Cho 11,2 lt (ktc) axetilen hp H
2
O (HgSO
4
,
80
o
C). Khi lng CH
3
CHO to thnh l:
A. 4,4 gam B. 12 gam C. 22 gam D. 44 gam
I.14. Oxi ha 12 gam ru n chc X thu c 11,6
gam anehit Y. Vy X l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH B. CH
3
CH
2
OH
C. CH
3
CH(OH)CH
3
D. Kt qu khc
I.15. Cho 0,896 lt hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin
tip (ktc) li qua dung dch brom d. Khi lng
bnh brom tng thm 2,0 gam. Cng thc phn t ca
hai anken l:
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8

C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
D. Khng phi A, B, C.
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I.16. Ly m gam bt st cho tc dng vi clo thu c
16,25 gam mui st clorua. Ha tan hon ton cng
lng st trong axit HCl d thu c a gam mui
khan. Gi tr ca a (gam) l:
A. 12,7 B. 16,25 C. 25,4 D. 32,5
I.17. Ha tan hn hp gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol
Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HCl d c dung dch A. Cho
dung dch A tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta.
Lc kt ta, ra sch, sy kh, nung trong khng kh
n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn.
Gi tr ca m l bao nhiu?
A. 16 g B. 30,4 g C. 32 g D. 48 g
I.18. Thi t t V lt hn hp kh A gm CO v H
2
i
qua hn hp bt CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
trong ng s un
nng. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp B gm kh v
hi, nng hn hn hp A ban u l 0,32 gam. Gi tr
ca V (ktc) l bao nhiu?
A. 0,112 lt B. 0,224 lt C. 0,336 lt D. 0,448 lt
I.19. Ha tan hon ton 13,92 gam Fe
3
O
4
bng dung
dch HNO
3
thu c 448 ml kh N
x
O
y
(ktc). Xc nh
N
x
O
y
?
A. NO B. N
2
O C. NO
2
D. N
2
O
5

I.20. Cho 1,24 gam hn hp hai ru n chc tc
dng va vi Na thy thot ra 336 ml H
2
(ktc) v
m gam mui. Khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 1,57 g B. 1,585 g C. 1,90 g D. 1,93 g
I.21. Khi cho 0,1 mol C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
v 0,1 mol
CH
3
COOH nguyn cht, ring bit. Khi cho 2 cht trn
tc dng vi Na d, tng th tch kh H
2
thu c
(ktc) l:
A. 3,66 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 5,6 lt D. 6,72 lt
I.22. Cho 3,38 gam hn hp Y gm CH
3
OH,
CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi Na thot ra
672 ml kh (ktc). C cn dung dch th thu c hn
hp rn Y. Khi lng Y l:
A. 3,61 g B. 4,04 g C. 4,70 g D. 4,76 g
I.23. kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp Fe, FeO,
Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn va 2,24 lt CO (ktc). Khi
lng Fe thu c l:
A. 14,4 g B. 16 g C. 19,2 g D. 20,8 g
I.24. Cho 4,4 gam mt este no, n chc tc dng ht
vi dung dch NaOH thu c 4,8 gam mui natri.
Cng thc cu to ca este l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOCH
3
B. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3

C. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
D. p n khc
I.25. t chy hn hp hai este no, n chc ta thu
c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Thy phn hon ton hn hp 2
este trn ta thu c hn hp X gm ru v axit. Nu
t chy 1/2 hn hp X th th tch CO
2
thu c l
bao nhiu?
A. 1,12 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 3,36 lt D. 4,48 lt
I.26. Cho 2,46 gam hn hp gm HCOOH,
CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi 40 ml dung
dch NaOH 1M. Tng khi lng mui khan thu c
sau khi phn ng l:
A. 3,52 g B. 6,45 g
C. 8,42 g

D. Khng phi A, B, C.
I.27. Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo
200 ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng hon ton
ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53
gam cht rn. Th tch kh H
2
bay ra (ktc) l:
A. 0,56 lt B. 1,12 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 4,48 lt
I.28. Cho 29 gam ru n chc Y tc dng ht vi
natri to ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Vy X l:
A. C
2
H
5
OH B. C
3
H
7
OH C. C
3
H
5
OH D. CH
3
OH
I.29. t chy mt este no, n chc, mch h thu
c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Th tch kh CO
2
thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt B. 3,36 lt C. 4,48 lt D. 6,72 lt
I.30. Cho 18,8 gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc,
mch h, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
vi Na d, to ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Cng thc phn
t ca hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH
I.31. Cho m gam mt hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
tc
dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M d th thu c
2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi hiro l 27.
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 11,6 B. 10,0 C. 1,16 D. 1,0
I.32. Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun
c t khi i vi hiro l 20. Thnh phn % v th
tch ca O
3
trong hn hp s l:
A. 40% B. 50% C. 60% D. 75%
I.33. em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau mt
thi gian dng li, lm ngui ri em cn thy khi
lng gim 0,54 gam. Vy khi lng mui Cu(NO
3
)
2

b nhit phn l:
A. 0,5 g B. 0,49 g C. 9,4 g D. 0,94 g