Launceston Castle, Cornwall Conservation Management Plan

Summary
Launceston Castle is situated on a naturally defensible terrace high above the River Kensey. This natural land form gives the Castle its strategic position, with open views from the south east round to the north east, over looking the ancient land crossing from Devon over the River Tamar into Cornwall. The first motte and bailey fortification was constructed by Count Robert of Mortain sometime before the Domesday Survey of 1086. During the 11th Century the Castle and newly founded town became the administrative centre for Cornwall with the Castle being home to the County Court and Goal for the majority of its life. The Castle reached the height of its power and grandeur during the thirteenth century under Richard, Earl of Cornwall, who completely remodelled the Castle. The Castle has belonged to the Duchy of Cornwall since its creation for Edward the Black Prince in 1337. In 1951 the Castle was placed in the care of the State as a Guardianship Site and is now maintained by English Heritage. Heritage Values Surviving on the top of the motte are the Shell Keep of twelfth century date and the inner High Tower dating to the thirteenth century. The survival of a stone Shell Keep is rare in Britain and as such Launceston Castle is of pre-eminent historic and architectural significance on an international level. The fact that the inner High Tower was constructed at a time when motte and bailey castles were falling out of favour makes the continued development of this Castle intriguing. Designations The Castle site as a whole is designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument and within the boundaries of this monument are a number of listed buildings that include the Shell Keep and High Tower as well as the two surviving gatehouses and their attached sections of curtain wall. Management Objectives and Policies These have been designed to provide a sustainable approach to the management of the site that balances the needs of both the archaeological monument and its role as a visitor attraction. These include: The Management and Condition of the Monument, Combating Incidents of Vandalism and Enhancing Visitor Experience. The detail of the management strategies to address these issues will be outlined in the site management plan.

Table of Contents
Summary List of Figures Abbreviations Part One: Introduction to the Management Plan . 4 Aims . 4 Limitations of the Plan 4 Structure of the Plan .. 5 Part Two: Description and Historical Background ... 6 Location . .. 6 The Management Plan Area..... 6 Setting of the Castle and Underlying Geology . 7 Current Management and Land Ownership...... 8 Statutory Designations ...... 9 Part Three: Summary History.. 12 Part Four: Significance ... 19 Criteria for Assessment ... 19 Evidential. 19 Historic.. 22 Aesthetic.. 24 Communal... 25 Part Five: Conservation Management Issues ... 27 Management and Condition of the Monument ..... 27 Vandalism and Security...... 30 Enhancing Visitor Experience ... 32 Site Interpretation and Signage.... 36 Consultation... 38 Bibliography...... 40 Appendix A ... 42

List of Figures and Plates

Cover Image Launceston Castle motte. Figure 1 Location map of Launceston. Figure 2 Boundaries of the Scheduled area. Figure 3 Map showing the listed buildings within the boundary of the site. Figure 4 Plan of the remains at Launceston Castle. Figure 5 Painting of the Castle dating to approximately 1770. Figure 6 Reconstruction illustration of the late eleventh century Castle. Figure 7 Reconstruction illustration of the mid thirteenth century Castle.

Plate 1 The motte of Launceston Castle. Plate 2 The communal gardens within the Castle, 1935. Plate 3 Aerial photograph showing the Second World War Nissan Huts. Plate 4 Plaque commemorating St Cuthbert Mayne. Plate 5 Plaque commemorating George Fox. Plate 6 Plaque detailing the inclination of the high tower. Plate 7 Graffiti on the curtain wall. Plate 8 CCTV camera within the bailey. Plate 9 The intrusive growth on the South gatehouse. Plate 10 The intrusive growth up the motte stairs. Plate 11 Intrusive growth within a bush relating to the communal garden. Plate 12 Current presentation of the Administration Hall. Plate 13 The current fence. Plate 14 Visitors sitting on part of the curtain wall.

N.B. All plates are copyright of the Author unless otherwise stated.

Abbreviations
HER Historic Environment Service NMR National Monuments Record DCMS Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Part One: Introduction to the Management Plan

Launceston Castle lies at the centre of the historic town of Launceston, the ancient gateway into Cornwall. Launceston Castle has a long and colourful history with the first fortifications being erected at the site during 1068, after a failed rebellion against the rule of William the Conqueror (Saunders, 2006). The extant building and earthwork remains date to the Medieval and Post-Medieval periods and form the cultural landscape of the site. These elements have a great value and inform the significance of Launceston Castle.

1.1 Aims of the Plan

The main emphasis of the Management Plan is to provide English Heritage with a set of management guidelines and objectives that will allow the conservation of the monument. Conservation as it is used here includes not only ensuring the survival of the physical remains of the Castle, but also enhancing the interpretation and presentation of the site.

The aim of the Conservation Management Plan is to: Establish authoritatively why the site is significant. Identify how the site is vulnerable and how this could affect its significance. Inform a sustainable approach to the management of the site that balances the needs of both the archaeological monument and its role as a visitor attraction. Prepare an implementation plan that prioritises the actions that need to be taken on site to aid conservation and to promote its better understanding and appropriate presentation (including for instance managing vandalism and harnessing its energy).

1.2 Limitations of the Plan

The scope of this Plan, as stated above, is to provide English Heritage with management objectives to conserve Launceston Castle. As part of understanding the site a description of the main periods of its history has been included. Further references on the history of the site can be found in the bibliography.

1.3 Structure of the Plan

The structure of the Plan follows closely the model suggested in guidance notes produced by the Heritage Lottery Fund and English Heritages Conservation Principles and comprises:

A description of the site, its archaeological and historical background and its character, a statement of significance and the current ownership. The identification of the key management issues facing the site. The suggested objectives that could be used to address the management issues. An implementation programme suggesting how the objectives can be put into practice.

The significance of Launceston Castle is outlined using the criteria set out in English Heritages Conservation Principles (2008). This will involve looking at the Evidential, Historical, Aesthetic and Communal values of the site, all of which influence the significance of the site.

Part Two: Character of the Management Plan Study Area

2.1 Location
National Grid Reference: SX33118464 Monument Name: Launceston Castle County: Cornwall District: North Cornwall Parish: Launceston HER Number: 2753 Monument Number: 15005
Figure 1: Location of Launceston ( www.magic.gov.uk Crown Copyright. All rights reserved)

2.2 The Management Plan Area

The area covered by the Conservation Management Plan is enclosed by the boundary of the scheduled area of the monument. The boundary, see figure 2, follows the line of St Thomas Road in both its southern and western sections. The boundary then turns due east following the course of the north curtain wall. The boundary encompasses the North Gatehouse and then curves around the base of the motte. At its most northern point the base of the motte runs down to Castle Dyke with the north eastern and eastern line of the boundary then following the line of the Dyke southwards. The south eastern section of the boundary follows the line of Western Road until it meets St Thomas Road. This area includes the area managed and cared for by English Heritage (see below).

Figure 2: Map indicating the scheduled area. Source: Digimap - Crown Copyright/ database right 2007 Ordnance Survey/ Edina supplied service.

2.3 Setting of the Castle and underlying Geology

Launceston Castle sits on the edge of a natural terrace, high above the River Kensey. Along the western and northern limits of the site the land falls away steeply, running down to meet the river. A rocky knoll of higher ground occupies the north eastern corner of the site, which the Norman builders used to engineer the motte that both the Shell Keep and High Tower now stand on, see plate 1. This particular land form is due to the underlying geology of shale which has been raised by formations of greenstone beneath (Pattison, 1852). To the east of the Castle the medieval town 7

of Launceston was constructed, nestling at the foot of Beacon Hill, which rises up to form the top of the ridge.

Plate 1: Picture showing the motte and keep.

It is this natural land form that afforded the Castle its strategic position. The open views from the south east round to the north east allowed the Castle to control all of the lands between Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor, as well as guard the crossing point over the River Tamar, two miles east of the Castle. This was the only land crossing into Cornwall until the construction of the Saltash Bridge (Saunders, 1998).

The Castle still dominates the skyline today and can be clearly seen when approaching the crossings into Cornwall over the River Tamar from Polson in the east and Dutson to the north west.

2.4 Current Management and Land Ownership

Today Launceston Castle is managed by English Heritage on behalf of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). English Heritage was established as a result of the National Heritage Act 1983. The main responsibility of the organisation is to advise the Government on how to manage all aspects of the historic environment. English Heritage provides advice on how to best preserve all types of heritage that make up the countries unique historic environment.

There are over four hundred guardianship sites directly in the care of English Heritage, who have a responsibility to ensure their preservation.

English Heritage is only one of many other bodies who have a direct interest in the management of the Castle. Other bodies include: DCMS Duchy of Cornwall Cornwall Council Launceston Town Council Devon and Cornwall Police Local Residents Launceston Forum

2.5 Statutory Designations

There are a number of statutory designations in place at Launceston Castle.

Launceston Castle is in the freehold ownership of the Duchy of Cornwall and is in the care and management of English Heritage. It is a scheduled ancient Monument. A Schedule for Ancient Monuments was created in 1882. The DCMS is responsible for identifying nationally important monuments and including them on the Schedule. Launceston Castle was included on the Schedule of Ancient Monuments in 1951. Its status as a Scheduled Ancient Monument has been reaffirmed twice since that date, in 1981 and again in 1992 (Cornwall and Scilly HER). As such it is afforded statutory protection under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and so any works that would affect the site require Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC). English Heritage enjoys a class consent for works it undertakes on the sites in its care, SMC class Consent 6 (smcc6). The whole site itself is designated as a scheduled monument but within the grounds there are two structures that no longer survive above ground but which are scheduled in their own right. The first is the remains of the County Goal, which stood at the base of the eastern rampart and the other is what was known as Witches Tower. This stood in the south eastern angle of the Curtain walls but collapsed in the nineteenth century when St Thomas Road was constructed (English Heritage, NMR).

There are a number of listed buildings at the site, see figure 3, which have been listed by the DCMS due to their special architectural or historical importance. Listed buildings are classified into Grade I, Grade II* or Grade II based on their significance and are given statutory protection and are dealt with by the Local Authority. As these structures are within the bounds of the scheduled area the scheduling takes precedence over listed building protection. The Grade I listed buildings are the Shell Keep, High Tower, Guard Tower and retaining wall, the North Gatehouse and attached buildings, the South Gatehouse and attached buildings, the well and the remnants of the Curtain wall. The Grade II listed structures are the perimeter walls and the water pump that stands at the base of the eastern rampart (English Heritage, NMR).

Figure 3: Map showing the listed structures within the boundary of the site. Image courtesy of English Heritage.

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The Castle also lies within a Conservation Area that covers the whole of Launceston. Areas designated as Conservation Areas are judged to have a special character that is due to a number of factors and are not based solely on the historical value of a place. Within the Conservation Area of Launceston all features contribute to this and so all are protected.

A public right of way crosses the centre of the site, running through both the South and North gates.

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Part Three: Summary History of Launceston Castle

Launceston Castle has a long history that has been well documented since the construction of the first phase of fortifications at the site. The ownership of the Castle has for most of its life been linked to the Crown, often being in the hands of the heir to the thrown. Archaeological excavations carried out at the site between 1961 and 1982 by Andrew Saunders have provided more depth to this picture, showing how the Castle developed during its history. The periods used in the discussion below are taken from Saunders excavation report and denote the main phases of activity in the Castles history.

Introduction Pre- castle Indications of previous cultivation and a small number of post holes were discovered in the south west corner of the bailey and close to the South Gatehouse. No dating of these features was undertaken, although from the finds it is likely that this phase of activity stretches back no further than the early medieval period, the sixth to tenth centuries AD (Saunders, 2006). The Historic Environment Record for the Castle does indicate that Prehistoric features were discovered during the course of excavation (Cornwall and Scilly HER) yet there is no mention of this in the excavation report. The earliest material find was a Roman coin of the Emperor Gallienus, AD 260-268, and a small number of tile fragments and a glass fragment that date to the Anglo-Saxon period (Saunders, 2006). Both the Cornwall and Scilly HER and the National Monuments Record show that there are a number of prehistoric settlement sites; termed rounds, in the area of the Castle, the closest being two rounds approximately one mile north west. This type of settlement site generally dates to the Romano-British period but a number have been dated to the late Iron Age (Todd, 1987). Further to the north west is a fragmented field system, although it has no confirmed date it is likely to belong to the Iron Age (Cornwall and Scilly HER). The density of Iron Age settlement in the immediate landscape suggests that it is possible that the site of the Castle was utilised during the Iron Age, although no traces were picked up during the excavations.

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Phase 1: 1068-1075 In December 1067 a rebellion broke out in Devon and Cornwall. It was William the Conqueror himself who led the army to Exeter and laid siege to the town in an effort to quell the uprising. The siege lasted only eighteen days before the surrender was given. In the spring of 1068 his army marched into Cornwall to put a final end to the last vestiges of the rebellion. Count Brian of Brittany was handed control of both counties and shortly afterwards established the first fortifications at the site of Launceston Castle. Excavations revealed that during this period the site was occupied by a number of sunken floored buildings (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 2: 1075 - 1104 In 1075 Brian took part in a rebellion against the King, which ultimately failed and his lands passed to Robert, Count of Mortain, Williams half brother. Robert controlled most of the Cornish lands holding 227 of the 360 manors in the county (Saunders, 2006). It is Robert who built the first Castle on the site. The Domesday Book records the Castle of Count Robert at Dunheved, as Launceston was then known, a newly founded town constructed in an outer bailey, east of the Castle. There is also an entrance for St Stephens Church, on the opposite side of the Kensey Valley to Launceston, showing Robert removed the market, worth 20 shillings, from the Church to the Castle (C and F Thorn, 1979). These references suggest that the Castle had become the administration centre for Roberts lands in Cornwall. On the death of Robert his lands were passed over to his son William.

The archaeological evidence shows that during this period the bailey rampart was heightened and remodelled as well as being extended along to northern edge of the bailey. An early form of the motte was also brought into existence (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 3: 1104 - 1175 In 1106 William, Count of Mortain and cousin to King Henry I, was dispossessed of his lands and imprisoned for life after a failed rebellion against Henry. In 1141, during the Anarchy, the Earldom of Cornwall was granted by Matilda to Reginald de Dunstanville. The motte was heightened and the stone Shell Keep was erected. The terrace in the side of the motte was created, the bailey ramparts were heightened and a large number of permanent stone buildings were constructed within the bailey. 13

The last major structure built during this period was the first phase of the South Gatehouse. After the accession of Henry II the Earldom remained with Reginald, who held the title until his death in 1175 Saunders, 2006).

Phase 4: 1175 - 1227 The Earldom passed back to the Crown until 1189 when John, Count of Mortain was granted it. With Johns accession to the throne the Earldom again reverted back to the Crown. During the reign of John, both as Earl and King, the Castle was well kept with references to money spent on its upkeep in the Pipe Rolls. The bailey ramparts were again heightened and remodelled and the buildings within the bailey were rebuilt with the addition of two towers, one in the south west corner and another along the line of the northern defences. The Pipe Rolls indicate that one of the new buildings was a gaol, which was erected in 1187 (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 5: 1227-1272 In 1227 Richard, younger brother to King Henry III was granted the Earldom, by which time Launceston Castle was home to both the Court of the Royal Justices and the County Gaol. During his time as Earl, Richard undertook a major programme of building at Launceston Castle. This began with re-facing of the Shell Keep and a remodelling of its gatehouse as well as the construction of a chemise around the top of the motte. A Guard Tower was added at the foot of the motte terrace to guard the bridge, and the staircase up to the keep was enclosed. A revetment of the terrace was constructed and joined to the new Guard Tower. The ramparts were heightened further and a stone curtain wall was constructed on top in a continuous circuit. Along the eastern rampart mural towers were added and a secondary ditch dug at the foot of the motte. The South Gatehouse was completely remodelled and enlarged with the twin drum towers being added. Within the bailey the buildings were altered. A new Great Hall was constructed as was a new Lesser Hall. A kitchen block was constructed as was the garderobe to the east of the South Gatehouse. Saunders also believes that the High Tower that was inserted into the Shell Keep during this period (2006).

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Phase 6: 1272 1337 Richard died in 1272 and the Earldom passed to his son Edmund. During this period Edmund moved the centre of administration for the Earldom to Restormel Castle, although the county court had already been moved from Launceston Castle to Bodmin by his father. The building of the North Gatehouse falls into this period, most likely on the orders of Edmund. After his death in 1300 the Earldom again reverted back to the Crown (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 7: The fourteenth century In 1337 the Duchy of Cornwall was created by King Edward III and granted to his son Edward, The Black Prince. In the intervening years the Earldom had been granted to a number of people including the wife of Edward II. On creation of the Duchy, a survey was undertaken of its lands, the Caption of Seisin. The survey records the condition of Launceston Castle at that point. The survey makes it clear that the Castle was in a ruinous state. Repair work was undertaken at the Castle on numerous occasions throughout the time of the Black Prince. After Edward died in 1376 the Duchy was given to Richard of Bordeaux. When Richard became King the Duchy reverted to the Crown until his death in 1399, when it was granted to Henry of Monmouth (Saunders, 2006). Richard had kept in his employ a master carpenter, tiler and plumber who were tasked with keeping the Cornish Castles in repair and so it is likely that periodic work was conducted at Launceston (Brown, et al., 1963). During this period the two storey Council Chamber was added to the Great Hall (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 8: The fifteenth century Henry of Monmouth retained the Duchy when he became King in 1413. In 1421 Henry of Windsor, King Henry VI, became Duke of Cornwall, he too held the Duchy throughout his reign as King. Edward Plantagenet, later Edward IV, became Duke in 1471. During this century no major changes appear to have taken place within the Castle (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 9: 1500 1650 Repairs to the Castle appear to have slowed during this period in its history, most likely due to the fact that for the majority of this period the Duchy was in possession 15

of the Crown (Brown, et al., 1963). The buildings within the bailey began to decline with the only real use being for the Assize Court. The Borough Charter in 1555 reinstated Launceston as the administrative centre for the Duchy, stating that all sessions of the court in the county of Cornwall had to be held within the Castle. However, by 1610 even the Great Hall, where the court was held, had ceased to be used (Saunders, 2006). In 1603 Henry, Duke of Rothesay, eldest son of James I, had been granted the Duchy, yet he had decided that the degradation of the Castle was irreparable (Brown, et al., 1963).

Improvements were made to the Castle during the Civil War, when the town was used as a Royalist base. The only defensive structures repaired during the War were the High Tower and Shell Keep, most likely to restore the fighting platform for housing of cannon. No repairs were undertaken on the curtain wall as the main use of the site was as a Prison and too much repair work would have been required to make them defensible. After the final defeat of the Royalists, the Royal estates were sold off, which included the Duchy. Parliamentary Commissioners visited Launceston Castle in 1650 and recorded that the North Gatehouse was still in use, the lower chamber was used a prison named the Doomsdale, while the upper chamber was lived in by the Constable. By this time the only structure surviving within the bailey was the Mural Tower in the south west corner (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 10: 1650 -1840 From the beginning of this phase until the Restoration of the Monarchy, Launceston Castle was owned by Colonel Robert Bennett. During this time the Doomsdale continued in use and in 1656 George Fox, founder of the Quakers, was imprisoned for 30 weeks. After the Restoration the Duchy of Cornwall was reformed and held by King Charles II. The only functioning role of the Castle for this phase of activity was as the site of the County Goal. The bailey was divided in two with a hedge or wall running from the east side of the North Gatehouse to the west side of the South Gatehouse. The area to the east of this was the gaol. Vegetable plots were created on the motte along with small shacks. The area to the west became a communal area for the people of Launceston.

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In 1764 the Eagle House was constructed just outside the North gate, with much of the stone used in the construction coming from the North Gatehouse itself. Further alterations took place in 1832 when what is now St Thomas Road was constructed which meant the ditch along the southern and western sides of the rampart was filled in. The end of this period saw the demolition of the gaol which was moved down to Bodmin (Saunders, 2006).

Phase 11: 1840 1939 In 1840 Queen Victoria received a letter from the Queen of Portugal, who had passed through Launceston and was shocked by the dilapidated state of the Castle. Queen Victoria brought this to the attention Duke of Northumberland who owned the large estate of Werrington, which lay just outside the town of Launceston. The Duke laid out a park garden within the bailey, which involved the landscaping of the site and intensive planting, see plate 2. The Custodians Lodge was constructed in these works to be used as accommodation for the Park Keeper. It was noted in the report of a Duchy Surveyor in 1841 that the Castle Green was being used as public promenade. In July 1844, after a year of negotiation the Duke was granted the lease of the Castle by the Duchy of Cornwall. Records show that the lease was later taken up by the Launceston Corporation who over the course of their lease conducted many programmes of repair

(Saunders, 2006).
Plate 2: Picture of the garden as it was in 1935 (Dunning, 2001).

Phase 12: 1939 to present During the Second World War the Castle bailey was used as a hospital for the American Army who constructed a number of Nissan huts on the site, see plate 3. These were left in place after the war and were still in situ in 1951 when the Castle was passed into the care of the State and was put in the care of the Ministry of Works. During this period many repairs have taken place, to all structures within the 17

scheduled area. From the 1950s right through until the 1970s monthly reports were made on the condition and numerous consolidation works were undertaken with the Keep and Tower having sections consolidated almost yearly. A major consolidation programme took place in the early 1960s with a concrete ring beam being inserted into the top of the motte (English Heritage Files AM70102/01 and AM70102/04). The ring beam was inserted to halt the subsidence of the motte, a process that had begun due to the terracing of the motte in the nineteenth century. In 1959 heavy rain made the stability of the motte worsen, which led to the decision to insert the ring beam. The present use of the site is as an historic tourist attraction, although the bailey is still open and is used as a communal space by the town people.

Plate 3: Aerial photograph showing the Nissan huts from the Second World War. English Heritage. NMR. Reference Number: HAW 9401/20.

Please see Appendix A for reconstruction illustrations.

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Part Four: Significance

An assessment of key characteristics that make Launceston Castle significant, for which it was scheduled, is essential to inform management objectives for the site.

3.1 Criteria for Assessment

The way in which significance is assessed here is in line with English Heritages Conservation Principles: Policies and Guidelines, which was published in 2008. The document sets out heritage values, which are grouped under the four headings of Evidential, Historic, Aesthetic and Communal. The values discussed under these heading will demonstrate the significance of Launceston Castle as well as providing an understanding of the relative importance, national, regional or local, of each.

Assessment in this way provides a more detailed picture than the use of statutory protection criteria. Assessing heritage values will illustrate how best to retain the significance of Launceston Castle.

3.2 Evidential
The evidential value of Launceston Castle lies within the buildings that were constructed on the site, their survival and the information that can be gleaned from them relating to the development of Castles within medieval Britain.

Launceston Castle is an exceptionally well preserved example of a motte and bailey castle. The main component of the Castle is the Shell Keep and its inner High Tower, which sit on top of the motte that, at its highest, reaches up to 17.1 metres (Saunders, 2006). Both of these structures still stand nearly in their entirety, with sections of the wall walk still being in place on the Shell Keep and details such as the fire place and window still being evident within the High Tower. The preservation of the stone Shell Keep makes the Castle nationally important. Out of approximately 600 castles constructed by the Normans of motte, or motte and bailey type only 71 are recorded as having Shell Keeps (English Heritage File AA070102/1). The small number of preserved Shell Keeps makes them rare monuments, which gives them an enhanced value in the study of medieval defences.

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To further complement this there are a number of other components of the medieval Castle that still survive to some extent within the bounds of the site. The majority of these structures relate to the defence of the Castle. The excavations that took place at Launceston Castle and the surviving documentation have allowed a clear phasing of the fortification structures to be developed, see figure 4. The ability to be able to clearly phase these structures adds to the academic potential for the study of medieval fortifications. Many of these structures, detailed below, were constructed during the thirteenth century when the Castle was remodelled by Earl Richard. This enhancement increases the significance of the Castle as at this time motte and bailey castles had begun to fall out of use. The Normans had realised that a motte and bailey with a Keep was not the most effective type of military strategy (English Heritage, NMR). Even if the new suite of defensive structures were no longer in line with advanced castle planning it did mean that Launceston was exceptionally well defended. This remodelling of Launceston Castle was likely undertaken by Richard to demonstrate his power and wealth. As with the construction of Tintagel Castle he may have been trying to tie himself to the Arthurian legend to strengthen his position both in Cornwall and in Europe.

At the foot of the motte are the remains of a Guard Tower that still stands close to its original height. Attached to the tower and running west is the remains of a retaining wall, which encloses a terrace within the side of the motte. The terrace contains the remains of a well. The stairs that lead up from the tower to the Shell Keep were originally enclosed and parts of these walls remain along the line of the stairs. The surviving walls flank both sides of the stairs, although more survives of the wall on the western side. A substantial amount of the South Gatehouse survives along with its barbican as well as the attached curtain walls, which survive best to the west of the gatehouse. The South Gatehouse is today the main entrance on to the site and still stands to an impressive height, with one of the original two storeys still standing above the gate arch. The portcullis slot is still evident as is the remains of a stairway into the chamber above the arch. Of the fortified barbican only the two flanking walls remain, although the floor level is still evident as a row of beam slots. The North Gatehouse only remains to a height just above the apex of the gate. Attached to the west side of the gatehouse is a chamber that only survives to the height of one storey above ground level. The western half of the chamber extends below ground 20

level for approximately two metres, forming a subterranean chamber (English Heritage, NMR). Lastly the remains of the base of a mural tower survive in the south west corner of the bailey. The interior has been excavated to reveal the surviving walls that stand to approximately half a metre.

Figure 4: Illustration depicting the surviving structures that relate to the medieval castle. The structures are coloured to show the phases of development that took place. ( English Heritage)

There are a number of remains within the grounds that relate to the running of the Castle as well as its later history. The survival of these structures does add to the evidential value of the Castle and scheduled as part of a monument of national significance. Inside the Castle bailey the outer walls of four stone buildings are evident. To the east of the South Gatehouse stand the remains of two rooms, one of

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which is a stone lined pit approximately one and a half metres deep, thought to be a garderobe pit (Saunders, 2006). The walls of the second room stand at their highest to approximately one and a half metres. West of the South Gatehouse is the remains of a complex of four buildings; the first is the Administrative Hall whose walls extend less than half a metre above ground level. To the west are the remains of the kitchen which include the remains of two ovens housed in the south wall. It is here where the remains are best preserved, standing nearly two metres high. North of this and connected by a low wall are the footprints of the Great Hall and attached Council Chamber.

At the base of the eastern rampart stands a water pump, which was constructed next to the site of the Gaol in 1739 (English Heritage, NMR). The pump bears the inscription IH and is composed of lead pipes in a wooden housing with a granite trough. The boundary of the Castle site is marked by a retaining wall built in the 1840s for the Duke of Northumberland, which enclose the entire circuit of the grounds. At this time a lodge was also constructed within the grounds on the orders of the Duke for use as a Park Keepers Lodge (Saunders, 2006). Today this building is used as a ticket office for the Castle.

3.2.3 Historic
The historical values of Launceston Castle are centred on its use as a stronghold, a seat of justice and power and its use as an administrative centre, all of which are both of national and of regional importance. These values are made more significant due to the development of the Castle into the primary stronghold of the Earls and later Dukes of Cornwall.

Launceston Castle has been in continuous occupation since the first fortifications were constructed on the site in 1068. It is a conquest castle, dating to the time when William was consolidating his rule as King. The first fortifications at Launceston date to the invasion of Cornwall in 1068 by William the Conqueror, who brought the county under full control of the Crown. The first phase of the motte and bailey castle at Launceston was constructed by Robert, Count of Mortain, one of the wealthiest land owners of the time and half brother of William the Conqueror. Robert moved an

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existing market from the Church of St Stephens to the area immediately east of the Castle to be the economic centre for the newly founded town of Dunheved. This Norman foundation continued to develop throughout the medieval period into the town of Launceston. The layout of the town that grew up around the Castle reflects this close relationship, with street plans respecting the shape of the Castle precinct.

The thirteenth century is the most significant period of the Castles history, when it reached the height of its power under Earl Richard, who was made King of the Romans in 1257 (Denholm-Young, 1947). Richard was one of the wealthiest men in Europe and to reflect his status he undertook major remodelling works at Launceston turning it into a visual symbol of his power. The impressive South Gatehouse, motte Guard Tower and curtain wall date to his reign.

Launceston Castle had been the administrative centre for the county of Cornwall until Earl Edmund moved this office to Restormel Castle. It regained sole administrative rights over the county in 1555 with the restoration of the Assize Court and County Gaol. During the period of administration from Restormel, Launceston Castle retained its feudal tradition as the head of the honour. With the creation of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1337, Launceston retained this function and fealty was sworn there to Edward the Black Prince in 1354 (Saunders, 2006). The Castle still plays a part in the feudal traditions administered by the Duchy as newly created Dukes receive their feudal dues at Launceston Castle.

Archaeological investigation at the Castle has revealed remarkable survival of medieval material relating to all phases of activity during the occupation of the medieval castle. These remains have informed how the Castle evolved during this period, showing phases of reconstruction within the bailey and indicating the periods of major remodelling of the Castle. The survival of documentary evidence has allowed these features to be tied to the Earl or Duke who initiated their construction. This has provided a reliable history of the Castle from its first occupation through to present day.

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3.2.3 Aesthetic
The Aesthetic values of Launceston Castle, relate to the setting of the Castle and its position in the landscape, which owes much to the topographical nature of the immediate area. As stated above the Castle was constructed on a natural terrace with open views from the south east to the north. This strategic position means that the Castle dominates the sky line on all approaches to Launceston and so travellers can hardly fail to notice it. The Castle looks out over all the land in between Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor, with the two granite massifs being clearly visible in good weather. It is this expansive view that really brings alive the reason for the choosing of this particular site by the Norman builders.

Figure 5: Picture of Launceston Castle by Hendrik Frans de Cort, 1770. English Heritage Photo Library.

It is the view of the Castle itself however, that has inspired a number of artists who have depicted the Castle a number of times throughout the last few hundred years. The most famous painting of Launceston Castle was created in 1770 by Hendrik Frans De Cort, see figure 5, which was purchased by English Heritage and now hangs in the exhibition room in the admissions office at the site. A number of other paintings and engravings from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries depict the Castle and the buildings that survive within it. One such painting from the collection owned by the Society of Antiquaries of London shows the Castle in the early 1800s with the County Goal building in the foreground of the painting. 24

3.3.4 Communal
The Castle is the focal point of Launceston, being visible from many locations within the town. There is a strong sense of pride relating to the Castle from many residents of Launceston. This is aided by the use of the Castle Green, the bailey, as a communal space. A sense of ownership is also afforded to the residents by the clause within the Guardianship deed that specifies local residents must be given free access to the motte and keep, which now form the paying zone within the grounds. On average over the last three years the Castle has seen 2000 free visitors a year, of which approximately half are local residents. The other half is made up off visitors who hold Overseas Visitor passes, Great British Heritage passes and Corporate members (English Heritage, Annual Site Report? Key Performance Indicators).

As the administrative centre for the county Launceston Castle was the seat of the Assizes Court and County Gaol. Throughout its history Launceston Castle was home to many prisoners and hosted a number of executions. In 1577 Cuthbert Mayne, a Catholic priest, was arrested and taken to Launceston Castle where he was imprisoned. Mayne was working in Cornwall as a missionary priest, preaching the Catholic faith to followers in a time of Catholic suppression under Queen Elizabeth I. Mayne was sentenced to death and he was dragged on a hurdle into Launceston town square where he was hung drawn and quartered; his head was then displayed above the Castle gate. Until recently an annual pilgrimage brought his skull back to Launceston where his followers paid their respects to the Catholic martyr (Bate Venning, 1976), see plate 4. Although this pilgrimage no longer takes Castle place still

Launceston

receives visitors who wish to see where he was

martyred.

Plate 4: A plaque commemorating St Cuthbert Mayne within the grounds of the Castle.

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Launceston Castle also has a place in the history of the Quaker Society of Friends religious group, as founder member George Fox was held in the Doomsdale in 1656, see plate 5.

Plate 5: Plaque commemorating George Fox, located at the entrance to the Doomsdale.

The position of Launceston on the main route into and out of the county of Cornwall ensures the towns place as one of the main destinations for tourists. The Castle occupies the centre of the town attracting large numbers of visitors each year, making it one of the principle tourist attractions in the county.

For the last few years the number of visitors has declined. In 1997 visitor numbers were just over 20,000 for the seven months the Castle is open to the public. This figure has however, has dropped with figures for 2008 recording 16,000 visitors (English Heritage, Key Performance Indicators). Although the number of visitors has dropped, satisfaction levels remain high with the majority of visitors enjoying their experience. The natural beauty of the site and views from the top of the High Tower are often quoted as reasons for visitor enjoyment.

The principal educational values of Launceston Castle are two fold. Access to the site provides an opportunity for the visitor to understand the role and function of a motte and bailey castle in the medieval period. This is done through the provision of interpretation material that places the site in its context. In addition, the preservation of the Castle plays its own interpretive role in the education of children, helping to bring history to life.

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Part Five: Conservation Management Issues

This section of the Conservation Management Plan examines the conservation of the Castle. The need to identify the conservation management issues has been informed by the Description and Significance of the site discussed above. These have defined why Launceston Castle is important and clearly stated the need to preserve the Castle for future generations.

The management issues that need to be dealt with in the bounds of the Scheduled Monument have been identified by site visits, existing surveys and current usage of the site. The conservation issues have been broken down into four sections which examine the conservation needs of the site as a whole and provide

recommendations for achieving the continued conservation of the site.

5.1 Management and Condition of the Monument

The Castle remains are represented by both built structures and earthworks, namely the motte. These hard and soft elements of the Castle face differing conservation threats.

Built Structures The documentation shows that during its life span the Castle has been repaired on many occasions, with English Heritage records showing that numerous programmes of repointing and consolidation have taken place over the last fifty years. These programmes of repair show that the bedding material is prone to decay; perhaps this is due to the harsh Cornish weather and the exposed site the Castle occupies. A recent small collapse of material from the roof of the stairwell within the High Tower highlights that this deterioration process is on going. Investigation of the Shell Keep suggests that areas of original mortar are still in existence. It is a light orange colour suggesting that a clay loam is likely to have been used in the lime mix. The mortar includes an aggregate material of small pebbles. Where possible this should be prevented from deteriorating to the point where it will need replacing.

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Later repairs by the Ministry of Works have significantly altered the profile of bedding material used, as at this stage in Conservation it was the practice to use hard mortars for the purposes of re-bedding. Large areas of grey material, which looks to contain a high amount of cement, can be seen at the Castle. Due to its nature this material is unlikely to deteriorate but future damage may be caused to the stones around it as they cannot move in this bedding material. A modern mortar is evident in the Castle structure. It is brown in colour and highly refined, containing no visible aggregate material. This mortar is currently on display on the roof of the stairway within the High Tower, where it appears that damp is causing the mortar to rot and become loose. Lastly recent repairs have been conducted with a lime mortar that is white in colour, which does fade into a softer less visible shade after a short period of weathering.

Soft Structures Erosion of the motte has already been a serious issue in the recent history of the Castle. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the motte was dug into for use as vegetable plots and shacks were erected on its sides. This activity had made the motte unstable and caused it to begin slumping. This damaged both the Shell Keep and High Tower causing them both to begin to fracture. The High Tower began to lean out of its vertical, further damaging its structure, plate 6. In 1959 heavy rain caused which further led the slumping, Ministry of

Works to insert a concrete ring beam around the top of the motte 2006).
Plate 6: Plaque detailing the inclination of the keep.

in

1961

(Saunders,

Climate change is likely to have an effect on the Castle, the motte in particular. It has been predicted that climate change will entail more frequent and heavier rainfall that has the possibility to cause further instability in the make up of the motte. The

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increase in rainfall and its intensity has already begun to be witnessed with very wet summers being recorded for 2007 and 2008. The present condition of the motte has not changed. It is heavily planted and a number of trees grow up its sides and around its base. The planting is currently unobtrusive and adds to the aesthetic values of the Castle site.

Recommendations Monitoring In order to stop any advanced deterioration occurring to both the hard and soft elements of the site, a regular programme of survey should be introduced. This can be achieved through the Asset Management Survey programme that English Heritage already has in operation. The most recent of these was conducted in 2008, while the previous survey was in 2002. The Asset Management Programme aims to survey sites every four years and so at Launceston these surveys need to be conducted on a more regular basis. A full history of the maintenance episodes should be put together which draws on all of the surviving maintenance records, including all of the different stone and mortars that have been used in each component part of the site. In the event of repair work being necessary this will then enable the correct material to be used. As part of this, areas that need maintenance work should be identified and a schedule of works should be drawn up. If such a schedule is drawn up every year then maintenance work will be able to be proactive rather than reactive, and should minimise the amount of work needing to be done over the next few years.

Recording A measured survey of the site would be of great use for analytical survey and for interpretation. Such a plan should be drawn up and stored with the maintenance records. This would allow the different areas of construction materials to be accurately plotted and would act as a visual aid.

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A measured survey may provide new details of the Castle structure that can be passed on to visitors. New and updated information is always welcomed in a research context as well.

Investigation Each area identified should undergo preliminary investigation once identified to assess how urgent the repair work is and the extent of the area needing maintenance.

5.2 Vandalism and Security

Incidents of vandalism have escalated over the past couple of years, with much damage to the historic fabric occurring. Climbing and walking on all of the walls is commonplace. Walking on walls of such antiquity may not show tangible signs of damage immediately but nonetheless damage is likely to have occurred. Graffiti is also commonplace, being both scratched into and drawn on the fabric of the Castle, see plate 7. This type of damage can be combated in numerous ways. The current good relationship with the local Police force and the installation of CCTV cameras has helped with this issue, see plate 8, but more could be done to deter vandals.

Plate 7: Graffiti drawn on the curtain wall.

The CCTV System In 2008 five CCTV cameras were installed at three different locations within the site to try and deter the vandalism that had been occurring on site. However, the installation and the programming of the cameras was never fully completed and a

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number of problems do exist within the system. The two cameras set up in position close to the Northgate entrance experience problems in operation that affects the quality of the picture. This has caused problems for the Police in identifying individuals from the images. The second problem with the system is that the two roving cameras are not synchronised together which leaves blind spots in their tours. This makes it difficult to properly monitor the system and reduces its effectiveness.

Damage to property within the scheduled area Within the bailey, which as stated is open to the public twenty four hours a day, a number of benches had been provided for visitor and community use. These were destroyed in a number of ways including burning. The bin provided was also set alight, which causes a

considerable hazard to members of the public and the emergency services who deal with such incidents. The Custodians Hut has been vandalised occasions on

numerous

causing

hundreds of pounds worth of damage. The CCTV cameras appear to have put a halt to this behaviour situation.
Plate 8: A CCTV camera within the bailey.

and

improved

the

Flood Lights The motte is surrounded by flood lights that illuminate the motte, Shell Keep and High Tower at night. These switch on automatically at dusk making the Keep visible from different areas within the town throughout the night. Unfortunately they are a target for vandalism and the perspex panes protecting the lights have been cracked and painted over on many occasions. Another issue has arisen with the sighting of 31

one of the flood lights that sits on the north side of the motte. The angle the light is placed at means that it lights the back part of the motte rather than the Keep, which is a security issue. The light allows people to get access up this part of the motte to the Keep in the dark.

Recommendations The current problems with the CCTV system need to addressed as soon as possible to make the system as effective as possible. There is little point in a CCTV system that does not work properly. During 2010 a CCTV system similar to the one in operation at the Castle is to be installed in the town and will be monitored for the Police by trained volunteers. Discussions are already underway between English Heritage and Devon and Cornwall Police to integrate the two systems meaning that the Castle cameras will be monitored on a regular basis. A new fence should be installed, along the line of the current fence separating the paying and free areas. It is suggested that the new fence should be higher than the one currently in place. This would make it harder to climb over and would allow anti vandal paint to be used on the top of the support posts. The flood light at the rear of the motte should be re-angled so as the light falls on the Keep rather than the motte, which should help to deter people climbing up.

5.3 Enhancing Visitor Experience

There are currently a number of issues that detract from visitor experience that can be addressed under the scope of the conservation management plan.

Intrusive plant growth Currently all areas of the site are suffering from intrusive plant growth. The worst affected area is the entrance through the South Gate, which is lined with plants, see plate 9. The motte stairs are also badly affected by intrusive growth, see plate 10. Not only is this poor presentation but some of these plants also present a risk to visitors, although the risk is low. Ragwort is one of the intrusive plants, which acts as

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a skin irritant. Another issue of regarding intrusive plants growth is the woody plants that have taken hold in the historic fabric. These plants have taken root in the mortar and their growth forces the mortar and stones apart. It is the growth of these types of plants that need tighter management to limit the potential for any damage to the structure of the Castle remains.

Plates 9 and 10: 9 shows the intrusive planting within the South gate entrance, while 10 shows the intrusive planting up the motte stairs.

The areas of planting within the Castle date to the use of the site as a park garden. Many of these plants have become damaged by intrusive growth within them, see plate 11. In certain cases this has drawn complaints from the people of Launceston. These represent a phase in the history of the Castle and should be properly continued encouraged.
Plate 11: Intrusive growth damaging a bush that relates to the use of the site as a communal park.

maintained growth

with being

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Renewal of surfaces The floors of the buildings within the bailey have a layer of protective gravel over them, which dates to the time the Castle was under the care of the Ministry of Works. The gravel was used not only as a protective layer but also worked as part of a presentational code. In all sites under the care of the Ministry of Works building remains that would once have been roofed structures had a layer of gravel put down to communicate this to the public. This practice has been kept up at Launceston and the gravel still remains. This layer has dissipated in most of these buildings leaving areas of green growth, see plate 12. The layer of gravel within the Shell Keep and High Tower is also beginning to dissipate. This is leaving areas of exposed mud and clay that are slippery and dangerous when wet. This should be addressed to ensure minimal risk to visitors.

Plate 12: An area of weed growth in the Administrative Hall due to gravel dissipation.

Benches and Boundary Marking The bailey is a communal area that had a number of benches within it for use of visitors and the community. To enhance the experience of people using the bailey these benches need to be reinstated. With the issue of vandalism being combated it should be possible to replace the benches without the fear of having them destroyed. The fence that separates the free and paying zones is coming to the end of its life. The fence is beginning to sag in many areas and looks untidy, see plate 13. This is due to it being climbed over by people gaining access into the Castle after hours.

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Plate 13: Picture shows the ageing fence that is in need of replacement.

Visitor flow routes There are currently five footpaths crossing the Castle. Three of these are paved with concrete and so will weather well. The remaining two are not paved with any man made material. The first follows the line of the eastern rampart to the bridge over the motte ditch. The second is cut into the side of the motte and winds round the motte from the bridge coming out onto the western side at the base. At present both paths are in good condition. There is, however, an area of erosion that is starting to appear at the beginning of the second path that will need to be monitored as it may present a risk to both the site as well as visitors in the future.

Recommendations Site presentation is one of the major factors that influence visitor experience. Sites that appear to be well cared for are more likely to experience higher levels of visitor satisfaction and encourage repeat visits.

Presentation The appearance of the buildings within the bailey detracts from the visual experience of the site. The current floor surfaces have dissipated leaving large areas of weed and moss growth. Raking these surfaces to remove the plants and laying down a

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new layer of gravel would give the site an instant lift. A new layer of gravel is also required in the Keep and High Tower. More benches should be provided for the bailey area. A new fence should be erected and designed so as to help further reduce incidents of vandalism. Please see the vandalism section above.

Ground Maintenance More intensive ground work should be undertaken, which should include regular spraying of the Castle structures. This should remove intrusive plants and prevent them from reoccurring. The woody growth may need to be removed carefully by hand and any damage evident recorded. A balance needs to be found between intrusive and woody plants that detract from visitor experience and plants that enhances the aesthetic value of the site. The current erosion of an area of footpath on the east side of the motte needs to be monitored. The edge should be reveted to prevent collapse and to maintain the path for visitors.

5.4 Site Interpretation and Signage

One of the purposes of English Heritage is to interpret its sites for the benefit of the general public. This is achieved by the provision of information boards at each site. Appropriate signage is essential both within and outside the Castle. Signs placed outside the Castle grounds, in the town, encourage people visiting Launceston to also visit the Castle. These signs not only inform visitors of the presence of the Castle but they also guide them to the entrance into the grounds.

Interpretation Boards Two of the six interpretation boards attracted the attention of vandals, who knocked over the two boards irreparably damaging the poles that anchor them into the ground. This has meant that they have had to be removed from public display and now only one board remains in the free area providing interpretation for visitors. Two further boards situated on the approach to the tower at the base of the motte are

36

bleaching due to the effect of the sun. To ensure the Castle is interpreted to the highest possible standard, so as to maximise visitor enjoyment, these interpretation boards need to be well maintained with all of the text being clear and readable.

Signage At present there is only one small, unreadable sign within the town. To encourage more visitors to the Castle, appropriate signs need to be provided for the town centre and erected in visible locations, although this will need permission form Launceston Town Council.

As discussed above there is a problem with people climbing up the walls. This does not solely apply to after hours visitors, with many people using the bailey in the day climbing up the South Gatehouse and standing sections of the curtain wall, see plate 14. Climbing up these high sections of wall causes damage to the historic fabric and presents a risk to the climber. There is no

signage with the Castle to request that visitors do not climb up the walls and this should be looked at so as to avoid the risks to both historic fabric and climber.

Plate 16: Visitors sitting on top of a section of curtain wall.

Recommendations The interpretation boards within the grounds of the Castle need to be maintained to ensure the interpretive material is of the highest possible standard. To this end a number of damaged boards will need to be replaced. The two boards that previously stood within the bailey need to be replaced. This should be of a high priority as without the boards there is no 37

interpretation for people visiting the site when the motte and its associated buildings are closed to visitors. Another form of interpretation that may be of use on the site is an audio tour. Currently this is not provided for visitors who have to rely on the guidebook, interpretation panels and the information in the small exhibition room in the ticket office. As the guidebook is an extra expense a number of visitors opt to walk around the site without it and so do not get as much out of their visit as perhaps they could. Good signage within towns locating heritage sites can attract visitors to the site who were not aware of its presence before arriving. Launceston Castle dominates the town and so tourists should be aware of it as they approach the town. Many people have trouble locating the entrances as these are not well signposted. To avoid this occurring in the future, clear signposts, indicating the direction of the gates should be erected within the town square. In order to make it clear that climbing on the walls is not allowed and to discourage it, signs should be erected that clearly state climbing up and walking on these structures is not allowed.

5.5 Consultation
The preparation of this project has included the consultation and input of a number of different individuals from different organisations. These are: English Heritage staff including Francis Kelly, Richard Baker, Debbie Swatton, Phil McMahon, Clarissa Payne, Carole Owen, Heather Sebire Keith Robson, Linda Taylor, Caroline Atkinson, Chris Bally and Liz Allison. Launceston Town Council, Robert Tremain and Rita Skinner. Cornwall County Council Historic Environment Service, Jane Powning Cornwall and Devon Police, individuals include David Sheppard, Stephen Edser and Lawrence Hambrook.

The Conservation Management Plan was presented to the Town Council during a Council meeting on Tuesday 15th June 2010. From the comments and discussion after the presentation it became clear that some members of the Council felt some

38

hostility towards the way that English Heritage was currently maintaining the Castle. One of the main causes of this was the provision of benches on the Castle Green. Two of the benches currently situated on the Green have been donated by a member of the community and the Council felt that it was English Heritages responsibility to provide benches for use rather than relying on donations.

The condition of the Northgate house was discussed with the Council members asking why it was not open to the public as it is one of the main attractions for visitors, having once been the Doomsdale prison. Its current use is as a store room and is not safe for visitors to enter. A suggestion was made that it could be cleared and made presentable to visitors even though they could not enter inside.

Another area that caused hostility was the lack of provision of a public toilet. The current toilet facilities are in the paying section of the site although they do not meet the requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and so cannot be opened to the public, which was explained to the Council. There are public toilets in the perimeter wall on the south east corner of the site, reached from the pavement outside of the Castle. These were closed during the 1970s and it was asked why these could not be re-opened to provide public facilities. It was thought that these toilets would be under the care of Cornwall Council and so enquires should be made to them. From this arose the fact that some of the members of the Council thought that the dog walkers who frequented the site should be made to keep their animals on a lead. It was pointed out that this was difficult to enforce, especially in the winter months when there was no one on site.

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Bibliography
Books Bate Venning, A. (1976) The Book of Launceston (London: Malcolm G. Read Ltd) Brown, R., Colvin, H. and Taylor, A. (1963) The History of the Kings Works, Volume II (London: Her Majestys Stationary Office) Thorn, C and F. (1979) Domesday Book: Cornwall (Chichester: Phillimore) Denholm-Young, N. (1947) Richard of Cornwall (Oxford: Blackwell) Dunning, M. (2001) Launceston: A Photographic History of Your Town (Salisbury: Black Horse Books) Pattison, S.R. 1852 Launceston Castle Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall 33rd Annual Report Appendix 1, 19-37 Saunders, A. (1998) Launceston Castle (London: English Heritage) Saunders, A. (2006) Excavations at Launceston Castle, Cornwall (The Society for Medieval Archaeology, Monograph 24)

Guidance Notes and Policy Heritage Lottery Fund (2008) Conservation Management Planning English Heritage (2008) Conservation Principles: Policies and Guidance For The Sustainable Management of The Historic Environment Government Legislation (1983) The National Heritage Act Government Legislation (1979) The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act

English Heritage and Historic Environment Service English Heritage, National Monuments Record, Kemble Drive

Swindon, SN2 2GZ English Heritage Files: AM70102/01 AM70102/04 AA070102/1 English Heritage, Key Performance Indicators Cornwall and Sciliy HES, County Hall, Truro, TR1 3AY

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Websites Edina www.edina.ac.uk accessed on 1st April 2009 Magic www.magic.gov.uk - accessed on 1st April 2009

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Appendix A Reconstruction Illustrations

Figure 6: Illustration depicting the late 11th century Castle (Saunders, 2006).

Figure 7: Illustration depicting the mid 13th century Castle (Saunders, 2006)

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