Binary Number System In mathematics and computer science, the binary numeral system, or base-2 numeral system, represents

numeric values using two symbols: typically 0 and 1. Computer systems use electronic circuits which exist in only one of two states the binary number system is a method of representing numbers that counts by using combinations of only two numerals: zero (0) and one (1). The computer s only recognises two states! on or off. "inary simplifies information processing. "ecause there must always be at least two symbols for a processing system to be able to distinguish significance or purpose! binary is the smallest numbering system that can be used. "inary is the language of computers. #nformation is sent to and from the processor in the binary system which consists of only two digits (1 and 0). $or example a line of ones and zeros eight digits long can represent up to %&' different (alues that include both numbers and letters. The binary system is the internal language of electronic computers

How to Convert from Binary to Decimal

The binary (base two) numeral system has two possible values, often

represented as 0 or 1, for each place-value. In contrast, the decimal (base ten) numeral system has ten possible values (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, or 9) for each place-value. To avoid confusion while using different numeral systems, the base of each individual number may be specified by writing it as a subscript of the number. For example, the binary number 10011100 may be specified as "base two" by writing it as 100111002. The decimal number 156 may be written as 156 10 and read as "one hundred fifty-six, base ten".

How to Convert from Decimal to Binary

The decimal (base ten) numeral system has ten possible values (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, or 9) for each place-value. In contrast, the binary (base two) numeral system has two possible values, often represented as 0 or 1, for each place-value. To avoid confusion while using different numeral systems, the base of each individual number may be specified by writing it as a subscript of the number. Since the binary system is the internal language of electronic computers, serious computer programmers should

understand how to convert from decimal to binary. Follow along after the jump to learn how to convert from decimal to binary now.

Base (numbers)
1. 2. The number that is going Example: in 82, 8 is the base to be raised to a power.

How man numbers used in a number s stem The de!imal number s stem that we use e"er da has 1# digits $#,1,2,%,&,',(,),8,*+ and so it is Base,1#. Binar digits !an onl be # or 1, so the are Base,2.

Boolean algebra
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the subarea of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are numbers, and the main operations are addition and multiplication, the main operations of Boolean algebra are the conjunction and, the disjunction or, and the negation not.
Operator- A symbol that represents a specific action. or e!ample, a plus sign "#$ is an operator that represents addition. %he basic mathematic operators are + addition, - subtraction,* multiplication,/ division.

Iterative and incremental &odel

%he basic idea behind this method is to develop a system through repeated cycles "iterative$ and in smaller portions at a time "incremental$, allowingsoftware developers to ta'e advantage of what was learned during development of earlier parts or versions of the system. (earning comes from both the development and use of the system %he spiral model is a ris')driven process model generator for software projects. Based on the uni*ue ris' patterns of a given project, the spiral model guides a team to adopt elements of one or more process models, such as incremental, waterfall, or evolutionary prototyping.

The spiral model is similar to the incremental model, with more emphasis placed on risk analysis. The spiral model has four phases: Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evaluation. A software project repeatedly passes through these phases in iterations (called Spirals in this model). The baseline spiral, starting in the planning phase, requirements are gathered and risk is assessed. Each subsequent spirals builds on the baseline spiral. Requirements are gathered during the planning phase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertaken to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype is produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software is produced in the engineering phase, along with testing at the end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project to date before the project continues to the next spiral.

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a step)by)step procedure calculations. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning.

for

A flo chart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as bo!es of various 'inds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. %his diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution to a given problem. +rocess operations are represented in these bo!es, and arrows, rather, they are implied by the se*uencing of operations. lowcharts are used in analy-ing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields..1/ lowcharts are used in designing and documenting comple! processes or programs. (i'e other types of diagrams, they help visuali-e what is going on and thereby help the viewer to understand a process.

Basic Flowchart Symbols

or most flowcharts, these five basic symbols are all you will need.

machine language, the numeric codes for the operations that a particular computer can e!ecute directly. %he codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits "0bits1$, which are fre*uently converted both from and to he!adecimal "base 12$ for human viewing and modification. &achine language instructions typically use some bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or perhaps the location of the ne!t instruction. &achine language is difficult to read and write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human language, and its codes vary fromcomputer to computer. Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for bloc's of memory that hold

data. 3ne might thus write 0add pay, total1 instead of 001101011001010001 for an instruction that adds two numbers. Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language. Although bloc's of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine addresses, assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organi-ing comple! information. (i'e machine language, assembly language re*uires detailed 'nowledge of a particular internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are important, as in programming a computer to interact with input4output devices"printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth$.

machine language
)The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize programmable microcode) Machine languages are the onl languagesun!erstoo! b computers" #hile easil un!erstoo! b computers$ machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because the consist entirel of numbers" +rogrammers$ therefore$ use either a high-level programming language or an assembly language" %n assembl language contains the same instructions as a machine language$ but the instructions an! variables have names instea! of being &ust numbers" +rograms written in high)level languages are translated into assembly language or machine language by a compiler. Assembly language programs are translated into machine language by a program called an assembler. 5very 6+7 has its own uni*ue machine language. +rograms must be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of computers.

high-level language
$A programming language such as 6, 38%8A9, or +ascal that enables aprogrammer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. :uch languages are considered high)level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered low)level because they are very close to machine languages. %he main advantage of high)level languages over low)level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain. 7ltimately, programs written in a high)level language must be translated into machine language by a compileror interpreter. %he first high)level programming languages were designed in the 1;<0s. 9ow there are do-ens of different languages, including Ada, Algol, BA:I6,63B3(, 6, 6##, 38%8A9, (I:+, +ascal, and +rolog.

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compiler
$A program that translates source code into object code.

source code ( +rogram instructions in their original form. %he word source differentiatescode from various other forms that it can have "for e!ample, object code andexecutable code$. Initially, a programmer writes a program in a particular programming language. %his form of the program is called the source program, or more generically, source code. %o e!ecute the program, however, the programmer must translate it into machine language, the language that the computerunderstands. %he first step of this translation process is usually performed by a utility called a compiler. %he compiler translates the source code into a form called object code. :ometimes the object code is the same as machine code, sometimes it needs to be translated into machine language by a utility called an assembler. :ource code is the only format that is readable by humans. object code ( %he code produced by a compiler. +rogrammers write programs in a form called source code. %he source code consists of instructions in a particularlanguage, li'e 6 or 38%8A9. 6omputers, however, can only e!ecuteinstructions written in a low) level language called machine language. %o get from source code to machine language, the programs must be transformed by a compiler. %he compiler produces an intermediary form called object code. 3bject code is often the same as or similar to a computer=s machine language

assembler
A program that translates programs from assembly language to machine language.

interpreter
A program that e!ecutes instructions written in a high)level language. %here are two ways to run programs written in a high)level language. %he most common is to compile the program, the other method is to pass the program through an interpreter. An interpreter translates high)level instructions into an intermediate form, which it then e!ecutes. In contrast, a compiler translates high)level instructions directly into machine language. !ditor
:ometimes called text editor, a program that enables you to create and editte!t files" 9owadays, the term editor usually refers to source code editors that include many special features for writing and editing source code.