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Et CaerOgEd l h Ys BIB it eTAeT ot CaerOgEd l Fab;m an Bit
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Leon Tolstoi

mat ik a
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*

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CaTIbJb

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Esmeralda Luciolli, Janine Masse,

Paul Branquart, Philippe Paquet et Francis Pirson EdltaMgBIyUrmkehIy Etg:nCYyelIkTwkcit`

edIm|I sresres[vePAenH . CamYyenHEdr es[vePAenHRbEhlminTan:necjeT ebIsinNaCa

Henri

Locard min:neXIjsMeNAztcmg (copy)enApH Steve HedernaRkugLgd ehIyebIsinCarYmCamYy

Steve Heder nig David Chandler Kat:nCMruj`oe:HBumCaes[vePA . CaTIbJbkgry;eBld*lM:k
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edIm|IrkkEngRbsUtes[vePAenH

ebIsinCaKankarKaMR TedaytlkxNrbs

Sylvaine Pasquier

EdlmanCMen]yagmutmaMelIes[vePAenH . edaysarkarnwkeXIj kar:ns<al kar:nCYbniyayCamYy

mitrYmTukrbs` :nrYmcMENkCYyo`sresr . es[vePAenHCasadrbseKTaMgGsKaEdlmancMnYneRcIn
`minGacrabGs . edaymanmUlehtuepSg> GkxHmincgoeKs<aleQa HCasaZarN; . `eKarBesckI
sMerccitenH . RbvtisaRsR sukExr enAminTancbeT ehIysg<mCnRkidGtTTYlkarpnaeTas enArs
manCIvitenAeLIy .
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cMENkksag` `sUmsEmgnUvbkarKuN rhUtdlputCIvit .

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s IB In is Sit Ex ren ARs uk )araMg (194 6 -197 5 )
kgkMLgstvtSTI20kngmkenH yuvCnExrk*dUcCayuvCnttiyelakepSgeT[tEdr RbeTs:raMgCa
nimtirUbnkarcMerInlUtlasxagvb|Zm(

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karGbrMenARbeTs:raMg . yuvCnExreBlenaH EtgepatstiGarmNeTARkug:rIs ehIyEtgRsmcgeTA
er[genARbeTs:raMg eRBaHBYkeKmanCMen]za kar:nmksikSaenARsuk:raMg pllTPaBoeK:neRkbCJk
nUvcMeNHviCarwgmaMeRCARCH CaktaoeKGacksagRbeTsCati:nleTAGnaKt . yuvCnExrmYycMnYntUc Edl
manraynamxageRkamenHmanP&BVsMNag:nsMerckIsgwmTukenHmuneK rYmman; CYn eC]n, CYn CM,u CYn mum
eG[ sIcUv, jwk sYg, Epk qay nigEym sarug . GkTaMg7nakenH :nmkdlR suk:raMgenAExemsa qa M
1946 KWeRkaysRg<amelakelIkTI2bnic . sUmbJakpgEdrza enAsm&yenaH minTanmanmeZa:y
eZVIdMeNIrtamGakasdUcsBVzenHenAeLIyeT

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enAhaNUy edayRsukExrminTanmanmhaviTal&yenAeLIy .
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s maKmn is Sit Exr

:nmkdlR suk:raMgPam

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za smaKmexmr;nisSit . eG[ sIucUv EdleRkaymkkayeTACaGkdwknaMd*l|Il|ajnKNbkSRbCaZib

ety RtUv:ne:HeqatoeZVICaRbZansmaKmexmr;nisSitenH . Kat:neZVICaRbZanrhUtdlqa M1950 .
CaelIkTI1ehIy EdlmansmaKmExrenAbreTs .

eKalbMNgKWCYybtmKaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|Ioer[n

BUEk tamsuPasit enApHmayTIT enARBmayEtmYy . smaCiksa bnikEdleyIg:nCYb :nrMlwk

oeXIjeLIgvijBIkalEdlBYkKatmkdlR suk:raMgGsCagBakkNalstvtSeTAehIyenaH buEnvahakdUc
CaenAzIdEdl . BYkKatrMePIbnigmanemaTnPaBNas ehIyxitxMeZVIya gNakMuoGaC\aZr:raMgemIlgayExr
pyeTAvijbga joeXIjza kUnExrCamnusSmansmtPaBRKbrKan mincajeKeT .
kgTisedAenHEdr eyIg:nbeg,ItRBwtibR&tmYyoeQaHza exmr;nisSit . RBwtibRt&enHecjpSay
BIrdgkgmYyqaM . GtbTEdleyIgsMerccuHpSay epa teTAelIkarcaM:c EdlCatMrUvkarGkecHdwg edIm|I
ksag nigkarBarRbeTsCasMxan . eBlenaHedayRbeTsNa nigcin :nkraCmunkmCa eyIgyk
bJaEdlRbeTsTaMgenHCYbRbTH eTAqHbJaMgbJakmCaenAGnaKt BIkarxVHvisVkrenARbeTsNa nigRbeTs

cin rYmTaMgbJaGkSrsaRs RbvtisaRs vb|Zm( sil|; suxaPi:l .l. RBwtib&R tenHmin:nelIkyk

bJaneya:ymkniyayedaycM>eT . eyIgykvb|Zm( nigkarGbrMCasMxan . ehIymageT[t smaKm
exmr;nisSit min:nRbkanykmaK(aneya:yGVIc|asR :kdeT . eKRKanEtylKa c|asza mak>suTEtCa
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BIrdg BIrqaMCabKaedayeCaKC&y .
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:raMg . KN;kma ZikareKhdanNcinmansmaCik4nakKWExr lav yYn nig:raMg.eyIgminGacylR Bm
TTYlykkarbgitbgMEbbenH:neT . dUecHsmaKmexmr;nisSit k*Ebk:kKa CaBIrRkumenAmunkarer[bcMeZVI
BiZIbuNcUlqa MExrenAqaM1951 .
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l|Il|ajkgcMeNamnisSitnigyuvCnenAPMeBj nigenARsuk:raMg . KateZVICaemdwknaM:tukmenAqa M1949
enAviTal&ysIusuvti . sm&yenaHCasm&ymanclnats)U BaseBjsklelak . Casm&yEdlRbCaBl
rdR tUvGaNaniKmniymCiHCannaMKabHe:reRkakeLIgTamTarkraC

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minGacrs:nelIsBIbIqaMeT .

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pyeTAvij sWug gukmiuj emIlRsalBYkeK ehIyokarkMbiukkMbukeZVICaGkdwkCJneTAvij . enA:rIs
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edIm|IbnskmPaBsmaKmteTAeT[t .

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eqVg.

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las ka han smRsbnwgesckIeRskXancg:nrbsyuvCnExreBlenaH

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dUcCapacGaharUbkrNrbsBYkeKCaedIm .

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(Ecole Polytechnique) enARsuk:raMgd*l|Il|aj

ehIyKatCabNitrUbsaRsmuneKbgsEdr . Kat:ncMNayeBlCYybtmExreRcInCMnanedIm|ImanOkas
cUler[nsUR t . bJvnmYycMnYncatTukbNit CYn mum CaebtikP&NCatiEdlenAmanCIvitrsenAeLIy.
cMENkex[v sMpn GtItGkdwknaMsMxanrbssmaKmshPaBnisSitExr kalenACanisSitKatBMu
maneQaHl|Il|ajelIseKelIsgeT .
TUTaMgRbeTsEtmg .

buEnbnabBI:ncUlRsuk

eKTaMgGsKacatTukKatCamnusSsatsM

eQa HrbsKatk*mansUrl|Il|aj

suPaBrabsar

ehIyRtUveKeZVI:bdUcCa

bUlIsRsatexaeZVI:bKatenAPMeBjCaedIm .

v gSm:a k S eL n In
CaTIbJbkarmanRkumslEdlmaneQaHza vgS makS eLnIn k*Cakta sMxanmYyCMrujoshPaB
nisSitExr manCIvitrwgmaMnigmaneQaHl|Il|aj . vgSmakS eLnIn mankMeNItenAqaM1951 . TisedA
nsmaKmsmatenH

KWsikSaRTwsIsg<mniym

smaCiksabnikenH

maneQaHdUcteTA

eG[gsarI

ekg vansak, sU yNa ra, sun esn, CYn mum, CYn R:siT, Ok saKun, m man, tUc eP]n, CI KwmGan
rat saem]n . vgSmakS eLnIn CaGg<karslsmat . eKminoGkepSgeRkABIsmaCikvgS makS eLnIn
dwgza mansmaKmenHeT ehIymankicR bCMukgmYyGaTitmg .

10

eG[gsarI edIrtYsMxanCageKkgenAvgS makS eLnIn . KatEtgP\akralR BwkmuneKmung . Kat

emIlxusRtUv catEcgRKbvis&yTaMgGs . TahrN hamminoemIles[vePANaepSg eRkABIes[vePA
bdivtn k*edIrelgesIcepspas . saLtsr EdleRkaymkCabulBt minsUvskmdUceG[gsarIeT .
enAqa M1956 ex[vsMpn bnkickarCMnYs eG[g sarI enAeBl eG[g sarI cUlRsukExrvij . GkZab
s<akeG[g sarI eBlenaH niyayza KatCamnusSmanvin&yxs EtCamnusSEdlmanTsSn;yleXIjza
Gkman GaC\aZr bg> cas> eZVIGVIk*R tUvrhUt .
eRkayBIex[vsMpn RtLbcUlRsukvij enAqaM1956 CYn mum :nRtUvEtgtaMgoTTYlxusRtUvvgS
makS eLnIn rhUtdlR tUveG[gsarI sMercbJbeTAvijenAqaM1971 . evCbNit Giun sUkan RtUv:nEtgtaMg
oeZVICaRbZansmaKmshPaBnisSitExr

enAqa M1957-59 .

KatCaGkmanRbCaRbiykgcMeNamnisSit

CamnusSsamJ minerIseGIg mineqIgq manTsSn;TUlay . GMLgeBlEdlKateZVICaRbZanshPaB

nisSitExr

ehIybnabmkeT[teZVICaRbZanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikmCaenARsuk:raMg

Kat:nrYmcMENkya g

sMxankgkareZVIoclnaTaMgBIrenH mankitinaml|Il|aj EdlCaktaoQaneTArkC&yCMnH .

Kat:nTTYlmrNPaBenARBPMmYynaxaglic RbeTskmCa enAqaM1979 . edIm|IGUsTajocUl
KaMR Txn eG[g sarI niyayR:b zaed CakUnRbusrbs Giun sUkan za kal Giun sUkan minTancUlRsuk
Kat:nxMXatkMuocUl .
qaM1960-70 tUc xaMeD]n RtUv:nTTYlnaTICaGkdwknaMshPaBnisSitExrGsry;eBlya gyUr.
KatmkdlR suk:raMgenAqaM1954

nigTTYlsJab&R tbNitrUbsaRs

nigCasmaCiknviTasanCatiR sav

RCavviTasaRsR suk:raMg . xagneya:y KatmanninakarsMruHsMrYl . enAeBlExrRkhmeka bGMNac

enAkmCa KatR tUveKcabykeTAeZVITaruNkm ehIysmabenATYlEsgCamYy vNa CaPriyarbsKat. BYk
ExrRkhmecaTKatza cUlesGIuGa

(CIA)pg kaehSeb (KGB)pg . eBlKatminRBmsarPaBtamcMNg

EdlBYkeKcg:n Duc emKukTYlEsg :nsresredayRbmazemIlgayKat elIlixittUcmYycuHzTI20

Exemsa qa M1977ya gdUecH ;

{elaktUc

xaMeD]n,

elakCaGkR:C\viTasaRs

elakRCabehIy

KWR kwtRkmvabJaMgyagc|aslas

TaMgKuNPaB

TaMgbrimaN GMBIdMeNIrCakEsgc|aslas .
cMeBaHesckIraykarNEdlelakcgRkgeLIg etIR twmRtUvGt /
sUmelakBinitsareLIgvij ehIycgRkgo:nRtwmRtUvedayGnueRKaH .
edayeKarBcMeBaHviTasaRs
Duc
20-4-77 }
xageRkamenHCakardkRsgBIesckI sarPaB EdlbNit tUc xaMeD]n :nsresredaypald
eRkamTaruNkmd*RBpSrbs Duc nigdeCIgrbsKat .

11

{hilsinKI

RsukhVaMgLg RbEhlenAqa M1953 -1955 . kaehSeb :nTakTgCamYymit

sYg sIueK]n enA:rIs tamry;bkSkumuynis:raMg enAqaM1962 .

enAkNalqaM1964
EdldacGaharrUbkrN

`:nTTYl1500RhVg

BIsgBIEyr

hIVlIb

edIm|IykeTACYydlnisSit

kgTisedAonisSitTaMgenHmanplRbeyaCnenAkgshPaBnisSitExr

edIm|I`

mankmaMgeRcInsMrabbMeBjEpnkarNykGMNacenAkmCa eTAzeRkaydUckaeseb:nelIkeLIg .
enAqa M1965 `nigCYn mum :neTACYbPakgarkaesebCati:raMgmak eQa H bUlLrg edIm|IsYrmti
ENnaMrbskaehSeb cMeBaHmaK(aEdleyIg`RtUvedIreTAeT[t eRkayEdlrdR bharenANeNsIu :nbga j
ya gc|asza

maK(aRbCaZibetyCati

edIm|IykrdGMNaceTABMurYceT[t

karCYbenHmansgBIEyr

hVIlib naMeTApg . bUlLrg R:bza kaehSebmanmtiza :nCabkSkumynisNeNsIubraC&y mkBIniym

ebkaMgeBk cMENkenAkmCa pvRbCaZibetyCati CapvEtmYyEdlRtUvedIr .
enAqa M1965 `, CYn mum, sYg sIueK]n :nTiet[ndlbkSkumynisNeNsIu zamkBIbkSenHTakTg
CitsiTCamYybkSkumyniscin eTIbRtUvexcedayBYksWhatUya genH . `niyayenHKWpSayTsSn;kaehSeb.
enAcugqaM1965

Ebn

ezagGan

CanisSitenAmUs< :nTTYlParkicBIkaehSebmkCYb`, CYnmum

nigsYg sIueK]n enARbeTs:raMg edIm|IniyayGMBIkarcaM:cnkarbeg,ItbkSmYyeQa H bkSkumyniskmCa

edIm|IdwknaMkarts)UrbsR bCaCnkmCa . Kat:nbbYl`, CYn mum nigsYg sIueK]n

ocUlCasmaCik

KN;mCwm .
enAedImqaM1963

kgTisedAonisSitExrbMerIneya:ysUev[tedayRCYtRCab `ENnaMoeKsSah

Ganes[vePATsSnavds
I Uev[t sSahemIlkunsUev[t emIlkaEst TsSnavdIbkSkumynis:raMg EdlCa
bkSKaMR TsUev[tTaMgRsug .

RBmCamYyenaH

`k*GbrMnisSitkmCaoeXIjsUev[txa MgBUEk

eC]nel]nxag

viTasaRs onisSitExrxacminh)anTbTlnwgsUev[teBlNasUev[teZVIGnraKmnenAkmCa .
kgTisedArkCMnYyBIbreTs

edIm|ITakTajcitnisSittamsmar;oeKenACamYyshPaBnisSitExr

ehIyk*eyageTAtambNaMkaesebpg `:nTakTgCajwkjabCamYyGg<karyuvCnkumynis:raMg Biess

CamYyeQaH sgBIEyrhVIlIb edIm|IoeKCYyCasmar; Caluykakdl` . Gg<karyuvCnkumynis:raMg
Edl:nTTYlkarENnaMBIkaehSeb :nCYy`enAqa M1963
:nR:b`za

ebIR tUvkarGVI

o`mkTakTgnwgKat

RbEhl3 000RteNat . sgBIEyrhVIlIb

BIeRBaHCMnYyenH

KWCaCMnYyEdlKatkanpa ltamkar

ENnaMBImUs< .
enAedImqaM1964
maK(aykGMNactam

`:nopSaykgRBwtibR&tshPaBnisSitExr

nUvGtbTCaeRcInEdlsresIrdl

RbCaZibetyCati edIm|IonisSitExrRbqaMgnwgTsSn;bdivtnR twmRtUvEdlzayk

GMNactamhwgSaneya:ynigGavuZ .
enAkNalqaM1964 bna bBImankarsgS&ymkyUrehIy `k*:ndwgza mit CYn mum nig sYgsIueK]n
k*CaPakgarkaesebreb[b`Edr . kaehSeb:nTakTgCYn mum kalKateTARbCMusnisITRkumRbwkSasniPaB
sklelak .
enAedImqaM1970 KN;kma ZikarnaykshPaBnisSitExr:nCYbRbTHnwgPaBsKsa jCaxaMg. BYk
nisSitEdleTIbecjBIR sukExrdwknaMeday Guin suPaB nig van BInI :nTamTaromankarpasbrzakdwknaM .

12

nisSitTaMgBIrrUbenH kalenARsukExrZabeZVICaKN;dwknaMsmaKmTUeTAnnisSitExr dwknaMeday PUk qay

EdlmanninakarCitcinebkaMg . Guin suPaB nig van BInI cgeZVIosmaKmshPaBnisSitExr nigclna
ts)UkgRsuk

maneKalCMhrdUcKa

kgkarts)UenAkgRbeTs

naykmincuHsMrugKa k*manEbkCasmaKmBIr

edayEcktMNagenAkgKN;kma Zikar

}.

eRkayrdR bhar18mIna1970 nisSitPaKeRcInsuxcitlubbM:tGtsJaNrbsxn edIm|IcUlrYmeZVI

CasmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikmCa

Edlmansemcneratm

sIhnu

mkkankabExrbreTs rNsirSbkrNbMerImhictarbseG[g sarI .

13

CaRbZan

eRkayBI

eG[g sarI

Ed n d IC aT Is k a r:
enAeBlEdl`cabepImsresres[vePAenHCnrgeRKaHrablannak:n:tbgCIvitrbsxneTAehIy
enAelIEdndIdIkmCaCaTIsk,a rrbs` .
eBl`nwker]genHeLIg `sa yeGIyEsnsay minKYrNaeLIyRsukeyIgCYbRbTHnwgTukevTnad*mha
exacpSadlzakenHesaH . `say ehIyQWcabedaysarkalenaH `manCMen]za rbbzInwgGacsarkmCa
omanesrPaBQaneTArkkarrIkcMerInkgbUrNPaBEdndIEdlCaktasMxan

eRBaHCaGayuCIvitnkmCaeTA

GnaKt .
edaycaMminePc eBlenaH `eXIjnisSitbJvnExrEtgEtmUlmtiCakcn dUcCaeKsresrza ;
OmatuPUmiExrCaTIesha
rUbBitsgarEckmin:n
kUnExrRbusRsIR KbrUbR:N
karBarkMuxanesICIvit
kMNaBXa eXa gxagelIEdlpSaykgRBwtibR&tnisSitExrenARsuk:raMgeBlenaH

CaskIPaBbga j

oeXIjGMBITwkciteshaCatirbseK . TsSn;viTU:raMgmakeQa H mugEtg (Montaigne) kgstvtSTI15

:nniyayza mnusSelakEtgEtePItePIn xVHkarBicarNaelIbJaGnaKt . eBlenaHGVI>EdlCaGtItkal
min:neZVIo`ykcitTukdakeLIy .
Exkk,da CaExmYynrdUvekA nigCaExvisSmkalenARsuk:raMg . ZatuGakasekAlm . emXex[v
Rsgat . RBHGaTitrHya gRtcHRtcg . rukCatibtgex[vRsgat . RbCaCnRkug:rIsd*eRcIn:ncak
ecjeTAelgvisSmkalenAtameqrsmuR TenAelIPMtamtMbnnana tamcMNgcMNUlcitrbseKmak> .
sMrabrUb` zmYynExkk,da1976 CazEdl`RtLbcUlRsukExrvij . `:nXatecjBIR sukExr
Cag10qaMehIy .

karEdl:nrsenARsuk:raMgyUrEbbenH

:neZVIo`RsLajR sukenHRBmTaMg:ncg

cMNgmitPaB CamYymitPkiCaeRcIneT[tpg . munzR tLbmkRsukvij `RtUv:nmitPkienA:rIs nigenA

tamextnanabbYlCbel[gCajwkjab edIm|IlaKa CacugeRkay . CakarBitehIy mag`manTwkcitrIkray
edaynwkeXIjza bniceT[t`nwg:neTACanTwkdIR sukkMeNItCYbCMuPriya Bukmay nigmitPkiTaMgGsrbs`
eLIgvij . pyeTAvij `manTwkciteRk[mRkMGaeLaHGal&yRsuk:raMg mitPki RKYsar:raMg Edl`Etg
:nTakTgrabGandUcRKYsarpalGsry;eBleRcInqaMkngmkenH .
`eTAdlR suk:raMgenAcugqaM1965 . eBlenaH`manGayu20qaM . enHCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl` :n
CiHynehaH ehIyk*CaelIkTI1Edr Edl`:neZVIdMeNIrecjBIR beTskmCa . `RtUveTAbnviCaxagesdkic
nigviTasaRsneya:y . eBlCaneCIgelITwkdIR beTs:raMgPam `P\akxndUceTIbrlwkBIdMeNk eday
sarEteXIjbswmRbeTs

mankarlUtlaseC]nel]nRKbvis&yhYsBIkarsanrbs`TaMgRsug

`man

GarmNza kalBIenARsukExr`eRb[bdUcCarsenAkgBiPBmYyEdlXatqayBIcrnBiPBelak EdlkMBugEt

vivtneTAmuxyagel]n . enARsukExr `eRb[bdUcCakJa jeckrsenAeRkamRteLak dUckEg,benAkgGNg
emIleTARteLak GNgya gtUc EdlxnemIleXIjEtEpktictYc sanzaCaBiPBelakTaMgmUl .

14

enARsuk:raMgenHEdr `:nCYbnisSitExrCaeRcInEdlGkxHeKeZVIskmPaBneya:y edIm|IesrIPaB

nigRbCaZibety dUcKanwgnisSitsJatiepSg>eT[tEdr . `k*:neq{teBlTsSnatMbnepSg>enARsuk:raMg
nigRbeTsCitxagmYycMnYn . `seg,teXIjenAelITwkdId*R bNitmankarer[bcMrd:ld*QasvQrelIeKal
karNnItird eKarBesrIPaBmnusStaMgBIelIdleRkam . edayehtuEtCakta eZVIomanGMeBIyutiZm(kgsg<m
:nCMrujoRbeTsenHlUtlaskgsg<melIR Kbvis&y ;

CIvPaBRbCaBlrdxgxs RbB&nGK<isnIxVatExVg

TwkmasIunmanGnam&y cracrTaMgpveKak pvTwk nigpvGakasBaseBjxVatExVgRKbR cklk EsnxusKa qay

GVIemHeTBIR sukExreyIg

KWTwkdId*R bNitRbkbedayvb|Zm(nigCIvPaBd*R tcHRtcgenHehIyEdlCaRsuk

kMeNItrbsGkniBn TsSnviTU GkR:C\CaeRcIn Edl`:nTTYlTiBl nig:ns<aledayZab:nGan

niger[nsUR tGMBIsadrbsGselak .
kalBIenARsukExr `minEdleTATsSnaRbeTsCitxageT ehIysUm|IEttMbnnanaenAkgRbeTskmCa
d*tUcmYyenH k*`s<alticCagRsuk:raMg RsukGWrubepSgeT[tqayNas .
enATIR kug:rIs `:ns<alR BwtikarNExsPa qaM1968 . CMnanenaHenARsuk:raMgk*dUcenARsuk
epSg>eT[telIsklelakEdr yuvCnnignisSitnaMKa eZVI:tukmswgEtralz edIm|ITamTarcg:nsg<mzI .
RBwtikarNd*reg<a Hreg<IenARsuk:raMgenH eKoeQaHza bdivtnExsPa . `:neXIjRBwtikarNenHpal
EPk RBmTaMg:ncUlrYmRbLkCamYyeKEzmeT[tpgeBlenaH . GVIEdleZVIo`cabGarmNCageK KWkar
ts)Umti tmKti karBarGkRkkgsklelakedayminRbkanBUCsasnrbsBYkyuvCnTaMgenaH . edIm|Icg
yl `xitxMsabeKCECkEvkEjkEbkBBuHmatBIR TwsIepSg> ;
esrIPaB `xitxMGanes[vePAsIBI makS, Ggeh<l, tukkWvil

mUlZnniym, sg<mniym, RbCaZibety

(Tocqueville), kamuy (Camu), sak

(Sartre) .l. briyakasd*puspulenH:nCHTiBlmYycMnYnNaEdrmkelIrUb` . `manCMen]elITsSn;

mYyEdlzaRbeTsRkIR kegIbminrYcedaysarmUlehtumkBIkarCiHCanekgRbvJ&BIGaNaniKmniym

nigcRk

Btiniym . ehIyedIm|IoRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn eKRtUvEtrMedaHCatiBIBYkCiHCanmnusTaMgenaH . eBlenaH`taMg

xnCaGkeqVgcMerIneC]nel]n

k*buEn`min:ncUlCasmaCikbkSkumynis:raMgeT

k*taMgxnzaCaCn

kumynisEdr eRBaH`minTanR CHRsLH . zVIt|itEtmaneKalCMhryagenHk*eday k*`:nsMerccitcUlCa

smaCikshPaBnisSitExr (UEK) EdlCasmaKmnisSitmanninakareqVgniymenARsuk:raMgnaqa M1970 .
enAeBlCamYyKaenHEdr

`:nsMerccitcUlCasmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikmCa (FUNK)

Edlmansemc

neratm sIhnu CaRbZan . eBlenaH `:ncUlrYmcMENkbeg,ItKN;kmaZikarKaMR TesckIEzgkarN5x

cuHzTI13

mIna 1970 rbssemc neratm sIhnu CamYyelak sarinqak, canyUran, vanBInI nig

nisSitExrmYycMnYneT[t .
munzecjdMeNIrmanmitPkixHXatxn`ocaMbniceT[tsin . sIumug CnCati:raMg EdlmanedIm
kMeNItCVIv (Juive) manbgbn:n:tbgCIvitCaeRcIn CMnansRg<amelakelIkTI2 :nR:b `kMuoRbzuy
RbzanoesaH . RbBnKat lucsIu CaCnCati:raMgdUcKatEdr manmenaseJtnaRsLajExr eRBaHKat
mankMeNItenARBEvg sm&yGaNaniKm:raMg eBlBukKateZVIkarenAkmCa .
`:nCYbCneP[sxnmakEdleTItnwgeKcrYcputBIR suk . KatniyayR:bza manGMeBIRBpStaMg
BIBYkExrRkhmcUlkanGMNacmk . buEn`xMtaMgcitminRBmeC]TalEtesaH . `ecHEtKitza vadUcCahYs

15

ehtueBk

eRBaHmanExrNadacciteZVI:bCatigdUecH

`ylza

RsukEdleTIbEtecjputBIsRg<am

d*kacsahavdUcCaRsukExr rEmgRtUvkareBlevlamYyry;ZM edIm|IpSHpSarCatieLIgvijya gR:kd . dUcenH

kgry;eBlbeNaHGasn vaEtgEtmankarxVHxat elIselaH sgswkKaeTAvijeTAmkxHec[sminputeT.
karlM:kEdlbNalmkBIkarxVHxat karRBatR :sbgbn

Bukmay EtgEteZVIomanPaBRcbUkRcbl
kgsg<mxHCaminxan . k*buEnGVIEdlsMxan KWGkdwknaMbdivtnCamnusSecHdwgsatsM ka han RsLaj
Cati nigRsLajR bCaCnBitR:kd . dUecHeKKanKMeragkarNedIm|IeZVI:b kabsmabCatig dUcBYkCn
eP[sxnecHEtzaorYcEtBImatenaHeT

CneP[sxnEtgEtmanninakarbMepIskarCakEsgBIR sukEdlxn

eTIb:nrtecj edIm|IoeKylza mankarrMelaPbMBanelIsiTimnusSEmn .

ehtudUecHehIy`minRBmTTYls<alza

mankareZVI:bRbCaCngedayectnaKitCamunenaHeT

bJamYyeT[t RsukeyIgvaRkrehmrham . ebIR sukRk ehIyeyIgmincUlRsuk rtecalRsuk vaCaGMeBI

kMsakNas . `suxcitR TaMR TcMeBaHkarlM:kxVHxat eBlNa`mansgwmza zeRkaysg<mCatieyIgnwg
:nrIkcMerIn eC]nel]nCabnbna b . `RtUvEtcUlRsukvij . RtUvEtRtLbcUlmkrYmrsCamYyPriya nig
RkumRKYsar`vij .
zmYyeBl`kMBugeZVIdMeNIrtamreTHePIg manCnmaksYr`za caMGg,aleTIbgcUlRsukvij/ sMNYr
enHeZVIo`QWk|alNas . `minGacbnkarrsenArbs`enA:rIsyUrteTAeT[teT . `xasxngNas.
rsenARsYlEtmakg TukoRbBn RKYsar bgbnxnevTna vaminRtwmRtUveT . dUc nYn eX]n sresr
za rsenAedayGtKitCatig rsenAGtn&yeT . RbeTseTIbecjBIsRg<am RtUvkarviPaKTanrbskulbuR t
kulZItaExrRKb>rUb . Parkicd*ZnZrenAcaMeyIg . sRg<amva:nsabRBYsvinaskm enARKbvis&yTaMg
Gskgsg<m . pllM:knsRg<am vaexacpSaNas mnusSRbmaN1lannakR tUvsabBikar RKab
Ebkeb52

va:neZVIoxUcbrisanGsCaeRcInkEng

RbCaCatiExrRtUvrgTTYlnUvkareZVI:b

emIlgay

tRtaRbNIBIsMNakcRkBtiGaemrik . eyIgRtUvcabksagEklMGeLIgvij enARKbvis&yTaMgGs . enAkg

sartI`

eyIgminRtUvKitrvlcMeBaHCneP[sxn4-10nak

CagKitRbCaBlrdeyIgenATUTaMgRbeTseT

CneP[sxn eKcrkrYcxn edIm|IsuPmg<lpalxn . BYkeKminGaNitGasUrCatieKeT .

bna bmk `:nCYbRsImakeT[tEdleTIbrtecjBIR suk . nag:nniyaybriharGMeBIRBpSEdlnag
:nTTYlrgeRKaHBIsMNakBYkGkdwknaMzI . nagza enARsukExr eTANamkNaTalEtsMuc|abeKedIr .
XanTalEtsMuc|abeK eTIbeKohUb . sUrdUecH`minGaceC]:neT . ExrNak*citGaRkkezImexA Gt
mnusSZm(kgxnya genH . niyaydUecHdUcCamYlbg,a cExrRCuleBk . eT ! `minGaceC]:neT . Gk
niyayGaRkkBICatigdUecH manZatumindUc`eT . `suxcitrsenARklM:kkgfan;CaGkeshaCati Ca
CagrsenARsYlehIyePcCatig . `manemaTnPaBekItmkCaExrNas . RbCaCneyIgd*GgGackahan
h)anBuHBarkarlM:kRKbEbbya g edIm|IkarBarkitiysCatirbsxn . eKsuxcitR k EtrsenAkgPaBzzr
minoeKemIlgayeLIy . RbCaCatikmCa CaCatimYyEdlZabmanRbvtisaRsd*ruger]g sMbUrsb|aydUc
sm&yGg<rCaskIPaBRsab . EteRkaymkeyIgRtUv:n:kR s)ubcuH GnzymYyCMnanehIymYyCMnaneT[t
rhUtesIrEtRtUv:tbgGsBIEpnTIsklelak . LvenHRbCaBlrdExr elak:nP\akrlwk eRkakeLIg
rYmsamK<IKa CaZgmYy edIm|Iksagsg<mCatieLIgvij o:nruger]gdUcsm&yGg<r . elakeTIbEtdeNIm:n

16

C&yCMnHCaRbvtisaRselIcRkBtiGaemrik dUecHelakGacmansmtPaBRKbR Kan edIm|Ika bvasnaxneday

xng ksagsg<mCatiodUcGarRbeTs .

kgfan;`CakUnExr

`RtUvEtcUlrYmcabBIeBllM:kenHeTA

edIm|IrYmcMENksabnaCatieLIgvij .
CakarBitmancMNucmYycMnYnEdleZVIo`mankImnilsgS&ysKsa jkgstiGarmN manCaGaTikar
:jepagcUlTIR bCMuCnbNa lomankarxUcxatTaMgCIvitmnusS nigsma r; . eBleXIjrUbztCnrgeRKaH
mg> tamTUrTsSn tamkaEst eZVIo`manesckIGaNitGasUr ehIyecHEtsYrxngza eKminRtUveZVI:b
GkstRtgdUecHesaH . etIedIm|IykC&yCMnH eKRtUvEtRbRBwtGMeBIGsIlZm( minKb|Iya gNa / ebHdUg
`vaeqIyza minRtUveT k*buEnxYrk|al`vaxMbRg,abeTAvij edayykelsza eZVIsRg<amEtgEtmanmhnray
ec[sminrYceLIy .
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mnilsgS&y

beJjGakb|kiriya

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`EtgEtykTsSn;GnaKtmkeZVICaRtIvis&y

edIm|IbM:tesckI

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sJa NamYyo`ylza

mankarkabsmabRBpSenaHeT .

k*minEdl

pyeTAvijeKEtgEt

:nbgajBIkarxMR bwgERbg sRsaksRsaMedaysR &KcitrbsbgbnkgkarvaysMrukksagRbeTs . sUm|IEt

GkdwknaMkMBUl k*eKEtg:nsresIrclnaksagCatieLIgvijrbskmCaRbCaZibetyEdr .
`minEdlsUrbgbnNama kEdl:necjmkehIy xSwbexS{vR:beyIgza minTanR sYleT kMuGal
cUlEtpyeTAvijeKEtgGMBavnaver[bcMCMrujobgbn kUnRbBneKcUlRsuk . `Kitza ebIeKR:boRKYsareK
RtLbcUlRsuk :nn&yza eKmankarTukcitTaMgRsugehIy :nCaeKsMercciteZVIdUecH .
tMNagGg<kareTABIR sukdUcCaeG[gsarICaedIm

eKEtgEt:nGHGagehIyGHGageT[tza

eKCaGk

eshaCati RsLajGMeBIyutiZm( dUecHeKminGaceZVI:bRbCaCneT . eKza eyIgRtUvecHEckmit EcksRtUvo

:nc|aslas kMuR sBicRsBil . BYkEdlmanmnilsgS&y CaBYkminTukcitelIR bCaCng xVHemaTnPaB
Cati . CaBYkmanTiBlbreTsmkRKbdNb . CaBYkmanZatu mUlZn bJCn.
RBwtikarNxHeT[t eZVIo`manPaBsKsajxa MgeLIg . z17 emsa 1975 eBl:nsUrviT
:raMgpSayza eKCem{sRbCaCnecjBIR kugPMeBj `nwgeXIjeBlenaH `kMBugCiHLanCamYymitmakenACit
TenEsn

eyIgTaMgBIrnaklanmatza

minEdlmannrNaeTAbgMomnusSrablannakecjBITIR kugPMeBj

ya gemcGIecH . eyIgnwkza CadMNwgPUtkuhk . bJamYyeT[t KWkarsMercmincayluy eyIgminyl

RsbeT . EteRkaymkedayeyIgeC]s)bNaseTAehIy eyIgcaMEteC]kareXasnarbseG[gsarI . Kat
GHGagza CaviZankarbeNa HGasn eBalKWeyIgykGkRkecjBITIR kugedIm|IedaHRsaybJaes|{gmYyry;
sin ehIybnicmg> eyIgnwger[bcMoGkRsukmanCIvPaBCaZmtaeLIgvij .
gmanEdlTTYlsMbuR tBIb)unnIeT / sIumugsYr` . `RKvIk|alzaeT . sIumug Katza karNenH
minEmnCaer]gZmtaeT

Katbnza

enARsuk:raMg kalBYkhIuEtr

(Hitler) RKbR Kg k*enAmanbusi

RbsNIyEdr . cuHgGacBnl:neT RsukgsRg<amcbehIy enAEtGtmansMbuR tTMnakTMngKa eT[t

vaminZmtaeT RsukmYyGtsMbuR t Gtcayluy GtpSardUecH . `TalR ckrkGIeqIyeTAmit`minrYc .
`k*manmnilsgS&yxngEdr . CaBiesstaMgBIb)unnI cUlmkRsuk:t `GtEdl:nTTYlsMbuR tGVImYy
sresredaypaldKatmko`esaH . GVI>Edl`:nTTYlKWBYkmkeZVIebskkmenAbreTseKEtg:nZana

17

za miteyIgeTABIbreTs rYmbJlTaMgPriya`pg rsenAedaysuxsb|ayenAviTasa nCatiKruekaslRkug

PMeBj . bJamYyeT[t KWTMnakTMngkmCa nigev[tNam . eyIgecHEtsYr ehIysYreT[tza etIclna
bdivtnkmCa

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.

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karrMedaHPMeBjo:nmun

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karcabXatnava

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minGnuJatoyYnmkrMelaPEdnsmuR TeyIgeT .
mYyybmunnwgecjdMeNIr `:nsresrsMbuR tlamitd*CitsiT`mak . zEsk`nwgeLIgynehaH
RtLbcUlRsuk`vij `RbEhlCaKanvasnanwg:nCYbmitenAeBlqab>xagmuxenHeT . zenaH `:nla
kEngEdl`RsLajcUlcitedaysar:nZa b:nrsenACag10qaMkngmkehIy

`:nedIremIlCacug

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edImk . enAmatemRtU GUedGug `:nsUrGkcMer[gma k eRc[gbTcMer[g Azanavour sIBIPaBRseNaH
RsukkMeNIt . KatrMlwkeTsPaB RKYsar mitPki PUmikMeNItrbsKat . `nwkeXIjPUmikMeNIt` `Rsk
TwkEPkdUckUnekg . TwkEPkvahUrZakmkedaymindwgxn edayTbElgCab KWvaZayecjBIebHdUgEdl
GaeLaHGal&yRsukkMeNIt ehIyEdl`xMR bwgTbGseBl10dbmkehIy .
lixitenHRbEhlCasMbuR tcugeRkayrbs`ehIy . `eq{tOkaspvbtCIvit`enH bJakomitR Cab
eT[tza dUcCacdnNasEdl`mkcabkMeNItenAelITwkdImYydMutUcmYyeQaHehAza kmCa. cgmin
cg kgfan;`Edl:nZMdwgkIenAkgsg<mCatienH `manKuNsm|ti nigkgVHxatdUcCnrYmCati`epSgeT[t
Edr . `CanimitrUbnRbCaBlrdmYyEdlxkcitCabCanic edayeBldwgkIeLIg eXIjRbeTsrbsxnZab
ruger]g ZakcuHdundab rYmkanEttUceTA>minecHcbminecHehIy GseBl7stvtSmkehIy . mitGkGan
RbEhlCariHKn`za

cUlcitEteTArkkEngNamanTukedayxng k*buEntamBiteTA

`mindUecHeT `cg

sb|ayrIkraymansuPmg<ldUceKdUcgEdr . ehIy`mincgCYbRbTH nwgTukevTnaeT . EtTukevTnaEdl

ZMbMputEdl`minGacRTaM:n KWeBlNa`eXIjRbCaBlrdstRtg RtUveKbgMorsenAkgkarGtXan Rbmaz
emIlgay .
kngmkmandMNwgBIkgRsukrbs`xH eZVIo`manmnilsgS&y ehIymanTegVIxHEdl`minGacTTYl
yk:n eRBaHvapyRsLHBItmKtinCIvit` k*buEneTaHCaya gNak*eday `eC]ya gmutmaMza mnusSCMnan
`RtUvEth)aneZVIBlikmedIm|IExrCMnaneRkay:ns<alesckIzzr dUcRbCaCatieKepSgeT[t .

XXX
eBlecjdMeNIrkanEtxitCitmkdl . enARBlanynehaHhSaldWeh<a l manGkdMeNIrENn
Nantantab . GkxHes{kBakcgRkvatk EtPaKeRcInmansem{kbMBakR salsMrabeTAvisSmkal . Rkum
eyIgEdlRtUveZVIdMeNIrcUlRsukeBlenaHmanKaTaMgGs40nak . taMgBIz17 emsa 1975mk manExr
enAbreTsrabBannakehIy Edl:neZVImatuPUminivtn .

18

munecjdMeNIreyIgRbKlluykaksmar;

GkxHeT[tCIvPaBZUrZas&R KcitlkpHsEm|g

RTB

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enHRtUv:neZVIeLIgedayshkarICitsiTrbseG[gsarI EdlCaGkTTYlxusRtUvExrenAbreTs . esckIEzg
nGtbTenaHmann&yya gdUecH : eyIg`dUcmancuHhtelxaxageRkamenH CanisSit kmsikSaCn rdkar
eyaZa CaGtItCneP[sxnEdlRtUv:neKcabbgMomkeP[sxnenAGWrub nigshrdGaemrik kgkal;eTs;
nsRg<amQanBancRkBtiGaemrikRbqaMgnwgkmCa
etyvijzenHEtmg

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:neZVIeLIg

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RbjibRbjabtkR khlxVHBt(man

ggwtggl

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las BitR:kd EdltRbEkk:n BIkarrIkcMerIn mhaelatepaH mhaGsa r enARKbvis&ynkmCa
RbCaZibety taMgBIzrMedaHCaRbvtisaRs17 emsa 1975 .
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d*ZMeZg EdlCasad nigeTBekasl d*mhimanRbCaCnkmCad*GgGacka han . dUecHehIyBYkCnman
suqn; GsTaMgenaH elakminqlGVITaMgGsBImUlehtuEdlCMrujoCnCatiExrenAbreTsnaMKaRbjabR bjal
sRsaksRsaMcUleTAkanR sukkMeNItrbsxnvij .
shKmnGnrCati

EdlEtgEtKaMR TRbCaCnkmCa

kgeBlCYbRbTHnwgkarlM:k

nwgc|as

CamanemaTnPaB bItiesamnsS eRtkGbGrsresIrcMeBaHkmCaRbCaZibety . CamYyKa enHEdr cRkBti

Gaemrik nigbriva EdlEtgrkSaTuknUvKMnMuKMuKYn sgswk QanIscMeBaHRbCaCnkmCa EdlmanesckIka han
h)ants)UR TaMR TcMeBaHRKbkarlM:ksBVEbbyag edIm|IdeNImykC&yCMnHrbsBYkeK . QrelIGMeBIKMuKYn
d*GaRsUvenHehIy :nCatamry;k|almasIuneXasnabMBkbMBul jHjg e:kR:s rbsBYkeK eK:n
nwgkMBugEtdMeNIrkarya gskmR KbeBlevla edIm|IbMPkarBit ykRtUvzaCaxus ykexAzaCas Rbmaz
emIlgay nigGkdwknaMkmCa kgTisedAkMeTckmCaRbCaZibety .
kareXasnabMBkbMBulenH manTisedAc|aslasNas KWedIm|IomtiCati nigGnrCati PanR cLM
manCMen]za enAkmCasBVz manGMeBIRBpS smabrg<a ldUcBYkeKGHGagR:kdEmn .
ebIdUcBakeKza

GkdwknaMrdGMNacsBVz

niym eXareXAniym .l.nig.l.

CaRkummnusS packarRBpS

EmnenaH

ceg{tcglR Cul

etIeKGacBnl:neT zaetIya gdUcemc:nCa

RbCaCnkmCaGacdeNImC&yCMnH:nya gqabrh&sRKbvis&ydUecH / etIeKGaceC]:neTEdlzaRbCaCn

mYyEdlRbwgERbgts)Uya gsVitsVa j RbqaMgnwgGMeBIGyutiZm( CiHCan nwgTTYlTukesaknadkmR KbEbbya g
enAeBlEdl:nGMNac ehIyRtLbCaykGMeBIEdlxnsbexImenaHmkRbRBwtxngeTAvij / BYkeyIg`mYy
cMnYn Edl:nRtUvemTahanRbtikiriyabgMoeLIgnavartecalRsukzrMedaHCati17emsa1975 RtUveKbJn
eTAdakenAkgCMrMuCneP[sxnenAshrdGaemrik ehIy:nTTYlnUvsRg<amcitsaRsd*BisBul nigkarRbmaz
QanIsedaypalxn

BYkeyIgxHeT[t

RtUv:neKykeTAecalenAkgCMruMCneP[sxnenARbeTszLg

19

eyIg:nylc|aslasNas nUvkarRbDiter]grbsma sIuneXasnarbsBYkcRkBtinigbriva . enACMrMuCn

eP[sxneKminrujranwgTijmnusSedIm|IoRbDiter]gEdleKcg:n nigeZVIrUbztEkgkaybnMmtiCati nigGnr
Cati .
eZVIenA:rIs ExTI7 qaM1977

XXX
enAkgvalIs`manPYymYy exaGavexABIsMrab nigmugmYy zaMduHeZj sab)U es[vePAsresrmYy
cMnYn es[vePAGan ehIyCaBiesszaMeBTd*eRcIn manCIvCati, KInIn, eNvaKIn .l. BitEmnEteKza min
:cykeRcIn Et`xMyk tamEdlGacykeTA:n .
eBllaKacugeRkay ; -sresrmkelgkMuxan !
-:TminGIeT! caMCYbKazeRkay
-bniceT[tCYbKaenAPMeBj !
ynehaH ehaHeLIgsMedAeTATIR kugebkaMg . taMgBIz17 emsa 1975mk eKRtUvEtqgkattam
ebkaMg edIm|IeTAPMeBjtamynehaH . rdGMNaczI bgMosanTUtnanaenAPMeBjbiTTVa r . elIkElgEt
sanTUtmYycMnYndUcCacin ev[tNam lav Kuy: . kgcMeNamGkeZVIdMeNIrTaMg40nakelIkenH manGk
eZVIdMeNIr4nakEdleKykcitTukdakCaBiessdUcCamanGktMNagsanTUtcinmkCUndMeNIr . kgcMeNam
smaCikTaMg4nakrbsR KYsarenH

elakyayex[v

mancMNasCageK

KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgat

es{kBakdUcRsIcas>ExrKYroeKarB . BitEmnEtKatmanv&ycMNas EtragkayKatenAmaMTMngCaGkman

suxPaBl . KatCamnusSRsKtR sKM minsUvniyaysIeT . KatCamatarbseG[gZIriT rdmRnIR ksYg
sg<mkic Priyarbs eG[g sarI EdlCabnaykrdmRnI nigCardmRnIR ksYgkarbreTs kmCaRbCaZib
ety . enAGmelakyay mankUnRsIKatBIrnak . eG[g ZIrat mancMNasbnicehIy GayuR bEhl
40qa M

KatCasaRsacarmZmsikSa

KatGtmanRKYsareT .

suxPaBminGnueRKaH

TwkmuxRBYy

KatEtgEttjBICmWQWk|al . Gakb|kiriyarbsKathakdUcCasKsa jminRsLHkgcit EdldUcCaeZVI

dMeNIrcUleTARsukvijTaMgeTIsTal .

kUnRsImakrbselakyay CaPriyaelakRsIzun . KatCamnusS

RsKtR sKMstbUtdUcma y. EteBlenHebIemIlBIeRkAeXIjhakdUcCaKatmanesckIxVlxVayminRsYlbunan

Edrkgpvcit . eKminGacsnidan:nza KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatdUecHedaymUlehtuGVIc|aslaseT .
eKmindwgza

KatxVlxVaydUecHedaysarKatkMBugmanTukesakedaysBbIKat k*edaysarKatsKsa j

RBYycitminRCHRsLHkgkarcUlRsuk edaysarktaTaMgBIrenHpSMKa . elak RsI zun sVamIKateTIbTTYl

mrNPaBenARkugEb)LaMg (Berlin) kalBIeBlzI>enH

edaysarCmWebHdUg .

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saZarNrdExrRbcaMR beTsGalWmgxagekIt . bgbnRsI>rbseG[g ZIriT TaMgBIrnakenH ebItameKdwg

KanRbkanneya:yxagNac|aslaseT . ehIyelakRsI RsI zun enAmanCMen]elIBuTsasna yag
mutmaM . KatykZatubIKatmkCamYyedayKatniyayzm>GMBIKMeragrbsKatodwgzaeBleTAdlR sukPam
KatnwgnimnR BHsgsUR tZm( eZVIbuNbJHsBsVamIrbsKatenAectiymYyedIm|IoKatsMrak:nsuxsantam
RbBNIR BHBuTsasna

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. nagbg

eTIbEtcUler[nenAmhaviTal&y manTwkmuxRsgUtRsgat . RbEhlCanagcUlRsukedaysarRKYsarbgM

20

k*nwkGaeLaHGal&ykarsikSaenA:rIsmindwg . bnRbusnagBIrnakeT[tenACMTgenAeLIy minTaner[ncb

mZmsikSaenAeLIyeT ehIyhakdUcCabeNayxntamEtvasna

kUnc|grbselak RsI zun eQaH

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xagsUev[tdUcnisSitmYycMnYnenAmUs<eBlenaHEdr . caneZ]n minsitenAkgcMeNamGkeZVIdMeNIrzenHeT .
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sUreBlenaH KateTAdlR sukExryUrmkehIy .
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Kuy: . h Kwms)a g maDZMxs TwkmuxsatsM GayuR skr` KatZaber[nenAsUev[t ehIyCaGtItsmaCik
smaKmshPaBnisSitExrenAmUs<dUccaneZ]nEdr . `Zabs<alKatyUrmkehIy . KatCamnusSstbUt
Nas . PriyaKatmanINa KIrIvat CaGtIttarakPaBynExr kalCMnansemcsIhnu . manINa Ca
buR tIrbshYtsm|ti GtItkGK<raCTUtExr enAGg<karshRbCaCati . `ZabeXIjKatenAkgkuntaMgBIKat
enACakumarIemH .

zenHCaelIkTI1Edl`:neXIjKatedaypa lEPk . ehIyeXIjza KatmansRms

CagenAkger]gPaByneTAeT[t . kgdMeNIreTARbeTskmCa Kates{kBaksMBtexA GavexA dUcyuTnarI

bdivtn k*buEnsmsSrbsKatk*enAEtelceZa dEdl . Katminvay#kCatarak kacrag EtCamnusSZmta
dUceKdUcg . manINa nigh Kwms)a g mankUnRsImYyGayuR bmaN6qa M mansmsSdUcmaynagEdr.
enAeBleZVIdMeNIr h Kwms)a g nigmanINa nig` niyayKataMgBIecjBI:rIs rhUtdlebkaMg . eyIg
niyayBIkaleyIgenAer[nsUR tenA:rIs mUs< Lahavan .
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eBlenaHenAelIGakas

eyIgGt:nKiteXIjesaHza

enHCaelIkcugeRkayehIyEdleyIgmanOkas

sMeNHsMNalKa EbbenH .
eZVIdMeNIrCMnaneyIgzenHEdr

manekg>enACMTgmYyRkumEdlBukmayBYkeKs&R KcitbJnocUl

Rsukmun. GkxHkMBuger[nenAbfmsikSa xHcUlmZmsikSa eKsuxcitpakkarer[nsUR tenAbreTs edIm|IcaM

eTAer[nenAkgRsukExrvij .
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kgcMeNamGkeZVIdMeNIrCamYyeyIgeBlenH

manGtItnayTahan

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mkBIshrdGaemrik . enAkgcMeNamenaHmanCaGaT Kwm eP]kem]g ExrkmCaeRkam CaGkCMnajkar
xagreTHtg . ehg tayemg nayTahanCanxsmankMeNItBIR sukCamYy` .l. BYkGtItkgT&Bexmr
PUminTaMgenH manGkxHCaGtItkmsikSa nigGkxHrtecjBIR sukExrenAzTI17 emsa 1975 .
nayTahanTaMgenH suTEt:nGanes[vePA dMeNIreqaHeTATisxaglic rbs nYn eX]n ehIy
eKsR &KcitR bKlxnedIm|IkarBarRBMEdnExr .
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zres[lehIytamema genAebkaMg . bnabBIeKEqkrklixitqgEdnbnicmk eyIgTaMgGsKa k*:necjBI
Gakasyandan

enAxageRkAyuvCnBIrnak

tMNagsanTUtExrcaMTTYleyIg .

TaMgBIrnakmanGayu

RbmaN20qaM BakGavsWmIdxIBN(s ragdUckUnsisSBIedIm . makragxsbnic maneZjxagmuxdg,vsIu .

21

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RKYsareG[gsarI eG[g ZIriT RtUvRksYgkarbreTscin GeJIjoeTAsMrakenAvimanTTYleP\{v .
cMENkBYkeyIg :nnaMKaeTAsMrakenAsNaKarmYyenACitcMNtGakasyan . eRkayBI:nsMrak
bnicmk `nigmitrYmdMeNIrbIbYnnakepSgeT[t k*:neTAkansanTUtExrtamkarKYrsm . enAtampveyIg
eXIjmankgCaeRcInlayLMnigLankaMmIjgrabminGs

enAsgxagpvecjBIsNaKar

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zlR kugPMeBj

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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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emIleyIgedIrtMrgeTABYkeK . dleBleyIgedIreTAkanEtCit eyIgeXIjeKmak>es{ kBakexaGavexArEhk
ryIkryakdUcknb . eyIgs<alzaBYkeKsuTEtmkBIbreTs . eyIgP\akxneRBItZakezImKk esIrxlKsnb
:tsa rtI EteyIgxMR bwgjjwmeTAeK ehIyeKhakdUcCajjwmtbmkeyIgvijminecj . eyIgEbkKaminTan
:nmYyqaMpg emIlKa swgElgs<aleTAehIy . hYsBIkarsan Kitmindl . mak>s<mslEtEs|k nig
qwg . zleLIgpt GkxHeLIgragekag xHekItCmWEs|kdMe ekItERsg ekItPW xHeZjeLIgexA xHeT[t
RKh)ub . `nwkeXIjrUbztBYkhSIv

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dUcCamnusSmkBIPBmYyepSgeT[t EbkRsLHBIkalEdleyIgZabs<al . GkERsBIedIm KatKanrUbrag

dUecHeT enHdUcmnusSecjBIfannrkGJwg .
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KruekaslEdl`Zabs<alsitenACitvimankraC . LvenH`dUcCaElgylGIGsrlIgehIy . mak>

27

manTwkmuxmaM . eKElgecHjjwmrYsrayehIy . ebIecHjjwmk*GtjjwmecjEdr EteKxMeZVItamsMbk

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eTAvij .
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ERkgeKGacR:b`odwgGVI:nxH . `mindwgCaGkNaGacR:b`:n . BImunmanGkCitdit EtLvdUc
minc|asesaH . `rkemIlnrNamakEdlmanTwkmux bJakza `GacniyayCamYyeK:n . emIlcuHemIl
eLIg `enAEtminh)an . caMemIlsPaBkarNbniceT[tsin eRBaHeZVIminRsYlxacxusq<g . GkEdl`CYb
GtmannrNah)anniyaydUcmuneT . eKeZVIoeyIgylza eKmincgoeyIgmankarTakTgeKdUcBImuneLIy.
eRkaymkeTIbetyIgdwgza smUhPaBCaEPkmas eKtamdanemIlKa eTAvijeTAmk . mYysnHeRkaymk
`RkeLkeXIjPriya`BIcma y Katk*emIlmk`vijEdr . `nwksgwmza KatR bEhlCanwgedIrmkrk`ehIy
eRBaHBYkeTIbmkdl eKocaMenATIenH . EtRKanEteXIjmYyEPt Katk*bndMeNIrCamYyRkumKat:teTA .
`xkcitehIykanEtxVlEzmeT[t .
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enACitkEnghUb:ysmUhPaB mancRg,an:ysmUhPaB . mancRg,anZMb>bI . elIcRg,anBIrmanxHetat
enABIelIePIgBuHkeRJalhuyEpSgRTub . GkeZVI:ysuTEtRsI> . tamPasabdivtn eKoehARsI>za narI .
narI4-5nak kMBughanbEn eZVIenHeZVIenaHenAkgcRg,an . GkTaMgenaHsuTEtBYkEdl`Zabs<alBImun k*
buEneBleXIjeyIg eKminmkrakTaksYrsuxTukGITaMgGs . `RKanEtemIlmuxeK ehIyk*Gth)ansYrnaMGVI
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enaHKatmanragRkGajmaM ehIyEtgmanesckIrIkray TnPnCabCanic . LvrUbPaBenHvadUrGsehIy.
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evCbNit Guin sUkan . CanarIEdlZa ber[nBUEkEdr edayKatmansJabR&tvisVkrbeckeTs ehIys<al
mnIrk15enHc|asNas eRBaHKatCaGtItnisSitvisVkrenATIenHEtmg EdlkalBIedImeQa HehAza viTasan
beckeTsmitPaBExr-sUev[t .
eKR:bodwgza enAkgmnIrk15enH eyIgGacedIr:nTisxagt|gdlrbgenAtambeNaymhavizI
PMeBj eBaZicintug . TisxaglicGacedIrdlrbgGaKarmYyEdleKsanzaCamnIrCYsCuleRK]gPaByn
CMnankmCaRbCaZibety eRBaHeBlxHeKGacsUrsemgkunEdleKbJaMgsakl|g . TisxageCIg BIrEx
dMbUg eKGacedIr:nEtRbmaNmEmR tBIGaKarbueNa H . EtdleRkaymkeT[t eKoeyIgeTAkabq,aredImeQI
eZVIesA ruHerIpH sMGatdI edIm|IeZVICasYnbEn nigeZVIERs . BIeBlenaHmk enATisxageCIgeyIgGacedIrdlpv
reTHePIg ebIKitCacmayRbEhl500EmR t BIkEngeyIgenA . xagekItvij eyIgGacedIr:nRtwmEtGaKar
TI2 . eyIgminGacedIr:nhYsBIenHeT . GaKarZMxagekIt EdleKhameyIgminoedIreTACitenaH kalBI

28

edImeLIyCaGaKarviTasanbeckeTsmitPaBExr-sUev[t . BIedImkUnsisSmker[nRtUvcUltampvenH Edl

manpaksresrGkSrZM>dakza viTasanbeckeTsmitPaBExr-sUev[t . LvpakenHeKdkecj:tehIy.
kgCMnanExrRkhm kEngenHCaTIsakkarsalaneya:yrbsGg<karbdivtn Edlman Pum CaGkTTYl
xusRtUvsalaneya:yrbsbkS .
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suTEtzITaMgGs . KatbgkRkma . niyaydUckmaPi:lExrRkhm xaMgkadacxat minRsBicRsBil
minsRmuHsRmYl . KatQbeRbIBakza `sMuniyay EtCMnYseday eyIg`sMueZV
I eTsnam . `Ca
buK<lniym eyIg CasmUhPaB . dUecHedayGg<kardakEpnkarkMeTcbuK<lniym eyIgRtUveRbIBak
za eyIg` vij .
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za <<edayyktamKMrUkarlHbgrbsR bCaCnkmCaCaTIesharbseyIg EdlQrelImaK(a kraCmaskar
xn TIBwgxn xnkankabvasnaedayxngeyIgk*:nsMercvaysMrukbg,beg,InplenAkgmnIrrbseyIg edIm|I
o:nRKbR Kanxages|{gGahar kMuoenACaTmnrbsGg<kareyIg . taMgBIeyIg:nsMercGnuvtnEpnkarEdl
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KavaysMrukkabKasykzecj edIm|IrMedaHykdImkbg,beg,Inpl . eyIg:ndaMbEnR KbmuxdUcCa saLat
s Rtsk nenag RtLac eXak .l. eyIgnwgxMerI pHcas>ecjoGs edIm|ImanOkaseZVIBlkm
ltdMxneyIgo:neTACaCnbdivtnpg nigbg,beg,Inpl edIm|IkraCmaskarN QbCiHCanR bCaCneyIg
eT[tpg . sMukMuePcza rhUtdlsBVzenH eyIgEdlCabJCn minTanGacrsenAedaykraC maskarN
enAeLIyeT . eyIgenARtUvkarkarbtmBIR bCaCn edIm|IciJwmkarhUbcukRbcaMzrbseyIg>> .
enAeBlEdl ehar kMBugsUR temer[noeyIgsab `ecalEPkenACMuvij` . kalBImunGaKarTaMgBIr
enHman5Can eZVIeLIgmYycMENksMrabosaRsacarrusSIEdlmanebskkmmkkmCakgRkbx&NshRbtibti
karExr-sUev[t rsenA mYycMENkeT[tCazaker[n . hYsBIenHbnicmanGaKarmYyeT[tEdlmanragsat
CagenH CamnIrcatkar nigsal Amphithetre . xageRkayqayBIenH manbwgRBlwt ehIyhYsBIbwg
enH enAmanpHmYycMnYnsgeLIgenACitpvreTHePIg . enAmuxGaKarTaMgenHkalBIedImmansYnc|arRbkbeday
p,aRKbmux ebIR keLkemIleTAkgTwk eKeXIjmanp,aQUk edImRBlwt EdlEpp,aRKbrdUv . k*buEnLvenH
eyIgGteXIjmanp,aeT[tehIy . eyIgeXIjmanzaldaMbEnR Kbmux . sUm|IEtTIlanelg:lTH

k*eK

ykeZVICakEngdaMbEnEdr . beg<aldaks| eKdaMnenag RtLac emIleTARssbMR BgmanEpBaseBj .

CYrsENkeRTIgk*duHlNasEdr

eKeXIjmanGkkMBugEteRsacdakCIelx1 . ehar sUR temer[nbn

za eyIgKasedImeQIGtR beyaCnecjGsehIy . eyIgxMsMrukdaMEtbEnbg,ar nigedImeQIoplykmk

hUb:n . kEngeZVIkILaeyIgKasrMelIgecalesIrGsehIy . ralzeyIgeZVIBlkmtaMgBIR Blwmdl
yb . eZVIBlkmk*dUcCahatkILaEdr eRbIkmaMgdUcKa . dUecHehIy:nCaGg<kareyIgQbomankILacMNay
kmaMgecaltRbeyaCn . kgsg<mbdivtneyIg eyIgmak>eZVIkILaralz . vaxusKaRtgkEngeyIg min
cMNaykmaMgBlkmR bjayKarttam:ldc
U BImun . ebIzNakarRbkYtkILaGULaMBik eKsMercomankar
RbkYtRbNaMgKasgRsUv kmCaRbCaZibetyeyIgnwgcUlrYmoc|asCa:nemdaymas .

29

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sYr Gth)anRbEkk lanmatGVITaMgGs . bniceRkaymk enAkEnghUb:ydEdl eyIgRkeLkeXIj
kumareyaZaBIrnakedIrtRmgeTArkkEngEdleyIgTukvalI . mak>saykaMePIgenAelIsa

esIrEtcgGUsdI

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eharR:bza Gg<karoBYkeKmkEqkvalIBYkeyIgeTIbmkdl . eKedIrmkCiteyIg EteKGtemIlmuxBYkeyIg
eT rYceKcabebIkvalIEqkemIlvaneyIg . valIxHeKykvanecjGs . valIxHeT[t eKykecjxH .
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CazmYyEdl`kalmunmkdl

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kMeNItrbs`eLIgvij pyeTAvijvaka yeTACazmYyEdl`mincgonrNamakCYbRbTHesaHeLIy .

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xSwbsYrKaeTAvijeTAmkza eKoeyIgeZVIGIeT[tehIy . mgeT[t eyIgdwgxnza eyIgzyeRkayvijElgekIt
ehIy . manGkeZVIdMeNIrmkCamYy`mak:nxSwbR:bza kalenAeBaZicintugKatsUreyaZamak niyay
edayemaTnPaBza

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mitPki Edl:nmkeXIjkarBitCakEsgdUecHehIy emc:nCaeBlCYbenAeRkARbeTs eKenAEtCMrujoBYk
eyIgcUlRsukeT[t / etIeKenAEteC]RCHRsLH TaMgTsSn; TaMgstiGarmNEmn k*eKbgMxnoeZVIdUecH/
mYyvijeT[tBYkGkEdlcUlRsukmun`

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critEbkxusBImunRsLH etIeKdUrEmnk*eKRtUvEteZVIdUecH / GVIEdlcEmkGsarEzmeT[tenaHKWGakb|kiriya

rbsb)unnI Priya`Etmg . `mkdlyUrEdrehIy enAEtmineXIjKatmkrk` . `mkzIminh)anedIrreht
rhUteT . eKminoeyIgedIrehIrtamciteLIy . munenHbnic`:neXIjKatBIcmaymYyEPt . eXIjKat
edIrCamYyeKg . KatgakmuxemIlmk` TwkmuxesI ehIyk*bndMeNIreTAmuxeT[teTA . KansJa NamYy za
mannrNmako`dwgza

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eXIj`eT . `eXIjKateLIgs<m `nwkPamsayeRkayminKYrNaeLIy elIkTwkcitocUlRsukesaH .

30

eBlsatbnic

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d ema g5lacemagenAPMeBj . ZatuGakaskanEtekA yUr kinsykanEtocMhaysymut . ruyexAZM>
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eQICab>KaputBIdI ehIydakZugsaMgRTBIeRkam . lamkeKykeTAlayepH eZVICaCIrelx1 . Twkenam
CaCIrelx2

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Cagmun `enAEts<alKatc|as . `dwgza KatCa can cUlRsukCiHynehaHCamYyb)unnI . eBleXIj
Kat `GrNas k*sHeTAsYr EteBlKateXIj` KatEbrCaeZVImineXIjeTAvij .
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kMBgesam .
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enAqayBIKa . bnabBI:nsYrsuxTukR KYsareyIgenAbreTs b)unnI sYr`za etI`manhUb:yo:neBj
eBaHeT / `eqIyza `elbminrYc . Katxkcit ehIyR:bo`xMelbeTA bniceT[teKElgoBYkmkdlzI
hUb:yehIy ehIymkhUbbbrrav>dUcRKbKa . xan:n:yhUbyUrKatXanNas . RsmeXIj
:y`RskTwkmat Katniyay . sUrKatniyaydUecH `GYledImk k*buEn`EdlminTandleBlGt
dUcKat Kitmin:ndleT .
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-ykmkbnicbnc . Gtdwgza RtUvkarGJwg, `eqIy
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-eKGtTanR :bpg . emceKGtoeyIgenACamYyKaeTya gemc /

31

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Tar

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vaRKanebINaseTAehIy . emcminBi:keBkeTya gemc / buNwgRTaM:neT /
-Bi:kvaBi:kehIy . RTaM:nmin:n eyIgGtmanGIerIseRkABIR TaMeT . eyIgxMR TaMdUceKdUcg.
`cgyks,rRKaboKat k*buEnKatR :bolakTuksin kMuoeKeXIj . KatR :b`bEnmza enA
TIenHeKykrUbPaBCaZM . kMuniyayelIkdI kMuniyayykdRctceg,H dUc`manTmab . eKzaCaGakb|kiriya
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KatxMelIkTwkcit`eTAvij . enHCaGakb|kiriyamYyka hanRTaMR TcMeBaHkarlM:k d*KYros\bEs\g . ebI`
CaKatvij `minCaRTaMR TkarlM:kdUcKat:nGteT .
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`mindwgeKeTAeZVIGVIxHeT . EtGkxHxnTTwkeCaK GkxHeT[tRbLakPkBIk|aldleCIg htehvTnelVIy
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:nCaBYkEdl:nrs :neRkbCJksannrkenHehIy EbrCaeTACYyxagGg<karykbgbn mitPkixn
ocUlmkeZVIGVIeT[t / `mineC]zaBYkGkEdleyIgCYbenAbreTs eZVIedaymaneKalbMNgsgswk cgeZVI:b
eyIgeT . eKPUtPrkuhkedaysuTcit / ehIy`k*mineC]za eKeTAek[gKreyIgBIbreTs BIPMeBj edayeK
bgitbgMeT .

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mitPkixncUlmkbMerIGg<kardEdl .
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mak> EbrCaRsLaMgkaMgrkylminTaneXIj . GkxHBYnyM . KannrNamYyesIcecjeT[teLIy . kumarI
kUn manIra KIrIvat yMTamTareTA:rIsvij . mayxMlYgkUn . h Kwmsag CaBukenAes{m smwgemIleTA
dImindwgzaemc . KatxSwbza KatZa bs<alR beTssg<mniymCaeRcIn ehIyZa benARsukcin RsuksUev[t
enAKuy: KatminEdlsanRsukeyIgGIxuseKTaMgRsugyagenHesaH . eTaHCaBukmayxMlYgya gemc k*
nagenAEtyMTamTareTAenACamYyCIdUnvijdEdl . CIdUnnag elakRsI hYt sm|ti Kat:nsMerccitenA
:rIs mincUlRsukvijeT .
enAeBlCithUb:y eKcakceRm[gbdivtn kMdrbriyakas Edlmann&y RbCaCnkmCa taMgBI
rMedaHmkmansuPmg<l rsenAkgsg<mzI kmCaRbCaZibety eKTaMgLayrsenAedayesrI manhUbcuk
RKbR Kan mansem{kbMBaksmrm edaysarGg<karbdivtnd*mhaPWsVag mhaGsar . bTceRm[geK
ebIkyag hakdUcCaeKcgoeyIgylza sannrkEdleyIgkMBugqgkatenH ebIsinCaeyIgemIleXIjza

32

CasannrkenaH

eyIgmanelakTsSn;xus

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eTIbeyIgmaneKalCMhrRtwmRtUv .
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edayELkBIsmaCiknmnIrepSgeT[t . eyIghUb:yCarbbeP\{v . eyIgman:y nigmbBIrmux ; smr

mrRtkYn nigqap,aRBlwt . eyIgeXIjGkhUb:ytuCiteyIg hUbbbrmanBN(exA RBIk . eyIgdwgxnza
BYkeKRkeLkmkemIleyIgGkmkdlzI hUbmYy>edayRskTwkmatCMnYs .
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eshaeyIgRKb>Ka d*mhima
nwgmkdlzI

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lM:k GtmantjEtrGVITaMgGs . kMuePcza eyIgTaMgGsKacUlRsuk edIm|Imker[nsUR tBIbgbnksikr

nigkmkr . `sgwmza mitEdleTIbEtmkdlzI nigGbGrsaTrvaytmxs nUvsNancitd*Bisidrbs
Gg<kareyIgEdler[bcM:yCbel[gbgbnenH .
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GaRkkemH / smrenHGtmansacR tIR sseT . kalenAbreTs BukKatEtgniyayza RsukeyIgsMbUrRtI
Nas . CakarBitehIy smrenHGtmanGIdUceyIgZabhUbBIedImeT . smrmrRtkYndakR bhuk EdlZMukin
syKYroexIm . RbhukEbbenHeKrk:nenAtampHGkPMeBjTukecal . yUr>eyIgRbTHeXIjdMuEs|kRtIR : .
`sanRbehleg[tRtIR :EdleKerIs:nehIyemIleTA .
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za `hUb:n:ybunancan/ `eqIyza :nmYycanGtXanKatzacabBIEskeTARtUvxMhUbo:nyag
ticBIrcaneTIbZnrYc . xMjaM:yeTA enATaneBleKohUb bniceT[teKohUbbbrdUceKdUcgehIy eBl
enaH:ndwgxnsa yeRkay eBlman:yminxMTTYlTan . yUrNasehIyEdl`xan:nhUb:y . sUrEt
:yRskTwkmat `Rsm:n:yhUbmindwgqajyagemceT . KatniyayBakenHedaymanTwkmuxrlIg
relag .
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tamBit:yEdleKoeyIgTTYlTanenH

min

cMCa:yeT . zabbreQa ldUcRtUvCag . Gg,reT[tesat k*manlayRKabR sUvya geRcIn ehIyman

KuNPaBGnNas .
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eKsgsMrabBYksaRsacarenA . LvenHeKoBYkeyIgEdlKanRKYsarsMNakenAkg3 4nakkgmYybnb .
mkdlbnb `dakxgelIERkedk emIlBidan emIlGMBUlEmR tEdlmanExSePIgryIkryak . cabepImraRtI
TI1kgRsukeyIgvij . enABidan ExS GMBUlePIg manstVmmgrabminGsecamePIg . hakdUcCavaRbNaMg
KaelgCamYyePIg GkNaBUEkCageK bHePIgmuneK GkhwgRKanebI . stVxHeT[tminTan:neTAdlePIgpg
k*R tUvCIgck nigEzn EdlmanBaseBj Rt:ksIuCacMNI . eXIjdUecH`eRb[beZ[bnwgvasnaBYk` Edl
xMmkBIbreTs minKYrNaeLIy eyIgeZVIdUcstVmmgdUecHesaH . `dwgxnza `minGacvilzyeRkay:neT.
`cabepImrsenAkgkarXMuXaMg EdlRtUvhatrsenA KanGtItkal KanGnaKtkal .

33

BYkGkdwknaMExrRkhm cattukkarEdleKGacxabBYkeyIgcUlRsuk:n CaC&yCMnHrbseK . ebIeK

dakTisoeyIgmkehIy enARKbR cklkeCIgemXNa k*eKxabRsUbykmk:nEdr . BakxabRsUbenH
CaBakeKeRbIkger]gburaN . GkmanbuNkabminmut dutminecH dUcGg<karGaceZVIGVIk*:nEdr . eKRsUb
eyIgdUcma sIunbUmsMramRsUbZUlI . mYyvijeT[t`nwkeXIjeBlcuHBIynehaHenAeBaZicintug . GtmannrNa
eTATTYl . mnusSmaTaMgRsI TaMgRbus es{kBakexA . `ZabeXIjtamrUbzt EtdleBlmkCYbpal
ZakezImkk RBWk|alcgZakBIsa . enAtampveBaZicintugsatQwg . pHbgRbus`eLamB&TedayrukCati
BaseBjesIrEtKanpvcUl . `nwkeXIjsmICneP[sxn Edl`mineC]kalenA:rIs . `nwkeXIjBak
rbseG[g sarI Edl`xMeC] enAPMeBj RbCaCncabcUlmkrsenAPMeBjvijCabeNIr>vijehIy . GVI>
Edl`:neXIjrhUtdleBlenH KanGVICaZmtaesaH .
xlR tCak:nbkcUltambgcrMePIy> . RkeLkemIleTAeRkAybggwtQwg hakdUcCaenAkNa l
RBsatR CgM . `xMep{gRtec[kERkgsUrsemgGVImYy . sUm|IEtEq,k*KansUrRBusEdr .
EskeLIg RBlwmRsag> `sUrsemgCYg . bniceRkaymk tambgc `RkeLkeXIjeKer[bKa
CaCYr> tammuxRBYj . bniceRkaymk eKsUrsemgeKarBTgCatikmCaRbCaZibety .
QamRkhmeqA RkalenAelIR bzBI QamEdlBlI rMedaHRbCaCn Qamkmkr ksikr bJCn
QamyuvCn yuvnarI bdivtn

..

bna bmkeT[t eKk*naMKa edIrCaCYr>tamRkumedIm|IeTAvaysMruktammuxRBYj EdlGg<kardako . eyIg

GkmkdlzI eKminTanoeZVIGVIeT . eKTukoeyIgka bsPaBkarN:nsin eTIboeTAvaysMrukCamYyeKg.
`nwkeXIjcgkaehVTwkedaHeKa nMbu&gCamYyTwkXM Edl`manTmabhUbenARsuk:raMg eBlP\akBIdMeNkenA
eBlRBwkmunnwgecjeTAeZVIkar . eBaHvakUrsUrRKUk> . eyIgGtmanGIdakeBaHeT kMuzaeLIydlnMb&ug sUm|I
Et:ykkk*GtmanEdr .
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`eTAjaMbbrQamRCUk KuyTav TwkedaHeKa CamYymitPki . `nwkeXIjmnusSkuHkr eZVIdMeNIrtampv.
enAelIcieJImzl eKdaklkvanBaseBj . nwkeXIjRBHsgnimtbiN:Rt . `nwkxngza Lv
enHpSark*Gt GkeZVIdMeNIrk*Kan enHCasg<mzI / etInrNaeLIycgrsenAdUecH /
sKsa jkgxYrk|al `cuHeTAeRkam . `nwkeXIjyaycas>mYycMnYn eZVIkarkMbuikkMbukCitcRg,an
:y . elakyay Giun sYr` eKg:neT/ `eXIjKatragcasCagmuneRcIn skkatxI zalpt .
TwkmuxdUcCamnusSmanTukZn Gssgwm . kalenA:rIs `EtgEtniyayelgCamYyKatCajwkjab.
KatCamnusSmansuxPaBrwgmaM minEdlQWGVIeT . BitEmnEtKatmanv&ycMNasehIyk*eday EtKatenA
rwgbwug ragRsLHxs dMeNIrRtgPwg sacragmaM . sVamIKatCaGtItecAhVayext . k*buEnedayGP&BV man
eRKaHzakcaksanecalKatCayUrNasmkehIy . taMgBIsVamIKatsa beTA Kat:nbI:cEzrkSaGbrMkUn
KatTaMg8nak o:ner[nsUR tcbcugcbedImRKb>Ka . eKkRmeXIjRKYsarExrNamYymansMNagGaco
kUner[n:neCaKC&ydUcRKYsarKatEdlTaMgGsKa catTukzaCaBUCer[nBUEk . edayELkCagenHeTAeT[t
RKYsarKatminEdleZVIkCakUnnamWunGIeT pyeTAvijeKmak>suPaBrabsar mantmKtixs RsLajkar

34

satsM . elakyayGiun minEdlTMnasCamYykUnKateT . KatCaGkRsLajkarer[nsUR t EtKatminCaGk

KitKUrneya:yGImaMTaMgduckUunKateT .
eBlsRg<amqaM1973

Kat:neP[sxnmkenARsuk:raMgCamYykUn>Kat . edImqaM1976 Kat:n

RtLbcUlmkRsukvij . LvenH eRkABIkUnRsIKatmak KatmindwgkUnepSg>eT[tenANaeT . elakyay

Giun k*dUcCayay>ta>epSg>eT[tEdr KatlM:kcitxnKatpg KatGaNitGasUrkUnecAKat nigBYkekg>
EdlKateXIjevTnapg . KatecHEtKitkgcitza er[nsUR tecHdwgbuNwgEdr minKYrcaje:keKmkevTna
dUecHesaH

eBlCYbKat

zVIt|itEtKatmankarRbugRby&txHkgkarniyaysI

mUldandUckalBImun . BYkExrRkhmeKzaKatcasR CulEkElg:nehIy .

k*KatmanGakb|kiriyaCa
elakyay:ner[brabGMBI

RBwtikarNepSg>EdlKat:neXIjtaMgBIKatcUlmkdlR suk . tU hughYt nisSitmkBIR suk:raMgmak :n

elatBIbgcCanTIbIsma bxn

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KatmkBI

Bordeau.

hak visVkr

XaneBk hutbbrkMBugBuH EbkRkBHsnbGtdwgxn eKdwkykeTAeBT . LveKmindwgsa b rseT /

xHeKza RkBHKatZay RbEhlCasabehIyemIleTA .
tamBt(man manmnusSeRcInnakNas Gssgwmcgsmabxn . GkxHeT[tTamTareTAeRkARsuk
vij . Gg<kardwkykeTA:tCabnbnabtaMgBIz15Z 1975 EdlCazelIkTI1 ExrenAbreTscabepIm
cUlRsukvij . dlR sukdMbUg eKminTanoeZVIBlkmeT ehIyeKo:yhUb . KW:n:yhUbmYycMEGt
mYyzBIreBl ; zR tg niglac . eKhUb:yCamYynigsmmYymux . Cajwkjab TUeTAKWsmR tkUn.
GMbilmanoEzm kgGaTitTI1 . eRkaymkeKElgomaneT[tehIy . bEgmvij dMbUgeKos,rsRKab
sMrabhUbCamYyTwkEt . eBlxHeKoGMeBA . CamYyKaenH 3 4z eKbbrs,rmg . rbbBiessenH
eKplo2GaTitsMrabTTYlGkmkdlelIkTI1 . kgeBlenaHEdr Gg<karpl:y nigmbRsab . eRkay
mkGg<karRbKloBYkmkBIbreTs kraCmaskardaMsrxng .
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eKTuko

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ecjBIkgBYkEdlmkBIrbreTsdUcKa . eKeZVIomanGkP\akrlwk TamTareZVIkargarBlkm . eKodwgxn.
luHdleXIjeKoenAes{m k*resHresaHkgcit . GkxHenAsux GkxHeT[tGpSkenAes{mminekIt k*naMKa
cabepImCMrHesA e:ssMGatCMuvijCMruH dMdIeZVIzaldaMbEn dUcCas saLat qzav elA ebge:H xwm
RmH Rtsk RtLac eXak .l.
mnIrk15k*dUcCamnIrepSg>eT[tsMrabdakbJvn sitenAeRkamkarRKbR KgpalrbsKN;mCwmbkS
kumyniskmCa . CMnanenaH eyIgmin:ndwgeRCAdlmwgeT eKRKanEtR:beyIgza

BYkeyIgsitenAeRkam

karTTYlxusRtUvrbsGg<karbdivtn . ex[v sMpn CaGkka bBIelI . GkkabpalmanBIrnakKW Pum nigexan .

Pum

mantYnaTICaRbZanmnIGbrMneya:y

manragTabRkGaj

bebrmatesIg

BUEkniyay

ragrh&srhYn . manBYkeyIgmkBIbreTsmYycMnYnZa bs<alKatBIsg<mcas eKzaeQa HKatEmnETn KW

emA

exmnYn

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`cgdwgza edayKatZab

eZVICanisSitenATIenHBImunmk etIsBVzKatmanstiGarmNyagemc kgfan;KatCaGkRtYtRtaBYkeyIgmk

BIbreTs /

35

kalenAsm&ysemc sIhnu KatCamnusSstbUtNas . minedIrelgepspaseT eRBaHKatCa

nisSitcMerIn

manninakarxageqVg

Katk*CaGkdwknaMmYyrUbnsmaKmnisSitkmCad*l|Il|ajEdlman

Pukqay CaRbZan .
LvenHKates{kBakexaGavexA bgR kma BakmYkkatibdUckmaPi:lepSg>eT[tEdr . Katmin
EdlniyayGVITakTgBIGtItkalrbsKateLIy . KateZVIrUbPaBTukdUcCaKatmkBIvN; GZn minEdls<al
CIvitnisSit Zaber[nsUR t . KaeyIgEdlZabs<a lKatBIedIm Kat:nehAeTAR:bkMuoniyayza Zab
s<alKatBIsg<m . KatCasmaCikmCwmbkS. KatzabdivtnkmCael]nCagGal:nI nigcineTAeT[t.
shkarIrbs Pum eQa H exan . eyIgmindwgza KatmaneQa HBitR:kdya gemc ehIymanedImkMeNIt
mkBINac|aslaseT . KatR bEhlCaCnCatiPaKtic ehIyminEdl:ner[nsUR telIsBIbfmsikSaeT.
enAmnIrk15 exan manParkicTTYlxusRtUvxageXana nigBt(man . :nn&yza KatCaGkCMnYykarrbs
Pum edIm|InaMBakGg<karmkGbrMeyIg .
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pg CaGkTTYlxusRtUvBYkeyIg . eKykGaKarkNa lnviTasanbeckeTseZVICamnIrcatkarCMrMu nigkEng
eKsakenA . eyIgGkmkBIbreTsminGacedIrkatGaKarBYkeKeZVIkarenHedayKankarGnuJat:neT .
mnIrk15manmnusSRbEhl200naksakenA . cMnYnenHmancuHmaneLIg . cuHedaysarmanGkecj
Cabnbnab . cMnYnGacekIneLIgedaysarmanGkeTIbmkdlzIBIbreTs. kgcMeNamGkCabkgmnIrk15enH
maneBT visVkr Gkrdkar Tahan nignisSit .l. PaKeRcInKanninakarneya:yc|aslaseT eK
cUlmkRsukedaysarcgCYbRKYsar edaysarminecHrsenAbreTs . mYyPaKbICaGkKaMR TrNsirSrYbrYm
CatikmCadUcrUb` . BYkGkmkdlmunR:beyIgza Gg<karykBYksmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikmCa oeZVICa
emRkum emBYk EtbniceRkaymk eKTukesI>Ka ElgKitzaCaGtItsmaCik r.r.C.k GteT[tehIy edIm|I
cattaMgCaRkumCaBYk . BYkeyIgRtUveKcattaMgtamGayuCaRkum . kgRkumnImYy> mansmaCikRbmaN20
nak . ehIyRkumnImYy>EckCaBYk BI3 eTA7nak .
manRkumdUcteTA ;
-RkumdaMbEn daMsENk:y daMeBat
-RkumciJwmstV
-RkumeZVI:y
-Rkumsib|km
-RkumbeRg[nGkSr
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kmviZIkgmYyzmandUcteTA ;
-ema g5RBwk dlema g12zR tg ; kargarBlkm
-ema g12 dlema g13 ; :yzR tg
-ema g13 dlemag17nig3 0naTI ; kargarBlkm
-ema g18 ; :ylac

36

-ema g18nig3 0naTI dlemag19nig3 0naTI ; RbCMuCIvPaB Tiet[n sV&yTiet[n

-ema g19nig3 0naTI dlemag21nig3 0naTI ; kargarsg<mniym
EdlehAza kargarsg<mniym KWkargarBlkm eRkABIkargarsl . CakargarEdleKcmg
tamkargarkumynisdUcenAsUev[t

eBalKWkargarBlkmbEnmBIkargarZM>EdlGg<kardakcuHoeyIgeZVI

kgmYyz> .
mayEdlenAmankUngaenAeedaH GacbMekUnenAeBlkMBugeZVIkar . kumarEdlmancMnYn40nak
EckCaBIrRkum . TarkGayuticCag3 qaM RtUvsitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbsBYkEmkumar . ekgEdlZM
CagenH KN;mnIr:ncattaMgomanGkTTYlxusRtUvxagvb|Zm( KW:nn&yza bga tbeRg[nkumar . eK
bgatbeRg[nkumarkg1z2emag . eKnaMoelg oer[neRc[gcMer[gbdivtn . eKGbrMminokumareCrKa
eQaHKaeT . CamYyKaenH kgmYyz>kumarRtUveZVIBlkm dUcCae:slagsMGatRTugRCUk o:yRCUk
:yTa daMs saLat eRsacbEn . eKoBYkvamaskar manrgbEn3 rg . kumark*R tUvcUlrYmRbCMuTiet[n
s&VyTiet[nCamYyBYkkumarKa va dUcmnusSZMEdr . sUmbJa kza kumarmanrbbhUbcukRKanebICagmnusSZM .
BYkeK:nbbrxabCagbbrmnusSZM

BYkmnusSmanv&ycas

GayuelIsBI60qaMeLIgeTA eKminbgMoeZVI

BlkmeT . yay>CYyemIlkumar CYyeZVIbEn .l. cMENkta>vij eXIjPameyIgKYroexaccit GaNit

GasUrKat

minKYreLIyykKatmkeZVI:bdUecHesaH . BYkta>TaMgenH manCaGaTi elak QUk emgemA

GkCMnajkarxagKruekasl nigCamRnIGg<kar UNESCOd*l|Il|aj Zab:nedIryagsMxanCabeg<a lkg

vis&yGbrMCatiExrtaMgBI:nkraCmk . elakbNit Pug tun nayksklviTal&yPUminkmCa . mYyz>
eKEtgeXIjBYkKatEsgTwk ykeTAEckBlkrtamkardan .
mYyGaTiteRkaymk `cabemIleXIjzNak*dUczNaEdr . `xitxMBiniter[nsUR teZVIdUceKdUcg .
zenHeK:no`erIkEngedkeTAkanbnbmYyEdlmanERKZMGaceKg:nBIrnak . mitPki`xH zVIt|itEtrsenA
edaylM:kya genHk*eday k*enAecHelgesIcEdr . eKcMGn`za bniceT[teKomit:nenACamYyRKYsar
mitvijehIy . `xMeZVIkMuoeKemIleXIjza`GrRCuleBk . tamZmtataMgBI:nmkdlTIenH enAeBlyb
munnwgekg `Etgyk

Biscuit Edl`enAslmkhUbmYydMu . EtybenH`mineZVIdUecHeT `caMb)unnI Priya

` . bniceRkaymkKat:nmkdl . Katza eKeTIbnwg:nR:bKatGM:jmiuj .

-bgKatenAEtsMerccitR tLbmkvijGIcwg / KatsYr
-emIleTAec[sminrYceT, `eqIy
bg KWR KYsar rs sarin . rs sarin CasVamIrbsbgRsI b)unnI . KatCacaghVa gRkumh)un
GakascrNsIuvilkmCa . eRkamrbbsaZarNrdExr rs sarin, Priya nigkUnKatTaMgbInak :neTArsenA
Rkug:rIs eRBaHKatR tUv:neZVItMNagGakascrNkmCaenARsuk:raMg . KatnigRKYsarTaMgGs nwgRtUv
RtLbcUlRsukvijenAeBlxagmuxyagxIenH . eRkayBI:n`bJakza tam`emIleTA Katc|asCanwg
minGacec[sBIR tLbmkvijeTenaH b)unnI mankarxkcit dUrTwkmuxPam zVIt|itEtKatR :b`za Kat:neRt[m
stiGarmNehIyk*eday . Katza eyIgmindwgeZVIdUcemcekIteT beNaytamvasnaeTA . eyIgminGac
eZVIdUcemcekItdUecHEmn eRBaHeyIgKanmeZa:yodMNwgeTAKatvijeT .

37

kalenA:rIs mgeT[t`minEdlnwksanmgNaesaH zasanPaBRsukExrvapackarEbbenH ehIy

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`dakciteC]sbeTAehIy ElgmanlTPaBBicarNao:nRKbR CugeRCay .
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saRsacarenAviTal&yRBHsIusuvti . kgrbbsaZarNrdlnnl Kat:nGaharrUbkrNrdaPi:l:raMg
eTAbnviCaEpkGkSrsaRs kgTisedAeZVIniekbTBIR sIExr . kgcitKatcgenAer[nteTAeT[tedIm|IeZVIkarRsav
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CYyksagRbeTs

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TTYlxusRtUvRksYgkarbreTsbkRsayza yagenHya genaH . dUecH`k*CMrujoKatcUlmun .
ybeyIgCYbKaCadMbUgenH b)unnI minniyayBITukesakrbsKateT pyeTAvijKatxMelIkTwkcit`kMuo
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ebI`cgokanEtc|asEzmeT[t .
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minniyayBIkarlM:kEdleyIgkMBugrsenA . vaminRsYleT eRBaHvaecjmkedaysV&yRbvti. k*buEneyIg
xitxMelIker]gcasenARsukExrBIedIm enARsuk:raMg eBlvakgenAeqrsmuR T zmux eBleyIg:nCYb
CMuR KYsar bgbnenAeBlGnaKt . eyIgminGacERskyMrkeKmkCYyeT . KannrNaGacCYynrNaeT.
makykEtR:sGayuer[g>xn . eyIgxMniyayyker]gmkkmaciteyIg . enAeRkAyrbggwtsatQwg.
RBwkeLIg b)unnI :nykGavkRtgemA esTug mYymko` . CaGMeNayrbs hIug suxum munnwg
RtUvGg<karykecjBIk15 . huIg suxum KatpaMobg:nsuxsb|ay ehIydakcitonwgn . hIug suxum
KatCasaRsacarenAmhaviTal&yRkugjvyk

shrdGaemrik

taMgBIqa M1970mk

KateZVICatMNag

rNsirSrYbrYmCatikmCaenAshrdGaemrikCamYydKUKatmakeT[teQaH muk savuD mRnIGg<karshRbCaCati

enAbUrIjvyk . edaysarKatmanTMnakTMnglCamYyclnaRbqaMgsRg<amGaemrikaMg Kat:nrYmcMENk
ya gZMCYyrNsirSrYbrYmCatikmCa

enAelIqakGnrCati

eRkaybdivtn:nC&yCMnH

Kat:neZVIdMeNIr

mkemIlRbeTsKat ehIynwgRtLbeTACYbCMuR bBnkUnKatvijenAjvyk k*buEnCaGusl `:ndwgeRkaymk

38

za mit hIug suxum nigmuk savuZ eKykeTAdakehIyeZVIXatenAmnIrXMuXaMgTYlEsg taMgBIzKatecj

BIk15mkemH . sMubJakza BYkExrmkBIshrdGaemrikTaMgGs RtUveKykeTAsma bdUcKatEdr .
ksagstiGarmN ;

edIm|edaHRsaybJasKsajEdlekItmaneLIgenAkgmnIr edaysareyIg

Xan eyIgcg:nesrIPaBniyaysI edIrehIrdUcciteyIg . cgGg<karoeyIgRbCMuCIvPaBRbcaMztamry;

karTiet[nsV&yTiet[n . eKTiet[nsV&yTiet[ntamry;RbCMuCIvPaBkgBYkralz ehIyNazeKRbCMuR kummg>
kgmYyBYkman3 -4nak . kgmYyRkummanBIrbIBYk .
kgkarRbCMuCIvPaB Tiet[n sV&yTiet[nRbcaMzenH eKkMNtoQrelIeKalkarN3 xdUcteTA ;
neya:y, stiGarmN nigcattaMg .
1-neya:y ; eKsg,telIParkickargarBlkmR bcaMz . eKomakraykarNza eZVIkargartaMgBIR Bwk
dllacenH:nleT / ykcitTukdakeT / :nsMercEpnkarrbsGg<kareT / eyIgRtUvsarPaBmux
Gg<R bCMuza etIeyIgeZVIkar:nsMercpll edaysarmUlehtuGI / ebImin:nlvij edaysarmUlehtu
GIEdr / mak>RtUvh)anTiet[nxngCamunsin . sYrxngza etIeXIjKuNsm|ti KuNvibtikarxVHxat
ya gNaxH rYcehIydakxnosmUhPaBsmaCikGg<R bCMuepSgeT[tksagxn .
2-stiGarmN ;

eKTiet[n sV&yTiet[n elIEpkstiGarmN citsaRs . eKomak>Binitxng ehIy

osmUhPaBCYyBinitGMBIeKalCMhrstiGarmNmak> cMeBaHbdivtn . eyIgRsLajbdivtn revIrvay

eTArkCIvPaBsg<mcas . kgEpkksagstiGarmN eKosar;sMxaneTAelIkarvaykMcatEpkkmsiTi Edl
CaktaedIm|Iksagxn kMcatkMEGlsg<mcasR btikiriya buK<lsYntY . EpkkmsiTienH eKEckCaBIreT[t
<<kmsiTirUbI kmsiTismar; >> nig <<kmsiTiGrUbI kmsiTielakTsSn; >> .

+kmsiTisma r;

kmsiTirUbI

KWeKminRtUvmansmar;GIVelIsRbCaCneT . :nesckIza RtUvCMruHo

Gs oslEtexaGav2kMebr EdleKza dUcRbCaCnTUeTA . rbsrbrsmar;TaMgbunanelIsBIenH Edlsay

ykmkBIbreTs EdlenAslR tUvCMruHCUnGg<kar
CaedImRsYlCagkarlHbgekrmtk(BIBukmay

CaTUeTATaMgGsKa

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cieJ{n

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viT

ma sIunzt

eTaHCayagenHk*eday

k*buEndlGskmsiTismar;ehIy Gg<kareZVI

sRg<amkMcatkmsT
i iGrUbIeT[t KWR bqaMgelakTsSn;minbdivtn . edIm|IomanemaTnPaBbdivtn KWmak>RtUv
ecHemIleXIjdUcGg<karmYyryPaKry . ebIKanhUbeyIgzasMbUr ebIminqaj eyIgzaqa j dUcGg<kar
dakTis .
enAeBlRbCMuTiet[nsV&yTiet[n eKbMpusovayocM>ksagoxaMgosIuCMerA . tamkarENnaMeKmin
omankareqIyqgKaeT

sUm|IEtGkksagenHCaGVIk*eday

k*samIxnEdlRtUveKksag

TTYlsarPaByk

edaysuPaBrabsar . eKk*hamkMuomankarKMuKYnKa mkRtLbsgswkKavijeT . karCakEsgmaneBlxH

:tuPUtenHmanCaer]y> EteKxMbRg,abedayeRbIZm(ekA .
TahrN k ksag xza eZVIkarminl yWtyav mineKarBGg<karvin&y . ebIeTaHbICakarTiet[n
enHminBitk*eday k* xminRtUveqIyRbEkktbeTA k vijeT . pyeTAvijeBlmit k ksagmit x cb
ehIy mit x xMeZVITwkmuxjjwm ehIyEzgGMNrKuNmit k EdlxMCYyksagxn . karRbCMuenHRtUvenA
eRkamkarRbugRby&trbsR bZanRkum

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EdlmanPar;naTICaRbZan

39

Gg<R bCMuTiet[nsV&yTiet[n.

RbZanGg<R bCMuR tUvecHdwknaMkarRbCMukMuosmaCikkgRkummankareqIyqg eQa HRbEkkKaoesaH . CaTUeTA

eKseg,teXIjza karGbrMstiGarmN tamry;Tiet[n sV&yTiet[n EdleKehABakRsYlsabza lag
xYrk|al enH GacbNalecjCalTplBIrya gpyRsLH . ma gomnusSElgTukcitxng vaybenak
xn edayxitxMCMnHelIxng . BYkTaMgGsenH eKcatTukzaedIrpvRtUv ksagxn:ntameKalCMhrEdl
Gg<karbMBak

ma geT[tnaMomnusSeXIjexAggwtGssgwm

ecjCa:tuPUtCakEsgeRkaykarRbCMu

GbrMneya:ymg> eKeXIjGkxHxitxMbMeBjParkico:nkanEtRbesIr xitxMeKarBvin&ykanEtmutmaM .

GkxHeT[t sKsa j KankmaMgeZVIkargarZakGsTwkcit eLIgmuxeRk[m Elgh)anemIleKg . GkTaMgenH
eKehAza

manCmWstiGarmN

eRkABIkarGbrMoksagxntamRbCMuCIvPaBRbcaMz

Tiet[ns&VyTiet[n

Epkneya:y stiGarmN kmsiTimenaseJtna .l. Gg<kar:nebIkvK<sikSaoeyIgTaMgGsKa er[nsUR t

edIm|IBRgwg nigBRgIkTsSn; nigeKalCMhrbdivtno:nkanEtrwgmaM .
vK<sikSaeKKankMNtCamun zaetIR tUveZVIbunandgkgmYyqaMeT . tamseg,teKeZVIeRcInelIkeRcInsar
eyagetAtamkalNaEdl <<Pum >> eKylzacaM:c . TahrN eBlEdlmanGkcUlmkBIbreTsmk
dlzI .
enAkgk15 kgry;eBl8Ex EdleyIg:nrsenA Gg<kar:ner[bcMvK<sikSa4dg . eRkABIvK<sikSa
eKmaner[bcMsni:t6Exmg edIm|IsrubcMNucexSay cMNucxa Mg TaMgkargar stiGarmN nigcattaMgkng
mk nigdakEpnkarzI . ebIrabtaMgsni:teBleyIgenAmnIrk15 kgry;eBlCitmYyqaMenH maner[bcM
karRbCMuZM>5dg .
enAk15 vK<sikSaelIkTI1 :nRtUver[bcMenAExZ 1975 manmnusS80nakcUlrYm ehIyeZVIbIz .
2ExeRkaymk eKer[bcMeZVICaelIkTI2 . CaCMnanEdlBYkmkCMnan b)unnI eTAcUlrYm . enAkges[vePAkMNt
rbsKat b)unnI :nsresrza <<eyIgTaMgGsKa 80nak :ncUlrYmvK<sikSaenAzTI2Ex2qaM7 6 . eyIg:n
er[nksarbIkgbIzenH . mYyRBwker[nksarmYy . ex[vsMpn mkeTsnamoeyIgsab . RBwkTIbI
edaymankickarrvl ex[vsMpn Gt:nmkeT eKo Pum EdlmaneQa HBitR:kd emA xaMen]n CMnYsvij.
xwmsarnksarrbsex[vsMpn nigemA xaMen]n manCaGaT ; sIBIR bvtinkarts)UrbsR bCaCnkmCa .
eKsg,tza TINamankarCiHCan TIenaHmankarts)U . enAsg<mcasCIvPaBRbCaBlrdmankarlM:ketak
yak xVHmux xVHeRkay edaysarkarCiHCan ekgRbv&JrbsBYkQjkNal . karCiHCanmanRKbTIkEng
TaMgTIR bCMuCn TaMgCnbT . TahrNenACnbT QjkNaleRcInCaBYkcinlkTMnijoExr> ebIGkNa
KanluyTijeT cineKbNako . dleBlRbmUlpl cineKykTaMgedIm TaMgkarR:k .l. dUecHehIy
:nCaBI1qa MeTA1qaM CIvPaBYksikrRkkanEtetakyakeLIg CMBakQjkNal sgminecHGsminecHehIy
tkUntecA . ex[vsMpn :nniyayGMBIesdkicnkmCa . enAkgtMbnrMedaH kgsm&yts)U5qaM . Katsg,t
BiessenAqaM1973 . kalenaHesdkicmanlkN;Card nigkCnxH edayGg<karGnuvtnmaK(arNsirS .
vK<mYyeT[tniyayBITsSn;GnaKtnkarksagRbeTs . KMeragGg<karKWeZVIksikmoeTACaksikm
sm&ykgGMLgBI10eTA15qaM

ehIynwgQanokayeTACaRbeTssSahkmkg15eTA20qaM edayQrelI

ksikmCamUldan . GaccatTukza manlkN;CaRbeTsmanksikmsm&y enAeBlEdleRbIeRK]gmasIun

40

75%ehIynigeRbIGK<isnITUTaMgRbeTs . edIm|IQaneTAdlsg<mzI ksikmsm&yenH RtUvQrenAelIsmUh

PaBvUbnIykm .
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B&nenHmann&yza bnabBI:nsa beTsnamrbsex[vsMpneBlRBwkehIy eKEckBYkGker[nsUR tCaRkum>
man10nakkgmYyRkum . eRkABIvK<sikSaZM> eKenAmaner[bcMeZVIskmPaBepSg>eT[t edIm|IBRgIk nigBRgwg
eKalCMhrrbseyIg .
-miTIg ; eyIgTaMgGsKataMgBImkdlk15 :ncUlrYmeZVImiTIg2dg . elIkTI1 enAEx2qaM1976
edIm|IR bqaMgnwgskmPaBYk:lmayaeKs (Mayaguez) Edl:ncUlrMelaPEdnsmuR TkmCa.bnabmkeT[t
enAEx2enHEdr manmiTIgmYyeT[t edIm|IR bqaMgnwgkarTmabR KabEbkrbsGaemrikenAes[mrab . bnabmk
enAEx4 eyIgmanRbCMuBiess edIm|IsabviTnUvesckIEzgkarNrbssemcsIhnu sMucUlnivtn . sa bcb
ehIy Gg<karsYrza etImanmtiya gNa / KaneXIjGkNaniyayeT manbriyakassatKanmtipulpus
nwgbeJjeT . eXIjdUecH manBIrnak eLIgcabGarmNza KaMR TGg<kar . cabBIzenHmk eKseg,t
eXIjsPaBkarNkanEttwgEtgeLIg> . enAtamviT tamcMer[gkI tamkareXasnakI eKvayvN; kanEt
xaMgeLIg> .
enAeBlcUlqa MExr PabnigbuNkraCelIkTI1nkmCaRbCaZibety eK:neZVIbuN3 zenAmnIr
k15 KWzTI16-17-18 emsa 1976 . 10zmunnwgR:rBbuNenH Gg<karbMpusbMpuledIm|ITTYlGbGr
saTrbuN KWeyIgebIkvK<vaysMrukoxaMgka eZVIkargarBlkm . KW:nn&yza mak>RtUvocMNayeBlema g
eZVIkaroeRcInCagmun .
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dUcCaGg<j QUg TajRBR&t .l. buEndlzbuNmkdl eKhamminoelgeTAvij . zbuN:ncab
epImeLIg edaymankareKarBviJaNk&nbuBVburs yuTCn yuTnarI Edl:nlHbgCIvitedIm|IbuBVehturMedaH
Cati nigRbCaCn . eyIgeKarBePgCatikmCaRbCaZibety eRkaymkeyIgGg<ysaber]gbdivtn Edl
niTanedaytMNagGg<kar . sabTukevTnakalsm&yts)UrbstMNagGg<karehIy eKoeyIgBakB&nxneyIg
edIm|IBinitemIlxng edIm|IPabxnnigclnats)U .
eKGacdwgzaetIesrIPaBvamantmya gNa enAeBlEdleKykeyIgdakKuk KansiTiGVITaMgGs .
taMgBIzTI1 Edl`:nmkdl eKcabbJleTAkgmnIrk15 ehIyeKcabksagdUcmitPki`epSgeT[tEdr.
enAkgmnIrk15enH

bnicmg> BImYyzeTAmYyz

`kanEtGssgwmeLIg> ehIyeXIjxng

kanEtdundabeTA . `emIleTAeXIjzaKanGIGacTbTlCamYyGg<kar:neT . `KitzaRtUvEtbeNaytam

vasna . eZVIGVIkMuoeKcabGarmNsgS&y . enAeBlRbCMu ebIGacec[s:n kMueLIgniyay . kalNaeK
eRbIoeZVIGVImYy eZVIPam minRtUvKitza eZVIeTA:nplmin:npleT . dUecH`minEdlRbEkk . pyeTAvij
kalNaeKeRbIoeZVI `eZVIPa m .
b)unnI enAEtmanCMen]zasPaBkarNnwgRtUvEtmankarpa sbrzNamYyec[sminrYceLIy . karrs
enAEdlRbqaMgnwgZmCatirbsmnusSEbbenH minGacrsenArhUteT . eyIgRtUvEtxMeZVIya gNaedIm|IkMuokar
GssgwmvamkRKbdNbeyIg . eZVIkMuosPaBkarNCakEsgvamkbiTmuxeyIg oeyIgElgemIleXIjBnW

41

eTAGnaKt . eyIgRtUveZVIkMuosPaBkarNmkRKbdNbeyIg RtUveyIgeZVICamaskarelIsPaBkarNvij.

buEnenHCaRTwsI karBitvijvamindUecHeT . ZmtamnusSeyIgeBlrsenAZmta EtgEtePcKitza etIGVIeTA
Casar;sMxannCIvitrbsxn / dleBlCYbbsK<eTIbeyIgdwgxneRkay . ya gNamiuj eRb[b:nnwg
CIvit`sBVz eBldwgxneZVIGIElgekIt . RtLbeTAbreTsvij /eKQboeyIgmansiTiedIrehIr niyaysI
tamcitehIy . Gg<karminoeyIgeZVIdMeNIreTAbreTsvijeT . dUecHeyIgenAslmanpvEtmYy eTaHcgkI
mincgkIR tUvEtbgMxnrsenAkgreb[benHteTAeT[t . Gg<kar:nR:beyIgza edIm|IrsenAsg<mzIenH:nTal
EteyIgh)anGarkatlHbgvN; edImrbseyIg ehIybMBakstiGarmNbdivtnrbsGg<kar . eyIgGsCMerIs
ehIy . eyIgRtUvEtedIrtampvEdleKoeyIgedIr . eBlenaHeyIgElgc|asGVITaMgGs . eyIgElgdwgza
GVIeTACayutiZm( / GVICaGyutiZm( / GVIxus/ GVIR tUv/ .l. eyIgKitza CIvitGsn&y . eyIgGtGaceZVIGVI:neT[t
eT eTAmuxk*minekIt zyeRkayk*min:n .
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eT[tza `GsmanpvedIrehIy ebIcgmankitiysRtUvEtRbqaMgecjmux . enAeBlz `xMeZVIkargardUceK dUc
g. eBlybmunedklk `EtgEtxasxng nwkeLIgminKYrNa`ZakxndUecHesaH . kalenARsuk:raMg
`EtgRbkaneKalCMhrza

mincuHjmnrNaedaybgMeT

Lv`kayxnCaxaceKCagBYkGamatBIedIm

eTAeT[t . eBl`eXIjGkTTYlxusRtUvmkCit `xMeZVICaRbwgERbgeZVIkaredIm|IoeKeXIjza `manstiGarmN

RCHRsLH xMeZVIBlkmEmn . eRb[bdUcCastV `xMeZVIGVITaMgGs edIm|Irs . `eTIbEt:nmkdlmYyEx
bueNaH `kayeTACamnusSmYyeT[tEdlKanGVIdUc`BImuneT .
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CakarKYroGssMeNIceBkNas EdleKyksYnc|arTIlankILaeZVICaERsenAkNalRkug .

ebI`eXIj

dUecH ehtudUcemc:nCa`enAEteZVI / emck*`enAEteTAekIblamkykmkeZVICIrelxmYy / ehtudUcemck*`

eZVIhakdUcCa`manCMen] ehIyxMeZVIkartamEtGVIEdleKbJa / ebIkalNaeKbJa o`eZVIGVImYy `xMeZVIeday
ykcitTukdakrhUtdl:nsMerc . ebIeBlNa`minGaceZVI:bdUc`cg `mankartUccitxngpg P&ypg .
ebIkalNa:nsMerc `manemaTnPaBxng . etImUlehtuGI:nCao`manemaTnPaBBIGMeBId*EsnkMsak
ya genH / eRBaH`dwgc|asNas kickarEdleKbgMoeyIgeZVITaMgbunan vamin:nplGIeT / yldUecH
ehIy emck*`enAEteZVI /
tmKtiEdl`EtgxMEzrkSaehIyEdl`eC]zavarwgmaM EbrCaRtUvrlaysUn

bnabBI`mkrsenAkg

mnIrGbrM . eKEtgniyayza kal;eTs;nRbvtisaRseZVIomnusSkanEtxaMgkakayeTACavIrburs . cMeBaH

`vij kal;eTs;d*CUrctenH:neZVIo`ZakxnGstmKtirlIg .

enAeBlRbCMukalNa

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Gg<kar `THdKaMR T . kalNaeKoERsk CeyaGg<karbdivtn ! `ERsk . kalNa`eKniyaye:k

kuhk `eZVImuxhakdUcCaeC]edayxMsa bGth)anlanmatGVITaMgGs .
taMgBI`dwgkImk `EtgEtKitza esrIPaBbuK<lRtUvEtenAeRkamesrIPaBsg<mCatiTaMgmUl . eKRtUvh)an
lHbgesrIPaBpalxn edIm|IesrIPaBCatiTaMgmUl . EtLvesrIPaBeyIgCamnusSk*Kan esrIPaBk*Kan.

42

TaMgBI:nrsCabenAmnIrenH `Kitza enHCakarylxusd*ZMbMputnCIvit`eRb[b:nnwgcMNgRbelamelak

rbselak:lhSak

(Balzac) <<esckIsgwmEdlminRtLbmkvij>> <<Illusions perdues>> .

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etImanGVIeTAvaBYnsmMenAeRkayGakb|kiriyarbs`Edl`minGacemIleXIjh)anykmklatRtdag:n/ `
mineC]za Gakb|kiriyaOkasniymEdl`man vaecjmkBIkarxacEtmageT Et`eC]za vamanGVImYyeT[t
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eRkayrsenA:nzzrkgbUrNPaBEdndIrbsxn .
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eZVICYsCaGkkaEst `sresres[vePA BiPakSaBITukevTnansg<mEdl`eTIb:neXIj . k*buEnkarCakEsg
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BIdan . Priya`eKglkya gsbsat . `RsmeXIjbnbeyIgkalenAbreTs . zesArCazsMrak
eyIgeTAedIrelgenA

Quartier Latin ehIycUleTAhUbmanxVenAhag:yEdleyIgcUlcit

nwk

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edIm|IrsteTAeT[t.

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43

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44

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47

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48

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esInwgelakRbZanemA . cincgbgMoeyIgcrcasniPaBCamYyshrdGaemrikenAqaM1973

. Etbgbul

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ehtudUecHehIy :nCaeyIgdeNImC&yCMnH:n . elaknaykCUeGnLay :nR:bbgeG[gsarI za eK
GacniyayBIbdivtnkmCayagemck*:nEdr k*buEnkta mYyEdleKRtUvEtTTYls<a lKWkmCaGacdeNImC&y
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mantYnaTIGVIsMxaneTenAkgbkS . semcsIhnu KatminRBmshkarCamYyeyIg . semcEbn nut Kat
dUcCaRsYlCag .
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CaGkesa HRtg100% CamYyGg<kar . eBlKatniyayR:b` h)U yn RtUvbulBteZVIXat:teTAehIy
cMENkh)uy nwm kMBugmanbJa . enHCaelIkeRkaybgsEdl`CYb b)uner]n . enAkgeBlenaH `minsUvEdl

49

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PaBbga joeXIjza KatmansuxPaBmaMmYnl edaymansIlZm(rwgmaMkgkarsenA TaMgxagpvkay TaMg
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ya genHedIm|IkMuoBYkeyIgxkcit eBleTAdleragcRk . KatBnleyIgbEnmza eXIjyagenH eyIgmin

RtUvGssgwmeT EtpyeTAvijeyIgRtUvEtxMBuHBarbsK< eRBaHCaRsukrbseyIg . eyIgsMerccUlRsukenH
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stiGarmNxsCageK :nENnaMeyIg eyIgbnrsenAEbbenHeT[tminekIteT caM:cR tUvrkkargarBlkm

50

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51

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52

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53

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kalBIsg<mcaskEngenHCakariyal&yeZVIkar minEmnCabnbeKgeT . sPaBkarNEbbenH eKminGaco

rsdacEtgCabIR bBn:neLIy . eTaHCaya genHk*eday k*karEdleKomanbnbmYyEtgenH eZVIo`
manesckIrMxankgcitNas eRBaH`mincgoeKeZVIGVIBiessmkelIrUb`eT . `Ka nGVIelIsmitPki `4nak
epSgeT[teT . ehIymageT[t kgcMeNameyIgTaMg5nak minEmnEt`makeTEdlmanRKYsarehIy QUk
saKun visVkrGK<isnImkBINgsIu k*manRKYsardUc`Edr . KatcUlmkRsukvijenH KWcgmkrkRbBnKat.
eBlnasarecjputeTA eyIger[bcMERKsMrak .
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naMKa RbjabebIk:Ler[g>xn . eyIgk*dwgza eBleKoeyIgedIrkMsanemIleragcRk eKeq{tOkasruHerI
Eqkeqr:LeyIgRKb>Ka ehIyeKlYcykzaM naLikar nigvaneyIgsMxan>mYycMnYneT[t EdleyIgxMlak
TukrhUtdlenH . QUk saKun sayCageK eRBaHKat:tvanEdlTijCakadUsMraboRbBn nigkUnKat .
eyIgnaMKasaymYysnH

ehIyk*sMerccitCakc&nzaminniyayonrNadwgeT

54

eyIgsuxcitenAes{m

ec[svagbJa . eBlkanEtres[lbniceTAehIy `eq{teTAranehal emIleTApvPMeBj kMBgqa Mg Edlman

sPaBsatQwg . RkeLkemIleTATensabd*lVwgelVIy satQwgEdr . enACitRcaMg manTUkensaTmYy .
OkmCaeGIy lemHeT
manswgTen ex[vRsgat
bwgbYr RBPM

`nwkeXIjPUmiR Cugrmas RsukkMeNIt` . nwkGaNitxn GaNitsg<mExr minKYrNaeLIyeZVIepspas

dUecHesaH .
eyIgcabepImniyayKa elg . mak>hakdUcCaxkcitedaycabepImCIvitzIenAeragcRk kgsPaBkarN
EbbenH . niyayKa:nbnic k*eXIjnasarmkR:beyIgeTAhUb:y . eyIgedIreTAeraghUb:y . eTAdl
eXIjeragEdleyIgmkdlmunenHmanRsI4nakkMBugeZVI:y LvmanmnusSrabrynak eBjeragTaMgGs .
CaelIkTI1ehIyEdltaMgBImkdlR sukmk eyIgeXIjerag:ymanmnusSeRcInrynakdUecH . eKTuktumYy
enACitmatTVar sMrabeyIgTaMg5nak . eBleyIgedIreTAdler[bGg<y eyIgrwgxnedayeXIjEPkmnusS
EdleyIgminEdls<alTalEtesaH rabrynak kMBugEt:jepatmkelIBYkeyIg . enAk15 `minEdlman
GarmNEbbenHeT eRBaHsuTswgEtBYkEdleyIgZa bs<a lBImun .
enAelItumansmmYycanZM nig:y5can dYsrYcCaeRscsMrabBYkeyIgTaMg5nak . eyIgnaMKahUb.
smmYycanhUbrYmKaGtmanEzmeT ehIy:yk*GtmanEzmEdr . `nwkeXIjbIcaneT[tya gticeTIb:n
s,leBaH . eKza rbbkgmYyzman400RkamsMrabmak . 400Rkam GIk*:n:yticemH / eyIgxkcit
NaseRBaHeyIgsanza

enAeragcRkeyIg:n:yhUbEqt

tamviTkmCaRbCaZibety enAeragcRk

nigshkrN RbCaCnmanrbbhUbcuk3 dgkgmYyz . enAenH ebIKitCaKuNPaB eyIg:n:yeRcIn

CagenAk15 EtenAk15eKykbEnmklaynigGg,rmYyRKab> EdleyIgGachUbmYyEqt . eyIghutbbr
ehIy eyIg:ntwgeBaH enAenH hUb:yrwg manEthUbehIy eBaHenAknHRKEh)tdEdl .
hUb:yehIy eyIgRtLbmkpHeyIgvij . BYkkmkreragcRkcabbnkargartammuxRBYjeKer[g>xn
teTAeT[t . BYkeyIgTaMg5nak eKminTanoeZVIGIeT laczTI1enH mak>Gg<y tMertxgelIERKemIl
BidanpH BicarNaBICIvitzIrbsxn . RbEhl:nmYyema geRkaymk eyIgeXIjmitsag RbZaneragcRkeLIg
CeNIrmkrkeyIg . mankumarmakkanzaseBatesarmkCamYypg . sanmanmaDZMR kGaj sat:t .
KatsMeNHsMNalKYrsmCamYyBYkeyIg . Katcgdwgza etIeyIgmanxVHxatGIeT . Katsb|aycitNas
:nTTYlBYkeyIg . KatniyaybeNIr GeJIjBYkeyIgohUbeBatesarbeNIr
eragcRkd2enHmankmkr400nak

PaKeRcInenAekg>enAeLIy

. tamsanR:b kg

suTEtBYkEdlenAGg<PaBCamYyKatkal

sm&yts)U5qaM . kalenaHBYkKateZVIT&BenAtMbnbUBa(a . z17 emsa Gg<PaBKat:nRbyuTcUldeNIm

TItaMgenH . BYkKatminEdlrsenATIR kugeT . eRkayrMedaH:nbnic Gg<karRbKlParkicoeZVIeragcRkenH
dMeNIrkareLIgvij . mundMbUgKatmindwgeZVIya gemceT . Gg<karoQrelIeKalCMhrkraCmaskar xnTIBwg
xn

k*naMKaxitxMeZVIrhUtoeragcRkd2enHedIrbeNIr>eLIgvijedaymankarCYybtmBIkmkrcasmYycMnYn

EdlZa beZVIkarenATIenH . LveragcRkenH edIr24ema geTA24ma g . TaMgGsKa xMvaysMrukedIm|IsMerc

TisedArbsGg<karplmasIunkinRsUvoshkrNTUTaMgRbeTs . tamEpnkarGg<kar shkrNTUTaMgRbeTs

55

RtUvmanmasIunkinRsUvRKb>Ka . sBVzenH eyIgminTansMercTisedAenH:nenAeLIyeT . ehIyeyIgenA

EtRtUveRbIkmaMgBlkmya geRcInedIm|IykeTAbukGg,r ciJwmsmaCikshkrN . niyaybeNIr Katdk
:rIkJbBIkgehaeGavKatbeNIr . munnwgdkCkxng KatesIrERkgelaeyIgcg:nEdr . dut:rI
rYcbWtmYyxSWt

Katbn <<ralzeRkABIkargarsl

eyIgmankargarsg<mniymCaRbcaMedIm|Ibtmxn

eyIgbg,beg,Inplksikm daMbEn ciJwmstV ciJwmRtIenAkgbwgeRkayeragcRk

ehIykg10zeyIgsMrak

mYyz . eyIgykzsMrakenHedIm|IeZVIkargarepSg> EdlcaM:csMraberagcRk . eyIgEckevnCabIEpk;

kargarsg<mTI1 KWe:ssMGat er[bcMTukdakkgeragcRk nigkargarsg<mTI2KWeTAeZVIERsenAEbkcan nig
kargarsg<mTI3 KWeTAeZVIcMkarenAeRCaycgVar .
ZanI ; RbCMuCIvPaBkgmYyGaTitbunandgmit /
sag ; enAeragcRk eyIgcattaMgomankarRbCMuCIvPaBkgmYyGaTitmg .
ZanI ; cuHBYkeyIg`RtUvRbCMutamEpkCamYybgbn /
sag ; RbCMudkBiesaZnkargartamRkumkargarCamYyeKg . EtRbCMuCIvPaBedayELk .
niyaydlR twmenHehIyKatemIlmux`ehIysYr ;
bgeQaHGI /
eh]g bg
sag ; bggcasCageKEmneT /
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`

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:nmkdl

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sag ; GtekIteT . `sMercGIcwgehIy . BYkbg>TaMg5nak manRkumCIvPaBCamYyKa . kgRkum
enH bgeh]geZVICaRbZan bgxagehHeZVIGnuR bZan ..
KateTIbnwgcattaMgmit j oeZVICaGnuR bZan . jRbEkk EtKatsg,tza KatsMercehIy .
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GMBICMerAdYgcitrbsKat . <<`TukcitBYkbg> edIm|IelIktem,IgKuNPaBbeckeTsenAkgeragcRkenH . eyIg
xVHGkmanbeckeTsRKbR Kan edIm|ICYyoeragcRkenHedIr:nRtwmRtUv . BYkGtItyuTCn suTEtekg> xVH
cMeNHviCa xVHbTBiesaZn ehIyPaKeRcInGtecHGkSrpg . kalBImunBYkKatminEdls<a lTIR kugeT>>.
smIenHeyIgP\akeRBIt eRBaHeXIjza KatbeJjnUvCMerAcitKatoeyIgdwg . taMgBImkdlR sukmk
eyIgminEdl:nsUrBIsMNakbgbnGtItyuTCnkgRsukniyayPasaEbbenHesaH

eyIgEtgEteK

niyayGYtBIkarecHdwg kraCmaskar mhaelatepaH mhaGsa r BIbgbnenAtamshkrN eragcRk

nana . eyIgEtgEt:nTTYlnUvkarTiet[n. BYkbJCn CavN; beJIEkk minRKanEtGt:nkarbueNa HeT
EtrsenAsMrabCiHCankargarBlkmrbsbgbnkmkr nigksikr .l. nig.l. yUr>eTA eZVIoeyIg
Elgmansa rtITTYlxusRtUv ElgTukcitxng . beNaytamvasna sMuEtmYyrs . BitEmnEteyIgnwk

56

eXIjsayzaminKYrNaeKeZVIdUecHk*eday k*CaTUeTAeyIgElgKitGIehIy . eyIgsMuEtmYyrs oeKeZVIGI eZVIeTA

sMxansMuEtkMuoeKsIbenas:nehIy .
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eqIyeTAvijRBmKaza <<BYkeyIgGtecHdwgGIeTbg eyIg`mkenH edIm|Ier[nsUR tltdMxn >>.
sag ; `:ndwgBIR bvtiBYkbg>GsehIy . BYkbg>mancMNeHeRCARCHNas mindUcBYkeyIg`eT.
eyIgGacksagRbeTso:nrIkcMerInlUtlaseTAekIt TalEtmanGkmanbeckeTsmkcUlrYmcMENk>>.
`emIlmuxsagmgeT[t edIm|IcgeXIj etIKatniyayedaHesaHRtgdUczaEmnya gNa / `eXIjza
KatmanTwkmuxminEmnCamnusSniyayPUtkuhkeT

eXIjyagenH

eZVIo`Bi:kGarkatza

etIR tUvyk

Gakb|kiriyadUcemc edIm|IeqIytbcMeBaHsuqn; rbsKat . ebIniyayRtgeTAKatvij vaxusGg<karvin&y.

munecjBIk15mk PuM paMehIypaMeT[t Rby&t RtUvlakR bvtirUb kMueZVIoeKdwgzaxnCaGkecHdwg . bdivtn
kmCadwknaMedaystiGarmN

minEmnQrelIbeckeTseT . eyIgTaMgGs

enAEtR:beTAsag

vijza

eyIgGtmanecHGITaMgGs . sagxkcit GscMeNH k*TukbJaenHmYyGenIsin ehIybrRbZanbT . Kat

cabepImsYr`
sag ; RsukkMeNItbgenANa /
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sag ; sa g ekaHZM /
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sag ; kalNaeyIgdwkmasIunkinRsUveTAplCUnshkrNenAekaHZM caMR :boeKykbgeTACamYy .
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eKeTAykRbBn`enAeragcRktm|ajmkCYb`enAd2 .
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eBkeT .
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nUvGVI>Edl`:nCYbRbTHtaMgBIecjBIsalasSahkm rhUtmkdleragcRk . `nwkeXIjeBlb)unnI cuH
enAeragcRktm|aj eBlmkdld2 karsnnaCamYyRbZaneragcRk . `dakcitxMbiTEPkedk RsabEt
sUrsMribeCIgmnusSedIrcUlkgbnb . `RBWqwgxg sHeTArkebIkePIg RsabEtmansemgmYy xSwb> <<kMu
ebIkePIgGI `eTkMuxac>> . `RsLaMgkaMgmindwgeZVIGVIekIt . <<`eQaH ehg . `enAeragcRkenHEdr enApH
CabCamYyBYkbg>>> sUrdUecH `k*nwkeXIjyuvCnmakEdlmanrUbPaBEbkBIeK CabnrbsBYkkmkrcas.
pH`nigpHKatGacedIrmkrkKaeTAvijeTAmk:nedayqgkatranhal . ehgza BIedIm munPMeBjZakeTA
kgkNabdExrRkhm Kater[nenAviTal&y . KatR :bdUecHedIm|Ibga jodwgza KatCaGker[nsUR tEdr
dUecHeyIgmanbJa dUcKa .
-cuHbngmkrkGITaMgybGIcwg / `sYrehg .

57

-BU`Katcgdwgza

etIkyKateQaH

er[nenARsuk:raMg cUlRsukdUcBYkbggEdrGteT /

ehg

niyaymkkan` .
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enAPMeBj . niyayrYc`sayeRkay eRBaHCaeKalkarNeKhamminoeyIgniyaydUecHeT .
-gabehIy BU`KatBi:kcitgabehIy ! ehg TanedayP\ak . emck*BYkbg>ykxnmkeZVIkmGIcwg/
-etIbngoeTANa / enHCaRsukeyIg, `tb . eyIgcUlmkCYbCMuR KYsar mitPki CYyksagCati .
-bggCYbRKYsarenANa / cgksagCatiya gemc / ehgsYrrenInmk` .
`minh)ansarPaBR:behg zaLv`dwgxn EtmindwgeZVIemc vaRCuleTAehIy . EtedIm|IykrYcxn
`xMsUR tR:bKatza LvenHsPaBkarNR sukeyIgvaenAlM:kEmn EtGnaKteyIgnwg:nZUrRsal . eyIg
RtUvEtlHbg ltdMxn edIm|IzeRkayGacmanlTPaBrYmcMENk rYbrYmksagCatieLIgvij .
-ksagRsukorIkcMerIneTAmuxya gemcekIt ebIeKykkmkrEdlecHeZVIkareTAeZVI:b bgMoeZVIERsenACnbT
ehIyykkUnGkERsEdlGtecHGIesaH mkeZVIkmkrvij, ehgbEnm .
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eZVIERs ...(ehgbEnmmk`)
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-bggdwgeT

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sEdk xHeT[txagEpkepSg> . cMENk`EdlGtmanbeckeTsGVIxagsEdk eKoeTACamYyBYkCageQI.
eragCageQIsitenAxageCIgeragcRkd2

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eQIR bkek|}g . RkumCageQImanKa3 2nak . RbZanRkumCageQIeQa H sux ragRkGaj GayuR bmaN

Cag20qa M . KatZa bbYsennkalBIsg<m . ekgCageKenARkumCageK Gayu12qaM .
RkumCageQIenAkgeragcRkd2 manPar;kiccmgGVI>TaMgGsEdleZVIBIeQIsMrabmasIunkinRsUv . eyIg
manmasIunGareQImYy .

mYyGaTitmg eyIgeTAcakGERgedIm|IeTAemIleragmasIunkinRsUvEdlenAslBI

sg<mcasenATIenaH . eTAeXIjehIy eyIgnaMKavasykxatedIm|IykmqeZVIodUcKa . sux CamnusS

ecHKYrsm

KatmineRbIGaC\aeTkgkargar

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ehIyebIeBlNaKat

niyay Katbga joeyIgeXIjza KatTukbulBt CaGkR:C\ZM BUEkdUcRBHraCa . yUr>mg eKebIkviT

oeyIgsab

mintwgrwug eT[gTatdUckalenAk15eT .

BitEmnEtviTbMpusoeZVIkarts)UvN; ekAKKuk

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GVIeZVIobHBalGg<kar

`eXIjyUr> KatmanRbtikmdakBYksmaCikKatmg eRBaHekg>eBlxHniyay

bJitbeJ{ godwgza vaminsb|aycitcMeBaHGg<kareT .

sux mankMeNItBIbUBa( . kalBIenAkumarKatcUlbYsenn . dleBlsRg<am KatswkcUleZVIT&B
kgGg<PaBEdlmansag RbZaneragcRkd2Caem . suxR:b`za BYkeyaZaeRkambJakarrbssag:n

58

mke:HTItaMgenAeragcRkenH . Gg<karoBYkKatemIlsnisuxeragcRk . BYkKatmkenATIenHedaymindwg

zaeragcRkenHeKplitGIeT . kumareyaZaminEdls<alTIR kug minEdleXIjePIgGK<isnI minEdlbteCIg
kgbg<ncakTwk mindwgzaTUTwkkkeKeZVIsMrabdakGIeT . sUm|IEtma sIunkinRsUv KatmindwgzasIpg Katsan
EtCaRTugsMrabciJwmRBab .
mundMbUgGg<karoeyIgyameragcRk
eragcRkenHedIreLIgvij

bnabmkoeZVIkarsMGat

ehIyCacugbJbodMeNIkaredIm|Io

edIm|IGacdMeNIrkar:n

CadMbUgGg<kar:noBYkkmkrcasEdlZa bmanbT

BiesaZneZVIkarenAeragcRkenHcMnYn50nakmkCYy .

dleyIgGacecHdMeNIrkarxng:nehIy Gg<kar

k*dkBYkenHCabnbna becjeTAvij . BYkkmkrcasenAslEt5nakeT. mUlehtuEdlmincgokmkrcas

enAeRcIn eRBaHkmkrcasmankMEGlsg<mcaseRcIneBk manZatuesrIxVHGg<karvin&yeZVIomanbJasKsa j
kgeragcRk .
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eRbI . eTaHCaeyIgsKsa jkgstiGarmNkanEtxaMgeLIg> k*eyIgenAxMR TaM . eyIgkanEtqabGsCMen]
eBleXIjeKbeNayokumarkmkreZVIkarenAmuxLsEdkedayKanGVIesaHedIm|IkarBarsuvtiPaBrbseK . min
EdleXIjenARsukNaeKykekgeTAeRbIeZVIdUecHeT

eyIgEtgeXIjkmkrmaneRKaHzakedayrlakePIg

Cajwkjab .
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eragcRkcas> tampHkCnEdlGtmanmnusSrsenA . kmCaRbCaZibetyxVHEdkedIm|IksagCati .
karebIkLankaMmIjgeTARbmUlEdkenH CakargarEdleKcgeTARKb>Ka . Gg<karminyknrNaepspaseT
KWeKerIsykBYkEdleKTukcit CaBYkkmkrslbdivtnrbsGg<kar . BYkeyIgeKminEdlehAocUlrYmeT .
eKzamuxgareTArkEdkenH ehAzaBYkeTArk <<ektnPN >> . eBleTAmg> ma geK:necjBIeragcRkdUr
briyakas ma geT[teKGacrkenHrkenaHtampvedIm|IhUbEpeQItampH eBlxHeT[teKGacmansMNag CYb
rbsrbreRbIR :sdUcCaexaGav masR:k CaBiessnaLika . eKseg,teXIjBYkGkecjeTArkektnPN
Etmansem{kbMBaksat>BIsg<m . eKeq{tes{kBakeBlenApH .
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kalBIsg<mcas eragcRkenHKanLsEdkeT . eKeTIbsgehIyenAeBlzI>enH . LenHmankMBsR bmaN

3 0EmR t CasadrbssagRbZaneragcRk . sag:neTAer[nsEdkenARsukcincMnYn3 Ex . KatcmgLenH
BIR sukcinmk .
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minTan:neRbIpg k*EbkxUceTAvij BIeRBaHeKKank|nxa tRtwmRtUvCarUbmnedIm|IoEdkseTACab minEbk.
LsEdkeragcRkd2 sEdkRKbZun oEtrbsrwgdUcEdkeKe:HcUlkgLTaMgGs . lTpleBlxHvarwg
Emn EtvaRsYy .
3 GaTiteRkayBI:nrsenACakmkr eyIgcabZujRTan kanEtxaMgeLIg> . mgeT[t`minyleXIj
za eragcRkd2enHvamanGnaKteT cMENkrbbhUbcukk*kanEtdundabeTAdundabeTA . BakEdl sag
:nsnaza o`CYbb)unnI10zmg eTAelgRsukeBlNaeKdwkmasIunkinRsUveTAekaHZM k*minTanmkdl .

59

sagKatQbniyayer]genHrhUt ehIy`k*minEdlsYrnaMGVITaMgGs . tamBiteTA `minEdlsUvmanCMen]

cMeBaHesckIsnarbssagenHeT .
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RKberagcRkenAPMeBj eTAeZVIERsCYbCMuKa enAEbkcan . EtenAEbkcan k*eyIgminGacCYbKa :neT[t eday
sarKatmanCmWR Kuncaj

enAeragcRktm|ajt1

eragcRkEdlb)unnI

nigmitKat3 nakeT[tenAeZVIkar

k*eKvsMrukxaMgNasEdr . kargarkgeragcRkenHedIr24ema g eTA24ema g . enAt1enH kmkr90%

suTswgEtCaRsI CaGtItnarIT&Bmunz17 emsa 1970 GkbeckeTs nigkmkrcasmanEt10%bueNa H.
cMENkrbbhUbcuk mak>TTYl:n400eTA500RkamkgmYyeBl ehIysmmYycansMrabbYnnak .
enAeragcRkd2 mYyExeRkaymk sagRbZaneragcRk:nplParkiczImkoeyIgTaMg5nakeZVI .
1-ZanI

nigsan

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ya gemc /
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3 -j sresres[vePABIKImI
nig` eZIVsitiodwgza etIedIm|IeZVImasIunkinRsUvmYyeKRtUvcMNayGsbunan .
zmYykgExkJa `sUrviTR bkasza naykrdmRnIbulBt laElgecjBItMENg . CamYyKaenH
enAkgeragcRk sPaBkarNkanEttwgEtgeLIg> . eKyamsnisuxenAkgeragcRkkanEtrwgmaMeLIg . eXIj
BYkkmkrdUcCamanTwkmuxP&yxac . manBakccamGara mza manviecTkmenAkEngxHkgRbeTs . eKQbo
LankaMmIjgecjeTArkEdkenATIR kugeT[tehIy . eKhamdacxatminoecjesrIBIeragcRk ebInrNalYc
ecj ehyBYksnisuxcab:n RbZaneragcRkminGaceTArMedaHvij:neT . buna nzeRkaymk sUrviT
semgkmCaRbCaZibetypSayza RbZanemA esTug sa b .

XXX

60

eB T 7 5
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enAcMkNalmanerag:yd*ZMR bksg&,sI . cMeBaHGks<alyuKnrBIedIm erag:yenHeKsgzI eRkay17
emsa 1975 EdlBIedImCaTIZa .
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61

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dlmankarbgrQamedIm|IGVI / CaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`s<a lmnIreBTbdivtnenAkgrbbkmCaRbCaZibety.
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eKeXIjGkCmWe:ssMGatxng . GkxHKatykTwklUmkCUtd . KYrcabGarmNenAeBT75 eKTuk
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za kmCaRbCaZibety KanGkman KanGkRk ehIyCasg<mmansmPaB k*buEndlrsbniceTA kar
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62

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1975

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63

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64

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Rkhm:neZVIoKatmanv&ycasdUcCamnusSCra .

XXX

65

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66

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67

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69

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70

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78

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80

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82

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83

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84

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85

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86

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92

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94

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1977

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96

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97

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98

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XXX

99

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100

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101

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102

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XXX
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103

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sIupakniyaybnicmunnwgniyaybeJjBIeKalbMNgKatEdlKatmkelgCamYyeyIgeBlenH.
-tameyablrbsbg ebIgTaMgBIrnakcg:nkUnKWeBlenHehIyEdlCaOkasl . CaBiesssMrab
b)unnIebIgcg:nEmnETn kMucaMyUreBk . bgdwgNaszaCIvitenAeBlenHvaBi:k EtgmanGayuCIvit3 0
qaMehIy . manGayueRcIneBlqgTenGacnwgmankarBi:k .
-kges[vePAEdlsuvN o`xImansresryagenHEmn .
b)unnIniyaybeNIrdlUkeTAeRkamexIybeNIrehIybeJjes[vePAmYymancMNgeCIgza

<<`manp

eBaH>> RBmTaMgbnza <<taMgBI`ZakQWmk`Ganes[vePAenHrhUt>> .

sIuswgmineC]nUvGVIEdlKatkMBugEteXIjnwgEPkenAeBlenH .
-suvN eZVIyagemc:nCalakes[vePAenH:nrhUtmkdleBlenH / RtUvRby&toEmnETn Rby&t
ERkgeKeXIj naMomaner]g .
-eBl`Gan`dakmug . bgcgo`eZVIGIebImYyz>`enAEtmakgya genH /
sIubJakrenIn ; buEnR tUvRby&toEmnETnNa !
edIm|IkatesckIR BYy:rmrbssIu b)unnIbnza ; mitnarITaMgGsEdlmanpeBaH TTYlrbbmbBiess
KWR bhukmYydMunigs,rmYysa bRBaZMkgmYyGaTit . niyayrYcb)unnIgakemIlmk`ehIybEnm <<cas@ eyIg
RtUvKiteTAdlbJa enHEmneT / >> . `zybniceTIbniyayza <<nIemIlmineXIjzaxneyIgmankarlM:keT
/ ya gemc:nCanwkeXIjcg:nkUneBlenH enAkEngenH / etIGnaKtnwgeTACaya gNa / mageT[t
nIQWR tUvKitEzxnoCanasindMbUg . ebImankUnehIyevTnazeRkay vanwgrwtEteZVIoeyIgmanTukevTnaEzm
mkeT[t. kgkrNIenH bgeC]zaeyIgmincaM:cmankUneT>>.

104

EtsIubEnm ;er]genHeRscEtenAelIgTaMgBIrnakKitKaemIleTA ! cMENkbgvij bgzalmdleBl

ehIy .
mkdlR twmenHeyIgsUrsemgCYgrMBgeLIg

KWdleBlEdleyIgRtUvEbkBIb)unnITukoKatbnkar

RsemIR smrbsKatteTAeT[t ehIyeyIgmak>RtUveTACYbCMuR kumeyIger[gxnedIm|IcuHeTAeZVIkar .

eBlevlaecHEtkngeTAmux cMENksuxPaBrbsb)unnIkanEtZnZreLIg> . miteyIgnaMKaRbmUlza M
edaysat> EdleKxMlakTukmkdleBlenHdUcCaKInIn GgTibIuyUTik zaMkmaMg ykmkob)unnIkgkIsgwm
za nwgGacCYyeRsacRsgKat:n . KWCakarlHbgmYyd*ZMrbseKeRBaHeBlenHmak>RtUvkarzaM . eyIgEzg
GMNrKuNd*R CaleRCAdlmitPkieyIgTaMgenaH

. mundMbUgeyIgmankarEbk:kKaeRBaHGkdwknaMExrRkhm

eKbMEbkeyIg . edayrsenACamYyKakgCMrMu <<GbrM>> eZVIkarCamYyKa eyIg:ner[ns<alKa RsLajKa

eZVIocMNgmitPaBnigsamK<IPaBrvageyIgrseLIgvij. eyIgcabdwgxnza eyIg:nlHbgGVI>TaMgGssMrab
ExrRkhm EtKan:nTTYlGVIR tLbmkvijeT eRkABIPaBGamas nigPaBevTnaetakyak. BYkeKrkviZIedIm|I
bMEbkeyIgtQbQr . eKminRbkanBaksnarbseKeT . eKeZVIkargarminRKanebICageyIgeT . eK
RbvJ&eyIg. edIm|IeZVIoeyIgcMNayzamBleyIgtRbeyaCn eKeRbIoeyIgeZVIkargardUcCa daMedImdUg enA
rdUvekAhYtEhg sgGagTwkTukecal daMR sUvenAelIdIEdlmanCatikMe:r.l. TaMgGsenHsuTEtCakargar
KanRbeyaCn . <<GkralKaKansmtPaBnwgciJwmxngeT>> enHCaXa Edlbeg,IteLIgedayGkdwknaM
ExrRkhm ehIyEdlCYnkaleyIgsUrGkTTYlxusRtUvCMrMusUR ttamya gRsek[Rtec[k.
TaMgGsKaP&y:rmya gesa H GMBIsuxPaBrbsb)unnI . zVIt|itEt:nTTYlzaMya gNak*suxPaBKat
enAEtmin:nRKanebIesaH . CmWR KuncajminsMerccakecjBIKateT ehIykMedAkgxnKatk*caberIeLIgral
10zmg . b)unnIxMR byuTTlnwgCmWenHedayesckIka hanEdlKatGaceZVI:n . cabtaMgBIExtulamk
KattmanZakrdUveT[teT . sPaBkarNenHeZVIo`RBYy:rmERkgKatmanpeBaH .
enARBwkmYyKat:nrayrabR :b`nUvkareyasbid* <<Gsa r>>rbsKat <<`eyasbiza miSlmijmanRsI
makmancMNasR bEhlCaEssibqa M:nocieJ{neBRCRKabZMmYyvgmk`

`RbEkkehIy`:nR:beTA

Katvijza `RsLajcieJ{ nenHNasEt`minGacTTYlykrbsenH:neT. mageT[tykcieJ{nmkeZVIGIebI

eKBMuGacBak:nenAsm&yenH . Gg<karminGnuJatoBakeRK]gGlg,areT . buEnR sIenaHrenIn ebIGkmin
eRbIeBlenH TukvaeRbIzeRkayeTAmintRbeyaCneT . ykcieJ{nenHTukeTA...>> .
b)unnIrayra bEbbenH `k*sYrKatPam ;
-cuHnIeZIVyagemceTA /
-` `TTYlcieJ{nenaH . bgKitzaemc /
`jaksa . ebIGJwgeTAehIy nIcgobgzaemc / (`tb) ebInIcgTTYlcieJ{nenaH TTYleTA . nIeZVI
eRscEtcitcgeTANa .
-EtbgKanylGIesaH . minEmnya genHeTEdl`cgsYr . er]genHCasubinmYy `cgzadwgza etI
bgylGtn&yvaeT /
-nIdwgehIyza bgtdwgGVIeTBIer]geyasbi Et...EtEbbCamann&yza nInwgCaes|IyBICmW

105

-Emn/ bgeqIyEtepspa s vaminEmncgzaGJwgeT . eyasbienHmann&yza `manTmn ehIy

kUneyIgCakUnRsI .
-buEnnIyleTBIGVIEdlnIkMBuger[brabenH / nIenAQWenAeLIy .
tamBitb)unnItP&nR cLMeT . eyasbiKatCakarBit. ehIykarBitenHeZVIo`RsLaMgkaMg. bEnmelI
CmWR Kuncaj b)unnI ktcega r vilmux esIrralz .
cugqaM1977

dMeNIrcuHeLIgBIxmeTApHeBT nigBIpHeBTeTAxmrbsb)unnI RbRBwtieTAtQbQr.

pHeBTsitenAcmayRbmaN1KILEmR tknHBIxm . b)unnIs<,mxaMgNas KatedIrElgrYc. ral10zmg Rkum

narIcl&tmkEsgKatEdleKgskswgkgGRgwgedIm|IykeTApHeBT. Exmkra1978 eK:nTukoKatsMrak
enAkgpHElVgmYy . pHenHCamnIrkumar Edlmanekg>RbEhl20nak . ekg>TaMgenaHmanGayuBI3
eTA13 qaM . CYnkaleK

ekg>TaMgenaHesIcelgenAkgbnbEvgenaH . lacz6mkra

CmWR KuncajnwgmkyayIKateT[tkgeBlbniceT[t
eRs[vRsaj ehIyeLIgkMedAxa Mg .

b)unnIdwgxnza

edaysJa sMKalrbsCmWenHKWKatcabQWk|alrgar

KatxMR bmUlkmaMgKatCacugeRkayedIm|IzkExSmug edayKatKitza

Katnwgj&rjakenAkgmugrYc ehIyKatnwgeKgEtmg eRBaHebIjakehIy:ncgmuxCaeRkay Katc|asCa

KankmaMgnwgeZVIeT. bunannaTIeRkaymk eKsUrsemgERskzrcEmkecjBImugKatmk .
-bgb)unnI> bgekItGIhwg / bg`niyayeT / eqIymkbg !
enHCasMNYrd*P&yrenInrbsZa

EdlCaGkeTAeKgeBTCitKat .

buEnb)unnImineqIyeT EteKsUr

semg EdleKminylzaGVI . ZaeTAebIkmugKatR sabEteXIjKatGtdwgxn ecjBBuHmatElgkMerIk .

-CYypg! CYypg! bgb)unnIsabLvehIy!
ZaERskehAoeKgCYyya gGsTMhwg . ekg>EdlenAkgxmEvgenaHxHP\akeLIg xHERskyMR Thwug.
eBTGg<kar6nak:nmkdlbnbnabKa . b)unnIenAEtGtdwgxndEdl EtKatERsk . eKnaMKarwtKatpg
cakzaMpg BresrUmpg . mYyema geRkaymk eTIbb)unnIdwgxneLIgvij .
ybenaHeP{gZak . semgtMNkTwkeP{gZakelIdMbUlxmeZVIob)unnIP&yxac . KatsanzaCasemg
exaclg . EskeLIgRbZanCMrMu:nekaHehA` .
-ta! TagRtUverIsrvagCIvitbgnarI (b)unnI)nigCIvitTark . ebItameBTeyIgTaMgGsKa eKzaTiBlza M
TaMgLayEdlbgnarI:nelbnigTTYlkgxnKat R:kdCaeZVIoTarkkgeBaHminGaceTACaTarkZmta:neT
kUnenaHnwgeTACaBikar

tamZmtaeRkayBIelbKInIn GgTIb)IyUTIkehIy TarkenaHRtUvZakecjtaMgBI

yUrmkemH . tagcgTukCIvitmayCIvitkUn / KandMeNaHRsayNaepSgeT[teT ebIminecalmYyenH

k*mYyenaHEdr .
-CYyeRsacRsgCIvitmayeTAbg! `eqIyedaybMBgket|{t .
-lNas kalNabgnarImankmaMgbniceyIgnwgrMlUtTarkenaHecj .
10zeRkaymk CmWR KuncajenHk*erIeLIgvijeT[t . mgenHGnsahavCagmun . eBTrMumkR:b`za
b)unnIR tUvEtsMrakoEmnETn . kalNaKatmankmaMg eyIgnwgecaHxnTarkenHehIyykvaecj . buEnCmW
erIeLIg10zmgGtmanGakxan .

106

enAExmIna1978 b)unnImanpeBaH5ExehIy . mgenHCmWenHpHeLIgxaMgcEmk . sItuNPaBkgxn

KateLIgekAxaMg . sanPaBKatdundabrhUtdlR KUeBTmakR :b`za <<b)unnInwgminrseT ebIeKminrMlUt
TarkLvenH . RtUvcabeZVIPam ebIBMuenaHvayWtRCul>> . RKUeBTmakeT[tniyaybnr <<RtUvcaMbniceT[t
sinrhUtdlsuxPaBKatR KanebI>>.
-buEn`mineXIjza suxPaBKatnwgRKanebIyagemc ebIeKcaMyUrkalNa karRbzuyRbzanmankanEt
ZmkalenaH .
b)unnImindwgniyayzaemceBlenaH . eRkayBIeBTecjeTA:tGs Katk*sYr` <<etIbgyleT eK
KiteZVIGI`/ etIeKykGImkecaHxYrkUneyIg/>>.
-bgKanKiteXIjGVITaMgGs . vaeZVIonIexSay dUecHnIR tUvxMja MedIm|IomankmaMgTbTl . ebIBMuenaHeT
nIminGacecjBIsPaBZnZrenH:neLIy . mundMbUgRtUvKiteTAdlsuxPaBxngsin .
TIbMputeBTTaMgGs:nsMerczacaMdlsuxPaBb)unnI:nRKanebIsin swmecaHxYrkUneyIg . buEnb)unnIenA
eKgswkelIERK ja Mmin:nekAktcegar vilmuxCajwkjab . KatjaM:y:nEtBIreTAbIsa bRBakg1z.
kalNaKatsUrsemgcansabRBa Katkt
cegarPam . eKxSwbKaza KansgwmzaKatnwgrseT . Katman
siTiedIm|ITTYlrbbBiessEzmBIelIsmEdleKEckoralz KWmg>KatTTYl:nsacR tI1dMupg . buEnGt
RbeyaCneT BIeRBaHKatminGacjaMGI:nTaMgGs . `eTEdlja MmbenaHCajwkjab . `mankarxaseG[n
Edr EtsacR tIenaHvaqa jeBkeZVIo`GtR TaMBMu:n k*rMelaPelIvin&yCMrMu .
b)unnIdwgzaCmWR KuncajenHvamin:tBIxnKateT Katlanmatza; etI`:neZVIGVIdlR BHBuTGg< / Kat
:nsUR tZm(sat>pg jaMzaMGgTIb)IyUTIkpg jaMza MKInInpg EtTaMgGsenHKanbeJjTiBllTplGVI
bnicesaH . zVIt|itEtKatsitenAkgsPaBRBYylM:kya genHk*eday k*eBleKsYreyablKatmg>BIer]g
ecaHxYrTark KatsuxcitenAes{m teqIyGITaMgGs . `k*sYrKateT[tza etInIsuxcitoeKecaHxYrkUneyIg
eT / R:bbgmkemIl .
-CIvit`sitenAkgdeBTEdleKBa:l` . `TukoeKeZVIkarsMerceTAcuH . `mincgeZVICMerIsGIeT.
`KankmaMgnwgeZVIeT .
KatmincgTTYlxusRtUvkger]genHeT zVIt|itEteKTaMgGsKasMuoKateZVIkarsMerck*eday . TarkEdl
KatmanenAkgpKatvaCarbsKat . eKGacbgMzanwgykecj buEnKatbJakza " kMucaMsMerckger]genH " .
dlKMrbExTI6ehIy . suxPaBb)unnI KanpasbrGIVesaH . rMuCaGkTTYlxusRtUvenAeBT:nmkemIl
KatrYcniyayza <<LvenHvayWtRCulehIyedIm|IrMlUtTarkenHecj . lkxNcaM:cedIm|IecaHxYrenaHvaGt
RKb . bghtehvexSaHeBk . eKminGaceZVIGIVekIt . kUnenHrwgk|alNas . ZmtaebIeKelbzaMGgTIb)IyUTIk
KInInya genH

kUnvaRCuHZa k:tyUrNasmkehIy . buEnkUnenHvaZnlNas . ebIGJwgcabBIeBlenH

eTA `obgnUvza MkmaMgja M `ElgKitykvaecjehIy>>.

EskeLIgrMu

:nyksIurU5-6dbtUc>mkob)unnI . ZmtasIurUenHsMrabokUnekg ehIymageT[tvahYs

zkMNtoeRbIeTAehIy . rMuza enHCazaMkmaMgbswmRbeTs vamanCatiEdkCYyomankmaMg .

eRkaymkCmWR KuncajenHmansPaBGnminratt|atdUcmun kMedAmin:tEtvaminhYsBI40GgSareLIy.
b)unnIElgsnbdUcmuneT[tehIy . KattjaKatGskmaMgNas htxa Mg eBlKatniyayeLIgdgk ehIy

107

RtUvQbCajydgenAkgXa nImYy>

KatminGaccuHecjBIERK:neT

eRBaHeBlNaKategIbQrmg>

Katvilmux . sitenAkgsPaBEbbenHehIyKatenAEteq{to`sabeBaHKateBlNaTarkkgeBaHvakMerIk.
<<bgeXIjeT kUneyIgvakMerIkxaMgNas>> b)unnIniyayR:b`ya grMePIy .

peBaHb)unnIcUldlExTI8-9ehIy . suxPaBKateXIjRKanebICagmuneRcIn . bnicmg>KatcabepIm

egIbQrehIyedIrecjeTAeRkAxm:n . KatcabmansacCagmunbnic . CaeRcInGaTitmkehIy KatdaM
rMgassedIm:xbCamYyswkeQIxHEdlCazaMburaNEdleKzaGacCYysMrYlkgkarqgTen . KatKankmaMg
GIeT . TaMgGsKaeC]zaKatBMuGacrsranmanCIvitteTAeT[teLIy . xn`palmineC]za KatGacqgputenA
eBlqgTeneLIy . `caMehtuGaRkknwgekIteLIgcMeBaH`enAeBlxagmux .
b)unnIminRBmbeNayeTAtamkarGssgwmenHeT . Gg<karTukKatoenAes{medaynwkza KatcaMEt
dleBlsabbueNaH. enAkgCMrMuvij karRbyuTtTlCamYybuK<lniymecHEtRsYcRsaveLIg> . BImunmk
GkCmWZnRsImanpeBaH:nTTYlkarGnuJatodaMTwkenAcRg,anxngenAEk|rxm . cabBIeBlenHeTAkar
eZVIEbbenHRtUvhamR:meRBaHeKRtUvRbyuTnwg <<kCn>> . eKRtUvhamR:mminocMGinGIVeRkABIenAcRg,an:y
rYm. buEneBlenaH GkdwknaMCMrMuGt:nhamR:mb)unnIeT pyeTAvijeK:nR:bKatza ebIKatcgjaMbEn
EpeQIGI KatsMueTAGg<kareTA KanbJaGIeT . LvenHKatGacedIr:n ehIyKatk*eTAcUlrYmRbCMuR kum
RbcaMzng
i RbCMu10zmg .
laczGg<a r5kk,da enAeBlRbCMuR kum b)unnIdwgxnzaKatminsUvRsYlxn . KatR :beTAemRkumehIy
k*edIreTAkanxm . eP{geTIbEtraMg . b)unnIedIrzm>mYy>eRBaHxacrGil nigxacstVBsEdlcUlcitecj
eRkayeBleP{ gZak . Pa menaHKatcEmkkgxnehIysYrxngza <<`ekItGIhwg/ ehtuemc:nCasMBt
exA`eLIgTTwkGJwg/ >>. eTAdlxmPamKatk*GuCceg,{ geRbgkatrkemIlERkgmanGIVenAkgTwkenam . 1emag
eRkaymk `k*sYrKatza etIKatcgo`eTAR:beBTeT / KateqIytbza; <<eTmincaM:ceT `GtTanQW
eBaHeT . ybeRCANaseTAehIy eyIgRtUvsMrak>> .
EskeLIg`P\akBIR BlwmdUcTmabralz . munnwgecjeTAeZVIkar`:rmBIsuxPaBb)unnIeT[tehIy.
-GtGIeT RKanebIehIy, KateqIymk` .
-nImanQWeBaHeT /
-eT Et`GtdUcZmtaesaH . `dUcCaP&yzb> . buEnbgeTAeZVIkarcuH . ebImankarGI eKnwgeTAR:b.
b)unnIniyaybeNIr es{ksMBtexA beNIr .
mYyRsbkeRkayBI`ecjeTAeZVIkar
dUcTmab.

emag9RBwk

b)unnIZakTwkePa H . kgCMrMueLIgsat . TaMgGsKaecjeTAeZVIkar

xummkeGItsYrsuxTukb)unnImunnwgKatbndMeNIreTArkbEn. xumCanarImakEdlman

peBaHEdr . Katrh&srhYnNas .
-bgeGIybg! ya gemceTAehIy/
-GUxum! `GtQWeBaHbnicNaesaH buEn`minylzaehtuGI:nCaTwkePa HhUrGtQb . `eTIbpas
sMBt
-ya gemc bgZakTwkePa H / bgmanR:beBTehIyenA /
-enAeT

108

-hWuemck*R bEhsemH! bgenAoes{m `rteTArkeBTrMu .

knHemageRkaymkxumRtLbmkvijedayTwkmuxGssgwm .
-`rkeBTrMumineXIjesaH

eKR:b`za

KatecjeTABa:lGkCmWenAb17

enAsg,atGkTTYl

xusRtUv .
-GtGIeT, b)unnIeqIy . `minTanQWeBaHeT .
mYyema geRkaymk rMumkdl .
-bgRsIya gemceTAehIykgxn /
-`minTanQWeBaH EtTwkePa HEbkehIy .
-taMgBIGg,almk /
-taMgBIlacmiSlmiuj
RsIekgenHsmwgenACJa MgedayGtecjsI . emIleTAKatdUcCakMBugEtKitelIer]gGVImYy. RbEhl
ema g1res[l b)unnIcabepImQWeBaHtic> . mYyema geRkaymkeTIbQWxa Mg . RbEhlema g6lac Kat
QWkanEtjabeLIg> . enAkgxmeyIgmansPaBG)UrGr RsI>EdlmanbTBiesaZn4-5nak kgcMeNamenaH
manBIrnakCaqb . bEnmelIbuK<likeBTsIunigRsIxHeT[t eKGnuJatoenACitb)unnIEdlkMBugQWeBaHkanEt
xaMgeLIg>. `RtUvenAeRkAxmCamYymitPkiepSgeT[trgcaMdMNwg Et`b)unnIzreBlKatQWeBaHmg>. edIm|I
plPaBkkekAdlb)unnI rMu:ncgGRgwgenACitKat . b)unnIGacTTYls,rGMeBABIrsabRBa ykeTAjaMoman
kmaMg . GkenACitR:boKatja M . buEnKatelbminrYc . emag9yb . b)unnIehvkanEtxaMg . KatcgcuHBI
elIERKedIm|IeTAbteCIg . KatEbkejIsCaeRcIn . rMuBinits|nmgeT[t ehIyniyayza <<s|nebIkbnic
ehIy ka haneLIgbg `cakzaMobgmYymledIm|Ios|nebIkrh&s>>.
ema g10yb . s|nebIkGsehIy . rMuniyayza <<`eXIjk|alva>> .b)unnIQWkanEtxaMgeLIg.
<<Rbwg!RbwgTalEtovaecjmk . RbwgoxaMg!

xaMgEzmeT[t!>> enHCasMErkrbsR sI>EdlCitb)unnI . b)unnI

eqIyedaytMGUjza <<`QWNas `RbwgGsehIy>> . b)unnInwkeTAdlmayKatehIyniyayza ebImayKat

enACitKat Katc|asCaQWminxaMgdUcenHeT.
ybGaRZatkngeTA . b)unnIenAEtdEdl KankarZUrRsalGIbnicesaH.pyeTAvijKatkanEtdundab
Cagmun. edIm|IkmaKat rMu:nniyayza <<ema gBIrkUnnwgekItehIy>>. EtenHema g3 eTAehIy enAEtmin
TanekIteT[t. b)unnIKan:neKglkesaHsUm|IEt1vinaTIk*GtEdr .
-emceTAbgkgxn /
-enAEtdEdl
-GJwg`eTAeNaH1Ept . `RtLbmkvijLvehIy bgkMuR BYyGI .
taMgBIema g10ybemHs|nebIk

.`:neXIjlladk|alTarkRbkedayskexA

buEnvaenAKaMgecj

mkminrYc . k|alenHehIyEdlrMubMrugnwgecaH EtLvKatza <<vayWtRCuleTAehIy>>.

zVIt|itEtbgRsIKatenACitehIyk*eday k*b)unnIenAEtrkma yKateT[t. Emn tamBiteBlmunenAPUmi`
kalNaRsIqgTenEtgmanmayenACit . `RBYyesIrrEhkRTUg mindwgeZVIya gemc . eKsMuo`eTAsMrak

109

enAxmCitxag. ZatuGakashb . KanxlbkbnicesaH . xn`eLIgEbkejIsehIyxMTMertEtminsux.

`xMep{gsabR KbsemgEdlmkbHRtec[k` . `htNas . htxaMgEmnETn Znmun:nk* ....
15naTIeRkaymkrMuk*R tLbmkvij . epgEdlCaRbZanCMrMubna bBIrwm :nekaHehA` . enAmuxrMu epgsYr
` <<bgsuxciteT ebIeKvHeBaHbgnarIykTarkecj/ CakarRbzuyRbzanmYyyagZM buEneyIgKanCMerIs
epSgeT[teT . eyIgeZVIR KblTPaBTaMgGsedIm|IseRg<aHma y . cMeBaHTark sMNagticNas EdlzaGacnwg
rs.eTaHCaya gemck*kUnenHvamindUcekgZmtaeT.mayk*eyIgKansgwmbunanEdr>>.

rMubEnmza;bgnarI

KatexSayNaseTAehIy . GJwgetIBUsuxcitoeKvHeBaHykkUnecjeT/
-eZVIya gNaeRscEtelIGg<karsMerceTAcuH .
enAkgxmeNaH b)unnIsYrrkrMuehIybgRsIKatk*eqIyza ; KatecjeTAvijehIy.
-emck*KatecjeTAvij /
mak>RkeLkemIlmuxKaeTAvijeTAmk

sakesIrminh)aneqIy.TIbMputRsImakniyayza

mitrMuecjeTA

edIm|IeTArkRbdabR bdasMrabvH .
-eKbMrugvH`/
rhUtdlnaTIcugeRkay b)unnI enAEtmanCMen]za kUnenHvanwgGacekItdUcZmta. emagbYnknHRBwk
eTAehIy sanPaBenAEtdEdl. CYgbnWeLIg edIm|IR :bza dleBleTAeZVIkargarehIy . dUeca Hb)unnI
Kitza <<PWLvehIy>kUnenAEtminTanekItecjmkeT[t . dleBlbniceT[t mit>eKnwgmksYrdMNwg
etI `RtUveqIyeTAeKzaemc/ >>.
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esIrelaHRBlwg . kEngvHkatenHmansNandUckEngsmabstV .

110

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111

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112

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:rm CadMbUgeTAelIEPknag EdlmYysnHeRkaymkcabebIk . nagGacemIleXIjeT / rYc`emIlCa
bnbnabeTARcmuH EpkTaMgBIr nigRtec[k . nagmanRKbsBV GtxVHGIeT enAEpkxagmuxnigk|alenH . `
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XXX

113

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114

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nUvkudiR BHsgEdl`Zabsa kenAbIqaMenAedImqaM1960 .

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ehIyTukGkecal . karsJbsJwgrbs`RtUvkatpac .
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es{kBakexA dUcGkeT[tEdr . b)unnI nig`rIkrayeday:neXIjKateLIgvij . CaelIkTI1ehIyEdleyIg
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122

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123

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CamYyeyIg cgR :beyIgGMBIkarRBYy:rmrbseKEdlBYkeKrgnUvkarek[bsg,t taMgBIeyIgecjdMeNIreTA
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124

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eG[gsarI . eKer[nCamYyKakalenAGWrub buEnenARKaenHeBlkniyaymg> KatminEdlePcBakepImza
bgeyIg enaHeT . Kat:no`cUlkgkariyal&yKatehIybiTTVarBIeRkay`edayxaceKeXIj` . kar
enHeZVIo`eTIsTalbnic . rYcehIyKatcabepImniyayedaylkN;pSHpSa .
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cgeZVIGIBYkeyIgk*eZVIcuH buEnR tUvdwgza eyIgkarBaryutiZm(rhUtdlTIbMput .

125

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bniceRkaymkmn:nRtUvGg<karcglzaCamnusSk|t

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kanEtsahaveLIg ehIyminyUrbunan savn k*R tUvecaTzaCaPakgarrbssRtUv .
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EdlrsenATIenH . Katk*QWcabdUceyIgGJwgEdr . KatZabCamRnIzakxsR ksYgksikm . `Za bs<al
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rs

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eRkamkardwknaMpa lrbseG[gsarI

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bnykargareyIg ehIybEnmrbbmbGaharRtIsac

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mak . cabBIenaHmkeyIgGaces{kBaksem{kbMBakBN(:n buEntamBiteTA Ka eyIgPaKeRcInElgman
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Gg<karniyaykanEtjwkjabGMBIkarbRgYbbRgYmRKYsar . Gg<karsnazanwgrkGk:txn . eG[g
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enAPMeBj

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rsranmanCIvitehIyRbkbedaysuxPaBleT[tpg .

126

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