The Research Journal of Sciences and Technology 2(1&2):1-16 2011, ISSN 2226-0110

The official publication of Faculty of Sciences FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY

APPLICATION OF GIS ON URBAN LAND USE PLANNING AND REVENUE GENERATION

Farkhunda Burke,1 Syed Nawaz ul Huda,2 Muhammad Azam,2 Muhammad Miandad1
1. 2. Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Department of Geography, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology Karachi,

Abstract
The lacune of GIS technology in Pakistans planning is chiefly due to lack of proper maps and micro level landuse information. In the case of Karachi, inaccurate targeting of planning and implementation has been responsible for immense wastage of valuable funds. Development of urban landuse database at the grass roots level is therefore, an urgent need. Targetting this need, present study aims at providing a database for the mega polis of Karachi. GIS has been identified as an effective tool for preparing landuse data sets for regional planning and micro level planning. In addition to this technology, the study is based on fieldwork, primary and secondary data use, including RS methods for extraction, analysis and display of facilities at Union Council level in Karachi, the future World City.

Article Received: 01-03-11, Accepted: 28-07-11 Key words: Applied GIS, Karachi, Malir, Urban landuse, Revenue generation

1. INTRODUCTION The urbanization process in Pakistan and its pace of growth has accelerated over the past fifty years. Karachi is now a mega polis with a population of 15.1 million along with other cities like Bombay, Calcutta, Jakarta, Nairobi, Manila, Lagos and Cairo. Intervention by planners and administrators requires spatial and socio-economic data collection and analysis at different levels of utility services especially in view of the unplanned urban physical environment. The process of urban development is guided and coordinated by the development plan of the City. Karachi has witnessed several Master Plans, the last having been formulated in 2008 (MPGO-CDGK, 2008), but most of these plans were vitiated at various stages of their implementation, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. In most sectors of development, the spirit of the proposal is not translated adequately into the envisaged framework, resulting in differentiated, disjointed and undesirable urban growth. Failure to meet the demands in a guided manner, illegal occupation of sites and services, land use transformation, encroachment and unauthorized construction take place, thus culminating in the degradation of the urban environment. It is here that the issue of urban assessment assumes prime importance. Urban activity is a function of land use and there is a close interaction of cause and effect relationship between land use and services. Multidisciplinary and integrative tools are of special importance when problems are multifaceted as is true for the management of third world cities. RS and GIS are technologies that can handle information on both location and its characteristics within a single system and is being increasingly recognized as a powerful modeling tool in a variety of fields (Qiong, et al., 2006; Xia Li, and Yeh, 2004; Sui, 1998; Yeh, 1999). GIS has great potential to easily and accurately map and model urban components and help in systematization and streamlining of urban policies and subsequent development. Lack of access to pertinent data along with a shortage of skilled personnel is a
Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Farkhunda Burke (email: burkegeography@yahoo.com)

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

great hurdle in the solution of urban problems in the developing world. Along with this, there are impediments of preferred solution. GIS technology is most commonly used for comprehensive planning, zoning, land use inventories, site suitability assessments, and socio-demographic analysis, and is generally used for mapping purposes (Thomas, 2002; Warnecke, et al. 1998). The value of maps in understanding and communicating planning issues is well recognized and appreciated. GIS database development must be based on a clear understanding of planning problems, process, and context (Clercq, 1990). Furthermore, since planning databases are usually derived by compiling data from multiple sources and of varying qualities and scales, it is necessary to apply the rules of interoperability and integration (Devogele, et al., 1998). In the positivistic vein, GIS databases are most frequently used for performing planning-related analysis and scientific inquiries (Wellar, et al. 1994). Webster (1993; 1994) match the scientific input required to the various stages of the planning process: problem identification requires description and prediction; goal setting, plan generation, evaluation of alternatives, and choice of solution requires prescription; implementation requires description, prediction, and prescription; and monitoring requires description and prediction. Due to lack of proper maps and information of land use at the micro level in Karachi, planning and implementation by the local government is not accurately targeted, causing wastage of valuable funds. Development of urban land use database at the grass roots level is therefore, urgently needed. The study aims at providing a database for this purpose, for the mega polis of Karachi, starting from the grass roots level, and GIS has been identified as an effective tool in preparing land use data sets required for urban and regional planning and micro level planning. GIS can also be used as a graphical display tool for demonstrating the variations of existing conditions, for proper policy formulation, prior to planning allocations, an essential prerequisite for planners and administrators. The present study highlights the potentials of spatial information technology beginning with GIS for solving planning and administrative problems. A number of studies both in developed and in developing countries has been made on the geo-information use in government (Georgiadou and Stoter 2010). Application of GIS for urban analysis and planning to assess the amenity patterns; parcel suitability for potential park locations; municipal waste generation and collection; GIS and Geo-statistics for modeling; 3D city models for urban GIS; the delivery of humanitarian shelter in urban areas, etc. Micro level studies have been made in the USA for the analysis of urban schoolyard land cover (Schulman and Peters, 2007). GIS is an essential technology component for future management and decision-making (Ahmed, 2008). In developing countries, lack of spatial database, not only effects balanced planning but also conceals the revenue resources, while GIS can provide help in resolving these issues both at macro as well as micro levels. 2. STUDY AREA The study area (Fig.1) is UC-I Model Colony of Malir Town, located between 24.88 to 24.91 E-W latitudes and 67.17 to 67.20 N-S longitudes on the globe. Field studies have shown that there are, 66 Housing Schemes in the area, among them being Amirabad, Huma Town, Moinabad, Moinabad Extension I,II & III, Railway Housing Society, Kazimabad, Dabistan-eRaza, Siddiqabad, Sheets 1 to 28 of Model Colony, Alamgir Scoiety, Alamgir Extension etc. The katchi abadies of Lasi Para and Rahim Khan Jokhio Goth have only been demarcated on the map due to administrative and political impediments. The study covers an area of 3.607 km2 while the population is 63 803 (GoP, 2000). This area has been selected because it is a Model Colony according to the Master Plan and a micro level study was feasible under a sponsored project. This study is aimed as a model for conducting further studies of a similar 2

Burke, et al., 2011

nature, in the better interest of planning and management of the infrastructure and suprastructure of Karachi, destined to become a World City.

Karachi Towns
N W
0

E S
40

kilometres

Malir Town

Union Council Model Colony

0 1 2 kilometer Malir Town Union Councils

Fig.1: Study Area 3. MATERIAL AND METHOD 3.1 Data Source Three major sources have been used for primary data collection i.e., remote sensing, layout maps and ground truthing. Secondary data i.e. population and other data have been collected form Census Department. High resolution satellite image (Google Earth 2010) has been used to create base map of the study area which also provides the basis for digitization of land marks, classification of existing data, etc. Collection of layout maps has been unsatisfactory due to mismanagement of concerned authorities, although rough master maps of the area were available but change of plot size and encroachments has hindered GIS database development. Some of the layout maps available are of the newly created housing societies, which are few in number. Questionnaire survey and ground truthing was conducted several times during different parts of the year i.e. from June 2009 till April 2010, and on different days of the week, at varying daytime and evening hours in order to get wider temporal coverage. 3.2 Database Development One of the most difficult challenges in regional planning is data management and map product creation. Providing needed geospatial data (i.e., map products) to decision makers, planners, engineers, and analysts is a difficult task that is further complicated by the use of large geospatial image data sets that are needed for the products. Database development, aided by GIS and RS facilitate in quantifying, monitoring, modeling and subsequently predicting in the realm of regional planning (Sudhira, 2004; Civco et al., 2002; ICIMOD, 1999;). These data sets usually comprise large data files that are difficult to transfer, hence, require significant storage resources, and is a time-consuming and complicated process. A well-defined data model is one of the basic pillars on which a database depends. The lack of sufficient thought in the planning of the model would have led to the incoming data being put 3

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

into the wrong containers, or worse, a faulty model may not have allowed the data to be properly classified (Fig. 2).
GIS DATABASE
RS (SATELLITE IMAGE) DIGITIZATION BASE MAP LAYOUT MAPS

GROUND TRUTHING

DATA COLLECTION

GC EI H P/PG P/CNG BS RI GB MH CC

Geo-Coding Educational Institutions Hospitals Parks/Playgrounds Petrol Pumps and CNG Stations Bus Stops Religious Institutions Government Buildings Marriage Halls Commercial Centers

DHS RN

Demarcation of Housing Schemes Road Network

UC DATABASE

Fig. 2: Methodology for the database development 4 SELECTED FIELDS FOR DATABASE 4.1 Geocoding An address locator enables conversion of textual descriptions of locations into geographic features. Address Locators are stored and managed in a workspace. The accuracy of geocoding has become more and more important in industries such as insurance, catastrophe risk and disaster managements, telecommunication, etc. (Mansouri et al. 2007 & Mansouri et al. 2008). During the recent cyclone Phet which ravaged Gwadar, the populace was seriously inflicted by loss of lives and property and the government was at a loss of mitigating the damages due to an utter lack of geocoding inaccurate address information. Therefore, in the study area all information regarding home addresses have been collected through field surveys. Except some names of roads, not all existing roads, streets and lanes in the UC have titles. Therefore, all roads, streets and lanes have been given names in consultation with the Administrator of the Union Council. Fig.3 shows the geocode database. 4.2 Demarcation of Housing Schemes and their size Demarcation of societies is an integral part of renovation of un-planned areas. Limitation of areas as units where people live as groups, races and ethnic characters is essential for planning. Demarcation of societies provides a convenient approach for planners to justify development programs in any area. Tax culture is promoted where the return of utility facilities are justified. Unit based control and command system has helped establish powerful administrative authority in the area. Fig.4 shows the number of housing societies in the study area. Most of the blocks of Model Colony are called Sheets. Other housing societies have 4

Burke, et al., 2011

been developed by different ethnic groups. The people residing in Surti housing society have named it in accordance to their parent area i.e. Surat (Gujrat, India) while in Kazimabad and Jaffarbagh, residence is sectarian based. This database will prove helpful to the administrators of the area for making foolproof security plans related to religious events, customs and rituals of various sectarian groups.
Jinnah Avenue GulshanSheet eSurti Jami 18 Society Sheet Kazimabad 17 Al-Mujeeb Sheet Sheet Humera 20 Jaffar 23 Town Bagh Crystal Sheet 27 Sheet 27 2 Bungalows Extension Faizabad DC Q u Sheet a Fore rt st O ers 16 Sheet ffice Colo r Sheet Shee ny s Nishtar 21 Sheet t 22 Ground 15 Deptt 25 Bungalows Gol Gard . Sheet Modern Shee en Ground t4 Sweet 14 Sheet Poultry Farm 13 Homeland Sheet Shee t4 Society 2 12 Sheet 5 Sheet 9 Block A Sheet 10 Liaquat Sheet 6 Avenue
She et She 19 et 2 4 She et 2 8

Jinnah Garden

ex pl m Co m lex Aa p e- om n iz- C w Fa wan i To Ja hab As

Shee t 26

Jinn ah A

venu e She et 2

Priva t Railw e Land ay So cie Alam ty gir So ciety

Model Colony Graveyard Moinabad 2 Huma Town

Sheet 7

aza n-e-R Bosta Gulistan Moinabad -eKaleem 1 Moinabad Ext.

Si dq ab ad

Moinabad 3 Security Printing Press of Pakistan

Be lt

Gr

een

Nati ona l Hig hwa y

Fig.3, Geocoding
Jama Moeenia Masjid Bilal Masjid Hira Masjid Imam Bargh Bagh-e-Habib Masjid Bilal Masjid Umer Masjid Khatimun Nabieen Masjid Madina Masjid Amin Masjid HRKV Masjid Graveyard Masjid Ali Masjid Noori Masjid Madni Masjid Siddiqui Masjid 0 0.5 kilometres Eidgah Masjid Chistia Masjid Faryal Masjid Ahle Hadith Masjid Ebrahim Masjid Abu Bakkar Masjid Bohri Masjid Almgir Masjid Rabbani Masjid Ashraf Masjid Qutub Masjid Mustafa Masjid Faize Muhammadi Hafza Masjid

Fig.4, Demarcation of Housing Schemes

Hira Park

Park (Kazimabad II) Umer Park Sheet 25 Park Nishtar Ground Goal Ground Sheet 12 Park Sheet 9 Park

Ra y L ilwa ine

Mehran Depot

Gulshan-e-Qamar

Quaid-e-Azam Ground Sindhi School Ground Eidgah Ground Ameerabad Moinabad Park 1 Nazir Hussain Park Fatima tu-Zehra Park

Fig.5, Masjid (Mosque)

Fig.6, Parks and Playgrounds

4.3 Religious Institutions In Muslim society, Masjid (mosque) plays multidimensional roles. They are places of prayer, educational institutions, courts regarding negotiation of social and political disputes and a place of balanced development of spirituality. In the study area, 32 949 (0.925%)

ul-JannSheet Ba at 11 rk at

A To li wn

ns te Ex

n io

t ee Sh 3

t8 ee Sh

n ha K ge im lla ah Vi i R eo aj H Jokh y n lo Co 1 el et od She

d ba ira Am

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

square yards has been reserved for religious institutions. Fig. 5 shows presence of Masjid in the study area. 4.4 Parks and Playgrounds Landscape beauty has been an attraction for human beings since he was in paradise. Subsequent to industrialization, residents were clustered around industrial estates, thus, crteating an excessive population pressence in these income-generating regions. This undue agglomeration of urban population led to the development of model settlements where the residental areas were planned with allocation of areas for community and recreational facilities etc (Floyd, et al., 2009). In the present era, industrialization has been identified as one of the major causes of environmental pollution. Therefore, open green spaces must be maintained in order to mitigate environmental pollution as people of all ages visit parks at different hours of the day and evenings with different objectives, primarily health objective (Burke, et al. 2007). The greenery of parks and playgrounds not only reduce environmental pollution but are also soothing to the human eyes and are meant for refreshment must be maintained in the open green spaces. Greenery in the form of grasses, shrubs, bushes, creepers, hedges, flower beds, trees etc (Burke, et al., 2009). Both quality and quantity of parks and playgrounds have great significance in determining the spatial variation of amenity values in the housing market (Cho, et al., 2008). In the present study, area of parks and playgrounds has been measured 72 043 square yards (2.02%) out of 3,563,000 square yards of study area. Fig. 6 shows the location of Parks and Playgrounds. 4.5 Educational Institutions It is generally accepted that improving the performance of education systems is necessary for socio-economic development (Grignon, 2008; Ayan and Tapinar, 2009) economic competitiveness, and equality among different groups in societies, better functioning of the governmental institutions, democracy and human rights. Schools are the base of educational development. Improper planning of settlements focusing only on housing needs regardless of basic rights such as school, force people to travel long distances in order to avail proper education facilities for their children. Ideally, there should be a Preprimary/Nursery school for every 200, a Primary school for every 5 000 and a Secondary school for a local population of about 7 500 (EBGGH, 2010). Estimated school going age population (age 4 to 16) of the UC are 32 560 while, 42 schools facilitate their education. Development of database will facilitate the UC administration to tackle the problems of the education system and to plan beneficial system of educational structure for their population. Most of the schools are run by private administration while government schools are few in number. 4.6 Road Network The success and progress of any area is dependent on the availability of physical infrastructure for distributing resources and essential services to the public. The quality and efficiency of this infrastructure affects quality of life, the health of the social system, and the continuity of economic and business activities (Zigelbauer, et al., 2005; Santosa and Joewono, 2005; Langdon, 2003; Wong, 2001). The economic strength of local government is reflected in its infrastructural asset (Bennett, et al., 2004; Rodrguez-Pose, et al., 2001). The history of economic and social system walks parallel with infrastructure development; good infrastructure facilitates a higher quality of life (Hudson, et.al., 1997) and demands on infrastructure and related services increase as people expect a higher quality of life and public services. In the study area, total road network consists of 93km in length with 3.26km width. Fig. 7 depicts the road network in the study area. 6

Burke, et al., 2011

4.7 Government Buildings Based on both governmental policies and actions at all levels, there appears renewed recognition about the importance that public buildings and their activities contribute to the vitality of urban areas and the overall quality of their communities. Government property plays a vital role in the development of any area, because it ensures future development of utilities and security. This factor attracts people to reside around government buildings, thus exacerbating demand of homes and high land values. 4.8 Hospitals Health facility is one of the basic needs for human wellbeing and hospitals are an integral part of healthcare system. WHO (2007) has defined public health security as the activities required, both proactive and reactive, to minimize vulnerability to acute public health events that endanger the collective health of national populations and global public health security concerns of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries. In an effective planning of health care system, specially, hospital coverage should be manageable with reference to population pressure. In the study area, there are three major public and private sector hospitals (Fig. 8), which facilitate the population in terms of some basic health services. 4.9 Police Stations Data relating to the distribution of Police Stations has been used because its presence in any area does not, under Pakistani conditions, imply the availability of adequate security. Police post is another essential facility besides healthcare that needs to be provided in a neighborhood. Security of a given area depends on its police vigilance and no neighborhood development can become successful without the provision of police stations. There has to be a provision for a police station for every 90 000 population (EBGGH, 2010). There is only one police station to facilitate the entire population of the study area (Fig. 8). 4.10 Petrol Pumps and Compressed Natural Gas Stations Fuel stations have became an essential need for transportation and are considered as an infrastructural necessity. According to EBGGH (2010), there must be at least one petrol pump for 150 hectares of gross residential area. In the study area, two fuel stations are facilitating 297.9 hectares of gross residential area and the neighborhood of the whole study area (Fig. 9). 4.11 Commercial Centre Every development area must have a commercial centre for availability of services to make living convenient. These services include banks, cloth markets, dry cleaners, telephone recharge facility, photocopier, etc. The main commercial center in the study area has been shown in Fig. 9. 4.12 Marriage Halls People need places to gather for social purposes or just need halls for organizing certain functions. There should be a community hall for a population of about 5 000. For a population of about 15 000, there should be a community hall and a library (EBGGH, 2010), Fig. 10 shows severals community or marrage halls in the UC, but no library.

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

1 Sh eet 27t h Ex t. Lane 3 She 1 She et 27t et 27t h Ex Lane 4 She t. h 2 She et 27t et 27t h Ex Lane h t. La 3 She ne et 27t Lan 1K h e 4 She azim et 27t Lan ab Lane h e 5 She ad 2 Ka et 27th zim Lan aba e 6 She Lan d e 3 Ka et 27t Lane h zimaba 7 Sh eet 27t d Lane h Lan 8 Sh e eet 27t Lane 9 Sheet h 27th 10 Sh Lane eet 27t 11 Sh h Lan eet e 12 Lane Sheet 27th 5 Ka 27th College zimaba Street d Lan e7 K az im ab ad

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Government Forest Nursery Government Degree Girls College

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Government Quarters Faryal School Faryal Boys School

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CDGK Maternity Home F. G. School Union Police Council Station Office PTCL Telephone Government Exchange Sindhi School Mehran Depot

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Fig.7, Labeling of Road Network

PSO Petrol Pumps

Street 4 Moinabad III

abad Ext.

ad III

Security Printing Press Government of Pakistan

Fig.8, Government Buildings

Sky Lawn

National Bank Standard Chartered Bank Al-Mezan Bank Alpine CNG Station Daffodils Hall B Daffodils Hall A Hina Garden Main Commercial Street United Bank Limited Bank Al-Habib Bag-o-Bahar Lawn Qamar Garden Lavish Lawn Town Hall

0 Security Printing Press Government of Pakistan

0.5 kilometres

1 Security Printing Press Government of Pakistan

Khan Marriage Hall Mehran Marriage Lawn

Fig.9, Commercial Center

Fig.10, Marriage Halls

4.13 Bus Stops Bus shelters are important components of service quality, which should be provided by local governments. Bus stops are also an indicator of discipline of any nation, because stops facilitate commuters for break of journey at specific points. This action mentally motivates drivers that uncertain break is not possible in traffic flow. All should drive their vehicles in their respective lanes and stop at relevant terminals. Shelter at bus stops is also very important to protect from the vagaries of weather. Only one bus stop has been observed in the entire study area.

Burke, et al., 2011

Fig.11: Detailed GIS map of Model Colony 5 IMPACT OF GIS ON LOCAL REVENUE COLLECTION AND CONSUMPTION Municipal authorities all over Pakistan understand the importance of bringing IT into their infrastructure and setup. This requirement should lead to opening and consolidation of IT departments in the municipal corporations of the city. Property and other tax assessment is one of the areas where this technology can be used to meet the challenges of storing huge amount of data, and updating it on a continuous basis in an effective manner. Development of household population database would prove highly beneficial in not only urban and regional planning but political, ecological and environmental planning as well. In the case of Karachi, a database of the sewerage system would also go a long way in preparedness and mitigation of natural hazards and disasters. Planning at the UC level can prove highly beneficial as it is grassroots level planning and use of RS and GIS can prove to be highly effective. Future applications of GIS are beyond imagination and almost all development projects will use this technology, which will also significant aid in revenue generation and most accurate UC budget planning. This system will also contribute to efficiency of the tax system and functioning of the tax net. In Pakistan, electricity and gas fuel theft, ignorance of vehicle tax and driving license, etc. are rampant. Collection of taxes and other utility bills should be administered at UC level, especially for Karachimega polis,

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

for more efficient management. Fig.12 shows the significance and associated terms regarding GIS database, while Table 1 has depicted estimated revenue collections in some fields.
Advantages Significance Estimate Revenue Collection Comprehensive planning for area development Check and Control on Revenue by local people Estimate Revenue Consumption Least Corruption Rate Rule of Law Peaceful Environment Role

Effects

UC GIS

Fig. 12 Impact of GIS in Local Revenue Collections and Consumptions

Table 1 Estimated Revenue Collections based on developed database of UC (Sugested rate evaluated on the bases of negotiation with local people)
Water & Sewerage Charges on Monthly Basis Single floor No. of Houses 4320 PKR@300 1296000 Double floor 3350 PKR@600 2010000 Triple floor 1505 PKR@900 1354500 Total 4660500 Yearly (million) 55.926

Shopfront Charges on Monthly Basis 4 to 8 feet No of Shops 543 PKR@200 108600 8 to 16 feet 33 PKR@400 13200 Triple floor 24 PKR@600 14400 136200 1.6344

Vehicle Tax on yearly basis Motorbike Vehcile Tax 8625 PKR@1000 8625000 Car 1240 PKR@2000 2480000 Truks & Buses 22 PKR@5000 110000 1.1E+07 11.215

Driving License on years basis Motorbike License 18345 PKR@600 11007000 Car 4983 PKR@1000 4983000 Truks & Buses 1133 PKR@2000 2266000 1.8E+07 18.256

Per student charge on private school on the basis of students range in monthly sysytem Student range No. of student 100-200 1435 PKR@50 71750 200-300 1720 PKR@40 68800 300-400 735 PKR@30 22050 162600 1.9512

Land sale purchase and rent fees Sale & purchase Rent PKR@ 500/yard PKR@ 300/yard 2500000 117500 2.5 0.1175

Certificates Charges Birth Certificate Death Certificate Marriage Certificate PKR@ 500 PKR@ 100 PKR@ 800 77500 5500 320000 0.0775 0.0055 0.32

Private Clinics Charges on monthly basis PKR@ Per Clinic 1200 Per Hospital Total PKR@ 2500

96000 7500

0.096 0.0075 92.1066

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Burke, et al., 2011

6 DISCUSSION AND PROPOSALS Planning is a process of human thought to be translated into action based on that thought. Planning is forethought and its aim is to provide a resource for democratic and informed decision-making (Hall and Page, 1999). Union Councils are administrative units created for grass-root level planning, implementation and solution of problems which may be highly diversified in nature covering a wide canvas of social, economic, historical, development and recreational aspirations. Planning, however, is not a simple process and entails the interest of a number of powerful interest groups, causing serious modifications in the faade of democratic process. Implementation of planning decisions leaves a long-term imprint on the structure, functionality and quality of life, especially in urban environment. Although, most planning occurs at the local level i.e. the UC level; national and state policies and legislation often influence the planning process and implementation. Micro-level planning has proved to be beneficial worldwide as well as in the case of Karachi. The use of RS and for creating GIS database is a lacune which needs to be filled in order to provide accurate and up to-date information for handling not only planning procedures but also emergency mitigation. After the development of GIS, some proposals are given in Fig.13, because it is highly concerned with the present requirements of any wellplanned area. Various research have found that green spaces and belts are essential components of the urban environment as they provide a wide range of environmental and social functions to cities and urban dwellers (Stanners and Bourdeau, 1995; Harrison et al., 1995 & Nowak et al. 2006). Increasing levels of urban densification are calling attention to those measures that can mitigate urban island effects (Mazza and Rydin 1997) or compensate for the overload of pollutants in (urban) air and soil (McPherson et al. 1994). A healthy urban environment is often associated with the availability of large forest areas within cities and the accessibility of such areas by urban residents (Hartig 2004; Hartig and Cooper- Marcus 2006; Maas, et al. 2006 & Mitchell and Popham, 2007). Energy crisis is a critical problem in the study area. Climatic conditions force people to run their air conditioners but shortage of electricity prevents this. Tree planting around the whole UC green belts, roads, and big plots would help make a cool shield (Fig.13). Effective placement of trees can benefit air quality and the health of residents while reducing energy consumption. Trees can remove both gaseous air pollutants and particulate matter. Trees surrounding buildings should be placed in areas that provide protection from solar radiation in summer and block winter wind. Fire disasters cause heavy causalities and great loss of social and economic wealth in congested urban areas, so the plan of fire station location has an essential significance for urban security (Chi, 2003). In the city of Karachi due to heavy traffic congestion, location of rescue centers for provision of quick response is essential. Time-lapse in fire protection is the most severe problem in unplanned and highly populated areas. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce multi objective models for location of fire station and emergency centers (Badri, et al., 1998; Araz, et al., 2007). Based on geographical network models and GIS spatial analysis, an optimized arithmetic of the fire station locations as well as the coverage area boundaries are designed (Malczewski, 2004). Unfortunately, in the study area, none of the fire stations are located at vantage points for UC administration to make proper spatial allocation of this facility. Fig.13 shows the proposal for location of this facility. Due to centralized location of commercial centers, it is very essential to design a bypass for reducing traffic congestion towards residential areas. In the study area, it is easy to make a bypass entitled Jinnah bypass for decreasing of overburden of Jinnah Avenue because subsequent to the link with the super highway, the volume of heavily traffic has increased tremendously. 11

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

Malir Cantt.

Airport

High wa

e to S

uper

Proposed Site for Fire Station Hospital & Maternity Home Railway Track Proposed Dedicated Road for Hospital

Jinn
or t R oad

ah A
Airp
Rahim Bukash Village Lasi Village

venu

Security Printing Press Proposed Jinnah Avenue Bypass for Model Colony

Proposed Green Belt Forest

National Highway

Fig. 13, Proposals 7 CONCLUSION The effective planning, monitoring and decision making of any developmental activity depends highly on reliable, updated and relevant information system. GIS has overcome the drawback of time consuming and tedious traditional methods of planning. Incorporation of Geo-informatics into planning, implementation and monitoring has changed the whole concept of execution of urban and regional planning. An authentic database for using GIS will immensely help in the planning and monitoring process by maintaining information in an effective and easily updatable manner. Database prepared this way will also allow data sharing among different government departments, which will reduce the cost of duplication, hence, minimize the communication gap, a great hurdle in implementation of visions of urban and regional planning.

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Burke, et al., 2011

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