1. Informatica and types of transformation available.

2. Difference b/w priority and severity.

Priority is the IMPORTANCE of the bug identified. Severity pertains to how CRITICA the bug is Priority is Business and Severity is Technical severity: This is assigned by the tester.severity of a defect is set based on the issue's seriousness..it can be stated as mentioned show stopper:4,Major defect:3,Minor defect:2, osmetic:! setting va"ues for these four categories can be again defined by the organisation based on their views. showstopper: this have a higher severity as u cannot proceed further testing with the app"ication testing. Major: #f there are any main defect based on the functiona"ity . Minor: #f there is any error in the functiona"ity of one object under one functiona"ity osmetic: any error based on the "oo$ and fee" of the system,or improper "ocation of the object%something based on the design of the web page& 'riority: this wi"" be set by the team "ead or the project "ead. based on the severity and the time constraint that the modu"e has the priority wi"" be set

!. "oftware testin# $ife cyc$e.

Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC):Specifies the various stages of testing. 1.Requirements stage a.Requirement Specification documents b.Functional Specification documents c.Use case Documents d.Test Trace-ability atri! for identifying Test "overage #.Test Plan a.Test Scope$ Test %nvironment b.Different Test phase and Test ethodologies c. anual and &utomation Testing d.Defect gmt$ "onfiguration gmt$ Ris' gmt. %tc 3.Test Design a.Test "ase preparation. b.Test Traceability atri! for identifying Test "ases c.Test case revie(s and &pproval

4.Test !ecution a.%!ecuting Test cases b."apture$ revie( and analy)e Test Results *.Defect Trac"ing a.Find the defect + trac'ing for its closure. #.$ug Re%orting a.Report the defect on tool,%!cels &.Regression'retesting

%. Defect ife cyc$e.

$ug Cycle

-ug

"lose (ot Resol)e* (re+ecte*) Resolved ne( Re%orte* (assign) De)elo%er' engineer

0erify

Resolve the bug .resolved/

&. "o'e ()estions on "* +

()*) T +#(T#, T %a.sa"& -./M )M' 0 12).) 3, 4 %()*) T /5,T %+#(T#, T b.sa"& -./M )M' 6 12).) a.sa"74b.(a"&8 )nter va"ue for n: 2 2nd highest sa"ary

to find highest salary

select max(salary ) from emp table where sal<(select max %sa"ary&from emp tab"e&
Difference between group by clause and having clause

The 1&0234 clause (as added to S56 because the 71%R% 'ey(ord could not be used (ith aggregate functions.
The GROUP BY clause will gather all of the rows together that contain data in the specified column s! and will allow aggregate functions to be performed on the one or more columns "ggregate fns are li#e $U%&'OU(T&%)(&%"* and "+G The ,"+)(G clause is used in combination with the GROUP BY clause- )t can be used in a $./.'T statement to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns The synta0 for the ,"+)(G clause is1

Several types of Oracle constraints can be applied to Oracle tables to enforce data integrity, including: Oracle "Check" Constraint: This constraint validates incoming columns at row insert time. For example, rather than having an application verify that all occurrences of region are North, South, ast, or !est, an Oracle chec" constraint can be added to the table definition to ensure the validity of the region column.

Not Null Constraint: This Oracle constraint is used to specify that a column may never contain a N#$$ value. This is enforced at S%$ insert and update time. Primary Key Constraint: This Oracle constraint is used to identify the primary "ey for a table. This operation re&uires that the primary columns are uni&ue, and this Oracle constraint will create a uni&ue index on the target primary "ey. References Constraint: This is the foreign "ey constraint as implemented by Oracle. ' references constraint is only applied at S%$ insert and delete times. 't S%$ delete time, the references Oracle constraint can be used to ensure that an employee is not deleted, if rows still exist in the ( ) N( NT table. Unique Constraint: This Oracle constraint is used to ensure that all column values within a table never contain a duplicate entry.

,. -ow to de$ete d)p$icate records in a tab$e in Orac$e.

DELETE FROM our_table W ERE row!" #ot !# ($ELE%T M&'(row!") FROM our_table (RO)* +, colum#-. colum#/. colum#0111 2

.. -ow #et t/e na'e fro' an e'ai$ id. substr 2vi#as3gmail-com2&instr 2vi#as3gmail-com2&232!45! 0. Concepts of stored proced)res 1 diff. 2etween stored proced)re and f)nction3

Function : !. (hou"d return at"east one output parameter. an return more than one parameter using /5T argument. 2. 'arsed and compi"ed at runtime. 3. annot affect the state of database. 4. an be invo$ed from (9* statement e.g. ()*) T. 5. Functions are mainly used to compute values. Procedure: !. +oesn't need to return va"ues but can return va"ue. 2.(tored as a pseudo:code in database i.e. compi"ed form. 3. an affect the state of database using commit etc. 4. annnot be invo$ed from (9* statements e.g. ()*) T. 5.Procedures are mainly used to process the tasks. " stored procedure is a program or procedure! which is physically stored within a database- They are usually written in a proprietary database language li#e P/6$7/ for Oracle database or P/6Pg$7/ for Postgre$7/- The advantage of a stored procedure is that when it is run& in response to a user re8uest& it is run directly by the database engine& which usually runs on a separate database server"s such& it has direct access to the data it needs to manipulate and only needs to send its results bac# to the user& doing away with the overhead of communicating large amounts of data bac# and forthUser-defined function " user9defined function is a routine that encapsulates useful logic for use in other 8ueries- :hile views are limited to a single $./.'T statement& user9defined functions can have multiple $./.'T statements and provide more powerful logic than is possible with views-

9. Concepts of ata warehousing.

45.

Type of 6oins wit/ e7a'p$es.

#,,). ;/#, : on"y rows satisfying se"ection criteria from both joined tab"es are se"ected.

$ELE%T 3 FROM employee &''ER 4O&' "epartme#t O' employee1Departme#t&D 5 "epartme#t1Departme#t&D2

/r

$ELE%T 3 FROM employee. "epartme#t

!* +

employee.(epartment,( - department.(epartment,(.

*)-T /5T). ;/#, : rows satisfying se"ection criteria from both joined tab"es are se"ected as we"" as a"" remaining rows from "eft joined tab"e are being $ept a"ong with ,u""s instead of actua" right joined tab"e va"ues.

$ELE%T 3 FROM employee LEFT O)TER 4O&' "epartme#t O' employee1Departme#t&D 5 "epartme#t1Departme#t&D2
.#<2T /5T). ;/#, : rows satisfying se"ection criteria from both joined tab"es are se"ected as we"" as a"" remaining rows from right joined tab"e are being $ept a"ong with ,u""s instead of actua" "eft joined tab"e va"ues.

$ELE%T 3 FROM employee R&( T O)TER 4O&' "epartme#t O' employee1Departme#t&D 5 "epartme#t1Departme#t&D2
-5** /5T). ;/#, : rows satisfying se"ection criteria from both joined tab"es are se"ected as we"" as a"" remaining rows both from "eft joined tab"e and right joined tab"e are being $ept a"ong with ,u""s instead of va"ues from other tab"e.

$ELE%T 3 FROM employee F)LL O)TER 4O&' "epartme#t O' employee1Departme#t&D 5 "epartme#t1Departme#t&D2

Self-join
' self/0oin is 0oining a table to itself.123 This is best illustrated by the following example.

11. Some testing scenario based !uestions. 1". #ew !uestions on $P%C. 1&. %uestions on '(I) * 'ni+ Basics

4%. 'bout grep

8/at is #rep co''and9

Finds text within a file.

1,. $ow to grep -. characters. 1/. $ow to remove -. characters in a huge file in '(I).

tr 9d 2;r2 < infile-t0t = outfile-t0t tr 9 d will accept the source file -- ma#e a second file and remove all >% characters in that
10. 1hat is the process to find and 2ill a process in '(I). i3 #ind the process id 6 ps aux 7 8rep l!8http"8utput9

8r
6 p!"of l!8http"8utput9

ii/

'ill process using :2D .process id/

6 9!ll 0:;<

14. 5bout shell script basics.

Dataware Concepts
9 OLTP (On-line Transaction Processing) is characteri?ed by a large number of short on9line transactions )($.RT& UPD"T.& D./.T.!- The main emphasis for O/TP systems is put on very fast 8uery processing& maintaining data integrity in multi9access environments and an effectiveness measured by number of transactions per second- )n O/TP database there is detailed and current data& and schema used to store transactional databases is the entity model usually @(A!9 OLAP (On-line Analytical Processing) is characteri?ed by relatively low volume of transactions- 7ueries are often very comple0 and involve aggregations- Aor O/"P systems a response time is an effectiveness measure- O/"P applications are widely used by Data %ining techni8ues- )n O/"P database there is aggregated& historical data& stored in multi9dimensional schemas usually star schema!-

Differences
Data warehouse database OLTP database +esigned for ana"ysis of business measures by categories and attributes +esigned for rea" time business operations.

/ptimi=ed for bu"$ "oads and /ptimi=ed for a common set "arge, comp"e>, of transactions, usua""y

unpredictab"e ?ueries that adding or retrieving a sing"e access many rows per tab"e. row at a time per tab"e. /ptimi=ed for va"idation of *oaded with consistent, va"id incoming data during data8 re?uires no rea" time transactions8 uses va"idation va"idation data tab"es. (upports few concurrent users re"ative to /*T' (upports thousands of concurrent users.

There are t(o leading approaches to storing data in a data (arehouse

#n a dimensiona" approach, transaction data are partitioned into either @facts@, which are genera""y numeric transaction data, or @dimensions@, which are the reference information that gives conte>t to the facts. -or e>amp"e, a sa"es transaction can be bro$en up into facts such as the number of products ordered and the price paid for the products, and into dimensions such as order date, customer name, product number, order ship:to and bi"":to "ocations, and sa"esperson responsib"e for receiving the order. 0 $ey advantage of a dimensiona" approach is that the data warehouse is easier for the user to understand and to use. 0"so, the retrieva" of data from the data warehouse tends to operate very ?uic$"y. The main disadvantages of the dimensiona" approach are: 1. 2n order to maintain the integrity of facts and dimensions$ loading the data (arehouse (ith data from different operational systems is complicated$ and #. 2t is difficult to modify the data (arehouse structure if the organi)ation adopting the dimensional approach changes the (ay in (hich it does business. #n the norma"i=ed approach, the data in the data warehouse are stored fo""owing, to a degree, database norma"i=ation ru"es. Tab"es are grouped together by subject areas that ref"ect genera" data categories %e.g., data on customers, products, finance, etc.&. The main advantage of this approach is that it is straightforward to add information into the database. 0 disadvantage of this approach is that, because of the number of tab"es invo"ved, it can be difficu"t for users both to: 1. ;oin data from different sources into meaningful information and then #. access the information (ithout a precise understanding of the sources of data and of the data structure of the data (arehouse.

#n the bottom-up approach data marts are first created to provide reporting and ana"ytica" capabi"ities for specific business processes. Though it is important to note that in Aimba"" methodo"ogy, the bottom:up process is the resu"t of an initia" business oriented Top:down ana"ysis of the re"evant business processes to be mode""ed.

The top-do(n design methodology generates highly consistent dimensional vie(s of data across data marts since all data marts are loaded from the centrali)ed repository. Top-do(n design has also proven to be robust against business changes. 4enerating ne( dimensional data marts against the data stored in the data (arehouse is a relatively simple tas' Fact Table 2n data (arehousing$ a fact ta,le consists of the measurements$ metrics or facts of a business process. 2t is often located at the centre of a star schema or a sno(fla'e schema$ surrounded by dimension tables #n data warehousing, a dimension table is one of the set of companion tab"es to a fact tab"e. The fact tab"e contains business facts or measures and foreign $eys which refer to candidate $eys %norma""y primary $eys& in the dimension tab"es.

Snowflake schema

the snowf"a$e schema is represented by centra"i=ed fact tab"es which are connected to mu"tip"e dimensions. #n the snowf"a$e schema, however, dimensions are norma"i=ed into mu"tip"e re"ated tab"es whereas the star schema's dimensions are denorma"i=ed with each dimension being represented by a sing"e tab"e. 1hen the dimensions of a snowf"a$e schema are e"aborate, having mu"tip"e "eve"s of re"ationships, and where chi"d tab"es have mu"tip"e parent tab"es %@for$s in the road@&, a comp"e> snowf"a$e shape starts to emerge. The @snowf"a$ing@ effect on"y affects the dimension tab"es and not the fact tab"es.

N4$ 5ommand
2n 8racle,:6S56$ the (-L function lets you substitute a value (hen a null value is encountered.

xample select supplier6id, N4$7supplier6desc, supplier6name8 from suppliers. This S%$ statement would return the supplier_name field if the supplier_desc contained a null value. Otherwise, it would return the supplier_desc.

(ecode Function ,n Oracle9)$S%$, the decode function has the functionality of an ,F/T* N/ $S statement. The syntax for the decode function is: decode7 expression , search , result 1, search , result3... 1, default3 8 expression is the value to compare. search is the value that is compared against expression. result is the value returned, if expression is e&ual to search. default is optional. ,f no matches are found, the decode will return default. ,f default is omitted, then the decode statement will return null 7if no matches are found8.

example: :ou could use the decode function in an S%$ statement as follows: S $ 5T supplier6name, decode7supplier6id,;<<<<, =,>?=, ;<<<;, =?icrosoft=, ;<<<2, =*ewlett )ac"ard=, =@ateway=8 result F+O? suppliers. The above decode statement is e&uivalent to the following ,F/T* N/ $S statement: ,F supplier6id - ;<<<< T* N result :- =,>?=. $S,F supplier6id - ;<<<; T* N result :- =?icrosoft=. $S,F supplier6id - ;<<<2 T* N result :- =*ewlett )ac"ard=. $S result :- =@ateway=.

N( ,F.

The decode function will compare each supplier6id value, one by o

To Update character UPDATE RTL(R*%D*RD%D(LDE*T=$$'_O$ SET OR=%LE_(L_=%%T_'+R 5 RE*L=%E (OR=%LE_(L_=%%T_'+R.>?>.>3>) To view 0 as * SELECT RE*L=%E(OR=%LE_(L_=%%T_'+R.>?>.>3>)FROM RTL(R*%D*RD%D(LDE*T=$$'_O$ $ubstr fu#ct!o# !# Oracle

The substr function is a function that returns a substring from a string.

syntax
substr.<input=$<start=$<length=/ or substr.<input=$<start=/ or 7ith input the String to ta'e a substring from$ start is the starting position (here 1 is the first character. .if you pass >$ this (ill be substituted by 1/ and the optional length parameter is the number of characters in the substring. 2f length is left out$ then substr (ill return the substring from position start till the end of the input-string.

Sample code:
select substr.?1#@A*BCDE>?$@$#/ from dualF (ill return9 ?@A?. select substr.?1#@A*BCDE>?$C/ from dualF (ill return9 ?CDE

For example: substr7=This is a test=, A, 28 substr7=This is a test=, A8 substr7=TechOnTheNet=, ;, B8 substr7=TechOnTheNet=, /C, C8 substr7=TechOnTheNet=, /A, C8 substr7=TechOnTheNet=, /D, 28 would return =is= would return =is a test= would return =Tech= would return =Net= would return =The= would return =On=

Oracle/PLS L: !nstr "unction

,n Oracle9)$S%$, the instr function returns the location of a substring in a string. The syntax for the instr Oracle function is: instr7 string;, string2 1, start6position 1, nth6appearance 3 3 8 string1 is the string to search. string2 is the substring to search for in string1. start_position is the position in string1 where the search will start. This argument is optional. ,f omitted, it defaults to ;. The first position in the string is ;. ,f the start_position is negative, the function counts bac" start_position number of characters from the end of string1 and then searches towards the beginning of string1. nth_appearance is the nth appearance of string2. This is optional. ,f omitted, it defaults to ;.

Note: ,f string2 is not found in string1, then the instr Oracle function will return <.

'pplies To:

Oracle Di, Oracle Ei, Oracle ;<g, Oracle ;;g

For example: instr7=Tech on the net=, =e=8 instr7=Tech on the net=, =e=, ;, ;8 instr7=Tech on the net=, =e=, ;, 28 instr7=Tech on the net=, =e=, ;, C8 instr7=Tech on the net=, =e=, /C, 28 would return 2. the first occurrence of =e= would return 2. the first occurrence of =e= would return ;;. the second occurrence of =e= would return ;B. the third occurrence of =e= would return 2.

2n 8racle
SELECT $)+$TR(>@!9as-:-?A8ma!l1com>.-.&'$TR(>@!9as-:-?A8ma!l1com>.>A>) B- ) FROM "ual Retur# C D!9as-:-? Expla#at!o# C start search from - pos!t!o# of str!#8. &#srt w!ll retur# posot!o# of A a#" subsrt w!ll retur# all the @alue from posot!o# - to ABSELECT $)+$TR(>@!9as-:-?A8ma!l1com>.&'$TR(>@!9as-:-?A8ma!l1com>.>A>) E- )FROM "ual Retur# C 8ma!l1com Expla#at!o# C &#str w!ll retur# pos!t!o# of A a#" w!ll all the @alue after AE&# tera"ata SELECT $)+$TR&'((>b!swaF!t1palAa@!@a!#"!a1com> FROM -.INDE (>b!swaF!t1palAa@!@a!#"!a1com>.>A>)B- ) Retur# G b!swaF!t1pal

Substring function in Teradata

The SU!STRIN" function is intermediate:"eve" 0,(# comp"iant. Teradata continues to support the a"ternate SU!STR synta> as we"". Examples SELECT SU!STRIN" #$cata%o&$ FROM ' (or )*+ .esu"t $%o&$ SELECT SU!STR #$cata%o&$,',)*+ .esu"t $%o&$ *et's "oo$ at severa" more e>amp"es showing the resu"ts of a SELECT using either SU!STRIN" or SU!STR . )?uiva"ent resu"ts are returned in a"" cases.

S.$STR/(0 Result

S.$STR Result

SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8

* F8R A/ > F8R @/ -1 F8R @/ D F8R @/ 1 F8R >/ * F8R -#/

GlogH GcaH GcH > length string > length string error

GlogH GcaH GcH > length string > length string error

(wit1out a 23R clause)

SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8 SU-STR234.GcatalogH FR8

>/ 1>/ -1/ @/

GcatalogH > length string > length string GtalogH

GcatalogH > length string > length string GtalogH

(ince the Teradata e>tension provides e?uiva"ent functiona"ity to the 0,(#:comp"iant feature, we recommend that a"" e>isting app"ications rep"ace any use of the SU!STR function with the SU!STRIN" function.

Note / SEL $)+$TR!#8(>b!swaF!t1palAa@!@a!#"!a1com>. -) w!ll #ot wor9 ha@e to

pass /#" parameter !# th!s case &#"ex Fu#ct!o# !# tera"ata $!m!lar as !#srt fu#ct!o# of tera"ata