Operation of MV Installations

Operation of MV Installations 2-days course with theory and practice elements
11. and 12. November 2009
CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH, Weidestrae 122a, 22083 Hamburg, Tel +49 40 27899-0
Operation of MV installations
Agenda 1st day CONSULECTRA office Hamburg Weidestrae 122 a
09: 00 h 09: 15 h 09:15h 10:45h Welcome, introduction, tasks and agenda 1. MV on seagoing ships Reasons for MV-supply and limits of LV-supply network design and neutral point design, short circuit and earth fault. 10:45h 11:00h 11:00h 12:00h Coffee break 2. Electrical equipment Switchgears, switching devices, voltage/current transformers, power transformers, protection devices, selectivity, generators, motors. 12:00h 13:00h Lunch Peter Holzhaus Peter Holzhaus
CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH
Agenda-2
2009
Agenda 1st day CONSULECTRA office Hamburg Weidestrae 122 a
13:00h 14:30h 3. Operation of MV installations Responsibilities, definitions, working procedures (dead working, live working, working in the vicinity of live parts), five essential safety rules, re-energizing, nominated persons in control of a work activity and of the electrical installation 14:30h 14:45h 14:45h 16:30h Coffee break 4. Accident prevention Regulations for shipping enterprises (UVV See); internal organisation; responsibilities of top management, management, employees; skilled persons, instructed persons; effects of electric current on the human body, first aid, fire fighting. 16:30h End of the 1st day
Agenda-3 2009
Peter Holzhaus
Peter Holzhaus
Agenda 2nd day CONSULECTRA office Hamburg Weidestrae 122 a
09: 00 h 09: 15 h 09:15h 10:30h Feedback of the 1st day 5. Communication in the MV operation Communication rules to avoid misunderstandings 6. Mistaken operations Technical, organizational and human related reasons for accidents and mistaken operations 10:30h 10:45h 10:45h 12:30h Coffee break 7. Practical training at a MV switchgear in a substation of the local grid operator (1) 12:30h 13:30h Lunch Peter Holzhaus Peter Holzhaus
Agenda-4
2009
Agenda 2nd day CONSULECTRA office Hamburg Weidestrae 122 a
13:30h 15:45h
7. Practical training at a MV switchgear in a substation of the local grid operator (2) Application of treated matters (5 essential safety rules, communication) in practical exercises: Isolation of transformers and switchgears, earthing, re-energizing, bilateral communication.
Peter Holzhaus
15:45h 16:00h
Final feedback an end of the course
Agenda-5
2009
0. Reasons for a seminar
Employers liability insurance association issues UVV See (Accident prevention regulation for shipping enterprises) includes Guideline about Requirements for MV-installation on seagoing ships 3. ....permission to operate MV-installations... ....at least one crew member has to take part at a course of 2 days with theoretical and practical elements......
1-1
2009
1 MV on seagoing ships Content
1.0 Electrical basics 1.1 Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply 1.2 Network design 1.3. Neutral point design
1.3.1 Isolated neutral 1.3.2 Directly earthed neutral 1.3.3 Low resistive earthed neutral 1.3.4 High resistive earthed neutral
1-2
2009
1.0
1.
Electrical basics
MV on seagoing ships
Voltage is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical network, expressed in volts. It is a measure of the capacity of an electric field to cause an electric current in an electrical conductor.
Low Voltage Medium Voltage High Voltage
LV MV HV
Up to 1000V Exceeding 1000V
1-3
2009
1.0
1.
Electrical basics
Electrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an object opposes the passage of an electric current. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm. The quantity of resistance in an electric circuit determines the amount of current flowing in the circuit for any given voltage applied to the circuit Conductors => Insulator => metals (Fe, Cu, Al); some liquids, some gases low resistance (10-6 ohm, mikro-ohms). plastic, synthetics, rubber, glass, porcelain (dry) wood, (pure) water, some gases high resistance (10+6 ohm, mega-ohms).
1-4
2009
1.0
1.
Electrical basics
Electric current is by definition the flow of electric charge. The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A).
1-5
2009
1.0
1.
Electrical basics
Ohm's law states that, in an electrical circuit, the current passing the material is directly proportional to the potential difference.

R is the resistance, usually measured in ohms U is the voltage, usually measured in volts I is the current, usually measured in amperes
(amperes)
U I= R
(volts)
(ohms)
1-6
2009
1.0
1.
Electrical basics
An electrical network is an interconnection of electrical elements such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, and switches.
An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. A network is a connection of two or more components, and may not necessarily be a circuit.
1-7
2009
1.0 Basics A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an accidental low-resistance connection between two different potentials of an electrical circuit. This results in an excessive electric current limited only by the internal impedance of the current source and potentially causes circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion. It is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electrical malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.
1.
Electrical basics
1-8
2009
1.0
1.
Electrical basics
Short circuit in an overhead line
1-9
2009
1.1
1.
Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply
At the end of the course the participants should:
70 MVA 62 MVA
have a basic know how of MV installations, Energy comparison know the function of the main MV properties on board, be familiar with the applicable rules an standards,
Generators 1 kV 12 kV know the
main accident prevention regulations for the operation of MV

15 MVA 6 MVA 10 MVA
4 MVA
systems,
Generators < 1 kV
communicate professionally with responsible staff of the MV installations,

RoRo Passenger vessel conventional drive Container 8200 TEU Passenger vessel EL. drive City Neumnster approx. 80000 citizen
Container 2000 TEU
1-10
2009
1.1
Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply Manoeuvring Condition 7000 TEU Container Ship Shipload 500 Reefer Containers (8 kW) Bow-Thruster Total
Power in kW 1750 4000 2500 8250
Generator Capacity
(cos phi = 0,75)
11 000 (kVA)
1-11
2009
1.1
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
TEU Container Ship
200
400
600
800
1000
FEU Reefer Boxes MW / MVA cos phi 0.75
2.2 / 3
4.5 / 6 LV
6.7 / 9
9 / 12 MV
11.2 / 15
1-12
2009
1.1
By a total power of >10 MVA
The short circuit current

(initial symmetrical short-circuit current)
Ik > 120kA
will be
The construction of LV systems (switchgears, busbars) has reached the

feasible limits (mechanical strains).
It is difficult / uneconomical (from the technical point of view) to realize the
needs of the work safety.
1-13
2009
1.1
Possibilities to reduce the short circuit current:
Increase the rated voltage Separate main switchboard into different sections
Possibilities to reach to required work safety:
Installation of short circuit limiters Use of arc monitoring systems
1-14
2009
1.1
Consequence:
Rated Voltage [kV] 3.0 3.3 6.0 6.6 10.0 11.0 15.0 16.5
Highest voltage for equipment [kV] 3.6 7.2 12 17.5
Rated frequency [Hz] 50 60 50 60 50 60 50 60
Use of MV installations =>
1-15
2009
1.1
Use of MV installations
+++Advantages++++ Reduced short circuit power. Safer installation => more work safety. Reduced cable length/cross section=> reduced weight (ca. 120t). Reduced needs of space.
- - Disadvantage - - Additional needs for know-how and skills for the staff.
1-16
2009
1.2
MV network design the basic designs Radial Main Network Ring Main Network
G G
G G
MVSB
MVSB
M R
LVSB
M R
LVSB
U U
M R
M R
1-17
2009
1.2
MV network design
Radial Main Network
G G
G G
Energy is distributed radially.
MVSB
+ Easy to handle in the operation. + System allows simple interlocking and automatisation concepts.
LVSB
Doubled amount of cables and panels in the MV switchgear No redundancy in case of a single fault in one feeder line. No redundancy in case of a failure in the MV busbar.
1-18
2009
1.2
MV network design
Radial Main Network
Reefer Tr.
Reefer Dist. Thruster Reefer Tr.
Reefer Dist.
MVSB
Tr.
LVSB
G G
Low Voltage Systems Medium Voltage Systems

1-19 2009
1.2
MV network design
Ring Main Network
G G
G G
Power supply takes place from two sides of the main MV switchboard. Main consumers are connected directly to the main switchboards (not shown in the drawing). The substations are connected in a ring. If one side of the MV switchgear is out of service the complete supply is still possible (interruption).
MVSB
M R
LVSB
M R
In case of failure of one cable the supply of all substation and all distribution transformers is still possible (interruption). Less panels in the main air insulated MV switchboard needed but additional needs of ring main units (RMU) Operation is more complex for operational staff.
M R
M R
1-20
2009
1.2
MV network design (outer ringnet)
G Reefer Tr. G LVSB
MVSB Reefer Dist. Tr.
Thruster G Reefer Tr. G
Low Voltage Systems Medium Voltage Systems
Ring 1 Ring 2
1-21
2009
1.2
MV network design
Ring Main Network MVSB Ring Supply in service with a defined disconnection point Cable fault occurs Circuit breaker trips; one half ring is out of service Faulty cable has to be disconnected
U U M R U
LVSB
M R
M R
M R
1-22
2009
1.2
MV network design
Ring Main Network MVSB
Re-energizing: 1. Close circuit breaker in MVSB (one RMU will be re-energized).

M R U
LVSB
M R
M R
M R
1-23
2009
1.2
MV network design
Ring Main Network MVSB
Re-energizing: 1. Close circuit breaker in MVSB (one RMU will be re-energized).

M R U
LVSB
M R
2. Close the disconnection point; (the second RMU will be re-energized, too).
M R
M R
1-24
2009
1.3
MV neutral point design
The following arrangements are possible: Systems with an isolated neutral (1.3.1) Systems with an directly earthed neutral (1.3.2) Systems with an resistive earthed neutral (1.3.3)

high resistive earthed neutral low resistive earthed neutral .
1-25
2009
1.3
1.3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT-System):
L1 L2 L3 Ic Ic L2 Ce Ic L1 Ce
1-26
2009
1.3
1.3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT-System): Voltage increase in 2 phases in case of earth fault: System without earth fault L1 L2 L1 System with earth fault in P1 L2
L3 L1=>neutral=U0 L2=>neutral=U0 L3=>neutral=U0

1-27
L3 L1=>neutral=0V L2=>neutral=1,73*U0 L3=>neutral=1,73*U0

2009
1.3
1.3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT-System):
Generator neutral is not earthed but the stray capacitance will lead to a
residual (capacitive) current Ic.
Ic depends on the cable-length of the system and the generator design and
is relatively small (1 5A).
Intermittent earth-faults can cause transient overvoltages. Endangered equipment shall be fitted with overvoltage protection for
overvoltages of at least 3,3*Ur.
All insulation shall be designed for the phase-to-phase voltage (1,73*U0), if

earth faults will not be isolated without delay.
1-28
2009
1.3
1.3.2. System with directly earthed neutral (TN-System):
System without earth fault
L1 L2 L3
L1
L2
L3
System after earth fault
Isc
L1
L2
1-29
2009
1.3
1.3.2. System with (directly) earthed neutral (TN-System):
Will lead to a maximum value of short circuit current (kA) because it is only
limited by (small!) generator- and the cable impedance.
Directly earthed mains without current limiting device require the prior
approval of the GL.
Consequence: Resistor for current limiting (1.3.3)
1-30
2009
1.3
1.3.3 System with low resistive earthed neutral (TN-System):
L1 L2 L3
L1
L2
L3
Ief
L1
L2
1-31
2009
1.3
1.3.3 System with low resistive earthed neutral (TN-System):
Short circuit will be limited by the resistance (or an other current-limiting

device) installed between the generator neutral and the hull.
Limits of the earth-fault current:

Maximum: Full load current of the largest generator connected to the switchboard. Minimum: 3* the minimum of the threshold current of the earth-fault monitor.
Selectivity requirements (B7) shall be fulfilled to ensure the selective

disconnection of the earth-faulted outputs.
1-32 2009
1.3
1.3.4 System with high resistive earthed neutral (TN-System); 3-5A per generator:
Highly resistive earthed mains, which outputs will not be isolated in case of
an earth fault, are permitted, if the insulation of the equipment is designed according to the GL rules 3.2:
All insulation shall be designed for phase-to-phase voltage.
1-33
2009
1.3
1.3.3 System with high resistive earthed neutral (TN-System):
L1
L2
L1 L2 L3 L1 L3
L2
Ief
L3
1-34
2009
2 Electrical equipment Content (1)
2.1 Switchboards
2.1.1 Main switchboards - air insulated 2.1.2 Ring Main Feeder gas insulated 2.1.3 Type test
2.2 Switching devices

2.2.1 Circuit breaker 2.2.2 Load switch-disconnector 2.2.3 Isolating switch 2.2.4 Earthing switch
2.3.Transformers
2.3.1 Power transformers 2.3.2 Voltage transformers 2.3.3 Current transformers
2-1
2009
2 Electrical equipment Content (2)
2.4. Motors 2.5 Generators 2.6. Protection 2.7 Safety interlockings
2-2
2009
2.1
Switchboards
Electrical equipment
Could be air-insulated Could be gas insulated Supplying primary essential equipment switchboard shall have
metal-clad enclosures, which are fully partitioned closed to all sides
Supplying secondary essential equipment switchboard may be of metal enclosed type.
Shall be in every case

type tested in accordance to IEC 62271-200 (=VDE 0671-200; previously: IEC 60298).
2-3 2009
2.1 2.1.1
Switchboards Main switchboards air insulated
Type tested - air insulated - metal-clad - fully partitioned - closed to all sides
2-4
2009
2.1 2.1.1
4
Switchboard Compartments; metal clad type:
1 1
4 3
1 2 3 4
Bus bar Cable termination, CT/VT Circuit - breaker Protection and control
3 2 2
2-5
2009
2.1 2.1.1
Circuit breaker alternatives
Vacuum contactor CVX
HVX Vacuum circuit breaker high rating > 2000 A Vacuum circuit breaker HVX
GFX SF6 - contactor

FPX SF6-circuit breaker

2-6 2009
2.1 2.1.1
Some details Remove / introduce a circuit breaker Busbar without partitioning (not metal clad!)
2-7
2009
2.1 2.1.1
Some details Circuit breaker section
2-8
2009
2.1 2.1.2
Switchboards Ring Main Feeder gas insulated
A B C D
Protection device SF6 compartment Gas pressure release Cable compartment
C D
2-9
2009
2.1 2.1.3
Switchboards Type test
Type test For main MV-switchboards and distribution switchboards (Ring Main Units), type approval according to IEC publication 62271-200 (previously IEC 60298) shall be carried out. They shall be subjected to an internal arc test according to IEC 62271-200, whereby the criteria 1 to 6 (integrated to 1-5) must be satisfied: 1. Correctly secured doors and covers do not open. 2. No fragmentation of the enclosure occurs within the time specified for the test. 3. Arcing does not cause holes in the accessible sides up to a height of 2 m. 4. Indicators (horizontal and vertical) do not ignite due to the effect of hot gases. 5. The enclosure remains connected to its earthing point.
2-10
2009
2.1 2.1.3
Type test pressure release internal arc
The guiding principle (Chapter 3, Section 8.B.4.2) for all Medium Voltage Installations is: An unacceptable hazard to persons through electrical shock and accidental arcs shall be avoided independently of the required protection against foreign bodies and water
2-11
2009
2.1 2.1.3
Type test pressure release internal arc Arc in circuit breaker section Arc in busbar section Arc in cable termination section
2-12
2009
2.1 2.1.3
Pressure release conditions:
The installation space shall be specified by the switchgear manufacturer and

shall have a adequate volume.
Design of the rooms has to take into account the overpressure. Recommendation: Lead the accidental gases by ducts out of the operational
area.
Combustible materials and LV cables are not admissible in the endangered

area.
2-13
2009
2.1 2.1.3
Type test
ARCTEST according to IEC 62271-200 Switchboard 25 kA 7,2 kV 1s
est t e p y ot e V id
2-14
2009
2.2 2.2.1
Switching devices Circuit breaker
Shall be conform to IEC 62271-100
Have the maximal breaking capacity and are able to operate in all cases:

Without load With normal operational load Short circuit Earth-fault current.
Protects the equipment against damages in case of short circuit.
2-15
2009
2.2 2.2.1
Basic principle is: to interrupt the current as fast as possible and to extinguish the arc after the contacts have been opened to reduce the space where the arc is extinguished .
The different principles to extinguish the arc are: Oil (conservative; not used in modern equipment) Gas (pressed air; also not very common) SF6 (!!) Vacuum (!!).
2-16 2009
2.2 2.2.1
Example: Vacuum
2-17
2009
2.2 2.2.1
Advantages of the vacuum circuit breaker:
High mechanical and electrical switching-cycles Vacuum with high electrical stability Low energy in the arc Disconnects highest short-circuit-power Minimum of maintenance Low leakage rate => long economical lifetime (>20 years) Low space requirement
2-18
2009
2.2 2.2.2
Switching devices Load switch-disconnector
Shall be conform to IEC 62271-103 Are designed to operate normal load, cables (including ring mains),
motors, transformers, capacitors under failure-free conditions.
Not (always) able to disconnect earth-fault current (depends on the design). Not able to disconnect short circuit current.
(that case: HVHRC-fuses needed)
Next slide
2-19
2009
2.2 2.2.2
Not able to disconnect short circuit current.

(that case: HVHRC-fuses needed)
2-20
2009
2.2 2.2.2
Vertical drive (air insulated)
2-21
2009
2.2 2.2.2
Pivot drive (air insulated)
2-22
2009
2.2 2.2.2
3-position-switch (normally installed in gas insulated ring main units)
Off
On
earthed
2-23
2009
2.2 2.2.3
Switching devices Isolating switch
Shall be conform to IEC 62271-102. Are designed to operate bus bars, short cables, voltage transformers,
without any load.
Shall be able to carry the rated current. Shall ensure the insulating clearance in the system to secure the dead
condition within the 5-safety-rules.
Alternative: Circuit breaker in test position
2-24
2009
2.2 2.2.3
Switching devices Isolating switch
2-25
2009
2.2 2.2.4
Switching devices Earthing switch
Shall be conform to IEC 62271-102. Are designed to connect components (cable, switching devices, busbars)
to earth (ground) potential.
Classification: E0 => no making
E1 => 2 operations on to live parts (short circuit!) E2 => 5 operations on to live parts (short circuit!)
ns aso e r fety a s k w or r o ed f r i u Req
2-26
2009
2.2 2.2.4
Switching devices Earthing switch
i.e. generator panel
D G
X
(
2-27
(
2009
2.2
Switching devices
Summary Circuit breaker Normal operational load Without load Earth-fault current Short circuit Transformer load Motor load Ring mains OK OK OK OK OK OK OK Load switchdisconnector OK OK (X) X OK OK OK Isolating switch X OK X X X X X
2-28
2009
2.3
Transformers
Iron core
Basic principle
I1(A) N1 N1 = N
2
I2(A) U1 U2 N2 U2(V)
I1(A)
I2(A)
U1(V)
U1(V)
U2(V) Wattage primary = Wattage secondary S1(VA)=U1(V)xI1(A)=S2(VA)=U2(V)xI2(A) U1 I = 2 U2 I1
2-29
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Transformers Power transformers
Shall be conform to IEC 60076. Dry-type transformers should be used by preference (conform to IEC 60726). Only transformers with separate windings should be used. If oil-cooled transformers are used, measures shall ensure that the windings
are completely covered by oil, even for inclinations of 22,5.
2-30
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Ship supply transformers: If the ships low-voltage network is supplied from the medium-voltage network
at least two independent ship supply transformers shall installed, transformers shall be equipped with a earthed shielding winding between the
low-voltage and the medium-voltage coil.
2-31
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Example
Not insulated type (not common in shipping business)
2-32
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Example
Oil insulated type (open system with expansion tank).
2-33
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Example
Oil insulated type (hermitically closed)
2-34
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Example
Resin (epoxy-) insulated type
2-35
2009
2.3 2.3.1
Example
IP44 air / water-cooled reefer-transformer (6.6kV / 450V) located at passage way area.
2-36
2009
2.3 2.3.2
Transformers Voltage transformers
Medium voltage is not directly useable for
controlmeteringprotectionpurposes.
Medium-voltage has to be reduced to a suitable value of 100 V.
2-37
2009
2.3 2.3.2
Conform to IEC 60044-2

The basic principle is similar to the power transformers
U 10,000V V
u 100V v V C P
The secondary winding of every voltage transformer has to be earthed with at least 4mm2 Cu.
2-38
2009
2.3 2.3.2
Installed in the cable compartment of the switchboard
Double pole
Single pole
2-39
2009
2.3 2.3.3
Transformers Current transformers
Currents transformers are needed to:
Reduce current values of > 10A to suitable values for

control-, protection- and metering purposes.
Transmit the current from MV- to LW potential.
2-40
2009
2.3 2.3.3
Conform to IEC 60044-1

The basic principle is similar to the power transformers
K e.g. 200A L
k 1A l
The secondary winding of every voltage transformer has to be earthed with at least 4mm2 Cu.
2-41
2009
2.3 2.3.3
The difference between voltage- and current transformer: The primary "winding" is only one "turn" in form of a copper bar: Example Low voltgage Example Medium voltgage
2-42
2009
2.3 2.3.3
Installed in the cable compartment of the switchboard
2-43
2009
2.3 2.3.3
Remind: The constant-current-condition of a current transformer could lead to extremely high voltages if the secondary side of the current transformer is "open" i.e. the secondary side is not burdened or short circuited. I1(A) K L K I1(A) L K I1(A) L
k I2(A)
I2(A)
k I2(A)=0 U2 max.
A
OK!
OK!
2-44
DANGER!
2009
2.4
Motors
Asynchronous MV motor
Rotor of a asynchronous MV motor
Earthing
Pressure release
2-45
2009
2.5
Generators
Synchronous generator
Rotor
2-46
2009
2.6
Protection
Main task: To protect the installed equipment against serious damages in case of a fault in the system. Avoid a black out.
Bad example =>
2-47
2009
2.6
Protection
Main switchboard 6.6 kV
le p am x E
Selectivity:
Secure that only the

faulty equipment will be switched off.
The faultless
equipment should remain in service.
Reefer switchboard 6.6 kV
G
Reefer transformer 6.6/0.44kV LV Reefer switchboard
To reefer
2-48
To reefer
To reefe
2009
2.6
Protection
Fivefold time selectivity or current discremination (0,125ms)
HV
3 2 1
T
3
M
M
5
LV
2-49
2009
2.6
Protection
Protection functions are standardised by ANSI Codes. Typical ANSI (American National Standard) Codes (not complete) are :
Undervoltage Overvoltage Over current Underfrequency Overfrequency Phasefailure Short circuit Thermal overload Phase current asymmetry Reverse power Stator protection Monitoring of excitation Differential protection Earthfault protection Neutral Voltage displacement (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code (ANSI-Code No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 27) 59) 51) 81L) 81H) 47) 50) 49) 46) 32) 50B) 24 & 40) 87G/M/N/T) 50G) 59N/64)
2-50
2009
2.6
Protection
Protection Example: Protection of a transformer with a HVHRC-fuse on MV side.
100 s 50 40 30
= zulssiger Kennlinienbereich
HVHRC-fuse inverse time 20
10
MV Current definded time
5 4 3
Depending on the current (inverse time)

(e.g. fuse);
Independent of the current;

definite time.
0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2
0,1
0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02
LV Current defined time

100 200 300 400 500 1000 2000 A 3000
0,01
2-51
2009
2.6
Protection
Protection Example: Protection of a transformer with a HVHRC-fuse on MV side.
re o sh
2-52
2009
2.6
Protection
HVHRC fuses (in combination with load switch-disconnector or contactors).
+++Advantages++++ Extremely reliable to protect transformers up to 630kVA. Fast reaction. Reduces short circuit power. (=> leads to reduced cable cross section).
- - Disadvantage - - Has to be replaced manually (=> work activity in a MV-installation). Needs of spares. Needs of a minimum short circuit power.
2-53
2009
2.6
Protection
Differential protection is required for generators, large motors, transformers. Basic principle: If the incoming current (I1) is equal the outgoing current (I2) the system is faultless. If the incoming current (I1) is not equal the outgoing current (I2) the system shall be in a faulty condition and the protection device will trip the circuit breaker.
n! o i ct a e r st a F
I1-I2
I2
I1
CT2
e.g. cable / transformer/generator

2-54
CT1
2009
2.7
Safety interlockings (in accordance with GL requirements)
Draw out switchgear units
Draw out switchgear units can not be moved in connected mode
2-55
2009
2.7
Isolating switch
Isolating switches can only be operated when the circuit breaker is open Recommended: Load switch-disconnector instead of isolating switch.
2-56
2009
2.7
Earthing switch
Earthing switches are interlocked with the associated isolating switch or circuit breaker.
2-57
2009
2.7
Doors
Doors can be opened only when the earthing switch is closed.
Tool access only.
led o to
2-58
2009
2.7
Earthing switch in generator panels
D G
X
(
(
In generator panels earthing switches can not be connected or disconnected when the diesel is running.
2-59
2009
2.7
Start of the diesel engine
D G
X
(
(
The closed earthing switch interlocks the start of diesel engine or starting is possible only when the generator is de-exited.
2-60
2009
2.7
Transfomer
Corresponding switching devices
2-61
2009
3.1 3.1.1
Basics General statements
Common understanding and basis of the course (1) European and German standards and requirements: CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (basically EN 50110-1) VDE German Standard Organisation (basically VDE 0105, in line with EN 50110-1) Employers liability insurance association especially UVV See (Accident prevention regulation for shipping enterprises)
BG
page 3-1
2009
3.1 3.1.1
Common understanding and basis of the course (2) CENELEC (EN 50110-1) If there are no other rules or procedures, the principles of this standard should be applied to ..... ...any seagoing ship moving under its own power... UVV See ..eliminate rulings which conflict with or duplicate each other... ..defining so-called safety goals... ..the classification rules of Germanischer Lloyd and technical standards such as DIN, VDE and EN should be used..
Consequence: EN 50110-1 (Operation of electrical installations) will be the basis for this course in the relevant chapters.
page 3-2 2009
3.1 3.1.1
Common understanding and basis of the course (3)
"Operation" means: handle switchgears, operate switching devices (short circuit breaker, load breaker, isolating switch), isolate MV installations (partly, completely), separate and secure working areas, give working permission to working staff, re-energizing.
page 3-3
2009
3.1 3.1.2
Basics Employers responsibility
Each employer has to organise all operation and work activities in the company under his responsibility. The relevant framework is defined by:
laws regulations instructions general accepted technical rules.
page 3-4
2009
3.1 3.1.2
The board of directors/responsible director/CEO of a joint-stock company, Managing director of a limited company, Owner of a company, is responsible to organise all relevant subjects in a company this includes doubtless the responsibility for the operation of the electrical installation independent whether this person is an electrical expert or not.
page 3-5
2009
3.1 3.1.2
Regarding the operation of the switching devices the responsible employer has to answer the key questions below:
Who? When? Where?
gets the permission to operate
Which installations/equipment/components?
page 3-6
2009
3.1 3.1.2
The responsible employer has to:
establish and to document a clear organisation, recruit competent managers and adequately skilled staff, train, to instruct, to guide and to supervise managers and staff.
page 3-7
2009
3.1 3.1.2
The following tasks have to carried out:
adequate training with theoretical and practical elements, stipulations of internal interfaces, installations and voltage levels, standardization of working-/operation activities, communication, documentation, authorization to operate switching devices, maintain the staffs know-how on an adequate level.
page 3-8
2009
3.1 3.1.2
Based on UVV See 157a Maintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment: (1) The employer shall take steps to ensure that the maintenance work at electrical plants and equipment is carried out by a crew member with sufficient expert knowledge (or such work is only performed under the supervision of this crew member) that the plants and equipment are operated in compliance with the rules of good electrical practice
page 3-9
2009
3.1 3.1.3
Basics Skilled person (electrically)
Based on UVV See 157a Maintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment: (2) A crew member with sufficient expert knowledge is a person who on account of his specialist training, knowledge, skills and experience as well as familiarity with the applicable regulations can properly assess the work entrusted to him and recognise any possible hazards
page 3-10
2009
3.1 3.1.3
Based on UVV See 157a Maintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment: (2) Crew members with sufficient expert knowledge are 1. 2. 3. ships electrotechnicians ships electricians ships officers with a certificate of technical proficiency and trained for defined activities concerning the operation of electrical parts and equipment. (Definition next slide)
page 3-11
2009
3.1 3.1.3
Defined activities are related and repeated activities undertaken at electrical plants and equipment. These defined activities may only be carried out on plants with rated voltages up to 1.000V AC or 1.500V DC, and as a matter of principle only in a isolated condition. Only fault finding, ascertaining of de-energized state, removing of low voltage fuses are permitted while the voltage is applied.
page 3-12
2009
3.1 3.1.3
-1 0 11 50 EN
Skilled person (electrically):
Person with relevant education, knowledge, and experience to enable him/her to analyse risks to avoid hazards which electricity may create
No person shall undertake any work activity where technical knowledge or experience is needed to prevent electrical danger or injury, unless that person has such technical knowledge or experience , or is under such supervision as is necessary for the work undertaken.
page 3-13
2009
3.1 3.1.3
No National requirements for competence of a skilled person are available The following criteria shall be used in assessing the competence of persons:
1 01 1 50 EN
Knowledge of electricity; Experience of electrical work; Understanding of the installation to be worked on and practical experience of that work; Understanding the hazards which can arise during the work and the precautions to be observed; Ability to recognize at all times whether it is safe to continue working.
2009
National requirements for competence of a skilled person are available. E.g. Germany: "Elektrofachkraft" defined in the National Standard VDE1000-10:
Apprenticeship "Electrician" Electrotechnician Engineer + Experience(!)
page 3-14
3.1 3.1.3
II. Training of the Crew
Se eBG Gu ide lin es of for up th e to 17 de ,5k sig Vo no fM nb V -i oa rd ns tal of lat sea ion go s ing ve sse ls
1. Crew members with sufficient knowledge (1) According to the Accident Prevention Regulations (UVV See) crew members with sufficient expert knowledge are ships electro-technician , ships electrician and ships officers with a certificate of technical proficiency as chief engineer or 2. technical engineer. These persons are trained for defined activities concerning the operation and maintenance of electrical plants and equipment.
page 3-15
2009
Se eBG 3.1 Basics Gu 3.1.3 Skilled person (electrically) ide lin es of for up th e to 17 de ,5k sig Vo no fM nb V -i oa rd ns tal of lat sea ion go s ing ve sse 1. Crew members with sufficient knowledge (2) ls
If medium voltage installations are installed on board these people shall evidence especially that they are trained on the special arrangement of the medium voltage installations and the possible danger arising from voltages above 1000 V. This includes a training on the medium voltage system on board as well as a training course with the authorisation for switching of medium voltage installations of up to 52 kV.
page 3-16
2009
3.1 3.1.3
2. Training on Medium Voltage Installations on board The training on medium voltage installations can be supervised by an experienced member of the crew, which is familiar with the installed medium voltage system on board and which has the authorisation for switching medium voltage installations. Furthermore the relevant manufacturer instructions shall be observed.
page 3-17
2009
3.1 3.1.3
3. Authorisation for Connecting and Disconnecting of MV-Installations
At least one crew member mentioned under II.1 shall have participated successfully a training course of at least 16 hours on the authorisation for switching medium voltage installations. ............ The aim of such training course is to get the necessary theoretical and practical knowledge to operate and maintain a medium voltage system on board safely. The training shall incorporate the following items:
page 3-18 2009
3.1 3.1.3
- Theoretical Education (1) Legal aspects, Steps to get the authorisation for switching,
Accident Prevention Regulations BGV A1 (VBG 1), BGV A2 (VBG 4) including relevant guidelines (national regulations),BGV A 8 (VBG125), European standards, VDE standards (national regulations), Basics of energy distribution, network designs, kinds of failures, switching devices, types of switch boards, personal protection for operators 6 SF (sulphur fluorine) insulated switchboards
page 3-19
2009
3.1 3.1.3
- Theoretical Education (2)
Guidelines for switching VDE 0105, Part 100 Operation of electrical plants and especially part 6 Methods of work (e.g. the five basic safety rules), Personal protective equipment, dangers effects of electric current Explanations Accomplishment of switching sequences, communication during switching operations Failure analysis and prevention
page 3-20
2009
3.1 3.1.3
- Practical Training
Performing of different exercises like switching off medium voltage devices and the installation of cables Familiarization and practical training on different air and 6 SF (sulphur fluorine) insulated switchboards.
page 3-21
2009
3.1 3.1.4
Basics Instructed person
Definition in accordance with EN 50110-1
a person adequately advised by skilled persons to enable him or her to avoid dangers which electricity may create.
It is of utmost importance (for the instructor and for the instructed person) that the instructions are documented in a written form and be signed by the instructor and the instructed person.
page 3-22
2009
3.1 3.1.5
Basics Ordinary person
A person who is neither a skilled nor an instructed person.
page 3-23
2009
3.1 3.1.6
Basics Employers liability insurance association (BG)
The association has been founded in the years 1884/85. The association is the responsible body of the national accident insurance. The basic philosophy was (and still is!) that it is difficult for employees to make demands on the employer in case of accidents. Reason: It is/was nearly impossible to proof the guilt.
page 3-24
2009
3.1 3.1.6
Early years: Employee makes demands
on
Employer
Today: Employee makes demands on Employers Employers liability liabilityinsurance insurance associacion associacion (BG) (BG)
Employer Obligated membership and financing
page 3-25
2009
3.1 3.1.6
The volume of the demands is depending on the different business areas e.g. mining agriculture office administration IT ship construction shipping enterprises. The association is divided into more than 120 business areas. The yearly compensation is shared between the members in the different business areas.
page 3-26 2009
3.1 3.1.6
Basics Employers liability insurance association (BG) each accident causes costs the association has to compensate the costs
double function of the Employers liability insurance association
accident prevention
safety precautions business consulting employees information training supervising
page 3-27
compensation
physical rehabilitation financial compensation
2009
3.1 3.1.6
Basic principle:
Its better to prevent accidents than to compensate them!!
page 3-28
2009
3.1 3.1.7
Basics VDE - German Electrical Standard Association 1893 The use of electricity can cause dangers to people, animals and objects. VDE has developed and established regulations to prevent hazards created by the use of electricity. These regulations have been updated continuously; they are the general accepted electro-technical rules.
Foundation: Reason: Activity:
Remind:
If an installation has been erected in accordance with the actual regulations - there is no need to adjust the installations when the regulations will change. Exception Adjustment will only be necessary in special cases e.g.: (former) VDE 0101; 4.4.: Protection against operating error.
page 3-29
2009
3.1 3.1.7
Basics VDE - German Electrical Standard Association
Basic statement: If somebody operates his business according to the general accepted electro-technical standards, he can be sure to act legally. If someone does not make use of the general accepted electrotechnical standards he has to proof that the taken measures are even effective.
page 3-30
2009
3.1 3.1.8
Basics IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
Founded 1906 Not-for-profit, non governmental. Develops and distributes standards for units of metering (SI-system). Prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical,
electronic and related technologies.
Related to more than 130 countries (67 members; 69 participants). Its the worlds leading international organisation in its field; more
than 10,000 experts from industry, government, academia, tests labs etc involved.
IEC standards are adopted to most of the national standards of its

members.
Example: IEC 62271-200 = VDE 0671-200

page 3-31 2009
3.1 3.1.8
Australia Standards Australia
Canada Standads Council of Canada
China Standarzation Administration of China
Operation of
IEC
Japan Japanese Industrial Standads Committee
....... ....... ......

UK British Standard Institute Germany DKE (VDE in DIN) USA American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
MV installations
Basics IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
page 3-32
...... ...... ......
2009
3.2
Definitions
DIN VDE 0105 <=>
EN 50110-1
This standard is applicable to all operation of and work activity on, with, or near electrical installations. Electrical installations operating at voltage levels from and including extra-low voltage up to including high voltage.
page 3-33
2009
3.2
Definitions
Electrical installation Includes all electrical equipment which provides for the generation, transmission, conversion, distribution and use of electrical energy. It includes energy sources such as batteries, capacitors and all other sources of stored electrical energy. Nominated person in control of a work activity Nominated person with ultimate responsibility for the work activity. Some of these duties can be delegated to others as required. Nominated person in control of an electrical installation Nominated person with ultimate responsibility for the operation of the electrical installation. Some of these duties can be delegated to others as required.
page 3-34
2009
3.2
Definitions
Important to know:
The nominated person in control of a work activity.
The nominated person in control of an electrical installation.
Can be one and the same person!!
page 3-35
2009
3.2
Definitions
Operating activities Operating activities are designed to change the electrical state of an electrical installation. There are two kinds of activities: operations intended to modify the electrical state of an installation, to use an equipment, connect, disconnect, start or stop equipment designed to be used without risks so far as it is reasonably practical disconnecting or reconnecting installations for working Operating activities may be carried out locally or by remote control.
page 3-36
2009
3.2
Definitions
Operation All activities including work activity necessary to permit the electrical installation to function. These activities include such matters as switching, controlling, monitoring and maintenance as well as both electrical and non-electrical work. Work activity Any form of electrical and non-electrical work where there is the possibility of an electrical hazard. Electrical work Work on , with, or near an electrical installation such as testing and measurement, repairing, replacing, modifying, extending, maintaining and inspecting. Non-electrical work Work near to an electrical installation such as construction, excavation, cleaning, painting, etc.
page 3-37
2009
3.3
Working procedures
Before starting any work it shall be planned According to the basic principles, either the nominated person in control of the electrical installation or the nominated person in control of the work activity shall ensure that specific and detailed instructions are given to the personnel carrying out the work before starting and completing the work. Before starting work, the nominated person in control of the work activity shall give notification to the nominated person in control of the electrical installation, of the nature, place and consequences to the electrical installation of indented work. It is preferable that this notification is given in writing, especially for complex work. Only the nominated person in control of the electrical installation shall give permission for the work to be carried out. This procedure shall also be followed in the case of any interruption of the work activity and at the end of the work.
page 3-38
2009
3.3
Working procedures
Working procedures are divided into three different procedures: dead working (see EN 50110-1; 6.2) live working (see EN 50110-1; 6.3) working in the vicinity of live parts (see EN 50110-1; 6.4) Not part of this course!
All these procedures are based on the use of protective measures against electric shock and/or the effects of short circuits and arcing.
page 3-39
2009
3.3 3.3.1
Working procedures Dead working
This sub clause deals with essential requirements ("the five safety rules") for ensuring that the electrical installation at the work location is
dead secured for the duration of the work.
After the respective installations have been identified the following five essential requirements shall be undertaken in the specified order unless there are essential reasons for doing otherwise:
page 3-40
2009
3.3 3.3.1
disconnect completely secure against re-connection verify that the installation is dead carry out earthing and short circuiting provide protection against adjacent live parts Order??
Permission to start work shall be given by the nominated person in control of the electrical installation to the nominated person of any work activity. Any person engaged in this work activity shall be skilled or instructed or shall be supervised by such a person.
page 3-41
2009
3.3 3.3.1
1. Disconnect completely The part of the installation on which work is to be carried out shall be isolated from all sources of supply. The isolation shall take a form of an air gap or equally effective isolation which will ensure that the point of isolation does not fail electrically. Parts of the electrical installation still carrying voltage after complete disconnection of the installation, for example capacitors and cables, shall be discharged with suitable devices.
page 3-42
2009
3.3 3.3.1
2. Secure against re-connection (1)
All switching devices have been used to isolate an electrical installation for work activity shall be secured against re-connection preferably by locking the operating mechanism. In the absence of locking facilities, equivalent prohibitive actions in accordance with established practice, shall be taken in order to secure against re-connection. If an auxiliary power source is required for operation of the switching device, this power source shall be made inoperative.
page 3-43
2009
3.3 3.3.1
2. Secure against re-connection (2)
Notices shall be attached to forbid interferences. Where remote control devices are used to secure against re-connection local operation of devices shall be prevented. All signalling and interlocking systems used for this purpose shall be reliable. Note: By definition the insulating protective devices are not devices to secure against re-connection!
page 3-44
2009
3.3 3.3.1
3. Verify that the installation is dead The dead condition shall be verified on all poles of the electrical installation at or as near as practicable to the work location. This condition for parts of the installation which have been isolated shall be verified in accordance with the practice laid down in local instructions. These include for example the use of voltage indicating devices built into the equipment and/or use of separately applied detecting devices. These devices shall be proved at least immediately before use and preferably after use. In case of cable connected electrical installations, if the cables cannot be positively identified at the work location, other means of ensuring safety shall be adopted in accordance with established local practice. This may include the use of suitable cable cutting or piercing devices.
page 3-45 2009
3.3 3.3.1
4. Earthing and short-circuiting General (1) At the work location of all high and some low installations, all parts which are to be worked on shall be earthed and short-circuited. Earthing and short-circuiting equipment or devices shall be first connected to the earthing point and than to the components to be earthed. The earthing and short-circuiting equipment or devices shall be visible, whenever possible, from the work location. Otherwise, the earth connections shall be applied as close to the work location as reasonably practical.
page 3-46
2009
3.3 3.3.1
4. Earthing and short-circuiting General (2) Where during the course of the work activity conductors are to be broken or joint and there is danger from potential differences on the installation, suitable measures such as bonding and/or earthing shall be taken at the work location before the conductors are broken or joined. In all cases it has to be ensured that the earthing and short-circuiting equipment or devices and cables and connectors for bonding used for this purpose are suitable and adequately matched to the fault rating of the electrical installation where they are installed. Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the earths remain secure during the time the work is in progress. If during measurement or testing the earth connections are removed special precautions to prevent danger shall be taken.
page 3-47 2009
3.3 3.3.1
4. Earthing and short-circuiting Requirements for high voltage installations (1) For bare overhead lines and bare conductors, earthing and short-circuiting shall be carried out on all sides of the work location on all conductors entering this location; at least one of the earthing and short-circuiting equipment or device shall be visible from the work location. These rules have the following exceptions: for a specific work activity, where there is no break in conductors during work, the installation of a single earthing and short-circuiting device at the work location is acceptable where it is not possible to see earthing and short-circuiting equipment or device at the limits of the work location earthing equipment or device or additional signalling devices or any other equipment identification shall be provided
page 3-48 2009
3.3 3.3.1
5. Protection against adjacent live parts If there are parts of an electrical installation in the vicinity of a live part of the work location that cannot be made dead, then special additional precautions are necessary and shall be applied before work starts as detailed in next sub-clause 3.3.2: "Working in the vicinity of live parts".
page 3-49
2009
3.3 3.3.2
Working procedures Working in the vicinity of live parts
Work activities in the vicinity of live parts with nominal voltages above 50V a.c. or 120V d.c. shall only be carried out, when safety measures ensure that live part cannot be touched or live working zone cannot be reached.
Values of distances DV can be found in national documents (VDE 0105 and BGV A3):
page 3-50
2009
3.3 3.3.2
4 40 60 75 10 120 15 160 95 20 220 125 30 320 170 36 380 200 45 480 250 66 630 325 70 750 380 110 1100 550 132 1300 650 150 1500 750 220 2100 1050 275 2400 850 380 2900/3400 950/1050 480 4100 1175 700 6400 1550 1) Werte sind fr die hchste Bemessungs-Stehstossspannung (Blitz- oder Schaltstossspannung) angegeben; weitere Werte fr niedrigere Bemessungsspannungen siehe E DIN EN 50179(VDE0101) 60 90 120 120 150
e n o DIN VDE 0105 T.100 Tab. 101 und BGV A2 Tab. 2: Gefahrenzone z g n ussere Grenze dera Gefahrenzone Bemessungs-StehNetz-Nennspannung i ir k in Freiluftanlage r e Innenraumanlage Blitz-/Schaltstossspannung d c o e an w ist inat D (Effektivwert) D ) (Abstand in Luft) Ue (Scheitelwert) Um o N v e kV mm kV ag Li volt
n 1 L imp
Working procedures Working in the vicinity of live parts
<1 3 6
Keine Berhrung
page 3-51
2009
3.3 3.3.2
Working procedures Working in the vicinity of live parts bare live part
DV
(120 mm / 10 kV) (90mm / 6 kV)

vicinity zone
live working zone
DL
DL: distance defining the outer limit of the live working zone Dv: distance defining the outer limit of the vicinity zone
page 3-52 2009
3.3
Working procedures
Permission to start work The authorization of the nominated person in control of the installation is a necessary condition. The permission to start work shall be given to the workers only by the nominated person in control of the work activity and only after the measures detailed in the "five safety rules" have been carried out
Note Normally for HV work, formal written details of disconnections earthings, where appropriate, should be used to avoid misunderstandings.
page 3-53
2009
3.3
Working procedures
Re-energizing after work (1) After the work has been completed and inspected, persons no longer required shall be notified that work is completed, no more work is permitted and shall be withdrawn. All tools, equipment and devices used during the work shall be removed. Only then shall the procedure for re-energizing be commenced. all earthing and and safety equipment and/or devices at work location shall be removed, starting from the work location and progressing outwards, the earthing equipment and/or device that where applied to the electrical installation shall be removed, all locks and other devices, which where used to prevent reconnection shall be removed, all signs used for the work activity shall be removed.
page 3-54
2009
3.3
Working procedures
Re-energizing after work (2)
As soon as one(!) of these actions taken to make the electrical installation safe for work has been reversed this part of electrical installation shall be regarded as live. When the nominated person in control of the work activity is satisfied that the electrical installation is ready to be re-energized, notification shall be made to the nominated person in control of the electrical installation, stating that the work is finished and the electrical installation is available for re-connection.
page 3-55
2009
3.3
Working procedures
Access to synchronous Generators:
Five safety rules shall be applied completely. Secure that the diesel can not be started. E.g. Close the starting air valve. Open the drainage valve. Disable slow turning function were applicable. Exciter-winding shall be switched off and short circuited. Stand still heating shall be switched off.
page 3-56
2009
3.3
Working procedures
Access to propulsion converters: Five safety rules shall be applied completely on the primary side of the propulsion Transformer. DC link shall be discharged completely. Disconnector between motor and converter shall be opened. In absence of such a disconnector: Shaft shall be locked. Exciter winding shall be short short circuited. Five safety rules shall be applied completely on the AC side of the converter. Five safety rules shall be applied to the motor side of the converter. Make sure that the standstill heating and other auxiliary supply is switched off (if necessary).
page 3-57
2009
3.3
Working procedures
X 1
T
4 AC DC DC AC 3 Exc. Winding. Short cicuited 3a Discharge!! 2
M
page 3-58 2009
4 Accident prevention Content
4.1 Basics of the accident prevention and safety rules 4.2 Internal Organisation of work safety 4.3 First Aid and Fire Fighting 4.4 Instruction
page 4-1
2009
4.1
Basics of the accident prevention and safety rules
Accident prevention
Under the responsibility of the German Employers liability insurance association (BG) we record annually about: 1.5 Mio accidents 40,000 cases of life-/long-term accident annuity 1,700 fatal accidents During this 2 days course happen about: 8,000 accidents 200 cases of life-/long-term annuity 10 fatal accidents Consequence: The accident prevention in Europe is on a quite high level but there is still a good reason to maintain or to improve it.
page 4-2 2009
4.1
Accident prevention
The safety rules of the employers liability insurance association (BG): Autonomous/independent regulations, worked out and decided by the BG, approved by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affaires and published in the official announcement of the German Government, legal basis for employers, the managers and the employees of the members of the BG, supervised by the BG, cases of non-observance can cause sanctions and liability.
page 4-3
2009
4.1

See-Berufsgenossenschaft
Accident prevention
Accident Prevention Regulations for Shipping Enterprises UVV See (600 pages in force since 1981)
Preventive Occupational Medical Measures (VBG 100) with Implementation Instructions First Aid (VBG 109)
See-BG-content is in line with the with Implementation Instructions basic regulations BGV A1, BGV A3 of the Employers liability insurance association and EN 50110-1
page 4-4 2009
4.1
Accident prevention
UVV See includes general regulations of the accident prevention and First Aid requirements; is conform with the basic regulations, definitions and terminology, Classification Rules of Germanischer Lloyd and technical standards as DIN, VDE, IEC and EN; defines so-called safety goals; includes "implementation instructions" concrete examples of how the standard might be realized in practical situations; points out clearly, that the rules and regulations are obligatory for the employer, management and the employees.
page 4-5
2009
I. General Regulations A. Scope of Application; Definitions 1 Scope of Application 27 2 Definition of Equipment 28
C. General Duties of Insured Persons

18 Observance of Instructions of the employer 51 19 Use of Personal Protective Equipment 51 20 Use of Appliances 52 21 Rectifying of Deficiencies 52 22 Prohibited Stay in Dangerous Areas 53 23 Danger of Being Locked In 53 24 Keeping Passages and Exits Clear 53 25 Stairs and Doors 53 26 Abuse of Alcohol 54 27 Clothing 55 28 Garbage Disposal 56 29 Use of Spray Cans 57 4 UVV-See 30 Ropes and Running Rigging 57 31 Watchkeeping Duties 57 32 Master 57 33 Weather Reports and Navigational Warnings 57 34 Drills 58
page 4-6 2009
B. General Duties of the Employer

3 General Requirements 29 3 a First Aid 30 4 Deviations from the Accident Prevention Regulations 31 4 a Requirements for Personal Protective Equipment 31 5 Provision of Personal Protective Equipment 32 5 a Use of Personal Protective Equipment 37 6 Awarding of Contracts 38 7 Coordination of Work 38 8 Instruction of the Insured Persons 39 8 a Operating Manuals, Labels, Notes, Instructions, Prohibitions 41 9 Dangerous Work 42 10 Danger by Intoxication 43 11 Encouraging the Assistance of Insured Persons 43 12 Safety Warden 43 13 Surveyors according to 18 SBG VII 46 14 Obligation to Provide Information 47 15 Operational surveyor 47 16 Additional Duties of the Employer 47 17 Delegation of Duties 47
4.1
Accident prevention
The employer shall take measures in order to prevent occupational accidents, occupational diseases and work-related danger to health as well as for an effective First Aid.
The injured person shall support all measures for prevention of occupational accidents, occupational diseases and work-related danger to health as well as for an effective First Aid, and follow the corresponding instructions of the employer.
page 4-7
2009
4.1
Accident prevention
The employer shall provide protective equipment and give instructions which shall comply with the requirements of the Accident Prevention Regulations. The injured person shall wear the personal protective equipment that has been placed at their disposal, check that the personal protective equipment is in a satisfactory condition, inform the employer of any deficiencies detected in personal protective equipment without delay.
page 4-8 2009
4.1
Basics of the accident prevention and safety rules The employer The employer shall issue instructions to insured persons about the dangers associated with their work activities and about corresponding accident-prevention arrangements before employment commences. The instruction must be issued before the personal protective equipment is brought into service for the first time. The issuing of instructions must be repeated whenever necessary (at least once a year, however) and at regular intervals.
Accident prevention
The injured person shall follow all instructions (including any additional directions issued by the employer) relating to the proper use and maintenance of the equipment; not follow instructions which are contrary to safe working practice.
page 4-9 2009
4.1
Accident prevention
The employer The employer shall ensure that persons who through the consumption of drugs or alcohol could be a danger to others or themselves are withdrawn from duty and removed from working areas
The injured person shall shall not consume so much alcohol that they could be a danger to themselves or to others.
page 4-10
2009
4.1
Basics of the accident prevention and safety rules If the employer employer has delegated any of his duties regarding prevention of occupational accidents, occupational diseases and workrelated danger to health, he shall confirm this in writing without delay. This confirmation shall be signed by the person to whom the duties have been assigned; the range of duties and the extent of the assignees authority shall be described in the confirmation. The assignee shall be provided with a copy of the written confirmation.
Accident prevention
page 4-11
2009
4.2
Internal organisation of work safety
Accident prevention
Responsible managers/seniors/superiors. These person are heading entities of enterprises under their own responsibility. This includes doubtless (in accordance with the law) the responsibility for work safety for the according part of the enterprise. There is no way out of this responsibility! Not a one-sided statement ("I dont accept this responsibility" or "Im not getting paid for this..") or any clause in the work contract could lead to an exception. A person heading a part of an enterprise is responsible for the work safety of this part!! Otherwise: He/She has to refuse the job!
page 4-12
2009
4.2
Accident prevention
Paper to drive employers responsibility to managers/ seniors/superiors. Mrs./Mr. ....... In the area of your business responsibility (.......) You are charged to take the employers responsibility for the work safety. In charge of that you have to give orders and to take measures to ensure work safety accordingly supervise your staff acting in line with the safety rules to report any shortages of safety to your responsible manager without any delay You are kindly requested to sign this paper and return it to ....... .
Managers Signature Companys signature
page 4-13
2009
4.2
Accident prevention
Safety warden The employer shall nominate at least one safety warden on vessels with between 5 and 20 crew members. On vessels with more than 20 crew members, at least one safety warden shall be nominated for the deck area and one for the machinery area.
(No manager, no person fulfils duties of the employer, no safety engineer, safety technician or safety foreman!!).
The employer shall ensure that the safety wardens are able to fulfil their duties. Accordingly, he shall enable them to participate in operational inspection and investigations of accidents; the safety warden shall be informed of the findings of any such operational inspection or accident investigation. Upon his request, the employer shall allow him to examine the technical findings of the surveyor.
page 4-14
2009
4.3
First aid and fire fighting
Accident prevention
In line with the safety regulations it is necessary to skill the staff in first aid in general, dangers created by electricity, first aid in case of electrical accidents, fire protection and fire fighting. The staff has to be trained in these subjects by intervals of 1 to maximal 2 years. In practice it is useful to train how to apply artificial respiration, how to apply reanimation of heart activity and the blood circulation.
page 4-15
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
Effects of electric current (1)
Accidents caused by electricity
Accidents caused by electrical current (Ampere (A)) passing a human body or parts of it (classic electrical accident). Effects by an electrical arc (heat, radiation (UV), blinding). Succeeding effects like falls from a ladder, crashes .. etc.
page 4-16
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
When does the current run through the human body? Electric current can only flow in a closed circuit (loop). Persons are endangered if they become part of the circuit in any kind. between phase and earth between two phases in case of touch of faulty electric installations or equipment
Impedance 1,000 Ohm Impedance 1,000 Ohm

page 4-17 2009
4.3
Accident prevention
Effects of electric current (2) The effect caused by an electric shock depends on strength of the current, type of current (impulse, AC, DC), Voltage, way through the human body (grade of affecting the heart), duration, frequency.
page 4-18
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
Effects of electric current (3) Possible effects: Physiological processes or defects i.e. muscle cramps, respiratory paralysis (breathing defects), affected cardiac function (ventricular fibrillation, cardiac failure). Physical damages i.e. heat => loss of liquid, burns of various degrees. Chemical processes i.e. electrolysis => damage or destruction of cells, paralysis of cell liquids.
page 4-19
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
Effects of electric current (4) Figures of physiological effects of electric current perception with the tongue perception with the fingers cross value cramping hand/muscles breathing problems or failures ventricular fibrillation > 4.0 to 5.0*10-6 A > 1.0 to 1.5*10-3 A woman > 6*10-3 A men > 9*10-3 A > 20*10-3 A > 50*10-3 A
page 4-20
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
Effects of electric current (5) The human body is very sensitive for AC with low frequency (45 to 65 Hz). A current passing the human body hand => hand (crossing the heart)
above 0.5 Ampere is fatal.

The resistance of a human body hand => hand is about 1,000 Ohm. If the body comes into contact with 6,000 V, the current will be due the Ohms Law: 6,000 V
= 6 Ampere 1,000 Ohm

which is 12 times the fatal value.
page 4-21
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
page 4-22
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
Section 1 Section 2
usually no physical reactions up to the level of perception usually no physiological effects up to the level that the affected person is unable to come away from the electric source usually no sustainable organic damages. Increasing values of time and strength of the current can cause reversible organic troubles and irritations up to temporary cardiac failure ventricular fibrillation is to be expected. Increasing values of time and strength of effective current will cause serious physiological effects as total cardiac failure, failure of breathing functions, serious burns
Section 3
Section 4
page 4-23
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
page 4-24
2009
4.3
Accident prevention
page 4-25
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
In line with the safety rules of the UVV See (8, instruction of the insured persons) the employer has to ensure that the employees are instructed about hazards which can occur in the job - and the measures to avoid them. Frequency: At least once a year Topics could be: Example of accidents happened in reality, special guest or slides from the employers liability insurance association (BG). The instructions shall be documented.
page 4-26
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
ba de xa mp le
page 4-27
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
ba de xa mp le
page 4-28
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
ba de xa mp le
page 4-29
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
Bad example!!!!
page 4-30
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
ba de xa mp le
page 4-31
2009
4.4
Instruction
Accident prevention
ba de xa mp le
page 4-32
2009
5 Communication
General comments (1) Communication includes all information which is passed or exchanged between persons i.e. by spoken word (including telephone, personal radio or person to person), in writing (including fax, mail), visually (including visual display units etc.). Before any work activity starts, the nominated person in control of the electrical installation shall be informed of the intended work.
page 5-1
2009
5 Communication
General comments (2) All necessary information such as network arrangements, the status of switchgear (on, off, earthed, disconnected), the position of the safety devices, to permit safe operation of the electrical installation shall be transmitted by a notification. All notifications shall include the name and, if necessary, the location providing the information.
page 5-2
2009
5 Communication
General comments (3)
To avoid errors when information is transmitted
verbally - the recipient shall repeat the information back to the sender, who shall confirm that it has been correctly received and understood.
page 5-3
2009
5 Communication
Misunderstandings In every language there is a certain potential for misunderstandings different understandings for the same word - which is not a problem the daily conversation. But if we want to communicate in order to operate electrical installations we have make use of terms which exclude misunderstandings. One precondition is a clear indication of the equipment and the devices double indications and missing indications are not acceptable.
page 5-4
2009
5 Communication
During the operation of electrical installations we have basically to divide into verbally information in order inform about planned actions and
verbally information in order to guide the person acting in the installation correctly and doubtless to the required actions.
page 5-5
2009
5 Communication
First step Information in order to inform about planned action: Shall prepare the planned actions, explain state and the arrangements in a electrical installation to the involved persons, point out the responsibility of the involved persons, shall be brief, the correct terms have to be used, abbreviations shall be avoided.
page 5-6
2009
5 Communication
Second step Giving an order to change the state in an electrical installation and to confirm when the operation is finished. Shall be given by the person authorized to give orders to change the state of an electrical installation to the person authorized to change the state of an electrical installation. The order should start with the comment "order to change the state of the electrical installation". The recipient shall repeat the information back to the sender. The sender shall confirm that it has been correctly received and understood.
page 5-7
2009
5 Communication
Example 1: CR => Person authorized to give order to change the state of an electrical installation (Control Room). SO => Person authorized to operate in electrical installations (Service Operator). 1. Step: Information about planned action SO gives a telephone call to CR: "Im in the 110kV plant of the customer ABC. I have to ensure that cable feeder 222 will be dead and secured for the duration of the work activity. The reason is that work activities at the transformer have to be carried out. Im expecting your order".
page 5-8
2009
5 Communication
2. Step: Order to change the state of an electrical installation CR to SO: "In the 110kV plant of the customer ABC; the cable feeder 222; please switch off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and bus bar isolator". SO to CR: "In the 110kV plant of the customer ABC I have to switch off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator". CR to SO: "O.K."
page 5-9
2009
5 Communication
SO acts under his own responsibility in the customers plant in accordance to five safety rules and fulfils the conditions to get a dead installation. Than he calls again to the CR. SO to CR: "In 110kV plant of the customer ABC I have switched off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator in the cable feeder 222; the feeder is dead, secured against re-connection and earthed.Time: 13:52h". CR to SO: "In 110kV plant of the customer ABC you have switched off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator in the cable feeder 222; the feeder is dead, secured against re-connection and earthed.Time: 13:52h". SO to CR: "O.K."
page 5-10
2009
5 Communication
Example 2 ship in a ship yard nominated person in control of the electrical installation nominated person in control of the work activity Typical workflow supported by an prepared template.
page 5-11
2009
5 Communication
Work activity plants exceeding 1 kV 1. Equipment:

Kind of work: Nominated person in control of the electrical installation: Nominated person in control of the work activity:
Transformer 3 Change of the tapping Rolf Meyer Gerd Schulze

(owner/customer) (contractor)
2. Handling over of the equipment to the nominated person in control of the work activity.
2.1 The above equipment (see 1) has been switched off and is out of service:
13. Oct. 2005
07:23 h
Signature (Nominated person in
Rolf Meyer
control of the electrical installation)
page 5-12
2009
5 Communication
2.2 The above equipment (see 1) will be disconnected completely and secured for the duration of the work activity in accordance with the VDE 0105/BGV A3 / EN50100.... and the 5 safety rules by:
13. Oct. 2005
07:23 h
Gerd Schulze
Signature(Nominated person in control of the work activity)
3. Return of the equipment

3.1 The above work activity (see 1) has been completed, the earthing and safety equipment has been removed. The above equipment (see 1) is available for reconnection .
13. Oct. 2005
15:54 h
Signature (Nominated person in control of the work activity)
Gerd Schulze
page 5-13
2009
5 Communication
Option:
3.2
The above equipment (see 1) is under my responsibility.
13. Oct. 2005
15:54 h
Rolf Meyer
Signature(Nominated person in control of the electrical installation)
page 5-14
2009
6 Mistaken operations
Mistaken operation incident not planned suddenly happened cannot be foreseen.
page 6-1
2009
Insurance point of view: Did this incident take place during insured activity? Will it lead to a physical handicap or disability for work? Management point of view : This incident leads to an interruption of the regular business and could cause damages and/or accidents with economical consequences. Acting persons point of view : This incident could cause tremendous personal consequences (injury, disability for work, unemployment, dead).
page 6-2
2009
In most of the cases a mistaken operation happens as a consequence in accordance with theoretical principles. In the framework and interfaces of acting persons technical devices organisational aspects protection devices.
page 6-3
2009
The human brain works similar to a switching mechanism with about 50,000 actions per day!! The problem is, that about 1/1000 - about 50 cases per day - are going wrong. Due to the fact that we dont have a chance to influence this "human imperfection" but we should avoid mistakes when the consequences could be heavy for us. This is the case when operating electrical installations .
page 6-4
2009
Consequence:
Recognize the "human imperfections". Act consequently in accordance with the safety rules.
page 6-5
2009
Three main reasons could lead to mistaken operations:
Acting against the safety rules (persons). Imperfections in the organisation (persons). Devices/equipment not in accordance with safety requirements (devices).
page 6-6
2009
These reasons could lead human related mistaken operations:
Lack of the physical condition (diseases, drugs, alcohol ...), psychological stress (trouble private/business; rage, work overload ...), lack of attention (tired, ... see above), insufficient training and education, wrong evaluation of the operational risk, ignorance/unawareness of danger, lack of motivation, not using the protective devices or making them ineffective.
page 6-7
2009
These reasons could lead organisational related mistaken operations:
No nominated person in charge operative actions, no (clear) delegation of the responsibility, missing of coordination of the work activities, insufficient instructions of the staff, no (clear) planning of in changing the state of an electrical installation, missing warning labels and safety instructions, communication problems (language).
page 6-8
2009
These reasons could lead technical related mistaken operations:
Imperfections in design and material, problems in the signalling and the (remote-) control, no screens/barriers ... Available, unsuitable tools/devices, insufficient lighting, unsuitable protective devices.
page 6-9
2009
Consequences in the daily practice to avoid the human related problems:
Be aware of the physical or psychological problems, no carelessness, act in accordance to the safety rules - without any compromise, in case of changing the state of an electrical installation: Additional concentration needed
page 6-10
2009
Consequences in the daily practice to avoid the organisational related problems: Recruit the qualified human resources; skill, train an supervise them, ensure a clear organisation and responsibilities, do not accept any compromises in the work safety.
page 6-11
2009
reasons of accidents in electrical HV-installations

1%
not noticing the safety rules 48%
9% 10%
wrong behaviour 31% imperfections in the organisation 10% technical faults (general) 9%
technical faults (electrical) 1% 31% 48%
page 6-12
2009
reasons of accidents in electrical LV-installations
not noticing the safety rules 45%
10% 10%
2%
wrong behaviour 33% imperfections in the organisation 10% technical faults (general) 10%
technical faults (electrical) 2%

33% 45%
page 6-13
2009
7 Practical Training
Switchgear/Transformer
page 7-1
1-2008
Switchgear
Training Centre
Real Life
page 7-2
1-2008
Voltage indicator
Training Centre
Real Life
page 7-3
1-2008
Test position
Training Centre
Real Life
page 7-4
1-2008
Earthing switch
Training Centre
Real Life
page 7-5
1-2008
Interlocking
Training Centre
Real Life
page 7-6
1-2008
Operation of
on 7 on on MV off installations off off on on on Practical Training on
Connection to DSO (2 cables)
Main station
Exercise 1 Actual stage in red/green

Substation 2
off off
Transf.1
Substation 1
off
off
off
page 7-7
1-2008
Exercise 1 The ring main Main station => Substation1 => Substation 2 => Main station should be brought into operation. Exercise 2 Substation 1, section 3 of the should be switched on. Exercise 3 Substation 1, section1: Need for a work activity at the cable end. Exercise 4 Substation 1, section 2: The screws of the copper bars to the cable end shall be checked. The transformer must stay in operation. Exercise 5 The transformer should be cleaned. In section 3 shall be checked whether the cable end is sufficiently fixed to the frame. Exercise 6 Substation 1 should be completely switched off an prepared for work activities at the bus bar.
page 7-8
1-2008

Operation of MV Installations

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Operation of MV Installations

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Operation of MV Installations 2-days course with theory and practice elements

11. and 12. November 2009

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Final feedback an end of the course

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Low Voltage Medium Voltage High Voltage

Up to 1000V Exceeding 1000V

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Short circuit in an overhead line

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply

At the end of the course the participants should:

main accident prevention regulations for the operation of MV

communicate professionally with responsible staff of the MV installations,

Container 2000 TEU

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Power in kW 1750 4000 2500 8250

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply

TEU Container Ship

FEU Reefer Boxes MW / MVA cos phi 0.75

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply

By a total power of >10 MVA

The short circuit current

The construction of LV systems (switchgears, busbars) has reached the

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply

Possibilities to reduce the short circuit current:

Possibilities to reach to required work safety:

Installation of short circuit limiters Use of arc monitoring systems

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply

Highest voltage for equipment [kV] 3.6 7.2 12 17.5

Rated frequency [Hz] 50 60 50 60 50 60 50 60

Use of MV installations =>

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Reasons for MV supply Limits of LV supply

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Radial Main Network

Energy is distributed radially.

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Radial Main Network

Reefer Dist. Thruster Reefer Tr.

Low Voltage Systems Medium Voltage Systems

Ring Main Network

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

MV network design (outer ringnet)

G Reefer Tr. G LVSB

MVSB Reefer Dist. Tr.

Thruster G Reefer Tr. G

Low Voltage Systems Medium Voltage Systems

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH

Ring Main Network MVSB

L3 L1=>neutral=0V L2=>neutral=1,73U0 L3=>neutral=1,73U0