Lab Report

Instrumentation & Measurements

Relay Operation

Submitted by:
Muhammad Shaheryar Ahsan (11-ENC-97) Mir Walid Tariq (11-ENC-91) Farhan Nasir (11-ENC-73)

University of Engineering & Technology, TAXILA

Title:

Relay Operation

Theory:
Switch: The device which is used to make or break the connections in
electric or electronic circuits. Different Types of switches are available eg: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, TPST etc SPST (single-pole, single-throw):

SPDT (single-pole,double-throw):

DPST(double-pole, single-throw):

DPDT (double-pole, single-throw):

TPST (triple-pole, single-throw):

Relay:
A relay is simply a switch that rather than being operated by hand, it is operated by a coil of wire which generates a magnetic force when an electrical

Current passes through it. A simple relay is made up of coil wrapped around a soft iron core which is helpful in low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a moveable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts. Armature is linked to one or more moving contacts .when there is no current relay is de-energized there is a air gap in magnetic circuit. In this case one of the contacts is open and other one is closed. Now if we pass an electric current through a coil, magnetic field will be generated around the coil which activates the movable contacts either make or break according to the circuit construction. If the set of contacts were closed when the relay was not energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current through the coil is switched off, there will be no magnetic field around the coil so contacts will move to their original positions. When a direct current is applied across the coil terminals of relay to activate, we placed a diode across the coil to dissipate the energy from the decreasing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components.

Circuit diagram:

For simple relay operation fig(a)

For Relay Change over switch operation fig(b)

Procedure:
We perform two operations of relay: (a) As a simple Relay operation : When relay coil energizes its moving contacts will close or open & device will operate according to the circuit. Change over switch : Principle: When one device (source (wapda)) stops working other device (source (UPS)) automatically starts.

(b)

Connect the circuit according to fig (a) and the fig (b).And measure the pull in voltage, pull in current, pull out voltage, and pull out current.

Pull in voltage (V):

voltage required to cause the relay to operate.

Pull in Current (I):

Minimum current required to make the relay close from fully open.

Pull out Voltage(V):

Voltage across the coil at the instant when relay deactivates.

Pull out Current(I):

Current from the coil when the relay goes to deactivate.

Observations & Calculations:

Case(a): ( simple relay operation) Pull in voltage =7.67V Pull in current=26.4mA Coil Resistance=V/I=290.53 Pull out voltage=1.9V

Pull out current=6.6mA

Coil Resistance=V/I=287.88 Case(b): (Change Over switch) Pull in voltage =7.74V Pull in current=26.2 mA

Coil Resistance=V/I=295.41 Pull out voltage=1.92V Pull out current=6.6mA Coil Resistance=V/I=290.91

Conclusion:
From this experiment it is concluded that relay is used for switching. by using relay we can control multiple devices. we can use ups automatically by using relay(when light goes on wapda will operate & when light goes off ups will operate automatically)change over switch.