Modern uses[edit]

Gyroscope tops are sold as a common toy. Main article: Accelerometer#Consumer_electronics In addition to being used in compasses, aircraft, computer pointing devices, etc., gyroscopes have been introduced into consumer electronics. Since the gyroscope allows the calculation of orientation and rotation, designers have incorporated them into modern technology. The integration of the gyroscope has allowed for more accurate recognition of movement within a 3D space than the previous lone accelerometer within a number of smartphones. Gyroscopes in consumer electronics are frequently combined with accelerometers (acceleration sensors) for more robust direction- and motion-sensing. Examples of such applications are found in the HTC Titan,[39] Nexus 5, iPhone 5s,[40] Nokia 808 PureView,[41] PlayStation 3 controller, Wii Remote, Sony Xperia etc. Nintendo has integrated a gyroscope into the Wii console's Wii Remote controller by an additional piece of hardware called "Wii MotionPlus".[42] It is also included in the 3DS, which detects movement when turning. Cruise ships use gyroscopes to level motion-sensitive devices such as self-leveling pool tables. Described as a "motorbike-car" hybrid, the Lit Motors C-1 two wheeler uses a set of futuristic electronic gyroscopes, or control momentum gyroscopes, to ensure it remains upright and balanced, similar to the positioning technology used in the International Space Station and the Hubble Space Telescope. The only similarities the Lit C-1 shares with the Segway is an IMU. A similar device has been used in the RYNO and Honda UX3 monocycles. An electric powered flywheel gyroscope inserted in a bicycle wheel is being sold as a training wheel replacement.

See also[edit]

Aerotrim Anti-rolling gyro Ship gyroscopic roll stabilizers. Attitude indicator Balancing machine Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics Countersteering Euler angles Eric Laithwaite Gyro monorail Gyrocar Gyrotheodolite Gyroscopic exercise tool

Heading indicator Reaction wheel Rifling Rigid body dynamics Top Turn and bank indicator Turn coordinator LN-3 Inertial Navigation System Stabilizer (ship) Vibrating structure gyroscope

References[edit]
1. 2. 3. 4. Jump up ^ "Gyroscope" by Sndor Kabai, Wolfram Demonstrations Project. Jump up ^ Discover magazine 20 things you didn't know about tunnels (Number 8). Jump up ^ Brief History of Gyroscopes Jump up ^ Johann G. F. Bohnenberger (1817) "Beschreibung einer Maschine zur Erluterung der Gesetze der Umdrehung der Erde um ihre Axe, und der Vernderung der Lage der letzteren" (Description of a machine for the explanation of the laws of rotation of the Earth around its axis, and of the change of the orientation of the latter), Tbinger Bltter fr Naturwissenschaften und Arzneikunde, vol. 3, pages 7283. Jump up ^ The French mathematician Poisson mentions Bohnenberger's machine as early as 1813: Simeon-Denis Poisson (1813) "Mmoire sur un cas particulier du mouvement de rotation des corps pesans" [Memoir on a special case of rotational movement of massive bodies], Journal de l'cole Polytechnique, vol. 9, pages 247262. Available on-line at: http://www.ion.org/museum/files/File_2.pdf . Jump up ^ A photograph of Bohnenberger's instrument is available on-line here: [1] ION Museum: The Machine of Bohnenberger . Jump up ^ Walter R. Johnson (January 1832). "Description of an apparatus called the rotascope for exhibiting several phenomena and illustrating certain laws of rotary motion", The American Journal of Science and Art, 1st series, vol. 21, no. 2, pages 265280. Jump up ^ Drawings of Walter R. Johnson's gyroscope ("rotascope") were used to illustrate phenomena in the following lecture: E.S. Snell (1856) "On planetary disturbances," Board of Regents, Tenth Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.... (Washington, D.C.: Cornelius Wendell, 1856), pages 175190. Jump up ^ Wagner JF, "The Machine of Bohnenberger", The Institute of Navigation Jump up ^ L. Foucault (1852) "Sur les phnomnes dorientation des corps tournants entrans par un axe fixe la surface de la terre Nouveaux signes sensibles du mouvement diurne" (On the phenomena of the orientation of rotating bodies carried along by an axis fixed to the surface of the earth New perceptible signs of the daily movement), Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sances de lAcadmie des Sciences (Paris), vol. 35, pages 424427. Available on-line (in French): http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2992n/f428.image . Jump up ^ Circa 1852, Friedrich Fessel, a German mechanic and former secondary school teacher, independently developed a gyroscope. See: (1) Julius Plcker (September 1853) "ber die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine", Annalen der Physik, vol. 166, no. 9, pages 174177; (2) Julius Plcker (October 1853) "Noch ein wort ber die Fessel'sche rotationsmachine", Annalen der Physik, vol. 166, no. 10, pages 348 351; (3) Charles Wheatstone (1864) "On Fessel's gyroscope", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 7, pages 4348. Jump up ^ L. Foucault (1852) Comptes rendus..., vol. 35, page 427. Jump up ^ Hermann Anschtz-Kaempfe and Friedrich von Shirach, "Kreiselapparat" (Gyroscope) Deutsches Reichspatent no. 182855 (filed: 27 March 1904 ; issued: 2 April 1907). Jump up ^ MacKenzie, Donald. Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. pp. 3140. ISBN 0-262-13258-3 Jump up ^ Anon. "TEDCO Toys - Cool company history, great science kits". TEDCO Toys company website. O'Reilly Media Inc. Retrieved 23 December 2010.

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Jump up ^ MacKenzie, pp. 4042. Jump up ^ The Little Top That Aims a Gun by Gold Sanders, Popular Science July 1945 Jump up ^ "Midget Gyros to Guided Missiles" March 1954, p. 148, bottom page. Jump up ^ iPhone 4 Gyroscope Teardown, iFixit Jump up ^ William Thomson (1875). Proc. London Math. Soc., vol. 6, pages 190194. Jump up ^ Andrew Gray (1959). A Treatise on Gyrostatics and Rotational Motion: Theory and Applications (Dover, New York) Jump up ^ R. Kargon and P. Achinstein (eds., 1987). Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives ISBN 0-232-11117-9 Jump up ^ Peter C. Hughes (2004). Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics ISBN 0-486-43925-9 Jump up ^ C. Tong (2009). American Journal of Physics vol. 77, pages 526537 Jump up ^ N.N. Moiseyev and V.V. Rumyantsev (1968). Dynamic Stability of Bodies Containing Fluid (Springer, New York) Jump up ^ Joseph Larmor (1884). Proc. London Math. Soc. vol. 15, pages 170184 Jump up ^ M.V. Tratnik and J.E. Sipe (1987). Physical Review A vol. 35, pages 29652975 Jump up ^ A.B. Gluhovsky (1982). Soviet Physics Doklady vol. 27, pages 823825 Jump up ^ S. Eliseev et al (2011). Physical Review Letters vol. 107, paper 152501 Jump up ^ H. Sternberg; C. Schwalm (2007). "Qualification Process for MEMS Gyroscopes for the Use in Navigation Systems". International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Proceedings. Jump up ^ Ash, M E; Trainor, C V; Elliott, R D; Borenstein, J T; Kourepenis, A S; Ward, P A; Weinberg, M S (14-15 Sept. 1999). "Micromechanical inertial sensor development at Draper Laboratory with recent test results". Symposium Gyro Technology Proceedings. Jump up ^ Lynch D.D. HRG Development at Delco, Litton, and Northrop Grumman //Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy (1921 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine). - Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine. 2009. - ISBN 978-976-0-25248-6 Jump up ^ Sarapuloff S.A. High-Q Sapphire Resonator of Solid-State Gyroscope CRG-1 glass[dead link] or from single-crystalline sapphire. Jump up ^ David May (1999). "Modeling the dynamically tuned gyroscope in support of high-bandwidth capture loop design". Proc. SPIE 3692: 101111. doi:10.1117/12.352852. Jump up ^ http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/fact_sheet/GPB_FactSheet-0405.pdf Jump up ^ Gravity Probe B Extraordinary Technologies Jump up ^ Gravity Probe B Extraordinary Technologies World's Most Perfect Gyroscopes Jump up ^ Gravity Probe B Extraordinary Technologies Jump up ^ HTC Titan Specifications and Features Jump up ^ [2], CNN Tech. Jump up ^ 808 PureView Jump up ^ Frank Caron (Aug 2008). Of gyroscopes and gaming: the tech behind the Wii MotionPlus, ars technica

Further reading[edit]

Felix Klein and Arnold Sommerfeld, "ber die Theorie des Kreisels" (Tr., About the theory of the gyroscope). Leipzig, Berlin, B.G. Teubner, 18981914. 4 v. illus. 25 cm. Audin, M. Spinning Tops: A Course on Integrable Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Proceedings of Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy (1921 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine). - Kyiv-Kharkiv. ATS of Ukraine. 2009. ISBN 978-976-0-25248-6. E. Leimanis (1965). The General Problem of the Motion of Coupled Rigid Bodies about a Fixed Point. (Springer, New York). Walter Wrigley, Walter M. Hollister, and William G. Denhard (1969). Gyroscopic Theory, Design, and Instrumentation. (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).

Provatidis, C. G. (2012). Revisiting the Spinning Top, International Journal of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 7188, open access at http://www.ijmme.org/files/pdf/1397.pdf (ISSN Online: 2164-280X, ISSN Print: 2162-0695).