Double Degree MSc Programme GEO-INFORMATION FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

UGM

IMAGE CLASSIFICATION OF SEMARANG LAND COVER

Multispectral calssification is a methode designed to extraxted thematic information from a map by groupping all phenomenons based on certain characteristic. This methode still have vulnerability which is caused by preasumtion used when applied to land use, specially in Indonesia (Danoedoro, 2012). Multispectral classification process with the help of computers can be divided into two types based on the level of automation. Both are supervised classification, or classification controlled and unsupervised classification, or not controlled. Supervised classification which includes a set of algorithm based on a given sampling object (in the form of spectral values) by the operator. This example is called sample and geographic locations pixel sample group is referred to as area sample (training area). Before the sample is taken operator must prepare a classification system that would be applicable as well as the manual classification. two important things that should be considered in the classification is the classification system and criteria sample. By digitally sampling operator is basically a way to train a computer to recognize objects based on spectral trend. (Danoedoro, 2012). Unlike supervised classification, unsupervised classification decided by the computer automatically, without operator intervention (if anything, the process of interaction is very limited). The process itself is an iterative process, until produced spectral clustering. Operator intervention especially after spectral cluster formed, by marking each cluster as a specific object. Therefore, This classification technique called classification a-posteriori (after the fact), as opposed to a-priori (precede facts). (Robinove, 1981, in Jensen, 2005)

In this exercise writer using supervised classification of Semarang image from Landsat TM data in ERDAS format. Furthermore, the image is processed in ILWIS 3.4 which is 6 bands included in the package data. In the ILWIS there are several steps to follow when the procedure proceed :
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Creating a domain for the classes to be sampled. Writer use 12 classes for land cover classification.

Creating a sample set as a base for classification Classification can use several method such as Box Classifier, Minimum Distance, Minimum Mahalanobis Distance, Maximum Likelihood, Spectral Angel, and Prior Probability. In this exercise writer used Spectral Angel because an unclassified thing such as road and river still can be distinguished from classified classes.

Set layout and produce a map

Classes In this exercise writer use false color composite 421 in the map view to maximize the differentiate between classes. Writer also divided Semarang land cover into 13 classes : 1. Bare land Bare land in false color has characteristic of gray color, and smooth texture. By using sample statistics with total pixel 548, bare land has mean pixel value from 116.3 to 61.5, the highest value is in band 5 and the lowest value is in band 4 which is winding trend in histogram. (figure 13) 2. Clouds Clouds in false color has characteristic of white color and smooth texture. By using sample statistics with total pixel 266, clouds has mean pixel value from 250.1 to 155.2 the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 4 with dominated by decline trend by followed band number. (figure 13) 3. Crops Crops in false color has characteristic of color red to brown, with medium texture, located on flat area, associated with river and road. By looking for sample statistics with total pixel 2324, crops has mean pixel value from 79.7 to 41.8 the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 6 which is decline trend in histogram. (figure 13) 4. Deep water 1

Deep water 1 in false color has characteristic of color dark blue, with smooth texture and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 862, deep water 1 has mean pixel value from 92.5 to 14 the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 6 which is dramatically decline trend in histogram. (figure 13) 5. Shadow Shadow in false color has characteristic of dark color, with smooth texture, located below cloud or beside hilly area, associated with time image taking and the weather, and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 736, the fishpond has mean pixel value from 63.5 to 19.9 , the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 6 which is dramatically decline trend in histogram. (figure 14) 6. Dense forest 1 Dense forest 1 in false color has characteristic of color red, with medium to rough texture, located and associated with hilly and mount area and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 4870 , dense forest 1 has mean pixel value from 66.9 to 27.5 the highest value is in band 4 and the lowest value is in band 3 which is winding trend in histogram where the high value is in band 4. (figure 14) 7. Dense forest 2 Dense forest 2 in false color has characteristic of color dark red, with medium to rough texture, located on hilly area and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 8279, dense forest 2 has mean pixel value from 74.6 to 38.7 the highest value is in band 1 and band 5 and the lowest value is in band 3 which is winding trend in histogram. (figure 14) 8. Fish Pond Fish Pond in false color has characteristic of dark blue color, with smooth texture, located on coastal area, appearance of line that formed rectangular shape, associated with salty water and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 2729, the fishpond has mean pixel value from 88.9 to 14.2 , the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 6 which is similar trend with deep water 2 in histogram. (figure 14) 9. Mix vegetation 1 Mix vegetation 1 in false color has characteristic of red to brown, with medium texture, consist of bush and grass, located on gentle hilly area, associated with plain area and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 3546, the mix vegetation 1 has mean pixel value from 87.8 to 50.4 , the highest value is in band 6 and the lowest value is in band 5 which is winding trend in histogram. (figure 15) 10. Shallow water 1

Shallow water 1 in false color has characteristic of color blue, with smooth texture and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 801, Shallow water 1 has mean pixel value from 96.1 to 13.5 the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 6 which is dramatically decline trend in histogram. (figure 14) 11. Shallow water 2 Shallow water 2 in false color has characteristic of cyan color, with smooth texture, located on beach area and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 1292, the Shallow water 2 has mean pixel value from 102.1 to 13.3 , the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 6 which is winding trend in histogram. (figure 15) 12. Urban roof tile 1 Urban roof tile 1 in false color has characteristic of dark gray color, medium texture, located on settlement area, associated with road and river and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 4688, the Urban roof tile 1 has mean pixel value from 93.3 to 50.2 , the highest value is in band 1 and the lowest value is in band 4 which is winding trend in histogram. (figure 15) 13. Urban roof tile 2 Urban roof tile 2 in false color has characteristic of light gray color, with medium texture, located on industrial area, associated with iron sheeting roof and by looking for sample statistics with total pixel 1021, the Urban roof tile 2 has mean pixel value from 127.7 to 66.8 , the highest value is in band 5 and the lowest value is in band 4 which is winding trend in histogram. (figure 15) Table 1 . The sample statistic value of land cover classes.

Figure 1. Bare land

Figure 2. Cloud

Figure 3. Crops

Figure 4. Deep water 1

Figure 5. Shadow

Figure 6. Dense forest 1

Figure 7. Dense forest 2

Figure 8. Fishpond

Figure 9. Mix vegetation 1

Figure 10. Shallow water 1

Figure 11. Shallow water 2

Figure 12. Urban roof tile 1

Figure 13. Urban roof tile 2

Table 1. the mean pixel value of land cover classes in six different bands.
Band Bare Land Clouds Crops Deep water 1 Shadow Dense forest 1 Dense forest 2 Fish pond Mix Veget ation 1 Shall ow water 1 Shallo w water 2 Urban roof tile 1 Urban roof tile 2

1 2 3 4 5 6

92.6 78.4 90.5 61.5 116.3 81.9

250.1 243.4 246.7 155.2 217.2 181.3

79.7 62.2 56.9 62.9 69.7 41.8

92.5 70 50 16.2 16.1 14

63.5 43.5 36.2 29.5 28.1 19.9

65.2 48 36.1 66.9 56.4 27.5

74.6 56.3 48.3 69.6 72.5 38.7

88.9 68.1 56.8 19.8 17.6 14.2

80.5 62.8 60 59.5 87.8 50.4

96.1 76.7 58.1 16.6 15.6 13.5

102.1 89 79.3 19.2 15.3 13.3

93.3 74.2 78.8 50.2 87.6 71.9

115 102.9 119.2 66.8 127.7 107.1

300 250 Pixel Value 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bands Figure 13. The curve between band and pixel value of bare land class, clouds class, crops class and deep water 1 class. 100 80 Pixel Value 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shadow Dense forest 1 Dense forest 2 Fishpond Bare Land Clouds Crops Deep water 1

Bands
Figure 15. The curve between band and pixel value of Shadow class, dense forest 1 class, dense forest 2 class and fishpond class.

140 120 100 Pixel Value 80 60 40 Mix Vegetation 1 Shallow water 1 Shallow water 2 Urban roof tile 1 Urban roof tile 2

20
0 1 2 3 Bands 4 5 6

Figure 16. The curve between band and pixel value of mix vegetation class, shallow water 1 class, shallow water 2 class, urban roof tile 1 class and urban roof tile 2 class.

Classification Results The Land cover map of semarang (appendix 2) show that the classification is resulted quite good Land cover Map which can be seen by compare the result with the original map in false color composite 421 (appendix 1) where the area that writer interpret as 12 classes land cover are placed on the area that they should be placed. Moreover, that also can be seen from the distribution of classes in feature space graft below. However, there are some minor error in some area due to some same pixel value between classes. For instance, shadow and fishpond in some area has same pixel value and than computer read fishpond as a shadow.

Figure 17. Feature space between band 2 and band 4

Figure 18. Feature space between band 1 and band 4

Figure 19. Feature space between band 1 and band 3

Figure 20. Feature space between band 1 and band 6

In addition, to get more understanding writer try to compare between supervised classification and unsupervised classification method, writer made land cover map using unsupervised classification method. (appendix 3) In unsupervised classification, classes are divided into clusters which relay on request from operator. In this exercise, writer divided classes into 10 clusters and the result is rough map which is several overlap between land cover. Deep water distribution, for instance, is expanded to settlement area. In Conclusion, Semarang image is divided into 13 land cover classes. They are bare land, clouds, crops, deep water 1, shadow, dense forest 1, dense forest 2, fishpond, mix vegetation, shallow water 1, shallow water 2, urban roof tile 1, and urban roof tile 2. Otherwise, road, river and other small number of pixels cant divided as land cover because the number of their pixel are below 60 pixels which is mean they can be use as sample, but the line pattern of road and river are still identified on land cover map. The pixel value of every groups land cover are follow the role where water has trend decline followed the number of bands in chart, bare has rise trend, vegetation has winding trend and urban roof has winding trend also. On the other hand, Computerize supervised classification method is good method to distinguish land cover. The result is highly depend on operator experience and number of sample. Moreover, the quality of image also determined the result. In the exercise using Semarang image, the result is quite good even there is some minor error. Whereas, unsupervised classification resulted many error because is base on automatic from computer knowledge without control point. Refferences: 1. Danoedoro, P., Prof., Dr. 2012, Pengantar Penginderaan Jauh Digital, Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.
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Appendix 1

Appendix 2

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Appendix 3

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