Modeling Cold Load Pickup Eric Jung

Agenda Traditional methods of analysis Un-diversified load allocation Emergency capacity determinations Voltage drop analysis Examples

What is Cold Load Pickup? Cold load pickup is a loss of diversity following an extended outage. Cold refers to the state of the load, not the ambient temperature. Problems stem from thermostatically controlled loads.

2008 Ice Storm

2009 Ice Storm

Inland Hurricaneor Derecho?

SouthEasterns Service Territory

Rule of thumb Methods & Shortcomings Assume 200%-300% of full load current
Only a 100% swingIs that all?

Fails to take nature of load into account Traditional methods require:

Normal peak data Many assumptions

Requirements for modeling Billing file with 15-minute interval data

With AMR data, this is no problem. Without AMR data, this must be calculated.

Knowledge of operational characteristics of C&I customers

How will load ramp up after an outage? What load will pick up immediately?

Un-diversified load allocation

1. Set sources to swing. 2. Set all load groups to diversity fixed. 3. CF % for residential should be 95%-100%. 4. C&I groups are variable. 5. Apply and Run

Emergency system capacity

The following capacities must be determined:
Short time overload capacity of substation transformer Emergency conductor capacity Overcurrent device capacity

Emergency voltage standards must be established.

Emergency capacity of sub transformer FA 65C rating is 25%-40% above base Short time overload of < 30 min
50% pre-outage loading = 168% overload 70% pre-outage loading = 158% overload 90% pre-outage loading = 145% overload

Combined yield:
181%-235% over base 55C rating

Determine capacity of conductor

Emergency ampacity of overhead conductor:
Inew Iold Tcond, new Tambient, new Tcond, old Tambient, old

Emergency ampacity using 100C conductor temperature (no change in ambient)

122% @ 25 C Ambient 131% @ 40 C Ambient

Determine capacity of conductor example

Emergency ampacity of 4/0 ACSR in 0C (32F) ambient
100 0 505 A 357 A 75 25 505 A 357 A 141%

Emergency ampacity of #2 ACSR in 38C (100F) ambient

100 38 205 A 184 A 75 25

Determine capacity of system protection

Electronic Reclosers
Minimum phase trip setting Ground trip must account for downstream single phase devices. Windmill will base capacity on lowest Min Trip.

Hydraulic Recloser
Cooper reclosers reference R280-90-4 Limit to 150% of series coil rating

Voltage drop setup: capacity

Set capacity colors to match emergency capacities. Could use Color by Custom.
Allows further breakdown to fuse, OCR Allows multiple colors based on % over capacity

Voltage drop setup: voltage

ANSI C84.1-2006 Range B standard
91.7%-105.8% nominal

When is Range B tolerable?

Short term emergency conditions Should be corrected as soon as possible to Range A

Dixon Springs before

Normal peak current 68A

Dixon Springs updated

Three phase project

Carter south feed

Elizabethtown before
Closing this sectionalizer

Would open this recloser

Elizabethtown updated

Principle Lessons Learned

System protection
Should be based on:
Capacity Fault current Cold load pickup Coordination Load current Some arbitrary minimum fault impedance The way weve always done it.

Should not be based on:

Contact info Eric Jung

Engineering Manager SouthEastern IL Electric Co-op ericjung@seiec.com