CHUYN 2 : PHN NG OXY HA KH-TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC

Kha LTH mn Ha 2014-Mr.Thanh 01663823517 Page 1

TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC

I-Tc phn ng
1- Khi nim :
o Tc phn ng l i lng c trng cho bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht
tham gia phn ng hoc sn phm to thnh trong mt n v thi gian .
o Cng thc tnh tc trung bnh ca phn ng : V=
t
C
A
A
mol/(l.s) (V 0 ) ) At =thi gian sau
(t
2
) thi gian u (t
1
)
i vi cht tham gia (nng gim dn ) : AC =Cu C
sau

i vi cht sn phm (nng tng dn ) : AC =Csau C
u

- i vi phn ng tng qut dng : a A + b B c C + d D
V =
t a
C
A
A
A
=
t b
C
B
A
A
=
t c
C
C
A
A
=
t d
C
D
A
A

2-Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
o nh hng ca nng : Tc phn ng t l thun vi nng cc cht tham gia phn
ng .
o nh hng ca p sut : (i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia ) : Khi p sut tng , tc
phn ng tng (hoc ngc li )
o nh hng ca nhit : khi nhit tng , tc phn ng tng (hoc ngc li ) .
- Thng thng , khi tng nhit ln 10
0
C th tc phn ng tng t 2 n 4 ln . S ln
tng gi l h s nhit ( ).

10
1 2
t t
=
1
2
V
V
(V
1
v V
2
l tc phn ng nhit t
1
v t
2
)
o nh hng ca din tch b mt : (i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia ) : Khi din tch b
mt tng , tc phn ng tng .
o nh hng ca cht xc tc : Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng , nhng khng
b tiu hao trong phn ng .
II-Cn bng ha hc
1- Phn ng mt chiu : L phn ng ch xy ra theo mt chiu xc nh (khng c chiu ngc
li ) a A + b B c C + d D
2- Phn ng thun nghch : L phn ng m trong iu kin xc nh c th ng thi xy ra
theo hai chiu ngc nhau
(chiu thun v chiu nghch )
a A + b B c C + d D
3- Cn bng ha hc : L trng thi ca h phn ng thun nghch , ti tc phn ng thun
v nghch bng nhau v nng cc cht khng thay i na . Cn bng ha hc l mt cn
bng ng .
CHUYN 2 : PHN NG OXY HA KH-TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC

Kha LTH mn Ha 2014-Mr.Thanh 01663823517 Page 2


4- Hng s cn bng ca phn ng thun nghch (K) :
o i vi h phn ng thun nghch ng th (h ch gm cht kh hoc cht tan trong dung
dch ) tng qut dng :
a A + b B c C + d D
K
c
=
n
t
k
k
=
| | | |
| | | |
b a
d c
B A
D C
(Trong | | | | | | | | D C B A , , , l nng mol/l ca cc cht A , B , C , D
trng thi cn bng ) .
i vi h phn ng thun nghch d th ( h gm cht rn v kh) hoc (h gm cht rn v
cht tan trong dung dch ) th nng ca cht rn c coi l hng s (khng c trong biu
thc tnh K )
Th d : C
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
2CO
(k)
K
c
=
| |
| |
2
2
CO
CO
;
CaCO
3(r)
CaO
(r)
+ CO
2(k)
K
c
= [CO
2
]
Hng s cn bng ca mt phn ng xc nh ch ph thuc vo nhit .
i vi mt phn ng xc nh , nu thay i h s cc cht trong phn ng th gi tr hng s
cn bng cng thay i .
Th d : N
2(k)
+ 3H
2(k)
2 NH
3(k)
Kc
1
=
| |
| | | |
3
2 2
2
3
H N
NH


1/2N
2(k)
+ 3/2 H
2(k)
NH
3(k)
Kc
2
=
| |
| | | |
2 / 3
2
2 / 1
2
3
H N
NH

Kc
1
= Kc
2
v Kc
1
= (Kc
2
)
2


5- S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc :
- Khi nim : S chuyn dich cn bng l s ph v trng thi cn bng c chuyn sang
trng thi cn bng mi do cc yu t bn
ngoi (nng , nhit ,p sut ) tc ng ln cn bng .
- Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng (L satli) : Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi
cn bng , khi chu mt tc ng t bn
ngoi nh bin i (nng , nhit , p
sut ); cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu
lm gim tc ng bn ngoi .
- Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc
o Khi tng nng mt cht , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim nng cht
o Khi gim nng mt cht , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm tng nng cht
o Khi tng nhit ca h , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thu nhit ( 0 ) AH ).
o Khi gim nhit ca h , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu ta nhit ( 0 ( AH ).
Nu phn ng thun l ta nhit th phn ng nghch l phn ng thu nhit (hoc ngc li
)
CHUYN 2 : PHN NG OXY HA KH-TC PHN NG CN BNG HA HC

Kha LTH mn Ha 2014-Mr.Thanh 01663823517 Page 3

o Khi tng p sut ca h , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim s phn t kh .
o Khi gim p sut ca h , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm tng s phn t kh .
i vi h phn ng thun nghch m c s phn t kh phn ng thun bng s phn t
kh phn ng nghch , th p sut khng lm chuyn dch cn bng .
o Cht xc tc khng c tc dng lm chuyn dch cn bng , m ch c tc dng lm cho
phn ng nhanh chng t n TTCB .

Trang 1/7

I. S oxi ho cch tnh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong mt cht ha hc
I.1. S oxi ho
S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht l s i s c xc nh vi gi thit rng mi lin kt
ha hc trong phn t hp cht u l lin kt ion, ngha l cp electron dng chung ca lin kt cng ha
tr cng c coi l chuyn hn cho nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in ln hn. Trong trng hp
lin kt c to nn gia hai nguyn t nh nhau trong phn t ca hp cht cng nh ca n cht,
cp electron dng chung ca lin kt cng ha tr c gi nh l chia u cho hai nguyn t .
Nguyn t mt electron c s oxi ho dng, nguyn t nhn electron c s oxi ho m v gi tr ca
s oxi ho bng s electron m nguyn t mt hay nhn.
I.2. Cch xc nh s oxi ho
xc nh s oxi ho ca mt nguyn t cn da vo cc quy tc sau:
I.2.1.Trong hp cht v c
S oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng khng. V cc cp electron chung hnh thnh
gia cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t nm cch u ht nhn ca hai nguyn t.
S oxi ho ca cc kim loi lun lun c gi tr dng. Trong cc hp cht kiu lin kt ion s oxi
ho ca cc kim loi bng in tch cc ion ca chng.
V d 1. NaCl, CuSO
4
, AlCl
3
s oxi ho ca natri, ng, nhm ln lt l +1, +2, +3.
Trong a s cc hp cht vi phi kim, mc oxi ho ca hiro bng +1: HI, H
2
O, CH
4

cc hirua kim loi s oxi ho ca hiro bng -1: NaH, CaH
2
, AlH
3
,
S oxi ho ca oxi trong hu ht cc hp cht bng -2 (tr cc hp cht vi flo).
Trong cc hp cht vi flo, oxi c s oxi ho dng.
V d 2. Trong phn t OF
2
, oxi c s oxi ho +2. Hai cp electron chung chuyn dch t nguyn t
oxi ti cc nguyn t flo m in hn.
Mt s nguyn t lun th hin s oxi ho khng i trong cc hp cht: Li, Na, K th hin s oxi
ho khng i l +1; Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn th hin s oxi ho khng i l +2; Al th hin s oxi ho
khng i l +3.
Trong hp cht tng i s cc s oxi ho ca tt c cc nguyn t (tnh n s nguyn t) bng 0.
V d 3. i vi phn t KMnO
4

Gi s oxi ho ca Mn l x, ta c: 1 + x + 4.(-2) = 0 x = +7

i vi cc ion phc tp, tng i s cc s oxi ho ca tt c cc nguyn t (c tnh n s
nguyn t ca chng) phi bng in tch ca ion.
Ch : tnh s oxi ho ca nhiu nguyn t trong hp cht (khi u cha bit r s oxi ho ca
chng) v d FeS
2
, CuFeS
2
, . khi ta phi vit cng thc cu to ca tng cht ri p dng nh ngha
tnh s oxi ho ca tng nguyn t trong mi hp cht.
V d 4. Phn t FeS
2
Fe
S
-1
S
-1
+2
V d 5. Phn t CaOCl
2
Ca
Cl
O Cl
-1
+2
-2 +1
I.2.2. Cch tnh s oxi ho ca cacbon trong hp cht hu c

Trang 2/7
S oxi ho ca cacbon trong hp cht hu c bng tng i s oxi ho ca 4 lin kt ca cacbon
vi cc nguyn t nguyn t khc.
Cng ho tr ca cacbon trong hp cht hu c u bng 4 nhng s oxi ho ca cacbon thng
khc 4 v mang du tu thuc nguyn t lin kt vi n.
- Nu cacbon lin kt vi nguyn t c tnh kim loi hn (Mg, H, ) th s oxi ho ca cacbon l m
- Nu cacbon lin kt vi nguyn t phi kim (O, N, Cl,) th s oxi ho ca cacbon l dng
- S oxi ho trong lin kt C C bng 0.
C hai cch tnh s oxi ho ca cacbon trong hp cht hu:
- Cch 1: Xc nh theo cng thc phn t (ging nh cch xc nh i vi hp cht v c).
- Cch 2: Xc nh s oxi ho ca cacbon da vo cng thc cu to.
+ Xc nh s oxi hoca tng nguyn t cacbon da theo cng thc cu to
+ Trng hp hp cht c nhiu nguyn t cacbon ta phi tnh s oxi ho trung bnh ca cacbon.
S oxi ho trung bnh ca cacbon l trung bnh cng ca s oxi hoca cc nguyn t ca cng mt
nguyn t cacbon trong phn t.
V d 6. C
2
H
5
OH
C C
H
H
H O
H
H
H
-2 -1 -3
Vy s oxi ho trung bnh ca cacbon 2
2
) 1 ( ) 3 (
=
+
= .
II. Phn ng oxi ha kh
II.1. nh ngha
Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s chuyn electron gia cc cht phn ng
hay phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi ho ca mt s nguyn
t.
Cht kh l cht nhng electron hay l cht c s oxi ho tng sau phn ng. Cht kh cn gi l
cht b oxi ho.
Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron hay l cht c s oxi ho gim sau phn ng. Cht oxi ho cn
gi l cht b kh.
S oxi ho mt cht l lm cho cht nhng electron hay lm tng s oxi ho ca cht .
S kh mt cht l lm cho cht nhn electron hay lm gim s oxi ho ca cht .
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh bao gi cng din ra ng thi s oxi ho v s kh.
II.2. Phn loi phn ng oxi ha kh
Phn ng oxi ha kh c th c phn thnh mt s loi sau:
1. Phn ng oxi ha kh n gin: l phn ng trong cht oxi ho v cht kh khc nhau.
V d 7.
2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
0 0 +1 -1
0 +1 +2 0
2. Phn ng t oxi ha kh: l phn ng trong tc nhn oxi ho v tc nhn kh l mt nguyn t
duy nht (nguyn t c s oxi ho trung gian).
V d 8.
2Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
4KClO
3
KCl + KClO
4
2NO
2
+ 2NaOH NaNO
3
+ NaNO
2
+ H
2
O
0 -1 +1
+5 -1 +7
+4 +5 +3

Trang 3/7
3. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t: l phn ng trong tc nhn oxi ho v tc nhn kh l
nhng nguyn t khc nhau nhng cng nm trong mt phn t.
V d 9.
NaNO
3
2NaNO
2
+ O
2
KClO
3
2KCl + O
2
2KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
+5 -2 +3 0
+5 -2 -1 0
+7 -2 +6 +4 0
t
o
t
o
t
o
4. Phn ng oxi ha kh phc tp: l phn ng trong c nhiu nguyn t thay i s oxi ho hoc
c axit, kim, nc tham gia lm mi trng.
V d 10.
2KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 8H
2
O
+7 +2 +2 +3
II.3. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh
II.3.1. Nguyn tc chung
Tng s electron ca cht kh cho bng tng s electron ca cht oxi ho nhn (nh lut bo ton
electron): e
nhng
= e
nhn
Hay: tng tng s oxi ho ca cht kh bng tng gim s oxi ho ca cht oxi ho.
II.3.2. Phng php electron
Tin hnh theo 4 bc:
Bc 1: Vit s phn ng, xc nh cht oxi ho, cht kh (da vo s thay i s oxi ho).
Bc 2: Vit cc na phng trnh cho nhn electron. Tm h s v cn bng s e cho nhn (
tng electron nhng = tng electron nhn).
Bc 3: a h s tm c t cc na phng trnh cho nhn electron vo cc cht kh, cht oxi
ho tng ng trong cc phng trnh phn ng.
Bc 4: Cn bng cht khng tham gia qu trnh oxi ha kh (nu c) theo trt t sau: s nguyn
t kim loi, gc axit, s phn t mi trng (axit hoc kim) v cui cng l s lng phn t nc c
to thnh. Kim tra kt qu.
V d 11. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng:
Cu + HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
0 +5 +2 +2
+ Bc 1: T s phn ng trn v s thay i s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t ta thy, Cu l cht
kh, HNO
3
l cht oxi ho (
5 +
N ).
+ Bc 2: Vit cc na phng trnh cho v nhn electron v tm h s thch hp sao cho tng s
electron do cht kh nhng bng tng s electron do cht oxi ho nhn.
Cu - 2e Cu
N + 3e N
0 +2
+5 +2
(qu trnh oxi ha)
(qu trnh kh)
3
2
+ Bc 3: a h s tm c t cc na phng trnh vo phng trnh phn ng:
3Cu + 2HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + H
2
O

+ Bc 4: Cn bng cc cht khng tham gia qu trnh oxi ha kh, ta nhn thy ngoi 2 phn t
5 +
N tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh th cn c 6 nguyn t
5 +
N khng tham gia qu trnh ny m ch i
vo mui nitrat (gc

3

NO ) nn bn h s ca HNO
3
chng ta phi cng thm 6 na tc l h s bng 8,
ri t 4 vo nc cn bng s nguyn t H v kim tra li thng qua nguyn t O. Nh vy phng
trnh cn bng l:
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Ghi nh:
R1. Khi vit cc na phng trnh phn ng biu din qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh ca tng
nguyn t, cn theo ng ch s quy nh ca tng nguyn t . i vi cc phn ng phc tp vic lu
cc ch s nh vy l rt cn thit.

Trang 4/7
V d 12. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi cho Al tc dng vi HNO
3
. Bit hn hp kh thu
c gm NO v NO
2
vi t l s mol l 1 : 3.
Gii:
Ta c qu trnh nhng electron:
Al - 3e Al
0 +3
Qu trnh nhn electron: do hn hp bao gm NO v NO
2
vi t l s mol l 1 : 3 nn ta c:
4N + 6e N + 3N
+5 +2 +4
t cc h s vo cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron sao cho tng e nhng bng tng e nhn:
4N + 6e N + 3N
+5 +2 +4
Al - 3e Al
0 +3
1
2

Dng cc h s v cn bng ta c:
2Al + 10HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 3NO
2
+ 5H
2
O

Nu trong phn ng trn chng ta khng ch ti t l ca NO v NO
2
th vn cn bng c phng
trnh phn ng, tuy nhin phng trnh phn ng khng ng nh u bi yu cu (t l s mol ca
NO v NO
2
l 1: 1).
4Al + 18HNO
3
4Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO + 3NO
2
+ 9H
2
O

R2. Hoc khi cn bng phng trnh phn ng c s tham gia ca cht kh (nh H
2
, O
2
, Cl
2
,) th
cng phi ch khi t h s t cc qu trnh cho nhn electron vo phng trnh phn ng.
V d 13. i vi vic cn bng qu trnh trao i electron ca nguyn t oxi chng ta c th tin
hnh theo 2 kiu:
Kiu 1: vit qu trnh nhn electron ca phn t O
2

O
2
+ 4e 2O
0 -2
Kiu 2: vit qu trnh nhn electron ca nguyn t
O + 2e O
0 -2

Tuy nhin, d vit theo kiu no th cng phi ch n s nguyn t trao i electron, m thc cht
l ch n s electron c trao i ( m bo tng electron nhng bng tng electron nhn), khi
t h s vo phng trnh phn ng khng b sai.
R3. Khi cn bng, nu trong mt phn t c ng thi nhiu nguyn t thay i s oxi ho th phi
cng gp cc qu trnh trao i electron ca chng theo ng t l nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong
phn t thu c mt qu trnh trao i electron ln, v ly qu trnh ln ny em cn bng electron
vi cc qu trnh cn li.
V d 14. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ha kh:
FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
+2 -1 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
Lc ny ta cn ch : c 1 mol FeS
2
phn ng th c 1 mol Fe v 2 mol S thay i s oxi ho, nh vy
ta vit gp hai qu trnh trao i electron ca Fe v S (c ch h s) thnh mt qu trnh ln:
Fe - e Fe
S - 5e S
+2 +3
-1 +4
1
2
FeS
2
- 11e Fe + 2S
+2 -1 +3 +4
Sau dng qu trnh ln ny cn bng v xem n l qu trnh oxi ho mi:

Trang 5/7
FeS
2
- 11e Fe + 2S
O
2
+ 4e 2O
+2 -1 +3 +4
0 -2

4
11
T y ta a cc h s vo phng trnh phn ng v cn bng:
t
o
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
R4. i vi phn ng to ra nhiu sn phm (ca s oxi ho hay s kh), trong c nhiu s oxi
ho khc nhau th c th vit ring tng phn ng i vi tng sn phm, ri vit gp li sau khi nhn
h s t l theo bi ra.
V d 15. Ta c th lm li v d 12 nh sau:
u tin ta vit ring hai phn ng to NO v NO
2
:
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Al + 6HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O

V t l NO : NO
2
hai phng trnh trn l 1 : 3 nn ta ch cn cng gp li l s c phng
trnh phn ng tng:
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Al + 6HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
1
1

2Al + 10HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 3NO
2
+ 5H
2
O
R5. Lun phi kim tra li phng trnh phn ng sau khi cn bng.
II.3.3. Phng php ion electron
Cch cn bng ny ch yu p dng cho cc phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra trong dung dch, c s
tham gia ca mi trng (axit, baz, nc).
Khi cn bng cng p dng theo 4 bc nh trn, nhng cc cht oxi ho v cht kh c vit theo
nguyn tc sau:
1. Nu phn ng c axit tham gia: V no tha O phi thm H
+
to H
2
O v ngc li.
2. Nu phn ng c baz tham gia: V no tha O th thm H
2
O to ra ion OH
-
v ngc li.
3. Nu phn ng c nc tham gia:
Sn phm phn ng to ra axit, theo nguyn tc 1.
Sn phm phn ng to ra baz, theo nguyn tc 2.
4. Kim tra li s cn bng in tch v nguyn t 2 v.
Ch : S thay i s oxi ho ca mt s cht ph thuc vo mi trng phn ng:
KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
MnO
2
Mn
2+
+7
+6
+4
+2
mi trng baz
mi trng axit
mi trng trung tnh
V d 16. Xt phn ng c axit tham gia:
KMnO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O

MnO
4
-
+ 5e + 8H
+
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Fe
2+
- 1e Fe
3+
+7 +2
+2 +3
1
5
MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
+ 5Fe
2+
Mn
2+
+ 5Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
Chuyn sang phng trnh phn t:
2KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 8H
2
O
V d 17. Xt phn ng c baz tham gia:
KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ KOH K
2
SO
4
+ K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O


Trang 6/7
MnO
4
-
+ e MnO
4
2-

SO
3
2-
- 2e + 2OH
-
SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
2
1
2MnO
4
-
+ SO
3
2-
+ 2OH
-
2MnO
4
2-
+ SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
Chuyn sang phng trnh phn t:
2KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ 2KOH K
2
SO
4
+ 2K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O
V d 18. Xt phn ng c H
2
O tham gia:
KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+ MnO
2

MnO
4
-
+ 3e + 2H
2
O MnO
2
+ 4OH
-
SO
3
2-
- 2e + 2OH
-
SO
4
2-
+ H
2
O
2
3
2MnO
4
-
+ 3SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O 2MnO
2
+ 3SO
4
2-
+ 2OH
-

Chuyn sang phng trnh phn t:
2KMnO
4
+ 3K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O 3K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnO
2
+ 2KOH

II.3.4. Phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh cc hp cht hu c
Cng tin hnh qua 4 bc c bn ni trn, tuy nhin bc 1, khi tnh s oxi ho ca C cn lu
mt s im sau:
Phng php chung: Tnh theo s oxi ho trung bnh ca C.
Phng php ring: i vi nhng phn ng ch c s thay i nhm chc, c th ch xt s hay
i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t C trong nhm chc.
V d 19. Xt phn ng:
C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
Trong phn ng ny, nhn thy phn t stiren ch c 2 nguyn t C ngoi nhnh c s thay i s
oxi ha, cn cc nguyn t trong vng benzen th khng thay i. Ch rng lin kt C C khng gy ra
s oxi ha, ta xc nh c cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron nh sau:
C + C C + C + 10e
Mn + 5e Mn
-1 -2 +3 +4
+7 +2
2
1
t h s vo phng trnh ta c:
C
6
H
5
CH=CH
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 4H
2
O
Bi tp luyn tp. Bng phng php thng bng electron, hy cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng
ha hc sau y:
1) KOH + Cl
2
KCl + KClO
4
+ H
2
O
2) Al + H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
3) H
2
S + SO
2
S + H
2
O
4) SO
2
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ HBr
5) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
6) Fe + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
7) Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
8) Fe(OH)
2
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
9) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
+ H
2
O
10) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NO
2
+ NO + H
2
O

Trang 7/7
11) Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ H
2
O + NH
4
NO
3

12) Fe
x
O
y
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
13) Al + HNO
3


Al(NO
3
)
3
+ N
x
O
y
+ H
2
O
14) HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
15) HCl + KMnO
4
KCl + MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
16) FeS + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
17) FeS
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
18) CuFeS
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ CuSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
19) FeCl
2
+ HNO
3
FeCl
3
+ Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
20) FeO + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
21) Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NH
3
NO
3
+ H
2
O
22) Na
2
SO
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O Na
2
SO
4
+ MnO
2
+ KOH
23) FeSO
4
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
24) Cl
2
+ NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
25) NaClO + KI + H
2
SO
4
I
2
+ NaCl + K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
26) Cr
2
O
3
+ KNO
3
+ KOH K
2
CrO
4
+ KNO
2
+ H
2
O
27) As
2
S
3
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
O H
3
AsO
4
+ NO + H
2
SO
4

28) Na
2
SO
3
+ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ H
2
O
29) KClO
3
+ HBr Br
2
+ KCl + H
2
O
30) FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
2
+ HCl FeCl
3
+ H
2
O
31) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl Cl
2
+ KCl + CrCl
3
+ H
2
O
32) H
2
O
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
O
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
33) FeO + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ N
x
O
y
+ H
2
O
34) FeCO
3
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
35) H
2
S + Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + H
2
SO
4

36) MnO
2
+ O
2
+ KOH KMnO
4
+ H
2
O
37) CH
2
= CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4


CO
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
38) CH
3
CH = CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O CH
3
CHOHCH
2
OH + KOH + MnO
2
+ H
2
O
39) CH
3
CH
2
OH + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CH
3
COOH + K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ H
2
O
40) C
2
H
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O H
2
C
2
O
4
+ KOH + MnO
2

41) C
6
H
5
CH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
42) C
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
C
6
H
5
COOH + CO
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
43) H
2
C
2
O
4
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
44) C
2
H
5
OH + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
45) KMnO
4
+ CaC
2
O
4
+ H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ CaSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
46) C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
47) C
3
H
5
O
9
N
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O + N
2
+ O
2