Robust Non-Communication Line Protection Scheme Using Novel Quantities

Hatem A. Darwish, Tamer A. Kawady, Member, IEEE , Abdel-Maksoud I. Taalab, Senior Member IEEE , O. P. Malik, Life Fellow, IEEE.
Abstract-- A robust non-communication scheme for transmission line protection is presented. The scheme facilitates the simultaneous detection of the remote breaker operation in order to adaptively accelerate zone 2 tripping of the local zone. A modal transform-based decision algorithm is proposed to efficiently detect symmetrical/unsymmetrical faults. Modal quantities as well as current phase angle variations are monitored during and postfault, and translated into hypothetical communication flags. Therefore, the benefits of modern communication-based schemes can be approached without utilizing physical communication links. A simulation study is carried out to investigate the scheme performance. Test results corroborate the high performance of the proposed adaptive scheme for variable faults. Index Terms Distance relay, Communication links, EMTP/ Matlab, Modal transformation, Adaptive line protection.

HE incorporation of modern communication tools into the relaying operation results in tremendous success in all protection engineering areas. Advancements in protection process quality, system security and dependability are examples for these successes. For transmission line protection purposes, in particular, 100% of the line being protected as one example [1], [2]. Unfortunately, embedding the communication links into transmission protection systems is not available for all transmission systems, mostly for economical purposes. The overall protection system reliability is significantly reduced due to the association with the communication system reliability itself. Data stream may be missed or distorted as the protection function performance is perturbed. Thus, noncommunication distance concept, if possible, is considered an alternative solution. Non-communication protection techniques are simply considered as adaptive schemes, in which the relaying action is continuously supervised with the aim to realize the appropriate action in response to variations in operation and system conditions [3], [4]. The first successful non-communication

I. INTRODUCTION

relaying (Loss of Load Operation) was reported in 1989 [5]. In this scheme, the local relay tripping is accelerated when the current in one or more of the un-faulted phases drops to zero as a result of the operation of the remote breakers. Another algorithm based on capturing and analyzing the generated high frequency transients due to the fault occurrence was suggested in [6], [7]. These transients were employed to decide whether the fault is inside or outside the protected zone. However, the propagation and attenuation problems arise as real problems for transient-based protection schemes. Another adaptive scheme directed to double circuit line, in particular, has been developed with the transverse differential relaying and the distance relaying as well [8], [9]. Other similar schemes have also been proposed using the sequence components [10], [11]. In the aforementioned schemes, issues of remote breaker failure and un-transposed line conditions are not addressed. A new adaptive line protection scheme in which the possibility of using the modal quantities rather than the symmetrical components is examined as reported in [12]. Also, the analogy between the communication links embedded with conventional distance relays and the proposed adaptive non-communication scheme is introduced. In this paper, advancements in the scheme proposed in [12] are carried out to increase the robustness of the decision of the associated local breaker by suggesting a more selective fault detector and a sensitive remote breaker status predictor. Toward this goal, two different fault ratios, based on the modal voltage and current quantities, are obtained to detect the fault occurrence. Also, the current phase angle variations of the sound phases are monitored to discriminate between internal and external faults. Three-pole circuit breaker opening is only considered in the paper work. A brief review of the BOscheme [10], [11] followed by a detailed description of the proposed scheme is given below. II. BASIC BO-SCHEME DESCRIPTION In spite of the concerns referring to the proposed noncommunication protection schemes in the literatures, the BO scheme represents a considerable step towards fulfilling this target. This is attributed to the simplicity of implementation. The technique depends on the presence of zero and negative sequence components generated from the unbalanced faults. For this purpose, ratio R1 is used to discriminate between the balanced operation and other fault conditions, where:

H. A. Darwish, T. Kawady, and A. I. Taalab are with the Power System Protection Group (PSPG), Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufiya University, Shebin El-kom 32511, Egypt (e-mails: h_a_darwish @yahoo.com, t_kawady@ieee. org, taalab@hotmail.com). O.P. Malik is with the University of Calgary, Canada. (e-mail: maliko@ ucalgary.ca)

1-4244-0493-2/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.

Zone 1 f2 f1 Br1 S L1 Br2 Q L3 Br3 Br4 L2 R1

Ia

Ib

Ic

Va

Vb

Vc

Sampling

Phasor Estimation (Rec. DFT)

Modal transform

R2

Fault detection ratios computing

Ru Rb low high low high

Current angles on-line computation

Distance relaying computation

Zone 1 Fault

yes

Fig. 1. Illustrated power system example for BO-scheme operation.

FDFD flag high low low flag

no Instant tripping no no accel. no

S + S2 R1 = 0 S1

(1)

Zone 2 Fault yes High RBOS flag yes

low flag

and S0, S1 and S2 are designated for the zero, positive and negative sequence quantities for voltages or currents at the relay location (Bus S). Another ratio R2 is described to overcome the lack of zero and negative sequence quantities during symmetrical three phase faults, where:
R2 = S1post S1pre S1pre

Sound phase(s) reversal yes no no 3- fault yes delay Initiate a high RBOS flag

low flag High FDFP flag

no accel. accelerated tripping

(2)

Fault Detection Flag Producer

Remote Breaker Operation Sensor

Distance Relay

The indices post and pre of (2) are designated to the postfault and pre-fault positive sequence quantities. For unbalanced fault conditions, the ratio R1 is enabled for either internal or external faults occurring at f1 and f2 in Fig. 1, respectively. For external fault at f2, opening (Br3) resets the enabled ratio R1 to a low flag, whereas, opening the remote breaker (Br2) for internal fault at f1 does not reset the enabled ratio R1 due to fault current flow from the sending end. Based on this criterion, both internal and external faults are discriminated. Then, a tripping can be issued to the local breaker (Br1) in either a delayed or accelerated mode of operation [10], [11]. Similar operation can be realized for balanced three phase faults using the ratio R2 as well. However, the core of this scheme depends mainly on the variation of the suggested ratios from the unfaulted case to the faulted one regardless of the actual responses of the remote breaker. Then, the system security under external faults is questionable, which may result in unnecessary accelerated tripping of (Br1). This poor security can be explored when (Br3) is exposed to breaker failure conditions. In this case (Br1) will be unnecessarily accelerated. Moreover, the scheme performance may be perturbed with unbalanced systems particularly those having significant charging currents. This may let the unfaulted cases exceed the pre-defined thresholds. For balanced faults, it has been concluded that assigning R2 as a function of the positive sequence quantities only may be also impractical due to the uncertainty of the pre-fault value.

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the Overall decision scheme

III. MODAL-BASED DECISION SCHEME PRINCIPLES The essential feature of such techniques is to improve the performance of distance relays without relying on communication links. A unit protection operation with entire line fully covered can be obtained in a fast and robust manner. The scheme is based on emulating the role of the actual communication links depending on the available information at the local relay end. Therefore, the overall scheme security and dependability will strongly depend on the successful representation of communication modes using the local information at the relay location. A schematic diagram of the proposed non-communication technique is shown in Fig. 2. First, the three phase voltage and current signals are captured and sampled with a rate of 1600 Hz (32 samples per cycle). This sampling rate is nowadays a common one for modern relaying units. The required phasors are then estimated with the parallel optimized Discrete Fourier Transform [13]. This signal processing routine is nominated as the most dependable phasor estimator for fixed and floating-point processors. Three different blocks collaborate together to realize the aimed performance: the Fault Detection Flag Producer (FDFP), Remote Breaker Operation Sensor (RBOS) and the Distance Relay (DR). The FDFP generates a high output during faults for either balanced (three phase faults) and unbalanced ones (single or phase-to-phase faults). This output is generated for either in-

ternal or external faults as well. The RBOS is responsible for sensing the remote breaker action for the incident faults. Based on the status of RBOS, the incident fault can be decided weather it is an internal or external one. Finally, the decision by the proposed scheme is carried out by the DR- accelerating the trip for internal faults and blocking for external ones. Each of these blocks is described in the following subsections. A. Modal Transform-Based FDFP Modal transformation is characterized with the ability to decompose a certain group of coupled equations into decoupled ones excluding the mutual parts among them. This decoupling feature is quite important to simplify the required complex mathematical manipulations for some certain applications for power system simulations. Such applications can be then simulated without further complexity or simplifying approximations as given in Fig. 3. Therefore, it successfully enhances the efficiency of the overall computational processes [14]. Several applications employing modal transform were proposed recently as documented in the literatures. Examples for these applications are the modal transformation-based distance protection schemes and fault locators Utilizing [15]-[17]. the modal transform as the core of the computational phase of the FDFP is to minimize the resulting computation errors during some certain system conditions such as unbalanced parameters. These errors may lead the computed flag to exceed the predefined thresholds resulting in a false accelerated tripping command. The computed phase values can be transformed into their modal equivalents as, Vm = Tv -1 * Vp Im = Ti
-1

Zm1 Zm Zm Zm2 Zm3

Modal transformation

Zs Z m Z m

Zm Zs Zm

Zm Zm Zs

Z m1 0 0

0 Zm2 0

0 0 Zm3

Fig. 3. Modal transformation decoupling feature

Referring to Fig. 2, the operation of the FDFP is first accomplished by transforming the computed voltage and current phasors by the parallel optimized DFT into their modal forms. These quantities are disignated for voltage phasors as Vm1, Vm2 and Vm3; and for curent phasors as, Im1, Im2 and Im3. Two different ratios Ru and Rb based on the modal quantities are assigned for unsymmetrical and symmetrical faults, respectively. Several manipulations of current and voltage relations have been examined to get the most appropriate ratios. It has been revealed from this investigation that Ru is assigned to the summation of the first to the second and to the third modal currents. The second ratio Rb is described as the variation of the imaginary part of the summation of the apparent admittances for the second and third modal circuits, as a percentage of the summation of the second and third healthy line modal admittances, respectively. Mathematically, both ratios Ru and Rb are expressed as:
Ru = I m1 I m1 + I m2 I m3

(3) (4)

(8)

* Ip

where the indices m and p denote to modal and phase quantities, respectively. Tv and Ti are the corresponding voltage and current transformation matrices. Both Tv and Ti matrices are selected as,
1 1 1 1 Tv = Ti = 1 1 0 3 1 0 1

I m2 I m3 + Vm2 Vm3 R b = Im( ) Ym2 + Ym3

(9)

(5)

Intensive lab tests on the ratios Ru and Rb showed a stable and robust performance for all operating conditions even with large load variations and system unbalance. Note that, the high value of Rb or Ru is sufficient to set the FDFP flag and to activate the RBOS of the next stage. B. RBOS description. Sensing the action of the remote breaker for the occurred fault along with the FDFP produces a secure operation of the local breaker. This is true as the accelerated tripping is exclusively decided after the opening of the remote breaker for internal faults. The main key of the PBOS depends on monitoring the variation of the sound phase current(s) angle after the remote breaker is opened. In which, the load current lag angle(s) are changing to a considerably lead angle(s) as remote breaker opening produces a transmission line carrying the charging current(s) only flowing from the local breaker side.

Then, the modal impedance and admittance matrices Zm and Ym can be found as a function of the phase impedance and admittance matrices as, Zm= Tv-1* Z * Tv Ym= Ti-1* Y * Ti (6) (7)

Overreach Zone Fault no yes High R BOS flag yes no accel.. no accel. no

Zone 1 Fault yes no High R BOS flag yes no accel.. instant tripping no

consequently, more convenient to follow the same operation rules of the standard communications strategies. As shown in Fig. 2, each distance relay responses instantly for zone 1 fault condition or zone 2 faults accompanied by high RBOS flag. This exactly emulates the same operation rule of the PUTT mode. Other communication strategies can be also realized by rearranging the DR block as shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b) for POTT and DTT modes, respectively. IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION For evaluating the proposed protection scheme, a 400kV multi-section transmission system was selected as a test example with the same configuration shown in Fig. 1. Three line segments L1, L2, and L3 were developed with 100 km length for each segment. Line parameters were adjusted to 0.01537 /km, 0.8858 mH/km, and 0.013 F/km for positive sequence, and 0.04612 /km, 2.657 mH/km and 0.0043 F/km for negative sequence. All simulation test cases were prepared with the Electromagnetic Transient Program, EMTP, with distributed line parameter line model [18]. Other routines for signal processing, distance relaying and the modal-based decision scheme were developed in Matlab [19]. Simulated test cases have been carried out covering a wide variety of the operation and fault conditions. A portion of these tests is illustrated in the following subsections. A. Solid Internal Line-to-Ground Fault at f1 Referring to Fig. 1, a line-to-ground fault occurred on phase A at fault point f1 inside the protected reach of line L1. This fault is usually recognized as a zone-2 fault by the distance relay at the sending end, and as a zone-1 by the distance relay of the remote end of L1. This resulted in an instantaneous trip of (Br2) and a delayed trip of (Br1). The overall response is shown in Fig. 5. As soon as the fault occurred, the ratio Ru has increased to a high value starting from the fault instant T1, while the phase angle reversal of the other sound phase currents was recognized instantly with the opening of remote breaker (Br2) at time T2. This consequently initiated a RBOS flag for (Br1) as shown in Fig. 5. B. Solid External Line-to-Ground Fault at f2 An external line-to-ground fault was applied to point f2 on line segment L2 of Fig. 1 with (Br4) is either opened or closed to illustrate the effect of tapped loads on the scheme stability. The responses for both situations are shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. It is evident from both figures that the ratio Ru was firstly increased to a high value at time T1. Then, it resets to its low level at time T2 due to the fault clearance by (Br3) opening. As indicated by Fig. 6, the no tapped loading condition initiated a phase reversal condition, since opening the breaker (Br3) lets the related sources to feed only the charging currents. However, it was instantly accompanied with the reset of Ru flag. The RBOS flag was, therefore, kept low for both situations. Thus, scheme stability for external faults was successfully insured.

accelerated tripping

accelerated tripping

(a) Emulated POTT.

(b) Emulated DTT.

Fig. 4 DR arrangement for other emulated communication modes.

This reversal of current relative angles denotes the remote breaker opening for internal fault conditions. Thus, the adaptive control of the local breaker operation is enabled. High flags of FDFP and RBOS are interpreted as an internal fault indication. This consequently leads to initiate an accelerated tripping of the local breaker, whereas for external faults, the FDFP flag will reset and the RBOS flag also resets as well. The aforementioned rules for setting the RBOS flag are unfortunately not applicable for balanced (three phase) faults due to the lack of the sound phases. For this particular situation, the high FDFP is employed to initiate the high RBOS flag after a certain time delay. This time delay is set in a way to avoid maloperation of local breaker during external fault associated with remote breaker fail conditions. Fortunately, balanced faults are very rare compared with unbalanced ones. C. Collaboration with the DR As the reactance, impedance, or admittance per unit length of the line is fairly constant, the distance relays can respond to faults within a specific zone on the transmission line. Due to the overreach and underreach problems, the first zone setting is recommended to be 85% of the line length, in which the relay operates instantaneously, whereas, the second and third zones are usually set with 150% and 225% of the line length with operating times of 0.4 s and 0.7 s, respectively. For internal faults that occur just before the line end, the relay response may be delayed to zone 2 operation time. Thus, embedding the communication links along with the conventional distance relay would help in accelerating the relay trip for these faults. Different standard communication strategies are widely employed to carry out a supervisory control of the operation of the line relays. Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT), Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT) and Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) are examples of these modes of operation. These modes are well documented in [1], [2]. Unifying the FDFP, RBOS and DR in one arrangement is adopted in order to obtain the same performance realized by the actual communication-based distance relaying. It was,

Phase currents, A

6000 4000 2000 0 -2000

2.5

*104

T1

T1

T2

Phase currents, A Ratio, Rb

0.5 0 -0.5
100 80 60 40 20

Ratio, Ru

2 1.5 1

T3

Tripping issu

0.5

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Tripping issu Phase angles, rad

3 2 1 0 -1 phase (A) phase (B) phase (C)

Time, samples

Fig. 8 Response to an internal three phase fault.

1

1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100

*104

Phase currents, A

T1

T2

0.5 0 -0.5
100

Time, samples

150

200

250

300

350

400

Ratio, Rb Tripping issu

Fig. 5 Response to an internal line-to-ground fault on phase A.

Phase currents, A
6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 2

80 60 40 20

T1

T2

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Time, samples

Ratio, Ru

1.5 1 0.5 0

Fig. 9 Response to an external three phase fault

2 1 0

-1

Phase (A) Phase (B) Phase (C)

-2

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Time, samples

Fig. 6 Response to an external line-to-ground fault with (Br4) opened.

6000 4000 2000 0 -2000
1.5

T1

T2

C. Three-Phase Fault Condition The aforementioned tests for internal and external faults were repeated for three-phase balanced fault conditions at points f1 and f2, respectively. Responses with the proposed scheme for both cases are shown in Fig. 8 and 9, respectively. As mentioned before, the feature of phase angle reversal of the sound phase currents is not fulfilled for three phase fault condition since all phases are participating in the fault. Instead, the local breaker acceleration tripping flag will depend only on high Rb over a certain delay time. So, the detector malopertion for these faults can be avoided. As Rb is high over a specified time delay, it allows the acceleration of the local relay operation. It can be seen in Fig. 8 that the fault that occurred at time T1 was not cleared at time T3, as it is an internal fault. Thus, a RBOS flag is simultaneously increased at time T3. For the external fault shown in Fig. 8, Rb resets before the specified time delay elapsed due to the opening of (Br3), which inhibits the local breaker acceleration. D. High Impedance Internal Line-to-Ground Fault at f1. High impedance faults represent an issue for most relaying equipment. Thus, it is convenient to investigate the overall scheme performance under these fault conditions. Response to an internal line-to-ground fault on phase A at fault point f1 through a 300 fault resistance is shown in Fig. 10.

Ratio, Ru Phase angles, rad

Phase currents, A

Phase angles, rad

0.5

0.0 -0.4 -0.8 -1.2 -1.6 Phase (A) Phase (B) Phase (C)

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Time, samples

Fig. 7 Response to an external line-to-ground fault with (Br4) closed.

Phase currents, A

Phase currents, A

3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000

2.5

T1

T2

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

x 10

2.5 2

Ratio, Ru Phase angles, rad Tripping issu

phase (A) phase (B) phase (C)

1.5 1 0.5 0

Ratio, Ru

2 1.5 1 0.5

0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -21

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Phase angles, rad

3 2 1 0

Tripping issu

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Time, samples

Fig. 11 Response for an external line-to-ground with breaker failure.

Time, samples
1.5

Bo scheme Ratio

Fig. 10 Response to an internal line-to-ground with fault impedance 300.

It is evident from Fig. 9 that the relatively low fault current after fault inception at time T1 generates first a low Ru ratio. On the other hand, remote breaker opening at T2 increased Ru ratio to a considerably high level to exceed the predefined threshold value. This is accomplished with an obvious phase angle reversal of the sound phase currents as well. Then, a RBOS flag is generated as shown in Fig. 10. Practically, high impedance fault problems may raise several issues. In spite of the successful operation of both FDFP and RBOS, the adopted distance relay unit at the local end may be inhibited to accelerate its operation due to the large added fault resistance in some certain conditions. As example, a high impedance fault close to the receiving end may be addressed in the operating zone of the receiving end distance relay. However, it was addressed with the sending end one beyond its operating zones with PUTT and POTT communication scenarios shown in Fig. 2 and 4(a) respectively. Then, the acceleration process for the sending end relay is inhibited due to ANDing of the local distance relay response with the acquired RBOS flag. Such a problem may be partially eliminated by selecting the most appropriate hypothetical communication strategy. For this problem, in particular, DTT may represent an appropriate choice since the acceleration of the local relay is decided based on the received acceleration command from the remote end directly. However, emulating DTT may adversely affect the system security. Further investigations are being carried out addressing this condition. E. Remote Breaker Failure One of the distinctive features of the proposed scheme is the security against external faults, even for those cases associated with the external remote breaker failure. This is because the final decision is made with considering the corresponding

0.5

0 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Time, samples

Fig. 12 Response of BO scheme for an external line-to-ground with breaker failure.

remote breaker operation as described before. On the contrary, processing the acceleration decision based on the increased ratios only as adopted by [10], [11] may lead to unnecessarily accelerated trip as explained in Section II. Response of the proposed scheme during these conditions, in which the incident external A-G fault occurred at f2 and associated with the failure of (Br3), is shown in Fig. 11. Regardless of the resulting high ratio of Ru, the related tripping issue was not issued since the phase angle reversal of the sound phase was not fulfilled. This enables the routines for backup relaying to isolate the corresponding part of the line, otherwise the local breaker (Br1) responds naturally with zone 2 operating time. On the other hand, the high ratio of BO scheme shown in Fig. 12 will unnecessarily accelerate the operation of local breaker (Br1) identifying the fault as an internal one. F. Line imbalance effect The ratios Ru and Rb of the modal quantities of the proposed scheme and the ratios R1 and R2 of the zero sequence quantities of (BO scheme) may be disturbed due to line imbalance. Note that, line imbalance conditions usually result from the un-transposed transmission lines. It is, therefore, convenient to investigate the performance during these conditions. The system given in Fig. 1 is modeled with an un-transposed transmission line model. Then, the internal and external faults are applied.

8000

0.40 0.30

Phase currents, A

6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 -6000

2.5 2 1.5

Ru 0.20
0.10 0.00 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Load angle, Deg.

30 20

(a) Ratio Ru

Ratio, Ru

1 0.5 0 2.5

Rb

10 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Bo Scheme R1 Ratio

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Load angle, Deg.

(b) Ratio Rb Fig. 14 Profile of ratios for system power swing.
2.5 2

Time, samples

Fig. 13 Comparison of the proposed and BO schemes during an internal lineto-ground fault for untransposed line.

Ru

1.5 1 0.5 0

Performance in response to a line-to-ground fault on phase A is shown in Fig. 13. In this figure, the corresponding ratios for both BO scheme and the proposed one are given. Fortunately, both schemes were capable of recognizing the occurred fault as sufficient high R2 and Ru ratios are produced during the fault period. On the contrary, during the normal operation, BO scheme shows a high R2 of about 0.31 p.u. This may effectively disturb the performance of BO scheme during the unbalanced operation since a predefined threshold (between 0.2 and 0.4 in p.u.) was previously recommended [10], [11]. However, the proposed scheme based on the modal quantities showed a better performance as higher stability can be obtained during normal operation. This is attributed to the inherent decoupling feature of the modal transformation. This feature depicts a uniqueness of the proposed scheme over other schemes reported hitherto. V. SETTING OF THE THRESHOLD BOUNDARIES Determining the threshold levels for both Ru and Rb ratios is an interesting job in order to obtain sensitive detection, keeping a sufficient stability as well. Thus, the selected thresholds should not be exceeded by any possible operating conditions. Also, adequate margin in fault discrimination is demanded. An important situation that may affect the proposed scheme performance during normal operation arises with the occurrence of system power swing. In order to investigate such situations, both Ru and Rb ratios were calculated during different load angles up to 180 degrees. The variations of both ratios are shown in Fig. 14. In addition, the variation of Ru ratio with the fault resistance up to 1 k for both single and double phase to ground faults is shown in Fig. 15, whereas, the other ratio Rb shows a high output flag (about 80 p.u.) even for unbalanced conditions.

0 500 1k A-G Fault

0 500 1k (A, B)-G fault

Fig. 15 Ratios boundary for fault resistance up to 1k.

It is evident from these investigations that values of 0.5 and 30 p.u. are the appropriate settings for both Ru and Rb ratios, respectively. This ensures the aimed scheme sensitivity while keeping the desired stability. VI. CONCLUSIONS A new adaptive protection scheme that collaborates successfully with the conventional distance relaying units is presented. The overall scheme provides an integrated operation by monitoring the behaviour of the remote breaker without communication links. This is considered a significant advantage from the technical and economical viewpoints. Modal transform provides a promising signal processing tool able to eliminate the associated problems with line unbalanced operating conditions. All communication strategies such as PUTT, POTT and DTT have been hypothetically emulated via the proposed scheme flags and the measured quantities. Thus, a solid enhancement of the scheme security competitive to the pilot distance relays is achieved. Simulation results have confirmed the superior performance of the proposed scheme over other adaptive schemes reported hitherto, even for those faults associated with high impedance. VII. REFERENCES
[1] [2] Stanley H. Horowitz and Arun G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Second Edition, pp. J. Lewis Blackburn, Protective Relaying Principles and Applications, New York and Basel, pp. 448-478.

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

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VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Hatem A. Darwish was born in Quesna, Egypt on Sept. 13, 1966. He received his B.Sc. (honors), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering, Menoufiya University, Egypt in 1988, 1992, and 1996; respectively. From 1994 to 1996, he was working towards the Ph.D degree at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, Canada based on joint supervision with Menoufiya University. He has been involved in several pilot projects for the Egyptian industry for the design and implementation of numerical relays, digital meters, LV/MV power line modems, SCADA, fault location, and relay coordination. Dr. Darwish is currently an associate professor. His interests are in digital protection, signal processing, Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) ac/dc simulation, and system automation. Tamer A. Kawady (M02) was born in Shebin El-kom, Egypt on Sept. 30, 1972. He received his B.Sc. (honors) and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering, Menoufiya University, Egypt, Ph.D. degree (excellent) from Technical University Darmstadt, Germany in 1995, 1999 and 2005 respectively. Dr. Kawady is currently an assistant professor at Menoufiya University, Egypt since April 2005. His interests are in digital protection, Power system simulation using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) and Artificial Intelligence applications to power system protection. Abdel-Maksoud I. Taalab (M99SM03) received his B.Sc degrees in 1969, in ElectricalEngineering from Menoufiya University, Egypt, M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees from Manchester University (UMIST), U.K., in 1978, and 1982, respectively. In the same year of his graduation, he was appointed as an assistant professor at the Menoufiya University. He joined GEC Company in 1982. He is now a full Professor at the department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and vice dean of the Desert Environment Institute, Menoufiya University. His interests are in hvdc transmission systems, power system protection, and power electronics applications. O.P.Malik (M66SM69LF00) received the National Diploma in electrical engineering from Delhi Polytechnic, Delhi, India, the M.E. degree in electrical machine design from Roorkee University, Roorkee, India in 1962 and received Ph. D. degree from the University of London and D.I.C. from the Imperial College, London, England in 1965. In 1974, he became a Professor in Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada and is presently professor emeritus there. He has performed research work in collaboration with teams from Russia, Ukraine, China, Egypt and India. In addition to his research and teaching, he has served in many additional capacities at the University of Calgary including Associate Dean of Academics/Student Affairs and Acting Dean of the Faculty of Engineering.