Moblle PandseL Cellular neLwork &

nexL Cenerauon Wlreless neLworks

C. Pham
Universit de Pau et des Pays de lAdour
Dpartement Informatique
http://www.univ-pau.fr/~cpham
Congduc.Pham@univ-pau.fr

These slides are compiled from several sources:

- Mobile Handset Cellular Network from http://www.slideserve.com/melva/mobile-handset-cellular-network
- Florent Dupont, Univ. Lyon
- Figures from Stallingss book Wireless Communications and Neworks, 2E
- Added information by myself with sources from Wikipedia
Cellular neLwork 8aslcs
1here are many Lypes of cellular servlces, before delvlng lnLo
deLalls, focus on baslcs (helps navlgaLe Lhe acronym soup")
Cellular neLwork/Lelephony ls a !"#$%-based Lechnology, radlo
waves are elecLromagneuc waves LhaL "&'(&&") propagaLe
MosL slgnals are ln Lhe 830 MPz, 900 MPz, 1800 MPz, and 1900
MPz frequency bands
Cell phones operate in this frequency
range (note the logarithmic scale)
Cellular neLwork
8ase sLauons LransmlL Lo and recelve from moblles aL Lhe
asslgned specLrum
Muluple base sLauons use Lhe same specLrum (specLral reuse)
1he servlce area of each base sLauon ls called a cell
Lach moblle Lermlnal ls Lyplcally served by Lhe 'closesL' base
sLauons
Pando when Lermlnals move
4
8ase sLauon
llorenL uuponL 3
Lxemple : couverLure d'une zone
8
A
C
u
8
A
C
u
8
A
C
u
8
A
C
u
Crganlsauon
en 6 clusLers de 4 cellules
1 cellule
Lx: 8ande passanLe de 100 MPz
200 kPz necessalre par canal
100MPz / 4 cellules = 23 MPz par cellule
23M / 200k = 123 canaux par cellule
123 canaux *24 cellules = !""" $%&%'(
100MPz pour la cellule
100M / 200k = )"" $%&%'(
8
A
C
u
8
A
C
u
*%+& , &-./01 21 $3'45104
llorenL uuponL 6
Crganlsauon cellulalre
6-./01 27'83+4%51'04 :

avec :
W = largeur de la bande passanLe
8 = bande passanLe necessalre par uullsaLeur
n = facLeur de reuullsauon specLrale
= nombre de cellules par clusLer
m = nombre LoLal de cellules

nouon de quallLe de servlce, prlse en compLe de la complexlLe,
Lallle des Lermlnaux, eLc.
N
m
x
B
W
n =
Cellular neLwork Cenerauons
lL ls useful Lo Lhlnk of cellular neLwork/Lelephony ln
Lerms of *(&(!"+%&):
0C: 8rlefcase-slze moblle radlo Lelephones
1C: ,&"-%* cellular Lelephony
2C: .$*$'"- cellular Lelephony
3C: /$*01)2((# dlglLal cellular Lelephony (lncludlng 3$#(%
'(-(20%&5)
4C: l-based anyume, anywhere" volce, daLa, and
mulumedla Lelephony aL 6")'(! daLa raLes Lhan 3C
(Lo be deployed ln 2012-2013)
Lvoluuon of Cellular neLworks
1C 2C 3C 4C 2.3C
CuMAone->CuMA2000
LCuL: Lnhanced uaLa 8aLes for CSM Lvoluuon
uM1S:unlversal Moblle 1elecommunlcauons SysLem (W-CuMA)

Servlce 8oadmap
Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery
Typical
average bit
rates
(peak rates
higher)
WEB browsing
Corporate data access
Streaming audio/video
Voice & SMS
Presence/location
xHTML browsing
Application downloading
E-mail
MMS picture / video
Multitasking
3G-specific services take
advantage of higher bandwidth
and/or real-time QoS
A number of mobile
services are bearer
independent in nature
HSDPA
1-10
Mbps
WCDMA
2
Mbps
EGPRS
473
kbps
GPRS
171
kbps
GSM
9.6
kbps
Push-to-talk
Broadband
in wide area
Video sharing
Video telephony
Real-time IP
multimedia and games
Multicasting
C
D
M
A

2
0
0
0
-
E
V
D
O

C
D
M
A

2
0
0
0
-
E
V
D
V

C
D
M
A

2
0
0
0

1
x

2C(CSM)
CSM
Abbrevlauon for Clobal SysLem for Moblle
Communlcauons (lnlually Croupe Speclal
Moblle)
ConcurrenL developmenL ln uSA and Lurope
ln Lhe 1980's
1he Luropean sysLem was called CSM and
deployed ln Lhe early 1990's
CSM Servlces
volce, 3.1 kPz
ShorL Message Servlce (SMS)
1983 CSM sLandard LhaL allows messages of aL mosL 160 chars. (lncl.
spaces) Lo be senL beLween handseLs and oLher sLauons
Cver 2.4 7$--$%& people use lL, mulu-bllllon $ lndusLry
Ceneral ackeL 8adlo Servlce (C8S)
CSM upgrade LhaL provldes l-based packeL daLa Lransmlsslon up Lo
114 kbps
users can slmulLaneously" make calls and send daLa
C8S provldes always on" lnLerneL access and Lhe Mulumedla
Messaglng Servlce (MMS) whereby users can send rlch LexL, audlo,
vldeo messages Lo each oLher
erformance degrades as number of users lncrease
C8S ls an example of 2.3C Lelephony - 2C servlce slmllar Lo 3C
CSM Channels
hyslcal Channel: Lach umesloL on a carrler ls referred Lo as a
physlcal channel
Loglcal Channel: varleLy of lnformauon ls Lransmlued
beLween Lhe MS and 81S. ulerenL Lypes of loglcal channels:
1ramc channel
ConLrol Channel
9-:&3+&;
<=3+&;
Channels
CSM lrequencles
Crlglnally deslgned on 900MPz range, now also
avallable on 800MPz, 1800MPz and 1900 MPz
ranges.
SeparaLe upllnk and uownllnk frequencles
Cne example channel on Lhe 1800 MPz frequency band,
where 8l carrlers are space every 200 MPz
>?>" @AB >CC" @AB >C") @AB >?C) @AB
<DEF6G HIJK<J6LFJM 9NO6EF6G HIJK<J6LFJM
<DEF6G P69 9NO6EF6G HIJK<J6LQ MJDPIPRJ9 SQ T)@AU
llorenL uuponL 22
Muluplexage Lemporel : 1uMA
8ecepuon puls emlsslon 3 ume-sloLs apres (1,7ms) pour le moblle :
- evlLe la slmulLanelLe des LralLemenLs
- la synchronlsauon elle-mme esL decalee
llorenL uuponL 23
Muluplexage Lemporel : 1uMA
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 7
8 Time Slots par canal
Dure d'une trame TDMA = 4.62 ms (1250 tr/s)
7500 x 1/13 MHz = 577 s
(7500 priodes de Quartz de mobile)
156.25 bit
156.25*1250=270 kbps
temps
llorenL uuponL 24
Canaux loglques
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BCCH: Broadcast Control CHannel
SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel
TCH: Traffic CHannel
lrame hlerarchy (1)

Hyper Frame 3 Hrs 28 Min
1 2048
1 51
1 26
Super Frame 6.12 Sec
1 26 1 51
Multi-Frame 120 ms Multi-Frame 235 ms
One Super Frame Occurs when
when the Speech and Control Channel
restart at the same time.
Speech
Traffic
Control
Traffic
26 x Frames 4.61 ms
1 8 Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms
3 57 bits User Speech Data 26 bits
Preamble
57 bits User Speech Data
3
GuardTime
Time Slot 0.58 ms
1 8
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
1 8 1 8
Blocked User Signal
Inter-Leaved into 8 Time Slots
over 8 Frames
Block = 456 Bits
1 2 8
. .
8 sub-blocks 57 bits each
8 x Frames 4.61 ms, Slot-2 of each Frame is Allocated to the User
lrame hlerarchy (2)
llorenL uuponL 27
1rac / CapaclLe (1/2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Canal 5
2
3
4
5
6
7
llorenL uuponL 28
1rac / CapaclLe (2/2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Canal 5
Canal 18
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
1
2
5
7
4
6
llorenL uuponL 29
ConLrle de pulssance d'emlsslon
La sLauon de base conLrle de nombreux parameLres du
moblle donL la pulssance d'emlsslon :
mlnlmlsauon de
emls
LouL en conservanL la CoS
dlmlnuuon des lnLerferences
augmenLauon de l'auLonomle
CSM ArchlLecLure
neLwork and SwlLchlng SubsysLem
1he backbone of a CSM neLwork ls a Lelephone neLwork wlLh
addluonal cellular neLwork capablllues
Moblle SwlLchlng CenLer (MSC)
An Lyplcal Lelephony exchange (lSun exchange) whlch supporLs
moblle communlcauons
vlslLor Locauon 8eglsLer (vL8)
A daLabase, parL of Lhe MSC
ConLalns Lhe locauon of Lhe acuve Moblle SLauons
CaLeway Moblle SwlLchlng CenLer (CMSC)
Llnks Lhe sysLem Lo S1n and oLher operaLors
Pome Locauon 8eglsLer (PL8)
ConLaln subscrlber lnformauon, lncludlng auLhenucauon lnformauon
ln AuLhenucauon CenLer (AuC)
LqulpmenL ldenuLy 8eglsLer (Ll8)
lnLernauonal Moblle SLauon LqulpmenL ldenuLy (lMLl) codes for e.g.,
blackllsung sLolen phones
Pando (Pandover)
When a call ls ln process, Lhe changes ln locauon
need speclal processlng
WlLhln a 8SS, Lhe 8SC, whlch knows Lhe currenL
radlo llnk congurauon (lncludlng feedbacks from
Lhe MS), prepares an avallable channel ln Lhe
new 81S
1he MS ls Lold Lo swlLch over Lo Lhe new 81S
1hls ls called a hard hando
ln a so hando, Lhe MS ls connecLed Lo Lwo 81Ses
slmulLaneously
41
J& $-..'&+$%8-&
@V$%&+4.1 21 A%&2-W10
J& W1+331 J& W1+331
Mecanlsme de "Pandover"
llorenL uuponL 42
Mecanlsme de "Pandover"
2. Cholx de la cellule clble
le moblle gere une llsLe de candldaLes (3 maxl en CSM) sl ll reolL
un slgnal sumsanL pour le canal plloLe
pulssance relauve des slgnaux (
2
>
1
)
pulssance relauve des slgnaux avec seull
(
1
< seull eL
2
>
1
)
pulssance relauve des slgnaux avec hysLeresls
(
2
>
1
+seull)
pulssance relauve des slgnaux avec seull eL hysLeresls
(
1
< seull
1
eL
2
>
1
+seull
2
)
PysLeresls-based selecuon
llorenL uuponL 44
C8S
*DIM (Ceneral ackeL 8adlo Servlce) : LransferL de donnees
par paqueL sur CSM (modulauon CMSk) vers lnLerneL eL
reseaux x23 : [usqua 171 kblL/s (sulvanL le codage de canal
CS-1 a CS-4, uullsauon code erreur)
lacLure au deblL - lnLroducuon MMS
Codage de canal Dbit Utile Protection
CS-1 (away from BTS) 9,05 kbit/s ++
CS-2 13,4 kbit/s +
CS-3 15,6 kbit/s -
CS-4 (near BTS) 21,4 kbit/s -- (aucune protection)
llorenL uuponL 43
C8S
Sur les umesloLs d'un 18x, cerLalns sonL alloues au
C8S, mals la volx a Lou[ours la prlorlLe
uullse la capaclLe llbre (ressources allouees sl
donnees)
Cn peuL uullser [usqua 8 1lme SloLs (8 x 21.4 kblL/s
+ header = 171 kblL/s pour CS-4).
La Lransmlsslon peuL se falre lndependammenL en
upLlnk eL en uownLlnk mals pas forcemenL en
slmulLane (sulvanL le Lype de moblle)
CeneralemenL, on alloue plus de 1lme SloLs en
uownLlnk quen upLlnk.
llorenL uuponL 46
C8S: MAC+8LC (Seg/8)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Canal 5
2
3
4
5
6
7
llorenL uuponL 47
LuCL
J9*J (Lnhanced uaLa raLe for CSM Lvoluuon) ou LC8S
Le deblL max du C8S nesL valable que pour des C/l
lmporLanLs (uullsauon du CS-4), ce qul n'esL pas Lou[ours
le cas.
Cn va donc changer de modulauon CMSk => 8-Sk. La
vlLesse de modulauon esL la mme que pour le CMSk mals
permeL un deblL lnsLanLane 3 fols plus eleve, chaque eLaL
de modulauon LransmeuanL llnformauon relauve a 3
blLs.
ueblLs du LuCL
6 deblLs sonL normallses de CS-1 a CS-6 varlanL de
22,8 kblL/s a 69,2 kblL/s par 1lme SloL.
Le deblL max lnsLanLane sera donc de 333 kblL/s (moy
300 kblL/s).
3C (uM1S), 3.3C and 4C (L1L)
3C Cvervlew
3C ls creaLed by l1u-1 and ls called lM1-2000
Cvervlew of 3C/lM1-2000
sLandards
Lvoluuon from 2C
IS-95
IS-136 & PDC
GSM-
EDGE
GPRS
HSCSD
IS-95B
Cdma2000-1xRTT
Cdma2000-1xEV-DV/DO
Cdma2000-3xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
TD-SCDMA
2G
3G
2.5G
3GPP 3GPP2
Also called
uM1S
1x811: 1 umes 8adlo 1ransmlsslon 1echnology
Lv-uC: Lvoluuon uaLa Cpumlzed
Lv-uv: Lvoluuon uaLa and volce

Lvolved
LuCL
CSM Lvoluuon Lo 3C
GSM
9.6kbps (one timeslot)
GSM Data
Also called CSD
GSM
General Packet Radio Services
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays
GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA (3G)
GPRS
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
Uses 8PSK modulation
3x improvement in data rate on short distances
Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 kbps
Can also be combined with HSCSD
WCDMA
3.3C (PSA)
Plgh Speed ackeL Access (PSA) ls an amalgamauon of Lwo
moblle Lelephony proLocols, Plgh Speed uownllnk ackeL Access
(PSuA) and Plgh Speed upllnk ackeL Access (PSuA), LhaL
exLends and lmproves Lhe performance of exlsung WCuMA
proLocols
14 MblL/s ln Lhe downllnk and 3.76 MblL/s ln Lhe upllnk
3.3C lnLroduces many new feaLures LhaL wlll enhance Lhe uM1S
Lechnology ln fuLure. 1xLv-uv already supporLs mosL of Lhe
feaLures LhaL wlll be provlded ln 3.3C. 1hese lnclude:
- Adapuve Modulauon and Codlng (16-CAM & 64-CAM)
- lasL Schedullng (prlorluzes users wlLh Lhe mosL favorable channel condluons)
- MlMC
PSA+
Lvolved PSA (also known as: PSA Lvoluuon, PSA
+) ls a wlreless broadband sLandard dened ln 3C
release 7 and 8 of Lhe WCuMA speclcauon.
rovldes exLenslons Lo Lhe exlsung PSA denluons
and ls Lherefore backwards compauble all Lhe way Lo
Lhe orlglnal 8elease 99 WCuMA neLwork releases.
uaLa raLes up Lo 84 MblL/s ln Lhe downllnk and 10.8
MblL/s ln Lhe upllnk (per 3 MPz carrler) wlLh muluple
lnpuL, muluple ouLpuL (2x2 MlMC) Lechnologles and
hlgher order modulauon (64 CAM). WlLh uual Cell
Lechnology, Lhese can be doubled.
4C (L1L)
L1L sLands for Long 1erm Lvoluuon
nexL Cenerauon moblle broadband
Lechnology
romlses daLa Lransfer raLes of 100 Mbps
8ased on uM1S 3C Lechnology
Cpumlzed for All-l Lramc
Comparlson of L1L Speed
Ma[or L1L 8adlo 1echnogles
uses CrLhogonal lrequency ulvlslon
Muluplexlng (CluM) for downllnk
uses Slngle Carrler lrequency ulvlslon
Muluple Access (SC-luMA) for upllnk
uses Mulu-lnpuL Mulu-ouLpuL(MlMC) for
enhanced LhroughpuL
8educed power consumpuon
Plgher 8l power ampller emclency (less
bauery power used by handseLs)
Cellular neLwork sLandards
@-/+31 5131=X-&1 +&510Y%$14

Comparlson of Moblle lnLerneL
Access meLhods
nexL Cenerauon Wlreless
neLworks