Math 151

Trigonometry

Saichu

This paper presents the absolute minimum trig you must know to survive. You probably do need to know much more, but this is a start. For those who couldnt make it, one of the questions on next weeks quiz (blatant giveaway) will be to ll in the following two tables. You need to have these values, at least, at your ngertips. 2 3 1 It may help to note that the only numbers in the sin and cos are really 0, 2 , 2 , 2 , 1, and they simply follow the ups and downs of the sine/cosine curve. As for radians, notice that, on the top table, the values on the right seem to be values on the left. The values on the left of the top table are, in a sense, prototypical values (and this is not surprising, considering how sin and cos repeat). With the bottom table, the left half seems to be + these prototypical values, and the right half seems to be 2 prototypical values. This should cut down on the amount you need to memorize.

Radians sin cos

0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 2 3 5 0 6 4 3 2 3 4 6 2 3 3 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 23 22 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2

210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360 5 4 3 5 7 11 Radians 76 2 4 3 2 3 4 6 2 3 3 2 1 1 sin 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 cos 23 22 1 0 1 2 2 2 2
sin cos .

I omit the tan, because when you know both sin and cos , you could easily gure out tan := The other denitions you should know are: 1 cos 1 csc := sin 1 cos cot := = tan sin sec :=

Denition 1.

Now, there are some trig identities you should be familiar with. The rst one you must know, under pain of grievous exam scores, is Theorem 1. sin2 + cos2 = 1 Idea of proof. This comes from the very denition of sin and cos . Recall that, if theres a unit vector with an angle from the horizontal, then cos is dened to be the x-value of the unit vector, sin the y-value. Well, by Pythagorus, 1 = magnitude of the vector = x component2 + y component2 = sin2 + cos2 , and squaring both sides, the identity follows.

Math 151 Corollary 1.

Trigonometry

Saichu

tan2 + 1 = sec2 1 + cot2 = csc2 Proof. To get the rst statement, just divide both sides of the identity by cos2 . To get the second statement, just divide both sides of the identity by sin2 . We begin with the following statement, whose proof is geometric. Theorem 2 (Angle-addition formulas). sin( ) = sin cos cos sin cos( ) = cos cos sin sin Remark 1. Notice that the signs for the cos formula get switched around, i.e. cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin An immediate consequence is: Corollary 2 (Sine Double-Angle Formula). sin(2) = 2 sin cos Proof. Let = = in the previous formula. This gives: sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin = 2 sin cos . Corollary 3 (Cosine Double-Angle Formulas). . cos(2) = cos2 sin2 = 1 2 sin = 2 cos 1 Proof. First, from sin2 + cos2 = 1, we get cos2 = 1 sin2 and sin2 = 1 cos2 . (1) Once again, let = = in the angle-addition formula. Then we get: cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin = cos2 sin2 (2) We substitute in cos2 = 1 sin2 into part 1 to get: cos(2) = (1 sin2 ) sin2 = 1 2 sin2 . (3) We substitute sin2 = 1 cos2 into part 1 to get: cos(2) = cos2 (1 cos2 ) = 2 cos2 1
2 2

(1) (2) (3)

You should always remember how to do the above proof, in case you need to check these identities.