KTDDT04

i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009
117
BI GING K THUT IN IN T CHNG 4

CHNG 04
MYBINP

My bin p l thit b in tnh bin i in nng sang in nng da vo nh lut
cm ng in t. Cc thng s dng v p ng vo (s cp) v ng ra (th cp) c th c
gi tr khc nhau; nhng tn s ngun in ng vo v ng ra c cng gi tr.

4.1.PHN LOAI VA TNG QUAN V CU TAO MAY BIN AP :

HNH 4.1: Hnh dng v kt cu ca mt s dng bin p 1 pha.

HNH 4.2: Hnh dng v kt cu ca mt s dng bin p 3 pha

Tiu chun phn lai my bin p c trnh by nh sau.

Khi cn c vo lai ngun in cp vo s cp (ng vo) bin p, ta c bin p 1 pha
v bin p 3 pha. Mt s dng bin p 1 pha trnh by trong hnh 4.1, hnh 4.2 trnh by mt s
kt cu bin p 3 pha.

Khi phn lai theo hnh dng l thp to nn mch t , chng ta c hai dng : lai li
(core type) v lai bc (shell type). Vi my bin p 1 pha lai li c mch t to thnh t cc l
thp U, I hay cc l thp I khc kch c, xem hnh 4.3.


118

HNH 4.5 : Kt cu bin p 3 pha

Chng ta c kt cu bin p 1 pha lai bc
(shell type) nh trnh by trong hnh 4.1 v trong
hnh 4.3 trnh by phng php ghp l thp vo cun
dy ca bin p 1 pha lai bc. Ngoi cc kt cu
chnh cho loi bin p nh trnh by, chng ta c
th gp cc kt cu khc cho bin p mt pha to
thnh variac (b bin in dng bin p t ngu dng
chnh tinh in p ng ra ); xem hnh 4.4.

Trong cc bin p 3 pha lai mch
t chung. Mch t c to thnh c 3
tr, trn mi tr c b tr dy qun s
v th cp ca mi pha. Hnh dng v kt
cu ca bin p 3 pha 3 tr trnh by trong
hnh 4.2. Dy qun trn mi pha ca bin
p 3 pha thng c qun theo dng
cun dy hnh tr trn v li thp bin p
c tit din l hnh a gic t hp t nhiu
dng ch nht to thnh .

Vi bin p 3 pha cng sut ln, dng bin p truyn ti; ton b bin p sau khi c ch
to c t trong v thng c cha du cch in vi cng dng cch in v gii nhit cho bin
p khi vn hnh. Trn v c cc cnh gii nhit v cc ng dn du i lu gii nhit cho ton
h thng. Kt cu ca bin p truyn ti trnh by trong hnh 4.5

Trong hnh 4.6 trnh by kt cu bin
p 3 pha v cc u ra dy sau khi thi cng
han chnh dy qun. Bin p thuc loi
cch in dng du hoc cch in dng
mi trng khng kh (bin p kh).

Tm li my bin p gm cc thnh
phn sau:

Li thp (hay mch t) dng tp trung
ng sc t thng hnh thnh hin
tng cm ng in t. Li thp c
ghp thnh t cc l thp ri c dy t
0,35 mm n 0,5 mm. L thp k thut
in l hp cht ca st v Silic, hm
lng Silic t 1% n 4%.

B dy s cp hay ng vo bin p
nhn in nng t ngun cp vo bin p.

B dy th cp hay ng ra ca bin p
cp in nng n ti .

Dy qun bin p bng ng hay nhm
c tit din trn hay ch nht.

HNH 4.3: L thp E, I bin p 1 pha.

HNH 4.4 : Kt cu ca bin p dng variac


119

4.2.CAC INH LUT IN T AP DUNG KHAO SAT NGUYN LY MAY BIN AP :
4.2.1.T TRNG:
T trng l kt qu t c t chuyn ng ca cc in tch. T trng c to
nn trong vng khng gian bao quanh dy dn mang dng l do s chuyn ng ca cc in tch
di dng dng in.

T trng c biu din bng cc ng khp kn c gi l ng sc t trng
hay t ph. Cc ng sc ny c nh hng tng t nh cc tnh ca nam chm
vnh cu. Qui tc bn tay phi c p dng nh hng ng sc t trng to ra trong
khng gian xung quanh dy dn ang mang dng, xem hnh 4.7.

u
u
u
u
Tu Iruong Iao boI day dan Ihang Tu Iruong Iao boI dong qua ruon day soIanoId

HNH 4.7: Qui tc bn tay phi nh hng ng sc t trng to bi dng qua dy dn .

HNH 4.6: Dy qun v cc u ra ca dy qun trn bin p 3 pha.


120

QUI TC BN TAY PHI
Ta c hai trng hp :

Khi dy dn thng (xem nh di v hn) c dng i qua : hng ngn ci ca bn tay
phi hng theo dng qua dy dn; chiu co (hay nm li) ca cc ngn tay khc ca bn
tay phi l chiu ca ng sc t trng sinh ra bi dng qua dy dn thng ny.

Vi cun dy qun hnh tr (cun dy solenoid) khi cho dng in qua dy qun; dng
in qua cc ng trn xon c tao t trng c phng thng ti tm ng dy v ng sc
t trng c khuynh hng mc vng khp kn.

4.2.2. MCH T TNG NG MCH IN VI MCH T:

Mi mch t c ghp
t cc l thp k thut in to
thnh li thp tp trung ng
sc t thng theo hng nh
trvc Dng li thp trong hnh
thng dng cho my bin p
hay dng cho my in quay c
2p =2 cc. Trong mch t my
in quay bao gm : li thp
stator, li thp rotor v khe h
khng kh ; t thng lun i
theo ng ngn nht trong
khe h khng kh.

4.2.2.1.T THNG :
Trong mch t, lng ng sc xuyn qua tit
din ca mch t nhiu hay t c nh gi bng i
lng t thng. T thng u xuyn tit din A c xc
nh theo quan h :

B.A.cos u = o (4.1)

Trong gc o l gc hp bi vector php tuyn n

ca tit din A vi vector t cm B
.

S lng ng sc t trng xuyn qua tit
din A cng nhiu gi tr t thng cng ln, ni mt cch khc t cm hay mt t thng
trn mt n v tit din kho st c gi tr ln.
Khi hng ca vector php tuyn n
v hng ca vector t cm B
trng nhau, ng
sc qua tit din A nhiu hn ; trng hp ny t thng xuyn qua tit din t gi tr cc i:

max
B.A u = (4.2)

n v o ca cc i lng nh sau :
Wb
( (
u =

(Wb :Weber) ; B T
( (
=

(T :Tesla) ;
S m
(
( =
(

2

CH :
Nu xt tnh cht ca t thng trong mch t, so vi tnh cht ca dng in qua dy dn
trong mch in . Chng ta tm c im tng ng nh sau :

T thng l i lng vt l xc nh lng ng sc xuyn qua tit din mch t
nhiu hay t. Cng dng in l i lng vt l xc nh lng in tch xuyn qua tit
din dy dy nhiu hay t trong mt n v thi gian.
(A)
n
B
o
ng sc t trng


121

4.2.2.2.T TR :

Nh bit, in tr R l i lng c trng tnh cn tr dng in i trong vt dn
in tr on dy dn c b di tit din s xc nh theo quan h :
R
s
=

(4.3)
Tng t trong mch t c trng tnh dn t, cho php ng sc t trng i qua
mch t nhiu hay t, c xc nh bng t tr. Nh vy, c th ni t tr l i lng o
lng s i khng ca mch t khi hnh thnh t thng qua mch t.

T tr 9 theo quan h sau :
.
A
9 =
1
(4.4)
n v o :
H
(
(
9 =
(

1

: h s t thm ca vt liu st t to thnh mch t ,
H
m
(
(
=
(

(H :Henry)
: b di ng sc trung bnh i trong mch t , m
( (
=

A : tit din ca mch t , s m
(
(
=
(

2
.
4.2.3.SC T NG NH LUT AMPRE :
Trong mch in kn, mun hnh thnh dng in qua dy dn; chng ta cn c chnh
lch in th gia hai u ca dy dn. Ni khc i, gia hai u dy dn cn tn ti in p. Nh
vy: in p t ngang qua hai u dy dn l nguyn nhn to thnh dng qua dy dn.

Tng t, trong mch t mun hnh thnh t thng trong, chng ta cn s chnh lch t
th trong mch t, ni khc i trong mch t phi tn ti t p ( hiu s t th). Gi tr t p ny
cn c gi l sc t ng F .

NH LUT AMPRE:
Gi H
l cng t trng to bi tp hp
cc dng in i
1
; i
2
; . . i
n
v C l ng cong khp
kn trong khng gian bao quanh cc dy dn mang
tp hp dng in trn. Theo Ampre ta c:

}
=
=
n
k
k
C
i d H
1
.
(4.5)

Trong trng hp mch t
cha N vng dy qun ang mang
dng in I i qua, xem hnh 4.8. Chn
ng cong C bao quanh cc dy
dn ang mang dng in (ang c
biu din bng cc vng trn c nh
d +) l ng sc trung bnh chy
trong mch t . p dng quan h (4.5)
chng ta c c kt qu sau khi vit li
nh lut Ampre :

tb
H.L N.I = (4.6)
i 1
i 2
i 3
i n
i n - 1
( C ) d
H

HNH 4.8: Sc t ng to bi N vng dy mang dng


122

Trong L
tb
l tng b di ng sc trung bnh trong mch t ; H l cng t
trng ca vt liu dn t to nn mch t. Trong trng hp ny chng ta pht biu: khi cho
dng I qua N vng dy qun trn mch t ; sc t ng to ra trong mch t tha quan h:

F N.I = (4.7)

n v o c xc nh nh sau : I A
( (
=

; N vong
( (
=

; F A.vong
( (
=

.
4.2.4.NH LUT OHM TRONG MCH T :
T cc quan h (4.4) ; (4.6) v (4.7) suy ra:

tb
F N.I H.L = =

Ngoi ra , quan h gia t cm B vi cng t trng H ca vt liu st t l :

B .H = (4.8)
Suy ra:
tb
B
F N.I .L = =
(4.9)

Khi cc ng sc i trong mch t theo hng thng gc vi tit din mch t ti mi
v tr , t thng qua tit din t gi tr cc i quan h (4.9) c vit li di dng sau:

tb
F N.I .L
.A
u
= =
(4.10)
Hay:
tb
L
F N.I . .
.A
| |
= = u = 9 u |
|
\ .
(4.11)

Quan h (4.11) c gi l nh lut Ohm trong mch t.

CC NHN XT

Tng ng tnh cht t thng u trong mch t vi dng in I trong mch in.
Xem vai tr t tr 9 trong mch t nh vai tr ca in tr R trong mch in.
ng thi xem in p V l nguyn nhn sinh ra dng in I v sc t ng F l
nguyn nhn sinh ra t thng u trong mch t .

Nh vy vi mch in, chng ta c nh lut Ohm : V = R.I
Trong mch t , tng t chng ta cng c nh lut Ohm : F = 9.u

T cc phn tch trn, chng ta xy dng c s tng ng gia cc i lng vt l c
trng tnh cht mch in v mch t qua bng tm tt sau y. Ngai ra, chng ta c th tm tt
qu trnh in t hnh thnh trong mch t c N vng dy qun , xem hnh 1.4.
6kF IEh kF
V Vk0 600h
kY 0kh
TEh
Mk6h T0
0h IEh I
I 0k h
V0h kY
0kh
hhh Thkhh
806
T0 0h
F = h.I
T0h
Mk6h T0
806 T0 0h
F Tk0 k T0
Th0h khEF
kh T0h
Mk6h T0
[hh L0kT 0hM
Mk6h IEh
[hh L0kT
kMFEE
[hh L0kT 0hM
Mk6h T0

HNH 4.9: Qu trnh in t hnh thnh trong mch t, khi cp in p vo dy qun trn mch t


123

TNG NG CC I LNG V
CC PHNG TRNH GIA MCH IN V MCH T

MCH IN MCH T
B .H =

J .E = o

H
: cng t trng E
: cng in trng
: h s t thm o : in dn sut
S
B.ds u =
}

: t thng
S
I J.ds =
}

: cng dng in
F = N.I : sc t ng V : in p
( )
}
= 9
s
d
.
: t tr
( )
}
=
s
d
R
. o
:in tr
=
9
1
: t dn G
R
=
1
: in dn

4.2.5. NH LUT CM NG IN T CNG THC FARADAY NH LUT LENZ :

Trn mch t (li thp) c cun dy qun N vng, cho
dng sin
( )
m
i I .cos t = e qua b dy. Theo nh lut Ampre,
sc t ng hnh thnh trong mch t l F N.i = . bin thin
theo qui lut sin i vi bin thi gian t.

( )
m
F N.i F .cos t = = e (4.12)

Trong : F
m
= N.I
m
l: bin ca sc t ng F.

Sc t ng ny hnh thnh t thng u trong mch
t. Gi s t tr trong mch t khng ph thuc bin thi
gian; p dng nh lut Ohm trong mch t ta c: F = u9.
Hay:

( ) ( )
m
m
F
F
.cos t .cos t
| |
u = = e = u e |
|
9 9
\ .
(4.13)
Trong :
m
m
F
u =
9
: bin ca t thng. Kho st ti tit din A bt k trong mch t, t
thng xuyn qua tit din bin thin theo thi gian t .

CNG THC FARADAY

Vi cun dy qun trn mch t C N vng dy, khi c t thng bin thin xuyn qua tit
din ca cun dy; sc in ng cm ng hnh thnh trong mi vng dy (tng ng ti
mt tit din S ca mch t ) tha quan h sau:

d
e
dt
u
= (4.14)


124

Vi cun dy c N vng dy qun (ni tip) , sc in ng cm ng sinh ra trn tan b
cun dy l:
d
e N.
dt
| |
u
=
|
\ .
(4.15)

Du ( ) trong cng thc Faraday (4.15) c trng cho khuynh hng ca sc in
ng cm ng sinh ra tc ng i khng li vi s thay i ca t thng trong mch t .
Thuc tnh ny c pht biu bi nh lut LENZ.

NH LUT LENZ
Khi sc in ng cm ng sinh ra v hnh thnh c dng in cm ng; dng in
ny s to ra cc h qu i khng vi nguyn nhn ban u sinh ra n.
Trong mch t nu ch c duy nht mt cun dy qun c cp in p t ngun xoay
chiu; chng ta ch nhn thy c sc in ng cm ng sinh ra tha cng thc Faraday.

Cc kt qu pht biu theo nh lut Lenz s thy r rng hn khi kho st trn b dy th
cp bin p (qu trnh in t hnh thnh lc my bin p mang ti).

4.3.NGUYN TC HOAT NG CUA MAY BIN AP:

Nguyn l hat ng ca my bin p da trn cng trnh ca Micheal Faraday (1791-
1867) khi ng khm ph c nh lut cm ng in t vi hai cun dy qun trn cng mch
t; s thay i dng in trong mt cun dy s to ra sc in ng cm ng trong cun
dy cn li. Cc sc in ng cm ng c gi l in p bin p (transformer voltages) v
thit b bao gm mch t vi cc b dy qun thc hin mc tiu trn c gi l my bin p
(transformer). Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p c kho st v phn tch theo 3 ch :

Ch khng ti.
Ch vn hnh mang ti .
Ch th nghim ngn mch my bin p.

Khi kho st, cn quan tm n qu trnh in t hnh thnh trong mi ch v thnh
lp mch in tng ng (hay m hnh tan hc) thun li cho vic kho st.

Vi bin p 1 pha chng ta thay th cc s cu to nguyn l bng s nguyn l
trnh by trong hnh 4.10.

HNH 4.10: S nguyn l ca my bin p 1 pha


125

4.3.1. THNG S NH MC:
Cc thng s nh mc ca my bin p c qui nh do nh sn xut khi ch to
my vn hnh ch lin tc, di hn. Cc gi tr nh mc gm :

in p nh mc.
Dng in nh mc .
Cng sut biu kin nh mc.

in p s cp nh mc (k hiu l V
1m
) l in p ngun cp n ng vo bin p theo
qui nh ca nh sn xut. in p ny tng thch vi s vng dy qun ca b dy s cp.

in p th cp nh mc (k hiu l V
2m
) l in p o c hai u dy qun th
cp khi th cp h mch khng u vo ti v p cp vo s cp bng ng gi tr nh mc

CH :
My bin p vn hnh khng ti
khi: th cp h mch khng u vo ti
v s cp c cp in p t ngun c
gi tr bng ng nh mc. Trong hnh
4.11 p th cp khng ti c k hiu
l V
20
; in p cung cp pha s cp l V
1
.
Ch s 1 dng cho cc i lng pha s
cp; ch s 2 dng cho cc i lng
pha th cp. Khi bin p hat ng ti
trng thi khng ti:

in p s cp c cp t ngun bng ng nh mc : V
1
= V
1m
.
in p th cp lc khng ti : V
20
= V
2m
.
Dng in qua dy qun s cp ti trng thi ny gi l dng khng ti ca bin p : I
10
.

Khi bin p mang ti, dng in qua s cp v th cp thay i ty thuc vo ln v tnh
cht ca ti, cc gi tr ny c th khng bng gi tr nh mc qui nh do nh sn xut.

Dng in nh mc s cp (k hiu l I
1m
) v dng in nh mc pha th cp (k
hiu l I
2m
) l dng in qui nh bi nh sn xut cho php qua cc dy qun bin p vn
hnh t c cng sut nh mc tng ng vi in p nh mc.

Trong hnh 4.12 khi cp ti vo th cp bin p trong trng thi ny ta c cc kt qu sau:
in p th cp l p t ngang qua hai u ti: V
2
(V V =
2 20
)
Ti ti bt k, dng qua ti v dy qun th cp bin p l I
2
, dng in s cp l I
1
.
Khi dng qua ti v dy qun th cp bin p l I
2m
th dng qua s cp l I
1dm
, ti
trng thi ny ta ni my bin p ang y ti hay ti ng nh mc.

m
V V
1 1
=
2
V
2
I
1
I

m
V V
1 1
=
2
V
m
I
2
m
I
1

My bin p mang ti My bin p mang ti nh mc

HNH 4.12: Cc trng thi mang ti ca my bin p
m
V V
1 1
= m
V V
2 20
=
10
I

HNH 4.11: trng thi khng ti


126

Vi my bin p 1 pha cng sut nh mc ca my bin p (k hiu l S
m
) l cng sut
biu kin ca my bin p.

m m m m m
S V .I V .I = ~
2 2 1 1
(4.16)

Khi my bin p mang ti, bit c mc ti ca my bin p so vi cng sut
nh mc qui nh bi nh sn xut, ta nh ngha thng s h s ti K
t
cho bin p.

t
m m m
I I S
K
I I S
= ~ ~
2 1 2
2 1
(4.17)

Trong S
2
cng sut biu kin ang cp n ti t th cp bin p: S V .I =
2 2 2

Vi nh ngha theo trn, h s ti c gi tr trong khong:
t
K s s 0 1, cn ch thm cc
cch ni nh sau:
- My bin p non ti (under load) khi
t
K s 1
- My bin p y ti (hay ti nh mc full load) khi
t
K = 1
- My bin p qu ti (over load) khi
t
K > 1
- My bin p ang mang na ti khi
t
K , = 0 5
- My bin p ang mang 36,5% ti khi
t
K , = 0 365

TH D 4.1:

Cho my bin p 1 pha: 10 KVA, 2400 V / 240 V 50 Hz. Vi cch trnh by cc thng
s nh mc ca my bin p theo trn, ta c:

Cng sut nh mc : S
m
= 10 KVA = 10000 VA.
p s cp nh mc: V
1m
= 2400 V
p th cp nh mc: V
2m
= 240 V
Tn s s v th cp: f = 50 Hz.

T cc thng s trn ta suy ra gi tr cho cc dng in s v th cp nh mc nh sau:

Dng s cp nh mc:
m
m
m
S
I , A
V
~ = ~
1
1
10000
41 67
2400

Dng th cp nh mc:
m
m
m
S
I , A
V
= = ~
2
2
10000
416 67
240

Khi my bin p ang mang ti vi h s ti l:
t
K , = 0 6 dng in qua cc b dy bin
p c gi tr c tnh ton theo cc quan h sau:

Dng s cp lc
t
K , = 0 6 l :
t m
I K I , , , A ~ - ~ - ~
1 1
0 4 41 67 16 67
Dng th cp lc
t
K , = 0 6 l :
t m
I K I , , , A = - = - ~
2 2
0 4 416 67 166 67
Cng sut biu kin ang cp n ti lc
t
K , = 0 6 l :

t m
S K S , VA ~ - = - =
2
0 4 10000 4000


127

4.3.2.CH KHNG TI CA MY BIN P :
4.3.2.1.QU TRNH IN T TRONG CH KHNG TI:

Khi cp vo s cp bin p in
p v
1m
, qu trnh in t hnh thnh v
din tin trong my bin p theo trnh t
sau:

Mch s cp kn, theo nh lut
Ohm, p v
1m
to ra dng in khng
ti i
10
trong dy qun s cp. Gi tr
hiu dng ca dng khng ti i
10
l I
10
.

Dng i
10
i qua N
1
vng dy s
cp hnh thnh sc t ng khng ti
F
10
trong mch t (li thp) ca my
bin p. Sc t ng khng ti F
10
c
xc nh theo quan h sau:

F N .i =
10 1 10
(4.18)

Sc t ng F
10
to thnh t thng chnh u
0
khp kn mch trong li thp (mch t) v
mc vng kn qua cc cun dy qun. Theo nh lut Ohm trong mch t ta c quan h:

o
F . = 9 u
10
(4.19)

Gi s dng in khng ti l xoay chiu hnh sin
( )
i I . .cos t = e
10 10
2 . T cc quan h
(4.18) v (4.19) suy ra:
( )
o
F N .I .
.cos t
| |
|
u = = e
| 9 9
\ .
10 1 10
2
(4.20)
Trong bin ca t thng u
o
xc nh theo quan h:

o max
N .I .
u =
9
1 10
2
(4.21)
Hay:

( )
o o max
.cos t u = u e (4.22)

T quan h (4.22) cho thy t thng u
0
mc vng qua cc cun dy s v th cp bin
thin theo thi gian. p dng cng thc Faraday suy ra cc sc in ng cm ng e
1
v e
2
hnh
thnh trong dy qun s v th cp.

( ) ( )
o
o max
d
e t N . N . . .sin t
dt
u
= = u e e
1 1 1
(4.23)
Tng t :

( )
o
o max
d
e N . N . . .sin t
dt
u
= = u e e
2 2 2
(4.24)

Suy ra bin ca cc sc in ng s cp e
1
v th cp e
2
nh sau:

max o max o max
E N . . .f.N . = u e = t u
1 1 1
2 (4.25)

max o max o max
E N . . .f.N . = u e = t u
2 2 2
2 (4.26)

V1dm
I1khong IaI = I10
| tan
N1 N2
+
-
o
u
hhh 4.18
VZ0


128

Biu thc xc nh sc in ng hiu dng s cp v th cp ghi nhn nh sau:

max o max
o max
E .f.N .
E , .f.N .
t u
= = = u
1 1
1 1
2
4 44
2 2
(4.27)

max o max
o max
E .f.N .
E , .f.N .
t u
= = = u
2 2
2 2
2
4 44
2 2
(4.28)

T chng ta nh ngha t s bin p K
ba
nh sau:

o max
ba
o max
, .f.N .
E N
K
E , .f.N . N
u
= = =
u
1
1 1
2 2 2
4 44
4 44
(4.29)

Vi phn tch trn, qu trnh in t hnh thnh ti trng thi khng ti c tm tt tng
giai an trong hnh 4.14.

4.3.2.2.MCH TNG NG BIN P TI CH KHNG TI:

T cc quan h (4.23) n (4.24) ta rt ra kt lun sau :

T thng uo sm pha hn cc sc in ng e
1
v e
2
gc 90
o

Ngoi thnh phn t thng u
o
, ta cn ch n cc ng sc t trng khng mc
vng trong li thp ch mc vng qua cun dy s cp v chy trong khng kh. Thnh phn
ny c gi l t thng tn (leakage flux) pha s cp, c k hiu l u
t1
, xem hnh 4.13.

Khi xt ring pha s cp, do t thng chnh u
o
bin thin theo thi gian t hnh thnh sc
in ng cm ng s cp e
1
. Khi bin p khng ti b dy s cp ng vai tr nh mt cun
cm, do chng ta c th tng ng sc in ng cm ng s cp vi sc in ng
t cm sinh ra trong cun dy khi dng in qua dy qun bin thin theo thi gian. Nh
vy ta c th xem sc in ng cm ng e
1
c t ngang qua hai u ca phn t in cm
khi xy dng mch in tng ng v gi phn t ny l in khng t ha X
m.

Tng t thnh phn t thng tn u
t1
cng c c trng bng phn t in cm
c gi l in khng tn t pha s cp X
t1

Vi N
1
vng dy qun s cp, ta c R
1
in tr dy qun pha s cp. Da vo phn tch
va trnh by mch in tng ng pha s cp ca bin p lc vn hnh khng ti (khi
cha xt n tn hao li thp) c trnh by trong hnh 4.15.

60h
6kF
IEhkF
Vk0 kY
0kh 80
6kF
0h
IEh
kh0h
TkI 0k
kY
0kh 80
6kF
hhh
Thkhh806
T0 0h
F10 T0h
Mk6h T0
T0
Th0h
T0 h0k
khEF
kh
T0h
Mk6h T0
806 IEh
0h 6kM
0h hhh
Thkhh
T0h kY
0kh 80 Vk
Th0 6kF
L 0hM
Mk6h IEh
L kMFEE
L 0hM
Mk6h T0
[hh L0kT 6kM 0h IEh T0
60h Th06 FkkkY

HNH 4.14: Qu trnh in t hnh thnh trong bin p ti ch khng ti.


129

Khi bin p vn hnh khng ti, t
thng u
o
trong li thp bin thin theo t nn
to ra dng in xoy (dng Foucault)
trn cc l thp v to hin tng pht nng
trn l thp. Ngoi ra ty thuc vo vt liu
dn t to nn l thp ta cn c tn hao
thp to bi chu trnh t tr ca ng
cong t ha B = f(H). Xem phn tch cc
thnh phn tn hao ny trong ph lc 1.

Cc thnh phn tn hao thp ph
thuc vo ln ca t cm B hay t
thng u
o
.

Do , ta c th xem nh tn hao thp t l vi gi tr hiu dng sc in ng E
1

Tm li, tn hao thp c c trng bng phn t in tr R
c
ghp song song vi in
khng t ha X
m
.
Mch in tng ng hnh 4.15
c v li chnh xc theo hnh 4.16 khi c
xt n nh hng tn hao thp do dng
xay v chu trnh t tr ca .

Thnh phn dng in qua X
m
c
k hiu l I
m
: y l thnh phn dng t
ha ca dng in khng ti I
10
. Dng t
ha to nn t thng chnh u
0
.

Thnh phn dng in qua in tr
R
c
c k hiu l I
c
: y l thnh phn
dng in ca dng in khng ti to
nn tn hao trong li thp.

4.3.2.3.PHNG TRNH CN BNG P V GIN VECTOR PHASE

Vi mch in tng ng trong hnh 4.16; mun xy dng gin vector phase, trc tin
chng ta xc nh cc phng trnh cn bng dng v p pha s cp bin p lc khng ti.

dm
t
V E (R jX ). I
- - -
+ = +
1 1 10
1 1
(4.30)

m
c m
E R . I c jX . I
- - -
= =
1
(4.31)

c m
I I I
- - -
= +
10
(4.32)

Gin vector phase ca mch tng ng hnh 4.16 c trnh by trong hnh 4.17.

dm
V
-
1
E
-
1
E
-
2
R
1 t
j.X
1
O
I
-
1
o
u
m
j.X

HNH 4.15: Mch tng ng bin p lc khng ti
(khi cha xt n tn hao trong li thp)
dm
V
-
1
E
-
1
E V
- -
=
2 20
R
1
t
j.X
1
O
I
-
1
o
u
m
j.X
c
R
m
I
-
c
I
-

HNH 4.16: Mch tng ng bin p lc khng ti
khi c xt n tn hao thp
R . I
-
10
1
I
-
10
o
u
m
I
-
C
I
-
E
-
1
E
-
1
t
j.X . I
-
10
1
dm
V
-
1

HNH 4.17: Gin vector phase ca my bin p ti ch khng ti.


130

CH :
Khi xy dng gin vector chng ta thc hin tun t theo cc bc sau:
V vector c trng t thng t ha u
o
trc tin.
V vector sc in ng cm ng E
1
pha s cp. Vector ny chm pha hn vector t

thng u
o
gc 90
o
.
T vector E
1
suy ra vector o
( )
E
1
.
Da vo quan h (4.31) v cc vector dng in
C
I
v
m
I
.
Cn c quan h (4.32) suy ra vector dng khng ti I
10
t cc vector
C
I
v
m
I
.
V cc vector p t ngang qua hai u mi phn t R
1
v
t
X
1
khi c dng in I
10
i
qua. Vector p
( )
R .I
1 10
trng pha vi vector dng I

10
. Vector p
( )
t
j.X .I
1 10
sm pha hn vector
dng I
10
gc 90
o
.
T quan h (4.30) p dng php cng cc vector
( )
E
1
;
( )
R .I
1 10
;
( )
t
j.X .I
1 10
suy ra
vector p s cp
( )
dm
V
1
.

4.3.3.CH MANG TI CA MY BIN P :
4.3.3.1.QU TRNH IN T HNH THNH TRONG BIN P LC MANG TI

Khi ng ti vo th cp,
mch th cp kn hnh thnh dng
in I
2
. Dng I
2
l dng in cm
ng c sinh ra do sc in
ng cm ng e
2
pha th cp.
Theo nh lut Lenz dng cm ng
I
2
to ra cc h qu i khng vi
nguyn nhn ban u sinh ra n.

Dng I
2
qua N
2
vng dy th
cp to ra sc t ng F
2
. Sc t
ng F
2
hnh thnh t thng ng
u
2
i khng vi thnh phn t
thng u
0
ban u sinh ra n. Hng
ca ng sc t to bi u
2
ngc

vi hng ca ng sc t to bi
t thng t ha u
0
ban u.

S kin ny dn n sc in ng pha s cp E
1
gim thp (v t thng u
0
gim xung
do tc dng kh t ca u
2
). bo ton phng trnh cn bng in p pha s cp, dng in
s cp phi tng ln n mc I
1
(tnh t gi tr ban u lc khng ti l I
10
).

Dng in I
1
pha s cp qua N
1
vng dy s cp to thnh sc t ng F
1
. Sc t ng
F
1
to nn t thng u
1
cng hng t thng u
0
v i khng li vi t thng u
2
.

Qu trnh in t hnh thnh trong bin p lc mang ti theo m t trn cn c gi l
phn ng phn ng trong bin p. Phn ng phn ng bin p s cn bng khi u
1
+ u
2
= u
0
.

Vi phn tch trn, qu trnh in t trong ch mang ti ca bin p c tm tt tng
giai an trong hnh 4.19 .

o
u
2
u
1
u

HNH 4.18: Qu trnh in t khi bin p mang ti


131

CH :
Khi phn ng phn ng sinh ra bin p lc mang ti, gi s mch t khng bo ha, t tr
trong mch t xem nh khng thay i gi tr. V sc t ng sinh ra t thng, nn phng trnh
cn bng t thng c thay tng ng bng phng trnh cn bng sc t ng.

F F F + =
1 2 10
(4.33)

4.3.3.2.MCH TNG NG BIN P LC MANG TI

Mun thnh lp mch tng ng ca bin p lc mang ti, p dng phng php phn
tch nh thc hin lc kho st bin p ch khng ti. Ta ch cc im sau y:

Dng th cp I
2
to ra thnh phn t thng tn t u
t2
pha dy qun th cp. Thnh
phn t thng tn th cp c c trng bng in khng tn t X
t2
.

Gi in tr ni ca dy qun th cp l R
2
.

V pha ti ta c tng tr ti l Z
t
vi h s cng sut ti c k hiu l cos
2

Mch tng ng ca bin p lc mang ti trnh by trong hnh 4.20. Cc phng trnh
cn bng p v dng ti s v th cp bin p lc mang ti c tm tt nh sau:

Ti pha s cp:

dm
t
V E (R j.X ). I
- - -
+ = +
1 1 1
1 1
(4.34)

C m
C m
E R . I j.X . I
- - -
= =
1
(4.35)
Ti pha th cp

t
E V (R j.X ). I
- - -
= + +
2 2 2
2 2
(4.36)

HNH 4.19: Tm tt cc giai on ca qu trnh in t khi bin p mang ti.


132

t
V Z . I
- -
=
2 2
(4.37)

Phng trnh cn bng sc t ng:

N . I N . I N . I
- - -
+ =
1 2 10
1 2 1
(4.38)

4.3.3.3.MCH TNG NG BIN P QUI I TH CP V S CP

Vi mch tng ng xy dng trong hnh 4.20, khi kho st xc nh cc c tnh lm
vic ca my bin p chng ta vn cn gp mt tr ngi do hai b dy qun cch ly nhau v ch
quan h nhau thng qua t thng t ha.

Gi s b hn phn
mch ca bin p l
tng c trng cho t
thng t ha trong hnh
4.20; thc hin php bin
i cc thng s ca
mch th cp sang cc
gi tr mi. Sau cng kt
ni song song mch th
cp va chuyn i vi
mch s cp ti cc nt a
v b, xem hnh 4.21.

V1dm
I1
N1 N2
+
o
u
VZ
+
IZ
2 t
u 1 t
u
V1 = V1dm
E1
j Xm
j Xt1
R1
I1
+
-
-
+
Rc
Ic Im
I1o
8IEh kF LY T00h
R2 j Xt2
+
-
E2
I2
V2
+
-

HNH 4.20: Mch tng ng ca my bin p lc mang ti
R
1
t
j.X
1
R
2
t
j.X
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
E
-
2 V
-
2
I
-
2
E
-
1
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z

HNH 4.21: tng qui i mch th cp v s cp.


133

Nu k hiu cc thng s ca mch th cp sau qui qui i bng cch thm du phy trn
cc k hiu.

R'
2
,
t
X'
2
v
t
Z' l cc gi tr qui i v s cp ca cc thng s R
2
,
t
X
2
v
t
Z .
E'
-
2
v V'
-
2
l cc gi tr qui i v s cp ca cc thng s E
-
2
v V
-
2
.
I'
-
2
l gi tr qui i v s cp ca dng phc I
-
2
.

Cc yu cu cn tha qui i th v s cp bao gm:
Gi tr sc in ng th cp sau khi qui i l E'
-
2
phi bng vi gi tr ca sc
in ng pha s cp E
-
1
. iu kin ny cn phi m bo thc hin ghp song song
mch th cp sau khi qui i vi s cp.

Cc phng trnh cn bng p th cp trc v sau khi qui i phi ng dng
vi nhau.iu kin ny m bo qu trnh vt l th cp khng thay i sau khi qui i.

PHNG THC QUI I

- Qui i cc thng s in p:
T t s bin p ta c:
ba
E K .E
- -
=
1 2
. Mun c c quan h E E'
- -
=
1 2
ta t:

ba
E' K .E
- -
=
2 2 (4.39)

- Qui i cc thng s dng in:

T phng trnh cn bng sc t ng (4.38); chia 2 v cho s vng s cp N
1
, ta c:

N
I . I I
N
- - -
| |
+ = |
|
\ .
2
1 2 10
1
(4.40)

Quan h (4.40) m
t nh lut Kirchhoff 1 ti
nt a . Nh vy sau khi
qui i mch th cp
v u song song vi s
cp; thnh phn dng
in th cp qui i I'
-
2

phi tha nh lut K1 ti
nt a, xem hnh 4.22.

Suy ra:

ba
I
I'
K
-
-
=
2
2
(4.41)

R
1
t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
E'
-
2 V'
-
2
I '
-
2
E
-
1
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z'
N
.I'
N
-
| |
|
|
\ .
2
2
1

HNH 4.22: Phng thc ghp ni song song s cp v th cp qui i.


134

- Qui i cc thng s tng tr:

Mun tha iu kin phng trnh cn bng p pha th cp trc v sau khi qui i c
ng dng, ta thc hin php tnh nh sau:

Nhn 2 v ca quan h (4.36) cho K
ba
ta c:

ba ba ba t
E .K V .K K .(R j.X ). I
- - -
= + +
2 2 2
2 2
(4.42)

T (4.41) v (4.42) suy ra:

( )
ba ba ba t
E .K V .K K .(R j.X ).I'
- - -
= + +
2
2 2 2
2 2
(4.43)
Hay:

( )
ba ba t
V .K K .(R j.X ).I' E'
- - -
= + +
2
2
2 2
2 2
(4.44)

Mun t iu kin phng trnh cn bng p th cp trc v sau khi qui i ng dng,
ngha l ta cn c quan h:

t
E' V' (R' j.X' ).I'
- - -
= + +
2 2 2
2 2
(4.45)

Thc hin php sdo snh v tng ng tng h s trong cc quan h (4.44) v (4.45) suy
ra cc thng s qui i khc cn li nh sau:

ba
V' K .V
- -
=
2 2 (4.46)

( )
ba
R' K .R =
2
2 2
(4.47)

( )
t ba t
X' K .X =
2
2 2
(4.48)

Thc hin cch qui i nh trn, suy ra tng tr ti qui v s cp theo quan h sau:

t
t ba
Z' K .Z =
2
(4.39)

Mch tng ng qui
i th cp v s cp dng
chnh xc trnh by trong hnh
4.23. Vi kt qu tm c
du ca p v sc in
ng cng nh hng ca
dng i qua mch m bo
ng ngha vt l ca cc
qu trnh in t xy ra v
c gii thch khi kho st
nguyn l hot ng ca my
bin p. Cn ch trong mt
s cc ti liu, sch K Thut in du ca cc sc in ng v hng dng in thc cp qui i
trong hnh 4.23 c k hiu ngc li. Trong trng hp ny chng ta xem nh E
1
l p t
ngang qua hai u ca cc phn t R
C
v X
m
, ngha vt l ca thao tc ny tng t nh
trng hp p
( )
( )
L
di t
v t L.
dt
= v sc in ng t cm
( )
( )
L
di t
e t L.
dt
= ca cun dy L.
R
1
t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
E'
-
2 V'
-
2
I '
-
2
E
-
1
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z'

HNH 4.23: Mch tng ng chnh xc qui i th v s cp


135

Mch tng ng qui
i th cp v s cp dng
chnh xc trnh by trong hnh
4.24 sau khi i du ca sc
in ng v hng ca dng
th cp qui i.

Mch tng ng ny
thng c p dng trong
phm vi vn hnh, cn xc
nh nhanh gi tr ca cc s
liu m khng cn i su vo
bn cht vt l ca thit b.

4.3.4. TH NGHIM KHNG TI CA MY BIN P :
4.3.4.1.CC C IM CH KHNG TI:

Mch tng ng ca bin p ti ch
khng ti c trnh by trong hnh 4.16. Trong ch
khng ti, chng ta cn ch n cc thng s sau:

Dng khng ti I
10
.
Tn hao khng ti P
o
hay cng sut tc dng
tiu th ti s cp bin p lc khng ti.
H s cng sut khng ti cos
o

Trong qu trnh vn hnh thc t, khi bit trc cng sut biu kin v in p nh mc ca
bin p, chng ta xc nh c dng in nh mc s cp I
1m
; t suy ra thng s phn
trm dng khng ti theo nh ngha sau:

dm
I
I %
I
| |
= - |
|
\ .
10
10
1
100 (4.40)

Vi my bin p thc, gi tr ca cc thng s R
C
v X
m
rt ln, nn dng khng ti I
10

c
gi tr rt thp s vi dng nh mc s cp. Vi cc my bin p cng sut ln hay trung bnh,
( )
dm
I % % % I =
10 1
3 5 , vi bin p c cng sut nh hn 1KVA dng khng ti cho php ln cao
ti a 10% I
1m
. Dng khng ti c gi tr cng ln, tn hao thp cng cao.

T mch tng ng, cng sut tc dng tiu th trong s cp bin p c xc nh
theo quan h sau:

o C C
P R .I R .I = +
2 2
1 10
(4.41)

Nh vy, tht s tn hao khng ti P
o
bao gm: tn hao thp
v tn hao trn in tr dy qun s cp R
1
do dng khng ti. Trong
thc t do gi tr R
1
<< R
C
v dng khng ti c gi tr rt thp nn
thnh phn tn hao
( )
R .I
2
1 10
rt nh khng ng k. Tm li, tn hao
khng ti pha s cp xem nh tng ng vi tn hao trong li thp
( )
o C C
P R .I ~
2
. Tn hao thp ca bin p c th xem l tng tn hao
o pha s cp lc khng ti. T cc tnh cht trn khi kho st my
bin p ch khng ti ta c th p dng mch tng ng gn
ng trnh by theo hnh 4.25.

R
1
t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
E'
-
2
V'
-
2
I '
-
2
E
-
1
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z'

HNH 4.24:
dm
V
-
1
R
1 t
j.X
1
O
I
-
1
m
j.X
c
R
m
I
-
c
I
-
dm
V
-
1
O
I
-
1
m
j.X
c
R
m
I
-
c
I
-

HNH 4.25


136
Vi mch gn ng, h s cng sut khng ti cos
o

c xc nh theo mt trong cc quan h sau :

C o
o
dm
I P
cos
I V .I
= =
10 1 10
(4.42)

Ngoi ra , vi mch gn ng ca bin p lc khng ti ta
cn c cc quan h sau:

dm
C
o
V
R
P
=
2
1
(4.43)

dm
C
C
V
I
R
=
1
(4.44)

m C
I I I =
2 2
10
(4.45)

dm
m
m
V
X
I
=
1
(4.46)

4.3.4.2.TRNH T THC HIN TH NGHIM KHNG TI:

Khi thc hin th nghim
khng ti, chng ta tin hnh tun
t theo cc bc sau:

H mch th cp,
khng ni ti vo th cp.
Lp cc thit b o pha
s cp theo mch hnh 4.27.
Cp p vo s cp bin
p bng ng nh mc v c
cc gi tr trn cc thit b o.

MC TIU CA TH NGHIM KHNG TI

Thng qua th nghim khng ti vi cc s liu ghi nhn t cc thit b o s v th cp
(ch yu l pha s cp) cho php ta xc nh c cc thng s sau y ca my bin p:

T s bin p.
Dng khng ti v phn trm dng khng ti.
Tn hao thp
H s cng sut khng ti.
Cc thng s ca mch tng ng : R
C
v X
m

CH : i vi thnh phn in tr R
1
ca dy qun s cp bin p c xc nh bng cc
phng php o khc: dng Ohm k, dng cu o Wheatsone, hay phng php Volt Ampre
vi ngun mt chiu.

TH D 4.2: Cho my bin p mt pha : 500KVA ; 2300 V/ 230V.
Cc s liu ghi nhn t th nghim khng ti vi thit b o lp s cp l: I
10
= 9,4 A;
P
0
= 2250 W . p dng mch tng ng gn ng ch khng ti xc nh cc thng s
R
C
v X
m
.

dm
V
-
1 C
I
-
m
I
-
I
-
10
o

HNH 4.26: Gin vector mch
s cp bin p lc khng ti
(v theo mch gn ng)
m
V V
1 1
=
I
10
dm
V V =
20 2

HNH 4.27: s th nghim khng ti ca my bin p.


137

GII:

Khi p dng mch tng ng gn ng lc khng ti ca my bin p xc nh cc
thng s: R
C
v X
m
chng ta tin hnh tnh ton tun t 4 php tnh sau:

in tr c trng tn hao thp R
C
.

dm
C
o
V
R ,
P
= = = O
2
2
1
2300
2351 11
2250

Dng hiu dng I
C
(qua nhnh cha R
C
).

dm
C
C
V
I , A
R ,
= = =
1
2300
0 978
2351 11

Dng hiu dng I
m
(qua nhnh cha X
m
).

m C
I I I , , , A = = =
2 2 2 2
10
9 4 0 978 9 349

in khng t ha X
m
.

dm
m
m
V
X ,
I ,
= = = O
1
2300
246 02
9 349

CH :
Trong trng hp cn xc nh h s cng sut khng ti ca bin p, ta p dng quan h sau:

m
P
cos ,
V .I . ,
= = =
0
0
1 10
2250
0 104
2300 9 4

Hay

C
I
,
cos ,
I ,
= = =
0
10
0 978
0 104
9 4

TH D 4.3:

Cho my bin p mt pha: 25KVA; 440 V / 220 V; 50 Hz, bit cc thng s ca mch tng
ng ca my bin p l:
Ti th cp : R
2
= 0,0395 O ; X
t2
= 0,0083 O .
Ti s cp : R
1
= 0,158 O ; X
t1
= 0,333 O.
in tr c trng tn hao thp R
C
= 270 O.
in khng t ha : X
m
= 97 O .

p dng mch tng ng chnh xc, xc nh cc thng s pha s cp khi vn hnh
khng ti my bin p.

GII:

Khi p dng mch tng ng chnh xc, vi
cc thng s xc nh, ta v c mch tng ng
ca my bin p theo hnh 4.28.
- TNG TR PHC KHNG TI
o
Z
Gi
o
Z l tng tr phc tng ng ca hai nhnh
song song R
C
v X
m
. Ta c:

c m
o
c m
j.R .X
j. .
Z
R j.X .j
= =
+ +
97 270
270 97

o
dm
V V
-
= Z
1
440 0
, O 0 158 , .j O 0 333
O
I
-
1
.j O 270 O 97
m
I
-
c
I
-

HNH 4.28


138

o
o
Z , , .j ,
(
= + = Z O

30 865 85 912 91 288 70 24
- TNG TR PHC MCH S CPZ
1

Gi
t
Z R j.X = +
1
1 1
l tng tr phc mch s cp, ta c :

Z , j. , ,
(
= + = Z O

0
1
0 158 0 333 0 3686 64 62
p dng cu phn p suy ra p phc
ab
V
-
, ta c:
( ) ( )
o o
o dm
ab
o
Z .V , .
V
, , .j , , .j
Z Z
-
-
Z Z
= =
+ + +
+
1
1
91 288 70 24 440 0
30 865 85 912 0 158 0 333

( )
o o
ab
o
o
, ,
V
, , .j
,
,
V
-
(
Z

Z
= =
+
Z

Z
~
40166 77 70 24 40166 77 70 24
31 023 86 24
438 24 0 02
5
91 655 70 22

NHN XT:

p hiu dng V
ab
thc cht l sc in ng hiu dng E
1
, t kt qu ny cho thy V
ab
v
p s cp V
1m
gn nh trng pha vi nhau, ng thi gi tr hiu dng xp x bng nhau. Do
trong mt s trng hp khi tnh ton t s bin p ta xem nh
dm
E V ~
1 1
.

- T S BIN P K
ba
:

p dng quan h (4.19), ta c:

ab ab
ba
dm
V V E
,
K ,
E V V
= = = = = ~
1
2 20 2
438 24
1 992 2
220

Nu xem nh
dm
E V ~
1 1
ta c kt qu tnh ton cho t s bin p nh sau:

dm dm
ba
dm
V V
K
V V
= = = =
1 1
20 2
440
2
220

- DNG PHC KHNG TI I
-
10

p dng nh lut Ohm suy ra:
d
o
o m
V
I , , .j A
, , .j
Z
,
Z
-
-
(
= = = =

+
Z
+
1
10
1
440
1 625 4 8 70 4 517
31 023 8
21
6 245

Dng hiu dng khng ti l : I
10
= 4,8 A v
dm
I
I % . , %
I
| |
= ~ |
|
\ .
10
10
1
100 8 45
- H S CNG SUT KHNG TI
o
cos
Vi cc gi tr phc
o
dm
V V
-
(
= Z

1
440 0 v
o
I , A
-
(
= Z

10
4 8 70 21 suy ra h s cng
sut khng ti xc nh theo quan h sau:

( )
o
o
cos cos arg I cos ,
- | | | |
| | = = ~
| |
\ . \ .
10
70 21 0 3386


139
- THNH PHN DNG PHC
c
I
-
:

o
ab
C
C
o
V ,
I
R
, A
-
-
Z

Z
(
= = =

438 24 70 2
1 623 70 2
4
270

- THNH PHN DNG PHC
m
I
-
:

o o
m
o
o
ab
m
V , ,
I A
j.X .
,
j
-
-
Z Z
(
= = = =

Z

Z

438 24 70 24 438 24 70 24
97
97 9
4 518 1
0
9 76

- TN HAO KHNG TI
o
P :

Vi mch tng ng chnh xc, ta suy ra tn hao khng ti gm hai thnh phn: tn hao
thp c trng bi R
c
v tn hao trn dy qun s cp do R
1
. Ta c:

o th j C C
P P P R .I R .I . , , . , = + = + = +
2 2 2 2
10 1 10
270 1 623 0 158 4 8

o
, P W , , = + = ~ 3 64 714 855 711 215 715
NHN XT:

Vi kt qu tm c cho thy: ti ch khng ti , tn hao trn dy qun s cp c gi
tr rt thp so vi tn hao trong li thp. Do trong mt s trng hp cn tnh ton nhanh mt
cch gn ng, ta c th xem tn hao khng ti chnh l tn hao thp.

4.3.5. TH NGHIM NGN MCH CA MY BIN P :
4.3.5.1.CC C IM CH NGN MCH V TH NGHIM NGN MCH:

Ch ngn mch ca bin
p xy ra khi tng tr ti pha th
cp c gi tr
t
Z = O 0 . Trong
trng hp ny nu p s cp vn
duy tr ng nh mc, dng th
v s cp ca bin p c gi tr rt
cao. Dng s cp lc ngn mch c
th ln n mc
( )
dm
.I
1
10 30 .

Trong th nghim ngn mch chng ta cn gim thp p cp vo s cp trnh tnh
trng dng s v cp c gi tr rt ln c th dn n tnh trng qu nhit lm h hng cch
in ca cc b dy qun.

Vi tn hao trn dy qun s v th cp thay i v ph thuc vo gi tr bnh phng
dng hiu dng s v th cp, nn khi ti thay i tn hao ny bin ng theo ln v tnh
cht ca ti. Trong th nghim ngn mch, chng ta mun xc nh tn hao tng trn cc b dy
qun bin p khi dng qua cc b dy t gi tr bng ng nh mc.

Tn hao trn cc b dy qun ti gi tr ti bt k thng c gi l tn hao ng. K
hiu dung cho tn hao ng trn dy qun s cp l
j
P
1
v th cp l
j
P
2
.
R
1 t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
E'
-
2
V'
-
2
I '
-
2
E
-
1
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z' = 0

HNH 4.29: Mch tng ng lc ngn mch ti th cp


140

4.3.5.2.TRNH T THC HIN TH NGHIM NGN MCH:

Khi thc hin th nghim ngn mch, chng ta tin hnh tun t theo cc bc sau:

Ngn mch th cp hay ni
tt hai u ra th cp bng dy dn c
tng tr
t
Z = O 0 .
Lp cc thit b o pha s cp
theo mch hnh 4.30.
iu chnh gim thp p vo
s cp bin p n mc V
1n
sao cho
dng ngn mch qua dy qun s v
th cp bng gi tr nh mc. c
cc gi tr trn cc thit b o.

MCH TNG NG CA BIN P LC TH NGHIM NGN MCH:

Ti th nghim ngn mch khi gim thp p cp vo s cp, ta rt ra cc nhn xt sau:

Gi tr thc t ca p V
1n
rt
thp so vi p nh mc V
1m
, thng
thng
( )
n dm
V % % V =
1 1
5 15 . Do
p V
ab
t ngang qua hai u
in tr R
C
cng gim thp. Ngoi
ra tn hao thp t l thun vi
( )
ab
V
2
nn tn hao thp xem nh
khng ng k trong th nghim
ngn mch.

T phng
trnh cn bng dng
in I I' I
- - -
=
1 2 10
, lc
th nghim ngn mch
do p V
ab
gim rt thp
nn dng hiu dng
I ~
10
0 suy ra khi dng
n dm
I I I = =
1 1 1
th dng
n dm
I I I = =
2 2 2
.

Mch tng ng ca bin p trong th nghim ngn mch c thu gn theo hnh 4.32
Trong :

n
R R R' = +
1 2
(4.47)

n t t
X X X' = +
1 2
(4.48)

n
n n
Z R j.X = + (4.49)

n
Z l tng tr ngn mch,
n
R l thnh phn in tr ngn mch,
n
X l thnh phn in
khng ngn mch.

n
V V =
1 1
n dm
I I =
1 1
V V =
2
0
n dm
I I =
2 2

HNH 4.30: s th nghim ngn mch ca my bin p.
R
1 t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
n
V
-
1
dm
I '
-
2
dm
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z' = 0

HNH 4.31
R
1 t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
n
V
-
1
n dm
I I
- -
=
1 1
n
R
n
j.X
n
V
-
1
n dm
I I
- -
=
1 1

HNH 4.32 : Mch tng ng bin p trong th nghim ngn mch


141

Vi mch tng ng thu gn trong hnh 4.32, khi o c cc thng s:
n
V
1
,
n
P v
n
I
1

chng ta thc hin cc php tnh sau suy ra cc thnh phn ca tng tr ngn mch.

n n
n
n dm
V V
Z
I I
= =
1 1
1 1
(4.50)

n
n
n
P
R
I
=
2
1
(4.51)

n n n
X Z R =
2 2
(4.52)

MC TIU CA TH NGHIM NGN MCH

Thng qua th nghim ngn mch vi cc s liu nhn c t cc thit b o s v th
cp (ch yu l pha s cp) cho php ta xc nh c cc thng s sau y :

T s bin p da vo t s dng in ngn mch s v th cp.
Tn hao ng nh mc hay tn hao trn dy qun s v th cp tng ng vi cc
gi tr dng hiu dng qua dy qun bng nh mc.
H s cng sut ngn mch o s cp.
Cc thng s ca mch tng ng : R
n
v X
n
hay tng tr ngn mch

CH : Vi th nghim ngn mch chng ta ch xc nh c gin tip gi tr in khng ngn
mch X
n
, nhng khng th tch ring c cc thnh phn in khng tn t s cp
t
X
1
v
thnh phn in khng tn t th cp quai v s cp
t
X'
2
.

TH D 4.4:

Cho my bin p mt pha 500 KVA ; 2300 V / 230 V . Khi thc hin th nghim ngn mch
vi cc thit b lp s cp, s liu o c gm : V
1n
= 94,5 V ; P
nm
= 8220 W ; I
1n
= 217 A.
Xc nh cc thnh phn R
n
v X
n
ca tng tr ngn mch.

GII:
Khi bit thng s nh mc ca bin p, ta th xc nh dng nh mc s cp. Dng in
ny chnh l gi tr dng in cn t c pha s cp trong th nghim ngn mch.

dm
dm
dm
S
I , A
V
= = =
1
1
500000
217 39
2300

Gi tr tm c ph hp vi s liu ghi nhn lc thc hin th nghim ngn mch.

Tng tr ngn mch ca bin p:
n
nm
dm
V
,
Z ,
I
= = ~ O
1
1
94 5
0 4355
217

Thnh phn in tr ngn mch:
n
n
n
P
R ,
I
= = ~ O
2 2
1
8220
0 1746
217

Thnh phn in khng ngn mch:

n n n
X Z R , , , = = ~ O
2 2 2 2
0 4355 0 176 0 3984


142

Vi cc phn tch trong cc th nghim khng ti v th nghim, khi vn hnh my bin p
cn xc nh nhanh gn ng cc s liu, ta xem nh:

Chnh lch p gy ra do tng tr
t
Z R j.X = +
1
1 1
pha s cp rt nh.
Tn hao thp khng thay i theo ln ca ti .
Tn hao thp ch ph thuc p ngun s cp v t l thun vi bnh phng p s cp.

Vi cc gi thit trn, ta c mch tng ng dng gn ng ca bin p qui th v s
cp c chuyn i t mch chnh xc trnh by trong hnh 4.33. Mch gn ng c suy ra
bng cch chuyn mch t ha v pha ngun s cp.

TH D 4.5:

Cho my bin p mt pha 50 KVA ; 2400 V / 600 V ; 50 Hz. Cc s liu ghi nhn t cc th
nghim nh sau:

TH NGHIM KHNG TI: cc thit b o lp pha th cp (h p) cp ngun vo pha
th cp v h mch th cp.

V
2dm
= 600 V ; I
20
= 3,34 A ; P
o
= 484 W.

TH NGHIM NGN MCH: cc thit b o lp pha s cp (cao p) cp ngun vo pha
s cp v ngnmch th cp.

V
1n
= 76,4 V ; I
1n
= 20,8 A ; P
n
= 754 W.

Xc nh cc thng s ca mch tng ng dng gn ng qui th v s cp.

GII:

1. THNG S MCH TNG NG T TH NGHIM KHNG TI:

Vi phng php th nghim khng ti cho trong u bi, thay v lp cc thit b o vo s
cp, h mch th cp v cp p s cp bng ng nh mc ta li thc hin ngc li.

S kin ny thng c p dng trong thc t v cc thit b o c ch to vi in p
thp t 600 V tr xung, do tnh cht ca vt liu cch in dng trong thit b o. Nh vy vi p
s cp 2400 V rt kh tm c thit b o c kh nng chu ng c cp in p ny.

iu quan trng cn lu , nu thc hin in p cao cho th nghim rt kh khn m
bo an ton cho con ngi trong qu trnh th nghim. Ngoi ra mun to c in p cao cn
phi c thit b to ngun cao p cp vo bin p khi thc hin th nghim.

Nh vy, khi tin hnh th nghim khng ti t pha th cp mun xc nh cc thng s
R
C
v X
m
ca mch tng ng qui v s cp, ta c th thc hin theo mt trong hai phng
php sau:
- PP1: Xc nh s liu R
C
v X
m
ti pha th cp ri qui i v s cp theo (4.47) v (4.48)
- PP2: Qui i s liu th nghim o c th v s ri xc nh cc thng s.

R
1 t
j.X
1
R'
2 t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
V'
-
2
I '
-
2
I
-
1
I
-
10
n
R
n
j.X
C
R
m
j.X dm
V
-
1
V'
-
2
I '
-
2
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z' t
Z'

HNH 4.33 : Mch tng ng qui th v s cp ca my bin p dng gn ng.


143

PHNG PHP 1:

Xc nh cc thngs R
C
v X
m
theo th nghim khng ti pha th cp

in tr c trng tn hao thp:
dm
C
o
V
R ,
P
= = = O
2
2
2
2
600
743 802
484

Dng hiu dng I
C2
(qua nhnh cha R
C2
):
dm
C
C
V
I , A
R ,
= = =
2
2
2
600
0 8067
743 802

Dng hiu dng I
m2
(qua nhnh cha X
m2
).

m C
I I I , , , A = = =
2 2 2 2
2 20 2
3 34 0 8067 3 241

in khng t ha:
dm
m
m
V
X ,
I ,
= = = O
2
2
2
600
185 12
3 241

T s bin p:
dm
ba
dm
V E
K
E V
= ~ = =
1 1
2 2
2400
4
600

in tr c trng tn hao thp qui v s cp:

C ba C
R K .R . , , , k = = = O ~ O
2 2
2
4 743 802 11900 832 11 9

in khng t ha qui v s cp:

m ba m
X K .X . , , = = = O ~ O
2 2
2
4 185 12 2961 92 2962

PHNG PHP 2:

Trong th nghim khng ti theo phn tch trn, cng sut tc dng tiu th trong bin p
thc cht l tn hao thp khi cp p vo dy qun bng ng nh mc. Nh vy tn hao o
trong th nghim khng ti khi thc hin pha s cp hay pha th cp s c gi tr bng nhau.

Tm li nu xem nh h s cng sut khng ti lc thc hin th nghim khng ti pha s
hay th cp c gi tr gn bng nhau, ta suy ra quan h sau:

o dm dm
P V .I .cos V .I .cos = =
1 10 10 2 20 20

Hay:

dm
dm
I .cos V
I .cos V
10 10 2
20 20 1

Tm li:

dm
dm
V
I I
V
| |
~ - |
|
\ .
2
10 20
1

T s liu th nghim khng ti pha th cp ta qui v s liu th nghim khng ti pha s
cp nh sau:

dm
dm
V
I I . , , A
V
| |
| |
~ - = = |
|
|
\ .
\ .
2
10 20
1
600
3 34 0 835
2400

Tn hao khng ti l :
o
P W = 484 v p cp vo s cp l:
dm
V V =
1
2400 , cc thng
s ca nhnh t ha c xc nh nh sau:


144

in tr c trng tn hao thp:

dm
C
o
V
R , , k
P
= = = O ~ O
2
2
1
2400
11900 826 11 9
484

Dng hiu dng I
C
(qua nhnh cha R
C
):
dm
C
C
V
I , A
R ,
= = ~
1
2400
0 20167
11900 826

Dng hiu dng I
m
(qua nhnh cha X
m
).

m C
I I I , , , A = = =
2 2 2 2
10
0 835 0 20167 0 81028

in khng t ha:
dm
m
m
V
X ,
I ,
= = = ~ O
1
2400
2961 93 2962
0 81028

Kt qu tm c t hai phng php tnh hon ton trng khp nhau.

2. THNG S MCH TNG NG T TH NGHIM NGN MCH:

Tng tr ngn mch ca bin p:
n
nm
n
V
,
Z ,
I ,
= = = O
1
1
76 4
3 673
20 8

Thnh phn in tr ngn mch:
n
n
n
P
R ,
I ,
= = ~ O
2 2
1
754
1 7428
20 8

Thnh phn in khng ngn mch:

n n n
X Z R , , , = = ~ O
2 2 2 2
3 673 1 7428 3 233
TH D 4.6:

Vi my bin p cho trong th d 4.5 khi th cp mang ti c tng tr phc l:
( ) t
Z , , .j
(
= + O

6 4 4 8 ; p dng mch tng ng gn ng tnh p V
2
khi bin p mang ti
GII:

n
R , = O 1 743
n
j.X , .j = O 3 233
C
R , k = O 11 9
m
j.X , .j k = O 2 962
dm
V
-
1 V'
-
2
I '
-
2
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z'
m
V V =
1
2400
( ) t
Z , , .j ( = + O

6 4 4 8
V
-
2
I
-
2
I
-
1

Tng tr ti qui v qui v s cp:

( ) ( )
t ba t
Z' K .Z . , , .j , , .j
(
= = + = + O

2 2
4 6 4 4 8 102 4 76 8

p dng cu phn p suy ra p phc trn ti qui i:

( )
( ) ( )
o
t dm
n
t
, , .j .
Z' .V
V'
, , .j , , .j
Z Z'
-
-
+ Z
= =
+ + +
+
1
2
102 4 76 8 2400 0
1 743 3 233 102 4 76 8


145

Suy ra:

o
V' , , .j , V
-
(
= = Z

2
2338 74904 27 4344 2338 91 0 67

p hiu dng ti th cp bin p (p dng cng thc qui i p v s cp):
ba
V'
,
V , V
K
-
-
= = ~
2
2
2338 91
584 73
4

4.4. GIAN PHN B NNG LNG VA HIU SUT CUA MAY BIN AP:
4.4.1. GIN PHN B NNG LNG :
Khi bin p ang mang ti
bt k, s phn b cc thnh
phn cng sut tc dng c
tm tt trong gin nng
lng, hnh 4.34.

Gin ny c xy dng
da vo mch in tng
ng ca my bin p.

CNG SUT IN P
1
: l cng
sut tc dng cp vo s cp t
ngun.
CNG SUT TI P
2
: l cng
sut tc dng t th cp cp n
ti, y chnh l cng sut tc
dng tiu th trn ti.
TN HAO NG P
J1
V P
J2
: l
cc thnh phn cng sut tc
dng tiu th trn cc in tr
ca dy qun s v th cp.
TN HAO THP P
THP
: bao gm
cc tn hao trn li thp do dng
xay Foucault v t tr.

Gi q l hiu sut ca bin p, c nh ngha nh sau:
P
P
q =
2
1
(4.53)

Cc thnh phn tn hao trn dy qun bin p v tn hao trn li thp c gi tn hao
tng ca bin p, ta c k hiu nh sau:

j j thep
Tonhao P P P P P = = + +
1 2 1 2
(4.54)

Thnh phn tn hao thp c xem l tn hao o c trong th nghim khng ti
thnh phn tn hao ny khng thay i theo ti v ch ph thuc vo p ngun cp vo s cp.

Thnh phn tn hao ng hay trn cc b dy qun c gi tr thay i khi dng in s
v th cp thay i. Ni cch khc cc thnh phn tn hao ng thay i khi ti thay i. Thnh
phn tn hao ny thng c xc nh theo gi tr P
n
cng sut tc dng o c trong th
nghim ngn mch .
R
1
t
j.X
1
R'
2
t
j.X'
2
C
R
m
j.X
dm
V
-
1
I '
-
2
I
-
1
I
-
10
t
Z'
V'
-
2
cos
2
dm
P V .I .cos =
1 1 1 1
P V .I .cos =
2 2 2 2
j j
P P R .I R .I + = +
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
o thep c c
P P R .I ~ =
2

HNH 4.34 : Gin nng lng ca my bin p.


146

Ta c:
( )
j j ba
ba
I
P P R .I R' .I' R .I K .R .
K
| |
+ = + = + |
|
\ .
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2

j j
P P R .I R .I R .I R' .I' + = + = +
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
(4.55)

p dng nh ngha ca h s ti theo (4.17) ta c:

( ) ( )
j j t dm t dm
P P R . K .I R . K .I + = +
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2

( )
j j t dm dm
P P K . R .I R .I + = +
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
(4.56)

Vi P
n
l cng sut tc dng o c trong th nghim ngn mch, P
n
l tn hao trong
dy qun bin p khi dng i qua dy qun c gi tr bng dng nh mc. Nh vy P
n
chnh l
tn hao ng nh mc ca bin p. Tm li quan h (4.56) c ghi li nh sau:

j j t n
P P K .P + =
2
1 2
(4.57)

4.4.2. BIU THC HIU SUT:

Vi nh ngha ca hiu sut theo (4.53). ta vit li nh sau:

( )
j j thep
P P
P
P P P P
q = =
+ + +
2 2
1
2 1 2
(4.58)

Ti ti bt k ta vit li quan h trn nh sau:

( )
j j thep
S .cos
S .cos P P P
q =
+ + +
2 2
2 2 1 2
(4.59)

Trong cos
2
l h s cng sut pha th cp cng chnh l h s cng sut ca ti.
S
2
l cng sut biu kin cp n ti t th cp. p dng nh ngha ca h s ti ta c:

( )
t dm
t dm j j thep
K .S .cos
K .S cos P P P
q =
+ + +
2
2 1 2
(4.60)

T cc quan h (4.57) v (4.60) ta c:

t dm
t dm t n o
K .S .cos
K .S cos K .P P
q =
+ +
2
2
2
(4.61)

TH D 4.7:

Vi my bin p cho trong th d 4.5 khi th cp mang ti c h s sng sut l 0,8 tr
Xc nh hiu sut bin p ti na ti nh mc (ng K
t
= 0,5).

GII:
Trong th d 4.5 ta c cc s liu sau: S
m
= 50 KVA ; V
1m
= 2400 V ; V
2m
= 600 V , cc
thnh phn tn hao o c t cc th nghim l : P
o
= 484 W , P
n
= 754 W.


147
p dng quan h (4.61) ta c kt qu sau:

t dm
t dm t n o
K .S .cos
, . . ,
K .S cos K .P P , . . , , .
q = =
+ + + +
2
2 2
2
0 5 50000 0 8
0 5 50000 0 8 0 5 754 484

Suy ra:
,
, ,
q = = =
+ +
20000 20000
0 96746
20000 188 5 484 20672 5

Ta c th ghi q% : hiu sut tnh theo % theo quan h sau: % . %
(
q = q

100
Tm li:
, % q ~ 96 75

4.4.3. HIU SUT CC I:
Vi quan h hiu sut tm c theo (4.61) cho thy: nu bit trc cc thng s nh
mc ca bin p th hiu sut l hm s theo bin s K
t
, trong h s cng sut ca ti
ng vai tr thng s. Hm hiu sut
( )
t
f K q = theo bin s
t
K c dng hm hu t. Ta phn tch
hm s
( )
t
f K q = nh sau

Min xc nh : hm
( )
t
f K q = xc nh
t t
K , K ,
(
e

0 1 .
o hm: hm
( )
t
f K q = c dng
u
v

t:
( )
m t
u S .cos .K =
2

( )
m
u' S .cos =
2

( )
( )
n t m t o
v P .K S .cos .K P = + +
2
2

( )
( )
n t m
v ' P .K S .cos = +
2
2

o hm vit theo dng sau:

( )
( )
m
o n t
t
n t m t o
S .cos
d vu' uv '
P P .K
dK
v P .K S .cos .K P
(
q
( (
= = -
(

(
+ +

2 2
2 2
2

o hm trit tiu khi
( )
o n t
P P .K =
2
0 ; ng thi du ca o hm cng chnh l du
ca tam thc bc 2 thiu
( )
o n t
P P .K
(
(

2
. Ta c bng bin thin ca hm s nh sau:

t
K
-
o
n
P
P
0
o
n
P
P
+
t
d
dK
q

0 + + 0
( )
t
f K q =

q
max

0 0
+


148
TH CA C TUYN HIU SUT THEO H S TI

ng hiu sut nhn trc hanh lm ng tim cn ngang.

ng biu din hiu sut c xc nh theo mt trong hai dng sau:

TRNG HP 1: Khi
o
n
P
1
P
< < 0 ; ng biu din trnh by trong hnh 4.35.

TRNG HP 2 : Khi
o
n
P
1
P
< < 0 ; ng biu din trnh by trong hnh 4.36

Vi cc kt qu trn, chng ta rt ra nhn xt nh sau:

Khi
o
n
P
1
P
< < 0 hiu sut bin p t cc i lc
o
t
n
P
K
P
= . Ti lc ny ta c:
o t n
P K .P =
2
. Gi tr
( )
t n
K .P
2
l tn hao trn dy qun ti h s ti tm c y chnh l tn hao
ng ti h s ti tng ng.

Tm li bin p t hiu sut cc i ti gi tr ti c tnh cht: tn hao thp bng tn
hao ng.

Khi
o
n
P
P
< < 0 1 ; hiu sut bin p cc i ti
t
K > 1; bin p trng thi qu ti . V
hiu sut l hm ng bin theo h s ti trong phm vi kho st , nn hiu sut bin p t gi
tr ln nht lc
t
K = 1.

Hiu sut bin p cc i lc y ti hay ti nh mc.

0 1 0 1
q q
t
K
t
K
o
t
n
P
K
P
= o
t
n
P
K
P
=
o
n
P
P
| |
|
< <
|
\ .
0 1
o
n
P
P
| |
|
< <
|
\ .
0 1
max
q
max
q
HNH 4.35: th
( )
t
f K q = theo trng hp 1 HNH 4.36: th
( )
t
f K q = theo trng hp 2


149

TH D 4.8: Cho my bin p mt pha : 500KVA ; 2300 V / 230 V c cc tn hao o trong th
nghim khng ti v th nghim ngn mch l : P
0
= 2250 W ; P
n
= 8220 W.

Xc nh hiu sut ca my bin p ln lt ti cc trng hp sau:

a./ TRNG HP 1: H s cng sut ti l 0,8 tr ; v h s ti ln lt l 0,2 ; 0,4 ; 0,5 ; 0,6;
0,8 ; 1. Xc nh h s ti ng vi hiu sut cc i .

b./ TRNG HP 2: H s ti K
t
= 0,75 v h s cng sut ti ln lt l 0,7 tr ; 1 ; 0,7 sm.

GII:

a./ TRNG HP 1:

Khi h s cng sut ti l 0,8 tr , ta c quan h hiu sut nh sau:

t
t t
.K
.K .K
q =
+ +
2
400000
8220 400000 2250

Th ln lt cc gi tr K
t
vo quan h trn ta tm c bng tr s sau:

K
t
0,2 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,8 1
q% 96,88 97,82 97,89 97,87 97,71 97,45

Ti lc hiu sut cc i, ta c :

t
nm
P
K ,
P
= = =
0
2250
0 5232
8220

Gi tr hiu sut cc i t c trong trng hp 1 l :

t
max
t t
.K
,
.K .K
q = =
+ +
2
400000
0 97895
8220 400000 2250

b./ TRNG HP 2:

Khi h s ti l K
t
= 0,75 v h s cng sut ph ti thay i ; hiu sut c xc nh
theo quan h sau:

t
t t
K . .cos
K . .cos .K
q =
+ +
2
2
2
500000
500000 2250 8220

Suy ra:

.cos
.cos ,
q =
+
2
2
375000
375000 6873 75

Khi h s cng sut ti thay i ta ghi nhn kt qu trong bng gi tr sau:

cos
2
0,7 tr 1 0,7 sm
q 97,45 98,2 97,45


150

4.5. CHNH LCH IN AP TAI TH CP BIN AP LUC MANG TAI:

khi bin p mang ti , in p o hai u th cp bin p lc ny cng chnh l p t
ngang qua hai u ti l V
2
. Vi V
2dm
: in p th cp nh mc cng chnh l p th cp khng
ti. chnh lch in p ti th cp c xc nh theo quan h sau:

dm
V V V A =
2 2
(4.62)

Phn trm ca chnh lch p pha th cp c nh ngha nh sau:

dm
V V
V% .
V
| |
A = |
|
\ .
2 2
2
100 (4.62)
TH D 4.9:

Vi bin p cho trong th d 4.6, xc nh phn trm ca chnh lch p pha th cp

GII:

T kt qu tnh ton trong th d 4.6, ta c p hiu dng th cp khi mang ti l :
V V , V
-
= =
2
2
584 73
Vi p th cp nh mc:
dm
V V =
2
600 , ta suy ra phn trm chnh lch p ti th cp
theo quan h sau:

dm
V V
,
V% . . , %
V ,
| |
| |
A = = = |
|
|
\ .
\ .
2 2
2
600 584 73
100 100 2 612
584 63

BI TP CHNG 4

BI TP 4.1

Cho my bin p : 5KVA, 500V / 100V c th v cho kt qu sau:
Hiu sut cc i khi my pht 3KVA.
Khi a in p 100V vo pha h p v h mch pha cao p th my tiu th 100W v
ly dng in 3A.
Tnh hiu sut khi my mang ti nh mc vi h s cng sut 0,8 tr.

BI TP 4.2

Cho my bin p phn phi : 500 KVA. 2300V / 230V c th v cho cc kt qu nh sau:

Th khng ti (a in vo pha h p): V
2
= 230V ; I
2
= 94 A ; P
2
= 2250W
Th ngn mch ( a in vo pha cao p): V
1
= 100V ; I
1
= 230A ; P
1
= 9200W.

Tnh cc thng s ca mch tng ng quy v s cp .

BI TP 4.3

Tnh li bi 4.2 nu cc kt qu th nghim ghi nhn nh sau :
Th khng ti (a in vo pha h p): V
2
= 208V ; I
2
= 85 A ; P
2
= 1800W
Th ngn mch ( a in vo pha cao p): V
1
= 95V ; I
1
= 218A ; P
1
= 8200W.


151

BI TP 4.4
Khi my bin p cho trong bi 4.3 pht ti nh mc vi h s cng sut ti l cos = 1.
Tnh hiu sut ca my bin p theo cc phng php sau:
Dng mch tng ng chnh xc.
Dng mch tng ng gn ng.

BI TP 4.5
Mt my bin p 120V 50Hz tiu th 75W v 1,5 A lc khng ti. Cho in tr dy qun s
cp l 0,4O . Xc nh:
Tn hao li thp.
H s cng sut lc khng ti.

BI TP 4.6

Cho thng s ca mch tng ng chnh xc ca my bin p 150 KVA, 2400 V / 240 V
l : R
1
= 0,2O ; R
2
= 0,2O ; X
t1
= 0,45O ; X
t2
= 0,45O; R
C
= 10KO; X
m
= 1,55KO . My pht cng
sut nh mc cho ti c h s cng sut cos = 1. Xc nh:
Phn trm st p.
Hiu sut ca my bin p.

BI TP 4.7

Tnh li bi 4.6 khi dng mch tng ng gn ng cho my bin p.
So snh kt qu nhn c vi cc kt qu tnh ton trong bi 4.6.

BI TP 4.8

Cho my bin p: 100 KVA; 2200 V / 220 V 50Hz c thit k lm vic vi t cm
cc i l B = 1,2 T . Bit sc in ng cm ng 15 V / 1 vng dy . Hy xc nh:
S vng dy qun s cp; th cp.
Tit din li thp (mch t) ca my bin p.

BI TP 4. 9

Cho bin p: 10KVA; 220 V /110 V 50Hz c th vi cc dng c o lp pha cao p:
Th khng ti : 500 W; 220V ; 3,16A.
Th ngn mch: 400W ; 65V ; 10A.

V mch tng ng gn ng quy v s cp.
Suy ra mch tng ng gn ng quy v th cp.

BI TP 4.10

S vng dy qun s cp v th cp ca mt my bin p ln lt l 100 vng v 80 vng .
Tit din li thp l 32 cm
2
.
Li thp b bo ha nu tr s hiu dng ca t cm sin vt qu 1,4 T .
Vi ngun p sin c tn s 50Hz c in p ti a bao nhiu bin p khng bo ha, xc
nh p th cp lc .

BI TP 4.11

My bin p 50KVA; 2400V / 240V c tn hao ng nh mc l 680W v tn hao thp l
760W. Xc nh:
Hiu sut ca my bin p lc y ti v na ti, bit h s cng sut ti l cos = 1.
Tnh h s ti khi hiu sut ca my bin p t gi tr cc i. Tnh gi tr hiu sut cc
i lc cos = 1.

BI TP 4.12

My bin p 24 KVA, 2400 V / 120 V c tn hao thp l 400W v tn hao ng nh mc l
900W . Tnh hiu sut ca my khi n pht 85 A cho ti c h s cng sut l cos = 0,8 sm.


152

BI TP 4.13

My bin p 50 KVA t hiu sut cc i khi mang ti l 35 KVA . Tnh hiu sut ca my
bin p khi ti c h s cng sut l cos = 0,8 tr ; bit tn hao khng ti ca bin p l 200 W.

BI TP 4.14

Trong th nghim ngn mch ca my bin p: 100 KVA; 12000 V / 240 V; chng ta tng
dn in p s cp cho n khi dng ngn mch th cp t gi tr nh mc. in p v cng
sut o c pha s cp lc ny l 600 V v 1200W. Hy xc nh:
Thng s R
n
v X
n
ca bin p.
My bin p cung cp 100 KVA in p 240V cho ti c h s cng sut cos = 0,8 tr.
Tnh in p v h s cng sut pha s cp.

BI TP 4.15

Cng sut khng ti a vo my bin p 5 KVA; 500 V / 100 V l 100W in p nh
mc v h s cng sut khng ti cos
o
= 0,15 .
Khi my mang ti nh mc, st p qua in tr v in khng tn t bng 1% v 2% in
p nh mc. Tnh cng sut v h s cng sut pha s cp khi my pht 3 KW cho ti in p
nh mc v h s cng sut ti l cos = 0,8 tr.

BI TP 4.16

Cng sut khng ti a vo my bin p: 50 KVA; 2300 V / 230 V l 2000 VA in p
nh mc v h s cng sut khng ti cos
o
= 0,15 .
Khi my mang ti nh mc, st p qua in tr v in khng tn t bng 1,2% v 1,8%
in p nh mc. Tnh cng sut v h s cng sut pha s cp khi my pht 30KW cho ti
in p nh mc v h s cng sut ti l cos = 0,8 tr.

BI TP 4.17

Trong th nghim ngn mch ca bin p 50KVA; 4400 V / 220 V ; dng, p, cng sut o
c pha s cp l 10,8 A ; 120 V v 544 W .
By gi cho my pht dng nh mc in p 220V v h s cng sut ti cos = 0,8 tr
Hy xc nh in p phi cung cp vo pha cao p.
BI TP 4.18 Cho my bin p c t s bin p
ba
E V
K
E V
= ~ =
1 1
2 20
5 v cc thng s ca mch
tng ng bin p nh sau:

PHA S CP: R
1
= 0,5 O ; X
t1
= 3,2 O ; R
C
= 350 O ; X
m
= 98 O

PHA TH CP: R
2
= 0,021 O ; X
t2
= 0,12 O .

Xc nh mch tng ng bin p qui i v s cp v mch tng ng ca bin p khi
qui i v th cp.

BI TP 4.19

Cho thng s ca mch tng ng my bin p : 150 KVA, 2400 V / 240 V l :
R
1
= 0,2 O ; X
t1
= 0,45 O ; R
C
= 10 KO ; X
m
= 1,55 KO ; R
2
= 0,002 O ; X
t2
= 0,0045 O

a./ p dng mch tng ng chnh xc tnh AV% v hiu sut bin p ti lc ti nh mc vi
h s cng sut ti l 0,8 tr.

b./ Tnh li cu a khi dng mch tng ng gn ng.

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i hc Bch Khoa Tp H Ch Minh Khoa in in T Phng Th Nghim My in v Thc Tp in- 2009

pha s cp. Vector ny chm pha hn vector t

trng pha vi vector dng I

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