ANALOG AND DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES Assignment 1

Yogesh Maheshwari 201202014

INTRODUCTION:
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal (high frequency signal), with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. A device that performs modulation is called a modulator. Need for modulation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Smaller Antennas Multiplexing Ability to manipulate signal To fully utilise the medium characteristics To improve performance

There are two types of modulation Analog and Digital. Digital modulation aims at transferring a digital bit stream over an analog bandpass channel (for example over the public switched telephone network or over a limited radio frequency band) On the other hand, analog modulation aims at transferring an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog bandpass channel at a different frequency (for example over a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel). Analog Modulation Techniques: In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal. AM works by varying the strength (amplitude) of the carrier in proportion to the waveform being sent. Broadly speaking, there are three analog modulation schemes: Amplitude modulation (A.M): This technique is used most commonly for transmitting information via radio carrier wave. The technique works by varying the Amplitude of the carrier in proportion to the waveform being sent. AM was the earliest modulation method used to transmit voice by radio. It remains in use today in many forms of communication; for example it is used in portable two way radios, VHF aircraft radio and in computer modems. AM" is often used to refer to medium wave AM radio broadcasting. After modulation the carrier wave look just like an envelope of modulating signal. The process can be explained as: Let c(t) = Ac sin(c t) represent carrier wave and m(t) = Am sin(m t) represent the message or the modulating signal the our amplitude modulated carrier wave would look like after the operation of modulation c(t)=c(t) * m(t) as :

cm (t) = Ac sin (c t) + ( Ac/2) cos ((c - m )t) - ( Ac/2) cos((c + m )t) Where is called the modulation index and is defined as = (Am / Ac ) and is generally kept less than or equal to 1 to avoid distortion. The modulated signal contains waveform of carrier frequency c and two sideband waveforms of frequencies c - m and c + m.

Frequency modulation (F.M): Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. Frequency modulation is used in radio, telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting . FM is widely used for broadcasting music and speech, two-way radio systems, magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-transmission systems. In radio systems, frequency modulation with sufficient bandwidth provides an advantage in cancelling naturally-occurring noise. In FM the amplitude of the carrier wave remains constant but its frequency is constantly varied according to the message information at that time. It means that the information will have to be retrieved via the frequencies of this wave. Conceptually If we are sending a message m(t), we send a higher frequency wave when the amplitude of m(t) is high, and a lower frequency wave when the amplitude is low. Let c(t) = Ac sin(c t) represent carrier wave and m(t) represent the message or the modulating signal the our frequency modulated carrier wave would look like :M(t) = Ac cos (c t + 2Kf * m(t) dt) The Ac in front of this equation is just a constant which tells us the signal amplitude. The constant Kf is called the frequency sensitivity. It tells us how much the signal frequency changes as the message changes. Pictorially FM can be represented as :-

Phase modulation (P.M) This type of modulation encodes information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. PM requires more complex receiving hardware, and there can be ambiguity problems in determining whether, for example, the signal has changed phase by +180 or -180. PM is used in digital synthesizers, such as the Casio CZ synthesizers, and to implement FM synthesis in such digital synthesizers as theYamaha DX7. PM changes the phase angle of the complex envelope in direct proportion to the message signal. Suppose that the signal to be sent (called the modulating or message signal) is m(t) and the carrier onto which the signal is to be modulated is c(t). Where c(t) = Ac sin(wc t + c ) then our modulated signal would be: y(t) = Ac sin(wc t + m(t) +c ) This shows how m(t) modulates the phase - the greater m(t) is at a point in time, the greater the phase shift of the modulated signal at that point.

DIGITAL MODULATION Amplitude Shift Keying: t is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. Binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting carrier wave of fixed amplitude and fixed frequency for the bit duration T seconds. ASK refers to a type of amplitude modulation that assigns bit values to discrete amplitude levels. The carrier signal is then modulated among the members of a set of discrete values to transmit information. Values are represented by different amplitudes of carrier wave. Usually, one amplitude is zero, i.e., presence and absence of carrier is used. Used over optical fiber. The equation of the wave generated by the ASK is given by the following waveform:-S(t) = m(t). Ac cos(2Sfct) where the symbols has usual meanings.

Phase Shift Keying: Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a method of digital communication in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. There are several methods that can be used to accomplish PSK.The simplest PSK technique is called binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). It uses two opposite signal phases (0 and 180 degrees). The digital signal is broken up timewise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (0 or 1). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees -- that is, if the phase reverses -- then the signal state changes (from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0). Because there are two possible wave phases, BPSK is sometimes called biphase modulation.

Frequency Shift Keying: Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals.The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fibre, or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the computer can "understand."

COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS TECHNIQUES In a broad sense the AM and FM are analog techniques which means that the modulating signal has to be in analog form but in FSK and ASK the data is in digital format in all of these we have used carrier wave as an analog signal and the modulated signal comes out to be analog. In Amplitude modulations the amplitude of modulating signal becomes an envelope

for carrier waves while in frequency modulations data is varied across frequencies. All of us have experienced the difference between the quality of AM radio and FM radio, generally the quality of FM waves is much better than AM waves because AM is more susceptible to noise because noise affects amplitude, which is where information is stored in an AM signal and as the information is represented in frequencies for FM waves it remains unaffected. The complexity of FM is more than AM the pros of AM is that it can travel larger distances but FM waves interfere with physical objects due to lower wavelength. Between ASK and FSK, FSK is better, because it is typically less susceptible to interference, and frankly, easier to generate with modern electronics. Which modulation technique to use depends on our requirement typically Digital Techniques are used when we are required to send digital data. Eg. Computers trying to communicate with each other. These modulation are required to send data over optical fibers.

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