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M U
Cng nghip du kh l ngnh kinh t mi nhn v non tr ca t nc ta. Sn lng du th khai thc t m Bch H khng ngng tng, cng vi sn lng t cc m v ang c pht hin nh m i Hng, Rng, Rng ng ng gp mt phn khng nh cho s pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn. Ngoi t thu v cho t nc t vic sut khNu du th t hn 1 t USD/nm. N hn vo nhng con s thng k ta thy c s pht trin vt bc ca ngnh cng nghip du kh trong iu kin c s vt cht v trang thit b phc v cho cng tc tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh cn nhiu hn ch so vi cc nc khc trong khu vc v trn th gii khng nh c s trng thnh ca ngnh trong thi gian qua. t c nhng mc tiu ra th nhim v cp bch ca ngnh du kh l tip tc Ny mnh cng tc tm kim thm d cc b trm tch v khNn trng a cc m pht hin tr lng thng mi vo khai thc, y l mt thch thc ln i vi ngnh, l biu hin tp trung cao v u t ( hng t USD) thc hin mt khi lng cng vic khng l m thc t chng ta mi tin hnh c mt phn trong nhng nm va qua. Mt khc do iu kin a cht c th ca vng m, ch yu du kh c khai thc t tng mng su ln c nhit v p sut cao. Cho nn vic tin hnh khoan cc l khoan thm d v khai thc du kh gp khng t kh khn phc tp, i hi phi c trnh khoa hc k thut cao cng vi trang thit b hin i nng cao tc khoan nhm tng hiu qu v rt ngn thi gian thi cng. Mt trong nhng dng c khoan quan trng quyt nh n s thnh cng ca qu trnh khoan l chong khoan. Trong nhng nm gn y bn v tui th ca chong khoan c tng ln ng k do s dng ngy cng rng ri cc loi chong kiu mi c gn rng hp kim cng v vt liu siu cng cho hiu qu khoan cao. Chong chp xoay l loi dng c ph hy t ch yu thi cng cc ging khoan tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh, trong loi chong ba chp xoay t ra hiu qu hn c, chim khong 86% - 95% khi lng cc chong khoan c s dng trong ngnh du kh. Trc y ta thng dng cc loi chong khoan do Lin X (c) sn sut, nhng nhng nm gn y guyn Vn Hi 1

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s dng rng ri cc loi chong khoan ca M, Php, N ht N hn chung cc loi chong ca M t ra u vit hn chong khoan ca N ga song khng n nh bng: C chong khoan c 600m n 800m, c chong ch khoan c 50m n 70m. L do chnh l cc nh sn xut chong khoan cha c nhng thit k ph hp vi iu kin a cht v thi cng ti vng m ca nc ta, ng thi vic la chn chong khoan nc ta cng cha c c s khoa hc v thc tin. V vy, vic nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca chong khoan chp xoay c th s dng chng mt cch hp l l nhim v cp bch hng u nhm nng cao hiu qu khoan, gim gi thnh khoan thm d v khai thc du kh Vit N am. L sinh vin thuc b mn Thit b Du kh v Cng trnh, khoa Du Kh, trng i Hc M - a Cht H N i sau mt thi gian hc tp v nghin cu ti trng cng nh c thc tp ti X nghip khoan v sa ging ca Vietsovpetro, c s hng dn nhit tnh ca thy N guyn Vn Gip em quyt nh chn ti: ghin cu s mn ca chong khoan trong khoan du kh. Tnh ton s dng hp l chong khoan . N him v ca ti trc ht l gii thiu s b v chng loi cng nh cu to ca mt s loi chong . Tng hp, phn tch l thuyt v thc t v chong chp xoay nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca chong , t lm c s cho vic la chn chong khoan thch hp vi iu kin a cht v k thut c th ca nc ta nhm t nng sut khoan cao, tit kim chi ph, h gi thnh khoan. Cu trc ti bao gm phn m u, 4 chng ni dung, phn kt lun, ti liu tham kho, c trnh by trong 84 trang vi 14 bng biu, 42 hnh v. ti c hon thnh ti trng i hc M - a Cht di s hng dn ca thy guyn Vn Gip - B mn Thit b Du kh v Cng trnh. Tc gi xin by t lng bit n su sc v li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio guyn Vn Gip - B mn Thit b Du kh v cng trnh, cng cc anh ch thuc x nghip khoan v sa ging ca Vietsovpetro, cc thy c gio trong b mn Thit b Du kh v Cng trnh, b mn Khoan Khai thc, b mn C kh, b mn My Thit b M trng i Hc M - a guyn Vn Hi 2

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Cht H N i cng ton th cc bn sinh vin gip tc gi hon thnh tt ti ny. Trong qu trnh lm ti, do mc tm hiu mi dng nguyn l, ti liu cng cn hn ch v cha c trc tip s dng trong thc t nn ti cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s gp ca cc thy c v cc bn ng nghip. Xin chn thnh cm n !

H ni, thng 5 nm 2011 Sinh vin thc hin

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CH G 1 T G QUA V S D G CHO G KHOA VIETSOVPeTRO 1.1. Cc loi chong thng c s dng Vietsovpetro 1.1.1. Tng quan v chong khoan Chong khoan l mt dng c khoan, l b phn c lp t di cng ca t hp thit b y vi chc nng chnh l ph hy t to thnh l khoan phc v cho cng tc tm kim thm d v khai thc cc khong sn c ch trong v tri t. Trong cng tc khoan thm d v khai thc du kh th chong khoan ng 1 vai tr quan trng quyt nh n thnh cng ca qu trnh khoan. Chnh v vy m vic la chn s dng chong khoan 1 cch hp l v c hiu qu c quan tm ng mc trong cng tc khoan. 1. Chong khoan 2. Cn nng 3. Cn khoan 4. ng chng 5. Gi ng cn 6. i p 7. Thp khoan 8. Sn khoan 9. Rng rc tnh 10. Cp khoan 11. Bn xoay 12. Ti khoan 13. My bm 14.My pht in

Deleted: b mt

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Hnh 1.1. V tr ca chong khoan trong t hp thit b khoan V mt cu trc th chong khoan u gm 3 b phn chnh l : Phn hot ng, b phn dn dung dch v phn lp ni. Ring i vi loi chong chp xoay th cn c thm b phn c th l h thng ta ca chp xoay. - Phn lp ni: L b phn ni chong khoan vi phn di ca ct cn khoan v chuyn nng lng cn thit cho phn hot ng thng qua cc u ni trc tip bng ren, c th l ren ngoi hoc ren trong ty theo kch thc ca chong. N u chong c kch thc ln th ni bng ren trong cn chong c kch thc nh th ni bng ren ngoi - Phn hot ng: L phn tc dng trc tip vi t ph hy, chng c th lm bng rng dng nm li ct, rng hp kim cng nh hnh, hoc bng ht kim cngChng c b tr theo cc mt tip xc vi y v thnh l khoan nhm to cho l khoan c hnh dng v ng knh nht nh. c tnh v nguyn tc ca phn hot ng ph thuc vo t . - H thng dn dung dch: L khong trng gia cc thn chong cng vi cc l dn cht lng xung y c b tr vi tc dng gii phng mn khoan, lm sch y l khoan ng thi c tc dng lm mt chong khoan. N u nh tc dng cht lng i qua khi vi di 70m/s c xem l h thng ra thng, vi dn lin vi thn chong. Cn vi dng cht lng i qua khi vi tng ln t 70-130m/s c gi l mi khoan kiu vi phun, lc vi c ch to t vt liu bn mn nh hp kim gm, thp gi,thnh mt chi tit ring c th thay th c . Trong thc t ca cng tc khoan hin nay ti Vietsovpetro ph bin nht l 3 loi chong khoan c s dng l : Chong khoan dng li ct: Dng khoan t mm do, lm vic theo nguyn l ct - v. Chong khoan dng hp kim cng hoc chong kim cng : Dng khoan t t cng n rt cng, lm vic theo nguyn l mi-ct-v. Chong khoan chp xoay: C th s dng vi nhiu loi t khc nhau t mm n cng, lm vic theo nguyn l p-v. Sau y ta s trnh by c th hn v tng loi chong. 1.1.2. Cc loi chong thng c s dng Vietsovptro guyn Vn Hi 5

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1.1.2.1. Chong khoan li ct c ch to theo kiu 2 hoc 3 li ct, k hiu 2L, 3L. Chng gm thn pha trn c u ni ren v phn di l cc li ct. Pha trc ca li ct u c l thot cht lng ra sch y l khoan trong qu trnh khoan. Thn v li ct c ch to t thp hp kim yu hoc trung bnh theo phng php rn hoc dp. Ring mi khoan 2L c thn v li ct c ch to lin nhau cn loi 3L thn c ch to ri sau li ct c hn vo cch nhau 1200. tng cng bn cho li ct th mt trc v mt bn c khm hp kim cng dng bt hoc dng tm kiu cc bt vonfram ti mt chiu cao no . N goi ra mi khoan li ct cn c h thng thot nc ra c tc dng hng dng cht lng t cn khoan chy trc tip ln y khong cch 2/3 bn knh t tm mi khoan vi mc ch m bo lch dng chy v mt trc ca li ct ra sch y v lm mt li ct. Loi mi khoan 2L cn c gi l mi khoan ui c thng c ng knh t 76-161(mm ) hoc ln hn khoan trong t mm v thng khng c dng trong khoan tua bin v m men ph hy ln.

1 2 3 4

Hnh v 1.2. Chong khoan 2 li ct ( 1- Thn chong; 2 - Cnh; 3 - Rng; 4 - Tm ct)

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Loi mi khoan 3L (hoc nhiu hn) tuy c gi thnh ch to cao hn loi 2L nhng c u vit hn do to s nh tm tt, c bn mn cao hn, c th khoan vi cc cp ng knh ln hn t 120-750 mm. Chnh v vy m mi khoan cn c gia c bng hp kim cng vi chiu dy c th ti 1,5mm. N goi ra cn ch to loi li khoan 3L dng trong cng tc khoan ly mu vi cht lng m bo. 1.1.2.2. Chong khoan hp kim v chong khoan kim cng * Chong khoan hp kim c s dng khoan hiu qu i vi cc tng t c nhiu xen kp cng v mi mn. N guyn l ph hy ca mi khoan l mi-ct, chnh s lm vic c hiu qu ca loi chong khoan ny thc Ny qu trnh nghin cu hon thin cu trc ca chong khoan hp kim. in hnh l loi DIR( ca N ga ), t 1 thn c ngi ta hn vo 6 li ct c cc mp ct b tr chiu cao khc nhau so vi y, do chng ln lt c tham gia vo qu trnh ph hy t , khi cc mp di mn ht th c cc mp trn thay th. Cc li ct c gn rng hp kim cng hnh tr, cc rng c p thnh tng hng sao cho cc hng tip theo cao hn hng trc n khong 1/3 chiu cao ca rng, mt sau v mt bn (phn doa thnh ) cng nh gia cc rng phn trc u c gia c bng hp kim cng.

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Hnh 1.3. Chong khoan hp kim ( 1- Thn c; 2- Khun u; 3- Rng ct ) Qu trnh lm sch y l khoan c tin hnh thng qua 4 vi phun bng hp kim gm, trong c 1 vi phn b gia v 3 vi cn li c phn b u gia cc li ct khong cch 2/3 bn knh t tm chong m bo cho qu trnh lm sch y c hon ton. N goi ra cn 1 s loi chong c cu trc c bit khi cc rng c b tr thnh 3 hoc 4 mc chiu cao v t ra c hiu qu i vi t mm v trung bnh. * Chong khoan kim cng Chong khoan kim cng lm vic theo nguyn l ct-v, c dng khoan trong t t trung bnh n rt cng, c th khoan c c l khoan thng ng v nh hng. Dng c cho tt c cc phng php khoan c bit l khoan tua bin v t c vn tc quay cao. N u s dng chong kim cng 1 cch hp l th n cho nhng ch tiu khoan tt, c th l tin khoan cao, gim c thi gian ko th, gim c cong trong khoan nh hng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng chong ny ch yu ph thuc tnh cht ca t v tnh ton kinh t. Cu trc ca chong khoan kim cng gm phn thn, li thp, khun u v kim cng. - Thn c ch to t thp hp kim kt cu hoc l thp crom 40X vi hm lng cc bon 0,3-0,4%, phn trn c tin ren ni vi cn khoan . - Khun u l ni gn kt ca cc ht kim cng v b tr cc rnh thot nc, n l b phn quan trng nht ca chong khoan. Vt liu v cht lng ca khun u quyt nh n hiu qu hot ng ca chong kim cng. Chnh v vy m khun u phi c gin n nhit ging nh kim cng v c mn t l vi kim cng. N u khun u mm qu s mn nhanh dn n hin tng kim cng d b trc, ri. N u khun u cng qu s lm cho kim cng kh nh ln mt ca chong khoan tham gia vo qu trnh ph hy. Hin nay khun u c ch to t vt liu c s l bt cacbit volfam v 1 cht chy, sau khi nung nng trong kh tr mt hp kim theo yu cu,

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cc cht chy thng dng nht l N i, Mn, Co, Mo. Ty theo t l ca cht chy m ta c th thay i c cng ca khun u.

1. u ni 2.Thn 3. Rnh thot 4. Khun u 5,7. Rng ct 6. Vi phun 8. Gc thot dung dch

Hnh 1.4. Cu to chong kim cng(PDC) Bng 1.1. Cc thng s thit k cho mt s loi chong kim cng ( Hughes tool company) M IADC S li ct S vi phun ng knh M142 M342 4 4 6 4 63/4 M132 5 4-6 M133 M333 4 4 8 6 M433 10 8 M122 4 4
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11-12

12-14 63/4

B mt ca khun u c hnh dng khc nhau to nn do cc rnh thot nc c mt tip xc vi t , c th l rnh xon hoc rnh qut hng tm. Thng qua cc rnh xon ny m cht lng c hng t cn khoan ra khong khng vnh xuyn. Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta cn guyn Vn Hi 9

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thit k cu trc rnh thot nc bo m lm sch, lm mt tt nhng khng gy si l kim cng, chiu di v hnh dng phi la chn sao cho vi tc chy nh th no vn m bo c 1 s gim p trn mi khoan khong 1530KG/cm2. N goi ra cn cc rnh chy qua thn hng trc tip cht lng ln mt hot ng. - Phn hot ng ca mi khoan l kim cng dng ht hoc dng bt. S phn b kim cng trn khun u c th theo cc s khc nhau nh: xon, bn c, hng tmTy theo tnh cht t , h thng dn nc, kch thc hnh dng, loi kim cng m b tr nh ca ht trn mt khun l 1/3-1/8 kch thc ht. Vic sp sp ht kim cng trn 1 chong khoan cng khc nhau, chng hn mt trc phn b cc ht c kch thc t 0,2-0,34 cara, cn cc mt bn v cn pha trong th c ht nh hn t 0,1-0,25 cara. Chong khoan kim cng c ch to theo cc phng php khc nhau nh: khm, c v luyn kim bt + Khm l phng php luyn c in hin nay t c s dng, ch yu dng ch to cc kiu mi khoan ly mu. Trn mt ca khun u c c sn cc l sau khm ht kim cng v theo phng php th cng. + Phng php c c s dng ch to chong khoan, nh cc khun c c th bng than ch, khi cc ht kim cng s c sp sp theo s nht nhv rt hp kim nh vo sau c gn vi li v thn chong. + Phng php luyn kim bt c tin hnh bng cch gn cc ht kim cng theo s vo mt khun sau hn hp bt carbit volfram. + Phng php mi nht hin nay l thm nhim c tin hnh bng cch t kim cng vo khun v hn hp bt carbit volfram vo, tip l ph ln trn n bt hp kim lin kt c nhit nng chy thp hn ri tin hnh p v nung, khi hp kim lin kt s chy v thm vo bt vt liu c s ri lin kt chng li vi nhau to thnh khi thng nht. Phm vi s dng ca chong kim cng c s dng trong nhiu loi t khc nhau: mm, trung bnh, cng vi cng dng khc nhau: ph ton y hoc ly mu. Cc ch tiu k thut ca mi khoan lin quan n tnh cht guyn Vn Hi 10

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ca t v ch khoan l: cng v bn mi ca khun u, ht, s phn b v nh ca kim cng cng nh h thng thot nc ra. + i vi mm: S dng loi chong c gn ht kim cng ln. Rnh thot nc kch thc ln, hng tm phn b xen k ng u gia cc hng kim cng. + i vi trung bnh v cng nhng khng mi mn th s dng loi chong c gn ht kim cng t 6 n 8 ht/cara v mt u c bc cho php lm mt tt nht cc ht kim cng. Chong khoan loi ny c s dng cho hiu qu tt nht trong cc va macma, dolomite, anhydrite, sa thch mm + i vi cng mi mn th khun u cn phi rt cng, gm 6-9 rnh thot nc dng xon, ty theo yu cu m ch to nhiu kiu cu trc khc nhau. Hn ch ca chong kim cng l s dng khng t hiu qu cao trong t cng cng vi nt n, v chng c th lm cho ht kim cng b va p mnh. Cc loi t cha la hoc pirit lm gim tui th ca chong kim cng, v khi cc mnh vn bt ra s ln di chong v ph hng cc ht kim cng.

Hnh 1.5. Cu to chong kim cng t nhin ( 1-u ni; 2-Thn; 3-Rnh thot dung dch;4-Khun u; guyn Vn Hi 11

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5- ng dn dung dch ra khi chong )

Hnh 1.6. Mt ct chong kim cng Bng 1.2. Cc b phn chong khoan kim cng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn u mi khoan Cnh mi khoan ng knh N i ghi cc s liu, ng knh, ren, s l sn xut Ren API u ni Thn Matrix STT 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Tn ng ra ca dung dch khoan Rng ct Vi phun Li ct Rnh thot dung dch Rnh thot dung dch Khun u ( ni gn kim cng ) ng ra ca dung dch khoan 12

Formatted: Centered

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Chong khoan chp xoay l 1 dng c cng ngh thi cng cc ging khoan tm kim thm d v khai thc cc khong sn c ch. Chong chp xoay a vo s dng t nhng nm u th k 19 v c dng rng ri trong cng ngh khoan du kh v cho hiu qu tt. Hin nay gn 95% s mt khoan du kh u s dng chong chp xoay. So vi cc loi chong khoan khc th chong chp xoay c u im l: Tuy c din tch tip xc vi y l khoan nh hn nhiu (so vi chong cnh dt) nhng di mt lm vic li ln hn v vy hiu sut ph hy cao hn. Do c cu to c bit, cc chp xoay ln trn t trong qu trnh ph hy nn rng chong t b mi mn hn. ph hy t cn m men quay nh hn v vy hn ch c hin tng kt chong trong qu trnh khoan. c trng ca loi chong l s chuyn ng tng i ca phn hot ng ( rng chong ) so vi thn to ra cho n c 3 bc t do l quay v tnh tin theo trc mi khoan, ng thi cn thc hin cc chuyn ng quay quanh trc ca chp xoay. Trong thc t c th ch to theo phng n chong 1 chp xoay v nhiu chp xoay khoan ly mu hoc ph hy y. Hnh dng ca chp c th l n cn hoc a cn, y l 1 c cu rt phc tp gm nhiu khu c kch thc ng v gc lin quan cht ch vi nhau, l 1 trong nhng mt hng c kh i hi cng ngh gia cng kh khn v phc tp nht.

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Hnh 1.7. Chong khoan chp xoay ( 1- Chong rng phay, 2- Chong rng nh) Bng 1.3. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca chong chp xoay Loi chong ATM-1 ATM-G1(S) ATM-G3 ATM-05 ATJ-55A ATJ-77 ATJ-99 MAX-G3 MAX-05 JG2 J3 JG3 JG4 J7 S80F AIDC 116 117 137 417 637 737 837 135 415 127 136 137 217 316 417 Ti trng cho php ( lb/in ) 2000-5000 2000-5000 2000-5000 2000-5000 3000-6000 3000-6000 4000-6500 1000-4000 1000-3500 2000-5500 2000-6000 2000-6000 3000-7000 3000-7500 1000-5000 S vng quay ( vg/ph ) 300-80 300-80 300-80 280-70 70-35 65-35 55-30 350-80 350-80 150-70 120-60 120-60 90-50 80-50 160-70

( Hughes tool company) 1.1.2.4. Cc loi Chong c bit Chong u nhn: Dng khoan chuyn ng knh t ln sang nh, khoan ph nt xi mng trong ng chng, khoan cu s c. Chong lch tm: Dng khoan m l nhnh trong trng hp cn c l khoan ng knh ln hn ng knh cho. guyn Vn Hi 14

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Chong li xon: Dng khoan xin ging khoan trong trng hp khoan bng phng php khoan roto c s dng mng nghing. Chong doa rng: L chong dng m rng ng knh thn l khoan. Thng c hai loi, loi c cnh doa trong t mm, loi c cu to chp xoay doa trong t cng. Chong khoan ly mu: L loi chong ph hy t y theo hnh vnh khn st thnh l khoan li mu li gia. Chong ly mu c nhiu kiu cu trc khc nhau, loi li ct kim cng, loi bn chp xoay c cng khc nhau ph hp vi nhiu loi t khc nhau.

Hnh 1.8. Cc loi chong c bit guyn Vn Hi 15

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( 1- Chong u nhn; 2- Chong lch tm; 3- Chong doa 4- Chong xon; 5- Chong ly mu) 1.2. hng kt qu t c v 1 s tn ti 1.2.1. Kt qu Vietsovpetro l X nghip Lin doanh u tin ca Vit N am vi nc ngoi trong lnh vc du kh v l mt biu tng ca tnh Hu ngh Vit N am - Lin Bang N ga. X nghip Lin doanh du kh Vit -X c thnh lp trn c s cc Hip nh Vit - X v hp tc thm d, khai thc du kh trn thm lc a Vit N am k ngy 03/07/1980 v Hip nh Lin Chnh ph Vit N am - Lin X k ngy 19/06/1981 v vic thnh lp Lin doanh du kh Vit - X. Trong gn 30 nm hot ng, Viesovpetro kho st 115.000 kilmt tuyn a chn, trong c 71.000 kilmt tuyn a chn khng gian 3 chiu. khoan 368 ging, bao gm 61 ging khoan tm kim, thm d v 307 ging khoan khai thc. Ti hai m Bch H v m Rng, xy dng trn 40 cng trnh bin trong c cc cng trnh ch y nh: 12 gin khoan-khai thc c nh, 10 gin nh, 02 gin cng ngh trung tm, 02 gin nn kh, 04 gin duy tr p sut va, 03 trm rt du khng bn. Tt c cc cng trnh c kt ni thnh mt h thng ng ng ngm ni m lin m di trn 400 killomet. t c mc tiu ra th nhim v cp bch ca ngnh du kh l tip tc Ny mnh cng tc tm kim thm d du kh cc b trm tch v khNn trng a cc m pht hin tr lng thng mi vo khai thc, y l mt thch thc ln i vi ngnh, l biu hin s tp trung cao v u t hng t USD thc hin mt khi lng cng vic khng l m thc t chng ta mi tin hnh c mt phn trong nhng nm qua. Mt khc do iu kin a cht c th ca vng m, ch yu du kh c khai thc tng mng su c nhit v p sut cao. Cho nn vic tin hnh khoan cc l khoan thm d v khai thc du kh gp khng t kh khn phc tp, i hi phi c trnh khoa hc k thut cao cng vi trang thit b hin i nng cao tc khoan nhm tng hiu qu v rt ngn thi guyn Vn Hi 16

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gian thi cng. Mt trong nhng dng c quan trng quyt nh n s thnh cng ca qu trnh khoan l chong khoan. Trong nhng nm gn y bn v tui th ca chong khoan c tng ln ng k do s dng ngy cng rng ri cc loi chong kiu mi c gn rng hp kim cng v vt liu siu cng cho hiu qu khoan cao. N h gii thiu phn mt th c nhiu loi chong c s dng ph hy t . N hng chong chp xoay l loi c s dng nhiu nht v n c hiu qu hn c, chim khong 86%- 95% khi lng cc chong khoan c s dng. Trc y thng s dng cc loi do Lin X sn xut, nhng nhng nm gn y ta s dng rng ri cc loi chong khoan ca M, Php, N htN hn chung cc loi chong ca M hiu qu hn ca N ga nhng khng n nh: C chong khoan c 600m n 800m, c chong ch khoan c 50-70m. T nhng mt khoan u tin n nay x nghip Vietsovptro khoan thm d v khai thc hng ngn ki l mt di lng t. Khai thc hng triu thng du v kh s dng cho ni a v sut khNu thu v ngun ngoi t di do, ng vai tr ln cho s nghip pht trin kinh t t nc. Trong cng tc khoan th thi gian nng th b khoan c chim n 40% tng thi gian khoan. V vy rt ngn thi gian nng th l yu t lun c quan tm. n nay nhiu cng ngh mi c ci tin, cc loi chong c sn xut vi cng ngh hin i hn tng bn nhit, mi mn gp phn rt ngn thi gian cht trong qu trnh nng th do t phi thay chong. N h s ng dng ca mt s loi chong kim cng..vv.. S ng dng ca nhiu cng ngh mi trong thm dm kho st a cht gip tm hiu ng hn v cu trc a tng t ti vng khoan. T c th phn loi la chn chong khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng c th gip rt ngn thi gian khoan, gim ri ro cho chong, tng tui th lm vic. Hin nay nhiu loi chong vi cu to v vt liu mi c ng dng nhiu hn nng cao hiu qu cng tc khoan. Khoan cc ging su hn vi cc loi chong c gia c bng cc loi vt liu cng, chu nhit chng mi mn nh kim cng, gip rt ngn thi gian nng th. 1.2.2. hng tn ti

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Hin ti cng tc khoan thm d v khai thc du kh ca Vit N am ch yu c thc hin trong vng thm lc a tri di trong c nc. C rt nhiu cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc tin hnh khoan cc ging khoan thm d v khai thc du kh, c ging khoan t ti chiu su trn 5000m. Tuy c nhiu s tin b trong cng tc khoan v thm d du kh nhng bn cnh vn cn mt s tn ti. Trong qu trnh thi cng cc ging khoan vic s dng chong khoan cha c quan tm ng mc dn n hiu sut lm vic ca chong cha cao, c rt nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan cng nh ch quan lm gim hiu sut ca chong. Cho nn ti mt s cng trnh khoan xy ra s lng ph ln trong vic s dng chong khoan lm cho gi thnh khoan tng cao. Trc khi tin hnh khoan th cng tc la chn chong khoan cha tht hp l, bi v bn thn chng ta cha ch to c chong khoan m phi mua t cc cng ty ca nc ngoi cho nn cc chng loi ca chong khoan cha tht ph hp vi c im a cht v iu kin lm vic ca Vit N am v du ch yu c khai thc t tng mng c nhit v p sut cao, iu kin lm vic ngoi bin rt phc tp v kh khn. Trong qu trnh khoan th trc khi tin hnh th chong cha kim tra k tnh trng lm vic ca chong dn n mt s chong c ko ln sm v b s c. Sau khi ko chong ln th vic nh gi chat lng ca chong ( tnh trng mn, d v hng ) cha c quan tm ng mc. Cho nn vic tm ra nguyn nhn ti sao gy ra s c hng chong khng c thc hin nghim tc lm c s khoa hc v thc tin trong vic la chn chong khoan cho cc ging khoan tip theo. t c v tn ti ci g? Chng ny ang ni v tng quan s dng choong, vy, kt lun v vic s dng n ti Vietsov ch

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Deleted:

CH G 2 CU TO V GUY L PH HY CA CHO G KHOA 2.1. Phn loi chong Cu to v nguyn l ph hy th cn g phn loi? Phn tng quan v s dng choong ti Vietsov c nu cc loi choong ri, khng cn nu li phn loi na. 2.1.1. Phn loi chung Do tnh cht a dng ca cng tc khoan, tnh cht c l ca t v cc yu cu trong qu trnh thi cng m chong khoan c ch to theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Chnh v vy m vic phn loi chong khoan cng da trn nhiu quan im khc nhau nh: mc ch khoan, nguyn l ph hy t , hnh dng cu trc ca chong, tnh cht ca t tt c h thng phn loi ny u ph thuc ln nhau v khng c 1 thang phn loi no chim d c v tr ch o. Diu quan trng nht l ngi s dng phi chn c loi chong khoan ph hp vi iu kin khoan c th p ng c v mt kinh t cng nh k thut ca cng tc khoan. Hin nay c th phn loi chong khoan theo 1 s quan im sau: 2.1.1.1. Theo mc ch ca cng tc khoan Li khoan ly mu: Dng cho cng tc khoan thm d kho st vi mc ch ly c mu trong qu trnh khoan phn tch theo yu cu ca cng tc khoan. Chong khoan ph y: Ton b t y l khoan s b chong ph hy hon ton to thnh ging khoan. N hng loi chong khoan c cng dng c bit nh chong dng doa rng thnh l khoan, chong dng khoan nh hng, chong dng cu cha s c, ph cu xi mng 2.1.1.2. Theo nguyn l ph hy t Di tc dng ca chong khoan t b ph hy theo nhng nguyn l ph hy khc nhau v c cc loi chong tng ng: guyn Vn Hi 19

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Chong khoan kiu p - v: in hnh cho loi ny l chong khoan chp xoay. t b ph hy di tc dng ca lc p v xoay. Chong khoan kiu ct - v: t b ph hy di tc dng ch yu ca lc ct v in hnh trong nhm ny l chong cnh. Chong khoan kiu mi - ct: Ch yu trong nhm ny l li khoan c gn hp kim cng hoc ht kim cng c kh nng chu mi mn cao. 2.1.1.3. Theo hnh dng cu trc Chong cnh: c khoan trong t mm, b ri. Chong chp xoay: c dng khoan trong t t trung bnh n cng. Chong kim cng: c dng khoan trong t cng. 2.1.1.4. Theo tnh cht c l ca t Do t c cng khc nhau cho nn ngi ta cng ch to ra cc loi chong tng ng cho ph hp vi tng loi t nh: chong mm, chong cng, chong trung bnh v cc loi chong trung gian k cn. N goi ra cn c loi chong chu mi mn v chong t chu mi mn. 2.1.2. Phn loi theo IADC c im cu to ca chong khoan chp xoay c trng bi ng knh, hnh dnh, kiu dng, kiu rng, kiu v c cu bi trn. V vy, cc hng ch to chong khoan cc nc u c cc k hiu ring cho chong ca mnh v do i vi cng mt loi t m c nhiu kiu k hiu chong khc nhau. N m 1972 Hip hi Quc t cc nh thu khoan ( vit tt ting anh IADC ) thng nht xy dng 1 bng phn loi i vi cc chong khoan. N i dung ch yu ca bng phn loi ny l mi chong s c k hiu bng 3 ch s v mt ch ci. V d 123A. - Ch s u tin c nh s t 1 n 8: Cung cp thng tin v kiu b phn ct : kiu rng, cng, mi mn, v sc chu nn. S 1,2,3 : Chong rng phay bng thp, c s dng khoan a tng mm(1), trung bnh(2), n cng (3). S 4,5,6,7,8 : Chong rng nh, rng cacbit vonfram, khoan trong t c cng tng dn (t 4-mm n 8-rt cng ).

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- Ch s th 2 : c nh s t 1n 4: Ch cng ca loi t thch hp khoan c hiu qu, t mm(1) n rt cng(4). S 1: t mm S 2: t mm n trung bnh S 3: t cng S 4: t rt cng - Ch s th 3 c nh s t 1 n 7: Quy nh loi v mc bo v thn chp xoay. S 1: bi a, h, khng bo v thn chp xoay, thng c ng knh calip bng ng knh chong. S 2: bi a, h, khng bo v. Dng c c thit k khoan thi kh (trn thc t hu ht dng c khoan thi kh c bo v chng n mn nhng tr trng hp ny ). S 3: bi a, h, c bo v calip chng n mn. Thng l chong c ng knh 12.1/4. S 4: bi a, kn, khng c bo v calip. Rt him gp loi ny, khng thc t . S 5: bi a, kn, c bo v calip (c s dng nhiu ). S 6: trc ma st, kn, khng bo v calip (him gp, ko thc t, c thit k khoan trong thi gian di ) S 7: trc ma st ,kn ,c bo v calip (ng dng thc t nhiu ). - K hiu cc ch ci: Cc ch ci quy nh cc chc nng m rng ca chong khoan.

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Bng 2.1. Bng cc ch ci trong h thng phn loi chong chp xoay STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ch ci A B C D E G H M S T W X Y Z ln c bit Chong c vi phun trung tm Kim sot lch chong Vi phun ko di hn bnh thng Chng mi mn ng knh v thn chong Thit k dnh cho khoan nganh hoc khoan nh hng Chong thch hp dng cho ng c y Rng phay dng chuNn Chong hai chp xoay Rng chng mi mn Rng nh dng c Rng nh dng nn Rng nh dng khc Cc chc nng m rng Thit k c bc v vi phun ra bng kh

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V d 1: C 1 chong khoan vi k hiu IADC nh sau 737Y . Yu cu chng ta c v hiu ngha cc con s nh sau : Ch s u tin 7 (7>3) : Chong kiu rng nh Ch s th hai 3 : Chong c kh nng khoan nhng thnh h cng ,n mn trung bnh v n mn . Ch s th ba 7 : Dng trc ma st v c bo v calip Ch ci Y : Rng nh dng nn 2.2. Cu to chung chong chp xoay Chong chp xoay c cu to bng 3 phn chnh l: thn chong, phn lm vic, h thng bi trn( nu c), b phn ta v h thng dn nc ra: guyn Vn Hi 22

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- Thn chong c ch to bng thp hp kim theo hai kiu: thn ri v thn lin: Loi thn lin: Thn chong c c lin khi sau hn cc chn vo( trn c np cc chp xoay, trong thn chong c hn 1 tm c cc l hng dng nc ra theo yu cu, pha trn ca thn chong l phn u ni c tin ren cn bn trong ni vi cn khoan, chong nhm ny thng c ng knh 354 490mm. Loi thn ri: Thn chong c hnh thnh bng cch hn cc chn chong li vi nhau, trn c np cc chp xoay v c l thot nc ra, u trn ca chong c tin ren ngoi ni vi cn khoan, loi thn ri thng c ng knh 76 320mm. - Phn lm vic ( bao gm chp xoay, cc rng ca chp xoay), bn trong l cc ng ln ngoi ca ta, cc rng c xp thnh tng hng vng quanh cc chp xoay. Cc rng ca chp xoay ny xen k vi cc rng ca chp xoay bn cnh. Cc rng bng thp c phay ngay trn chp xoay hoc bng cacbua volfram nh vo cc l trn b mt cc chp.

1. Chp xoay 1 2. Chp xoay 2 3. Chp xoay 3 4. Hng rng ngoi 5. Sng rng nh 6. Hng rng nh

Hnh 2.1. B phn rng ct guyn Vn Hi 23

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Trong qu trnh lm vic th chp xoay va quay quanh trc ca chong v t quay quanh trc ca chp ng thi b trt khi quay nn va c tc dng p va c tc dng ct hu hiu vi t mm. - B phn ta gm cc vng bi cu hoc bi a v vng trt. Ty theo kiu chong v iu kin s dng m cu to ca chp xoay cng khc nhau. Cc vng bi cu chu ti trng chiu trc l ch yu, cn cc vng bi a chu ti trng hng tm l ch yu.

1. Tai mi khoan 2. bi a 3. bi cu 4. Chp xoay 5. Rng ct

Hnh 2.2. B phn ta - H thng cch ly v bi trn ln: H thng bi trn ln khng c ng dng trong tt c cc loi chong. Ty thuc mc ch s dng v c tnh cu to ca tng loi chong m ngi ta c hay khng ng dng h thng bi trn thy lc ny. H thng bi trn thy lc thng c np t trong cc c np vng m kn. H thng bi trn thy lc thng bao gm: C cu b tr p sut bng mng cao su (1). Hc m cha cht bi trn t ngay sau b b p sut (2) ng dn dung dch: Rnh nh c thng t va du bi trn n bi trn cho cc ln (3). N guyn tc lm vic: H thng bi trn lm vic di tc dng ca p lc dung dch khoan trong y ging khoan. Thng qua c cu b tr (1) c tc dng Ny lm p sut trong hc m lun bng vi p sut ca dung dch khoan trong y ging. B b p sut nhn p lc t dung dch khoan guyn Vn Hi 24

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y ging, Ny cht bi trn trong va du (2) qua ng dn dung dch (3) ti chn ln( du i theo hnh mi tn nh hnh v) v bi trn cho cc ln.

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1. C cu b tr p sut 2. Hc m bi trn 3. ng dn 4,6. Cc bi 5. m kn 7. Chp xoay 8. Mng cn bng 9. Chn mi khoan

Hnh 2.3. B phn bi trn ln - H thng dn nc ra ( h thng vi ra): c b tr thn chong v cc b phn dn dung dch xung y nhm mc ch ra sch y l khoan v lm mt chong khoan. C th phn ra 2 h thng ra l ra thng v ra thy lc. H thng ra thng: L thot nc ra c thit k tm ca chong thng c tit din trn. H thng ra thng thng c c trng bi vn tc ca dng dung dch thot ra l thot l v < 70 m/s.

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H thng ra thy lc: c trng bi vn tc dng nc ra thot ra t 70-130 m/s c tc dng lm sch y tc bi 3 vi phun lm bng hp kim gm s chng mi mn v c th thay th c.

Hnh 2.4. H thng vi phun (1) Kch thc ca cc chi tit cu thnh chong ph thuc vo loi t cn khoan. Chong khoan trong t mm cn ti trng b th c cc ln nh hn, cc chp xoay km dy hn v cc chn rng c tit din b hn chong khoan trong t cng. Cc chong khoan trong t cng cn lm vic vi ti trng ln hn, c cc chi tit ct gt t hn, cc ln ln hn v thn chong vng chc hn. guyn Vn Hi 27

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Hnh 2.5. H thng bi trn, ln, vi phun 1. Khe h dn du bi trn 6. u vi phun 2. Hc m bi trn 7. Vng chn 3. C cu b tr 8. chn 4. M bo v 9. bi cu 5. H thng vi phun N goi ra chong chp xoay cn nhiu b phn nh khc. Di y l hnh v m t chi tit cc thnh phn cu to ca mt loi chong chp xoay rng nh. guyn Vn Hi 28

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Hnh 2.6. Cu to chi tit chong chp xoay

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Trng i hc M - a cht

STT Cc b phn 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Thn chong Vnh ngoi Rng cc bt vonfram Vi phun G vi phun Mt chp xoay Hng rng gia V bc chp Hng rng nh u rng nh chp Hng rng gia Hng rng ngoi Cc loi rng

2.3. Quy lut ph hy t c bn ca chong chp xoay Chong khoan chp xoay ph v t y ch yu nh 2 chuyn ng chnh l chuyn ng tnh tin t trn xung di do tc dng ca p lc chiu trc v chuyn ng quay ca chong do tc dng ca roto hoc tuc bin. Trong qu trnh lm vic cc chp xoay va quay xung quanh trc ca mnh va quay xung quanh trc ca chong khoan. Khi quay xung quanh trc ca mnh cc chp xoay lc th t 1 rng lc th t 2 rng ln y l khoan(hnh v), v vy trong qu trnh quay c s dch chuyn ln xung ca rng chong, chnh s dch chuyn ny to ra qu trnh va p tng phn ln y, cho nn cc chp xoay tc dng ln y l khoan c ti trng tnh v ti trng ng. Ty theo hnh dng ca chp v v tr tng i gia trc guyn Vn Hi 30

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chong v trc chp m tc dng ca rng chong ln t l p thun ty hay p cng vi ct trong qu trnh khoan v khi cc chp xoay thc hin 1 chuyn ng rt phc tp c th hin trong hnh v sau. Khi quay xung quanh trc ca chong ( trc OA ) theo chiu kim ng h vi tc l OA, th cc chp xoay s ln v quay quanh trc OB ngc chiu kim ng h, vi tc l OB (tc tng i). N h vy chuyn ng tuyt i ca chp xoay ( tng hp ca 2 chuyn ng trn) l chuyn ng quay quanh trc tc thi MN vi tc l MN . Trc MN i qua giao im O ( ca trc chong v trc chp xoay ) v i qua im O1 l tip im gia u rng chong vi mt y l khoan. Mi im nm trn trc quay tc thi u ng yn, mi im nm ngoi trc quay tc thi MN u chuyn ng trn ng trn, bn knh bng khong cch t im n trc MN . Khi chuyn ng quay quanh trc tc thi, cc chp xoay s ct t .

Hnh 2.7. Phn tch s chuyn ng ca chp xoay guyn Vn Hi 31

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Cng ct( trt )ca mt chong c nh gi bng h s trt K. H s trt bng t l gia tng din tch trt trn t ca chong sau mt vng quay v din tch y l khoan. Trong trng hp cc ng sinh ca chp xoay nm trn trc quay tc thi th h s trt bng khng. H s trt K c xc nh theo cng thc 2.1:

(2.1)

Trong : vng quay.

At - l tng din tch trt trn t ca chong sau 1

Ad - din tch y l khoan Trong s cc loi chong chp xoay c s dng trong cng tc khoan th loi chong 3 chp xoay t ra c u vit hn c, n c th khoan c nhiu loi t . Chnh v vy m loi chong ny c dng nhiu nht trong khoan du kh chim khong 95% tng s chong c s dng.

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CH G 3 GHI CU S M H G CA CHO G KHOA 3.1. Tnh cht a tng m Bch H Bng 3.1. Cu trc a cht m Bch H

Formatted: Font: Bold Formatted: Font: Bold Formatted: Font: Bold Formatted: Font: Bold Formatted: Font: Bold

Da vo cc c im thch hc, c sinh, ti liu Karota ging khoan ca m Bch H, cc nh a cht phn chia v gi tn cc phn v a tng guyn Vn Hi 33

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theo tn a phng cho cc cu to a cht vng m Bch H. T trn xung ct a tng tng hp ca m Bch H c m t nh sau: 3.1.1. Trm tch eogen v t * Trm tch Plioxen- T (ip Bin ng): Trm tch Bin ng ph bt chnh hp ln trm tch Mioxen. Thnh phn thch hc gm ct, st v st bt xen k si mu xm, mu vng v mu vng xanh. Thng gp y nhiu mnh vi sinh vt bin. Ln trn thnh phn gm ct b ri xen k vi st mu xm sng v xm xanh vi mt t mc n, c mt s lng ln foraminifera. Chiu dy ca ip t 550- 600m. * Ph thng Mioxen trn (ip ng ai): ip ng N ai gm cc lp ct b ri v ct khng gn kt mu xanh ln xt nhiu mu. Chiu dy ip t 600- 650m. B dy tng dn ra pha cnh ca lp cu to v ph dy ln trm tch ip Cn Sn. * Ph thng Mioxen trung (ip Cn Sn): Phn di ca ip ny c cu to bi cc lp ht th mu xm v xm trng vi st mu nu , trong st c lp kp than. y l nhng t lc nguyn dng khi, b ri. Thnh phn chnh l thch anh chim 80%, Fenspat v cc phun tro, xi mng st v st vi c mu loang l, b ri mm do. t ny to trong iu kin bin nng, mui trung bnh, chu tc ng ca dng bin, ni lng ng kh gn ca ngun vt liu. B dy ca ip t 800- 900m. * Ph thng Mioxen di (ip Bch H): ip Bch H l s xen kp cc lp ct, st v st bt, ct xm sng, xm, st mu sc s loang l kt dnh do (c bit l tng trn ca ip- tng st Rotalia). bt xm, nu phn di ca ip. y l tng chn mang tnh cht khu vc rt tt. bt kt xm v nu . phn di ca ip chiu dy lp kp ct kt tng ln, y l tng sn phNm cha du 23, 24, 25. Cn c vo c im thch hc v c sinh ngi ta chia ip Bch H ra thnh 2 ph ip: Ph ip Bch H trn v ph ip Bch H di. Ph ip Bch H trn st chim u th, ph ip Bch H di l s xen k ct kt v st kt, u th ct tng ln. B dy ca ip l 600 700m. 3.1.2. Cc trm tch Paleogen * Tp trm tch Oligoxen thng (ip Tr Tn): Trm tch ny bao gm cc lp ct kt ht mn n trung, mu xm sng xen k vi cc tp dy guyn Vn Hi 34

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st kt mu nu chuyn dn sang en v pha di. c bit pht hin trong tng trm tch ny cc thn phun tro c thnh phn thay i. dy ca lp trm tch Tr Tn gim dn phn vm ca cu to m Bch H v tng t ngt phn cu to. Trong ip Tr Tn c cc tng sn phNm bo ho du l: IB, IA, I, II, IV, V. Chiu dy trm tch ca ip thay i t 50 1400m. * Tp trm tch Oligoxen h (ip Tr C): Trm tch ny bao gm cc lp ct st xen k ht trung v ht nh mu nu xm ln vi bt kt mu nu b nn nn cht nhiu v nt n. y ca ip gp si kt v cc mnh mng to thnh tp lt y ca lp ph trm tch. B dy ca tp lt y ny bin i trong cc ging khoan t 0 170m, tng dn theo hng ln chm ca mng cn vm th vng mt hon ton. N gi ta nhn c du tp lt ny. N goi ra cn pht hin lp kp phun tro mt s ging khoan. Tng a chn phn x 11 trng vi nc ip Tr C. Cc tng ct kt cha du cng nghip (t trn xung): VI, VII, VIII, IX, X c xc nh. l cc tp ct kt mu xm sng, ht t trung bnh n mn, chn la tt, c rng bin i t 10 20%. 3.1.3. mng trc Kainozoi mng trc Kainozoi ch yu l cc th xm nhp granitoit, granit v granodiorit. Thnh phn khong vt ch yu l thch anh (10 30%), Fenspat (50 80%), Mica v Amphibol (t him ti 8,9%) v cc khong vt ph khc. Tui ca mng l Jura mun v Kreta sm (tui tng i l t 107 - 108 triu nm). mng c b dy phn b khng u v khng lin tc trn cc a hnh. B dy lp phong ho c th ln ti 160m. Kt qu phn tch khng gian rng trong mng cho thy rng trong phn b khng u, trung bnh t 3- 5%. Quy lut phn b rng rt phc tp. Hin nay mng l ni cung cp du th rt quan trng ca m Bch H. Du t phun vi lu lng ln t mng l mt hin tng c o, trn th gii ch gp mt s ni nh: Bombay (n ), High (Libi). Ging khoan su 900m vo mng kt tinh m Bch H vn cha tm thy ranh gii du - nc. gii thch cho hin tng tr du th trong mng kt tinh, ngi ta tin hnh nhiu nghin cu v u ra kt lun s hnh thnh khng gian rng cha

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35

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du trong mng granitoit m Bch H l do tc ng ca nhiu yu t a cht khc nhau. 3.2. Cc dng mn ca chong khoan, nguyn nhn v cch nhn bit 3.2.1. S mn hng do qu trnh sn xut, vn chuyn Chong b hng hc khuyt tt trong qu trnh ch to, ( lng rng, chp b mo, chp xoay b kt trong , cc li v ln ). Cc s c i vi chong khi hot ng nh b v chong, t thn, v vng bi, tut u ni. S c xy ra nhiu nht vn l ri chp y l khoan, do mn bt thng ta hay ngng trc.. Do c li trong qu trnh gia cng vt liu, cc vt liu c gia cng khng ng quy trnh k thut dn n khng m bo cc yu cu v cng, chu mi mnca vt liu lm chong. Hoc chong c th b st m, cong vnh do va p trong qu trnh vn chuyn hoc kim tra. 3.2.2. Cc dng mn hng do qu trnh s dng v vn hnh 3.2.2.1. Mn chong - Mn rng: Cc rng b mn theo dng trn, phn mi b mn, khng cn kch thc nh bnh thng nhng phn lng c th vn nm trong kch thc bnh thng. Chong vn khoan c bnh thng nhng kh nng m xuyn b gim mnh do cm su ca rng chong vo t b hn ch. Mi ca rng chong b mi trn nguyn nhn ch yu l khi khoan vo t mi mn cao, vi tc vt qu cho php hay khoan m rng di y ging.

Hnh 3.1. Mn rng guyn Vn Hi 36

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- Mn chp xoay: Chp xoay b mi mn trong mn khoan tc cao. Do tc ng ca dng xoy nn bn khoan c th lm mn v chp xoay t b mt tip xc trc tip vi dng dung dch i ra t vi phun. Trn chong c gn cacbua vonfram, v chp xoay b mn c th dn n lm mn chn rng, l nguyn nhn ch yu dn n mt rng ct. Xi mn thng l vn lin quan n thy lc. Vi cc thng s thy lc khng ph hp bn khoan c th lm xi mn v chp xoay nhanh hn mc bnh thng. Mt khc vic d tha nng lng thy tnh c th dn n xi mn cht lu cao. Kt hp vi vic mi mn do tip xc vi va dn n xi mn cc rnh ca chp xoay. - Mn calip (vt chong): Chong b vt khi n b p nh hn kch c ban u bng cc lc c hc. Cc lc p c th b gy ra bi s b hp ca thnh ging khoan khi khoan vo thnh h mm, d st l. Khi chong b p nh hn kch thc ban u, hu ht cc g ca rng s b mn theo hnh vng trn. Bnh thng n b ph hy theo ng vung gc vi lc gy mi mn.

Hnh 3.2. Chong b vt N guyn nhn khc ca chong b vt l do p chong vo ging nh hn kch thc chong, a chong chp xoay vo lm vic trong vng ging khoan m thch hp khoan vi chong kim cng, hoc chong b vt do thit b g hc chong khoan. Chong b vt c th dn n rng b t gy, vt rng, chp xoay b dnh vi nhau, khi chp s trt (ko lt) lm cc b phn ct b mi mn nhanh chng. guyn Vn Hi 37

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- Xi l mi hn: Xy ra bt k lc no trong qu trnh hot ng ca chong. N u mi hn ca chong xp, rng hay khng kn, chong s bt u b xi l mi hn ngay khi bt u qu trnh vn hnh. Thng thng mi hn kn nhng s nt gy trong qu trnh hot ng do cc va chm vi y ging khoan hoc cc mu trong qu trnh nng th. V khi xy ra nt v bt u tun hon dung dch, qua vt nt s xi mn xy ra nhanh hn. Xi l mi hn c th do dng chy ca dung dch khoan trong y ging hoc do p lc thy tnh ngay trong ct cn khoan.

Hnh 3.3. Xi l mi hn 3.2.2.2. Hng cc b cc b phn chong - Hng rng: N hng cnh sc ca nhng vt m trn nn xoay cho thy s mn hng ca rng vo thi k cui ca chong khoan.

Hnh 3.4. Hng rng guyn Vn Hi 38

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mt vi thnh h rng b hng l do c dim mi mn bnh thng ca rng cacbua vonfram gn vo chong, khng phi l vn do hot ng ca chong. Vi chong gn rng cacbua vonfram, iu ny cng xy ra thng xuyn khi bn nn ca t ln hn ca rng ct. Cn i vi rng thp th n khng c coi l hin tng mn bnh thng. N l do s ng dng hay cc thng s hot ng ca chong khng thch hp. V d nh khi khi khoan vi ti trng vt qu mc l nguyn nhn dn n hng ch yu vi cc hng rng gia. Cn khoan vi s vng quay vt qu mc th ch yu lm hng hng rng ngoi cng. N goi ra rng c th b t gy do y ging cn ln ph phNm hoc va chm vi cc mu trong qu trnh nng th( cc mu thng sut hin trong thnh h mm, do s chnh lch v trng lng nn b nh ra khi thnh ging), hoc do chong t ngt chm vo y, hay cc c tnh ca chong khng thch hp s dng ph hy t trong mi trng . V d nh khoan vo va qu cng i vi cng ca chong ang c s dng cng c th lm t gy rng. - N t chp xoay: Xut hin vt nt trn quanh chp xoay( nh hnh v) Cc vt nt sinh ra do v chp b mn, lm gim dy ca v c bit l rnh ca chp. Hoc nhit lng pht ra do s mi mn va trong qu trnh hot ng c bit l qu trnh khoan hoc nng th lch tm cng l nguyn nhn gy ra vt nt. N goi ra chp xoay cng c th b nt do ph phNm di y ging khoan, hay chong va chm vo cc mu , hoc ct cn b ri, hoc nn xoay c th b nt gy b dn do hidro sunfua.

Hnh 3.5. Chp xoay b nt guyn Vn Hi 39

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- V chp xoay: Chp xoay b v mt phn nhng vn cn kh nng xoay nhng km hiu qu, cn phi kim tra va c bin php khc phc ngay v khi mt phn chp xoay b v s ri xung y ging v va chm vi cc rng ct trong qu trnh khoan lm mn rng nhanh chng. Chp xoay b hng c th do b gin bi hidrosunfua, mt loi kh c c cng thc ha hc H2S c th t sinh ra trong du th v khi gp nc to thnh axit c kh nng n mn cc hp cht kim loi.

Hnh 3.6. Hng chp xoay Chp xoay cng c th b hng do gp phi mu trong khi ko th. S va chm vi cc mu c cng cao c th lm nt,v chp xoay. Hay cc chp xoay b dnh hoc va chm vo nhau khi trc cc chp xoay b vnh hay b mt ng knh trc. - Hng tai mi khoan: Mn tai mi khoan c th dn ti hng b phn bt kn trong cc ta, c th lm ph hy ta. N guyn nhn chnh l do ph phNm vn trong ging, hay trong qu trnh khoan m rng y ging c ng knh nh hn ng knh ca chong khoan, do cc va t gy lm tn hi n tai mi khoan phn ngoi cng ca chong. l mt vi nguyn nhn gy hi n tai mi khoan. - Chong tr li ra ngoi: Chong tr li ra ngoi khi phn mi b hng. Khi phn mi b mi mn qu mc do cng ca t va ln hn sc chu mi mn ca chp xoay. guyn Vn Hi 40

Deleted:

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Hnh 3.7. Chong tr li ra ngoi 3.2.2.3. Mt cc b phn chong khoan - Mt rng: Ch xy ra vi chong rng nh khi c b phn rng ct b bt ra ngoi. N guyn nhn ch yu do s ni lng ca vng kp cc rng ca chp xoay, do lm mt 1 vi rng ca chp xoay, hoc c th do v chp xoay b mn lm tr chn rng ra ngoi. i vi chong c gn rng cacbua vonfram, s mt rng thng xy ra vi hng rng gia ca chp xoay. N guyn nhn ny lin quan trc tip n cc loi ph phNm cn li trong y ging khoan.

Hnh 3.8. Mt rng Mt rng xy ra nhanh hn khi cc rng quay quay vi tc cao, cng vi vic xi mn chp xoay. N goi ra vic sut hin cc vt nt chp xoay guyn Vn Hi 41

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s lm lng cc vng kp rng trn chp xoay v lm mt rng.( hin tng gin hidrosunfua gy ra cc vt nt). - Mt chp xoay: Chong b mt c chp xoay, tr trc chp hoc ta ra ngoi. Chp xoay c th b mt do nhiu l do, c th do va chm vi mu hay y ging khoan trong qu trnh ko th hay ni ng khoan, ri cn khoan, mt ta hay b gin do hidrosunfua. Khi chp xoay b ri xung phi ly ln trc khi tin hnh khoan tip.

Hnh 3.9. Mt chp xoay - Mt vi phun: y l hng hc nghim trng so vi cc sai hng khc. Vi phun bi nt, v sau bt ra khi g vi phun v ri xung y ging. Mt vi phun lm tng ng knh vi phun dn n gim p sut. N u pht hin mt vi phun yu cu phi ko chong ln khi ging sau lm sch ht cc mnh vn do vi phun gy ra mi tip tc c khoan tip.

Hnh 3.10. Mt vi phun guyn Vn Hi 42

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Mt vi phun c th do mt vi nguyn nhn, do lp t thit b khng thch hp, vi phun khng thch hp( v ng knh, chng loi, vt liu) hay do thit k vi phun khng t cc yu cu k thut. Do xi mn hay cc yu t c hc lm tn hi n vi phun hay h thng duy tr vi phun. Trn mt s chong khi ta ra sch th thy vng giong khng cn tt. iu ni ln vic bt kn khng tt l nguyn nhn (do lp t nh sn xut) gy ra mt vi phun. C ngha l vng giong khng c t ng rnh vi phun. 3.2.2.4. Mt s cc mn hng khc - Bt vi phun: C th do gim cc thng s thy lc, p sut bm thp, hoc tc khi mi bm c th lm bt vi phun. Bt vi phun c th xy ra trong khi ht dung dch rn ln khi ng khoan v khi i qua chong v lm tc vi phun hay ngc li mt s cht rn khi c bm xung ct cn khoan b tc ti vi phun.

Hnh 3.11. Bt vi phun - Mn lch tm: Mn tm xy ra khi tm ca chong v tm ca ging khoan khng trng nhau, hu qu l kch thc ging vt qu kch c. Mn lch tm c nhn ra bi s n mn v chp xoay gia cc hng ca rng, mn nhiu vng ngoi chong, hoc s gim tc m xuyn vo va. Thm vo , mt vi nguyn nhn ca mn tm l do s thay i ca va t gin n do, t khng n nh n n nh trong ging khoan lch, trng ti khng thch hp cho va, loi chong khng ph hp, hay khi p sut thy tnh vt qu p sut va. Mn lch tm c th lm gim tc m xuyn vo va. Khi c hin tng mi mn gia cc hng rng ca chong n ch ra chong ang khoan vt qu kch thc ging. Mn lch tm c th c loi tr nh vic thay chong guyn Vn Hi 43

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- T mi nhn: T mi nhn l hin tng rng chong b mi nhn u v c v nh vn gi c hng dng nh ban u thm tr c sc bn hn. Khi t mi nhn gip duy tr tc m xuyn tt hn t u n cui qu trnh hot ng nhng rng s yu hn. c tnh ny thng cho thy s la chn chong ph hp vi cc thng s hot ng. C chong rng nh cacbon vonlfram v chong rng phay thp u c hin tng t mi nhn.

Hnh 3.12. T mi nhn

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CC BI PHP G CAO TUI TH CA CHO G 4.1. nh hng ca cc thng s ch khoan n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong 4.1.1. nh hng ca ti trng y n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong S ph hy t y l khoan l kt qu n t ca rng chong vo t v s chuyn di trn mt phng y ca chong khoan ( chuyn ng quay). ngp ca rng chong ph thuc vo ti trng ln chong, cng ca t , hnh dng v mn ca rng. Ti trng cng ln th chiu su ngp ca rng cng ln. N h vy ti trng cng tng th vn tc c hc cng tng.

Ti trng ring: Gr =

(4.1)

Atx: Din tch tip xc ca rng chong vi t . xt s nh hng ca ti trng n ch tiu lm vic ca chong ta gi cho s vng quay( n ) khng i.

Vch
C3 C2

Q3 Q2 Q 1

C1

A
0
GA GB G

Hnh 4.1. th nh hng ca ti trng y n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong guyn Vn Hi 45

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+ Gr< (on O-A) N u ti trng ging nh hn cng ca t ( ), t b ph min b mt ph hy. Trong min ny s tng ca vn tc c hc Vch v tng ti trng y theo mt ng thng rt thp. Hiu qu ph hy t thp, chong b mi mn nhanh chng. + Gr > ( on B-C) t b ph hy trng phm vi ca min ph hy th tch. Trong phm vi ny gi tr vn tc c hc Vch tng ln rt nhanh cng vi s gia tng ca ti trng theo ng BC. Trong min ny nng lng ph hy t cng t hn, vn tc mi mn cng b hn. + on A-B Gia hai min ny l min ph hy do hin tng mi ng cong AB. N u nh theo di ti trng ring ti im C, dng cho mi lu lng Q. Vn tc c hc s tng ln rt chm v c xu hng gim. N guyn nhn l khi tng G, lng mn khoan s nhiu hn v lu lng khng ra sch y l khoan. t b ph hy s li y lm gim kh nng m xuyn ca rng chong vo va. Do vn tc c hc s khng tng ln c v c xu hng gim. 4.1.2. nh hng ca s vng quay n ch tiu lm vic ca chong Kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng : Khi khoan bng chong chp xoay, nu tng s vng quay n th s gim ngp su ca rng chong vo t . N gc li khi tng s vng quay s tng s ln va p ca rng chong v t . Do ty thuc vo yu t ny hay yu t khc n s lm tng hiu sut lm vic ca chong, nhng li lm gim tui th ca n rt nhiu. N h vy khi tng tc vng quay ca chong chp xoay th tc c hc khoan c th tng hoc gim xung ty theo yu t no ( trong cc yu t ni trn ) c u th hn trong iu kin cho. Khi khoan trong t gin hoc gin - do, m h s do khng ln lm th tc khoan cc i c th t c vi s vng quay ln nht ( hng nghn vng trn mt pht). Cn i vi t do, c bit l t khng b ph hy gin th tc khoan cc i c th t c vi s vng quay nh.

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hc Tc

hc Tc n
Hnh 4.2. th nh hng ca s vng quay n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong 4.1.3. nh hng ca cc thng s thy lc n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong Hai chc nng quan trng nht ca dung dch khoan l: - Ra sch y l khoan. - Vn chuyn t ph hy y l khoan ln mt t. Qua ra sch y l khoan chng ta hiu rng cn phi thc hin mt tun hon dung dch khoan vi lu lng, vn tc vi phun v tnh cht ca dung dch m bo tch v cun sch mn khoan y ging mt cch nhanh chng.. Trong trng hp ny vn tc c hc s l cc i. Trng hp ngc li di y l khoan s tch ly mn khoan gy ln hin tng bt chong khoan, lm gim chiu su ngp ca rng v vn tc c hc s gim. Tm li chng ta phi s dng mt lu lng v vn tc vi phun ln m bo vic sch y l khoan. 4.1.3.1. nh hng ring bit ca lu lng v vn tc vi phun * nh hng ca lu lng Gi s vng quay n v ti trng Gc khng i. Chng ta nhn thy rng vn tc c hc tng vi s tng ca lu lng Q. Vi mt gi tr no th vn tc (v) khng tng c na bi v chng tha mn vi mt ti trng v s vng quay khng i. Bin thin gia vn tc c hc v lu lng theo cng thc sau y:

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(4.2) V: vn tc c hc Q: lu lng dung dch khoan a,b l hai hng s ph thuc vo cc tnh cht c l ca t, v cc i lng Q,n v tng loi cu trc ca chong.
V ch

Trong :

Hnh 4.3. th nh hng ca lu lng n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong * nh hng ca tia dung dch khi ra khi chong khoan Qua vic tng vn tc ca dung dch ra khi vi phun chong, ngay c trong lc gi Q khng i, vn tc c hc cng tng khi vj = 70 - 80 m/s, n c tc dng tch cc mng b ph hy y l khoan. Tng vj c hiu lc tt hn tng Q bi v vj cn c tc dng khng cho mn khoan bt chong. Chng ta thy rng tng vj qu ln th Vch tng v dn n tn tht p sut ln chong. V ch

70

130

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V j

(m/s)

48

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Hnh 4.4. th nh hng ca vn tc dng chy n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong 4.1.3.2. nh hng phi hp gia lu lng v vn tc vi phun Cng sut thy lc chong: N t =Q.Pc (4.3) Pc : tn tht p lc chong khoan. .h s lu lng vi ( = 0,42 0.48). (4.4)

Vy ta c: (4.5) N h vy chng ta thy rng vn tc c hc s tng cng vi s tng ca N t do tng vi tch Q.vj2. 4.1.4. nh hng ca cht lng dung dch khoan n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong * Trng lng ring ca dung dch Chng ta nhn thy rng nu khoan vi dung dch khoan c khi lng ring . Vn tc c hc s ln, thi gian khoan s gim. nh hng ca i vi Vch c gii thch bng p sut chnh lch y lm mn khoan kh tch ra v t y cn b nn cht hn nht l t mm

T
1 2 3
1.Khoan bng dung dch st 2. Khoan bng nc l 3. Khoan bng thi kh

H
Hnh 4.5. th nh hng ca trng lng ring dung dch n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong guyn Vn Hi 49

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p sut chnh lch y: P = Ptt - Pv (4.6) Ptt - p sut thy tnh do ct p ca dung dch khoan trong l khoan. Pv - p sut va. H,T l su thc t ca ging v thi gian thc t khoan. p sut chnh lch c nh hng n tc c hc khoan theo hai yu t. - Thay i cng ca t cng ca t y l khoan c xc nh bng cng thc: = o + k( Ptt - Pv) (4.7) o : cng ca t iu kin kh quyn K l h s ph thuc vo tng loi chong khoan Chong chp xoay K= 5,5 Chong kim cng K = 6,5 Chong khoan li ct K=5

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Hnh 4.6. nh hng ca cng t n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong - Thay i lc gi gia mng t b ph hy y ging khoan N u mt rng ca chong cm vo . Bn cnh phn b v pha di rng chong phn a n cn ko theo mt th tch b ph hy xung quanh n phn b ln hn th tch phn a rt nhiu ln. p sut chnh lch gia dung dch khoan v cht lng trong va c xu hng gi mng t b ph hy. trong thi gian tc ng ca rng, t Ny ln rt kh do lc ma st. p sut chnh lch cng ln bao nhiu, lc ma st cng ln by nhiu. Sau khi rng chong ri ra khi chng, mng b ph hy cun i di tc dng ca dng dung dch li cng kh do lc ma st v lc vung gc vi n nh ni trn. mng b ph hy d dng cun i di tc dng ca dng dung dch hay ca rng, p sut b mt trt phi tng ln v cn bng vi p sut thy tnh ca ct dung dch. Cn bng p sut xy ra do: Dung dch khoan thm vo l hng, khe nt ca mng b ph hy, ni tm li gim ti trng ring ca dung dch khoan tc l gim p sut chnh lch Ptt - Pv cn gi l p sut gi. Lm tng hiu qu ph .

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Hnh 4.7: Biu phn b lc quanh vng ph hy ca rng chong. * thot nc ca dung dch N h ta bit thot nc ca dung dch cng ln th p sut chnh lch Ptt - Pv cng b. Bi v vn tc cn bng p sut cng ln. Do dng nc l khoan ta thu c vn tc ln Vch. N hng dung dch c thot nc b n s li mt mng st c thm b v n s gy mt gradient p sut ln trong chiu su ngp ca rng chong. Hn na mng st y s lm chm s tip xc gia rng v v chng hn hp vi mn khoan to nn mt hn hp do gy kh khn cho s ra ca dung dch. Do nu t thnh l khoan n nh c th nn khoan vi dung dch c thot nc ln. * Hm lng cht rn Hm lng cht rn bao gm st, barit, ct v mn khoan trong qu trnh khoan. Tng hm lng cht rn tc l tng t trng ca dung dch a n tng p sut chnh lch Ptt=Pv, hu qu l gim Vch. Hm lng cht rn s gy mi mn cc b phn trong h thng tun hoan. Bm, ct cn khoan, chong khoan v.v.. 4.2. La chn chong khoan ph hp vi a tng 4.2.1. Cc c im ca chong 4.2.1.1. Chong khoan chp xoay

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Chong khoan chp xoay ph hy t theo nguyn l p-v. C hai loi c bn l chong rng nh v chong rng phay. Chong khoan rng phay, nn c c lin khi ri phay thnh cc rnh rng, nh vy vt liu ch yu lm t thp cc bon c cng cao, cng loi vt liu vi thn chong. N goi ra trn b mt c ph mt lp hp kim cng chng mi mn. Chong rng nh c rng lm t hp kim cc bon vonfram c cng v chng mi mn cao. Rng c ch to v c nh vo chp xoay theo mt quy trnh cng ngh ring. Do c tnh ca vt liu rng chong m chong rng nh thng c dng khoan trong t c cng t trung bnh n rt cng. Kch thc, hnh dng, dy tha ca rng chong ph thuc phn ln vo tnh cht ca t va. + Trong t mm, yu cu ti trng nh, chong thng c kch thc ln nh, chp xoay nh hn, s lng rng t i, khong cch cc rng ln, hnh dng rng nhn hn d m xuyn vo t v ct mt lng ln t trong mt vng quay. + N gc li trong t cng kch thc ln s ln hn chu ti trng ln, v vy m chp xoay cng ln hn. S lng rng trn mt chp xoay s nhiu hn gim ti trng ln rng dng thi khong cch rng s dy hn, rng t hn gim kh nng b mi mn.

Hnh 4.8. Cc c im ca rng chong cho tng loi a tng ( hm 1- t mm; nhm 2- t cng) guyn Vn Hi 53

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N hn vo hnh v ta thy nhm 1, cc rng dnh cho khoan t mm c nh ra cao hn ng thi c cc gc cnh nhn hn. N gc li nhm 2 cc rng khoan t cng s c hnh dng t hn. Di y l minh ha cc loi chong ph hp vi tng loi t khoan. T tri sang phi, chong s dng cho cc loi t t mm, trung bnh n t cng

Hnh 4.9. Cc loi chong chp xoay cho khoan cc a tng khc nhau ( 1- Mm; 2-Cng; 3-Rt cng ) 4.2.1.2. Chong khoan kim cng Ta thng dng chong kim cng nhn to, gi l chong PDC. Trong va t mm d ph hy, s lng li ct trn mt chong thng tha hn, ng thi rnh li ct su hn to ra khong rng gia cc li ct gip tng thot mn khoan tt. V trong va t mm tc khoan thng cao v tng ng lng mn khoan cng ln. ng thi s rng ct trn mt li ct cng t i v kch thc rng ln hn. N gc li trong va t cng, tc mi mn cao, tc ph hy t chm. Do cc c im m chong c b tr nhiu li ct hn, gim ti cho mi li ct. ng thi s lng rng ct cng dy hn v c kch thc nh hn gim tc mi mn rng. Di y l c im mt s loi chong dng cho cc loai t c th. Ta thy t tri sang phi: chong s 1 c t li ct hn c (5 li), ng thi trn mi li ct c gn mt s lng t rng ct thch hp cho khoan va mm. Ln lt cc chong 2,3,4 c thit k c s li ct dy hn v trn guyn Vn Hi 54

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mi li ct c nh s lng rng ct nhiu hn va kch thc rng ct nh hn. Cc chong ny thch hp cho khoan va t cng dn t 2 n 4.

Hnh 4.10. Cc loi chong kim cng (PDC) 4.2.2. guyn tc la chn chong khoan la chn chong khoan ph hp cho tng khong khoan nhm nng cao hiu qu ph hu t v Ny nhanh tin thi cng ging khoan ngi ta thng la chn chong khoan da vo cc yu t sau: * cng ca t : Cc loi chong khoan khc nhau c c ch ph hu t khc nhau. Chong chp xoay ph hu t theo c ch p-v v mi mn, chong cnh dt ph hu t theo c ch ct-v, chong kim cng ph hu t theo c ch mi-ct. Chnh v vy, i tng t s dng cc loi chong khoan ny cng khc nhau. t c cng cao s khng thch hp cho c ch ph hu ct, do chong kim cng c s dng khoan qua cc tng t cng n rt cng. t mm do s thch hp cho c ch ph hu ct-v nn chong cnh dt thch hp khoan qua cc tng t ny. Chong chp xoay ph hu t theo c ch p-v v mi mn nn i tng ph hu ca loi chong ny a dng hn. Loi chong chp xoay c th c la chn ph hu t t mm do n cng hoc rt cng. Tuy nhin, vi t rt cng th hiu qu s dng chong chp xoay khng bng chong kim cng. guyn Vn Hi 55

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* H dung dch: Loi dung dch khoan v cc c tnh ca n c nh hng n tc khoan nh kh nng ra sch y ging khoan. Mt khc p sut y do ct dung dch to ra lun ln hn p sut thnh h, iu ny lm gim hiu qu ph hu t ca chong khoan. V vy la chn mt chong khoan ng thi ph hp vi cc c tnh ca t va v h dung dch khoan l rt quan trng. * Phng php khoan: Cc phng php khoan khc nhau s c cc thng s ch khoan khc nhau, v d nh: khoan r to hay khoan bng ng c chm, cc ch ti trng v s vng quay, cc c tnh khoan nghing hay thngDo tu thuc vo tng phng php khoan m ta la chn chong khoan cho ph hp. Khi la chn chong khoan cn la nhng c im sau: Chong kim cng, do c tnh ca kim cng cng nhng gin nn chu lc ct v va p thp, do khi khoan bng chong kim cng phi khoan vi ti trng thp. Tin khoan ca chong kim cng ln lm gim thi gian ko th khi phi thay chong l mt nhn t tch cc khi s dng chong khoan kim cng. i vi chong PDC: Khi s dng phng php khoan bng ng c y nn dng chong c s rng nhiu hn trung ho s mi mn do tc quay ln, khi khoan bng phng php khoan roto (hoc Top Drive) nn dng chong c h thng vi phun nhm m y ging v mt chong. 4.2.3. Chn chong khoan cho Ging khoan 10003 BK10 4.2.3.1. Mt ct a cht ging khoan 10003 v cc tnh cht

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chi u s u

t ng phn x

a ch t

c t a t n g

g r a d i en p su t v a v p su t v v a

P l ioxen v

n2 + q

pv v =1,3Ptt
c 1

3 1

pv

ptt

c 2

pv
mioxen

pv v

2 1

c 3

1 1

c 5
ol igoxen

c 7

p23

cr-

t r- c kainozoi

Hnh 4.11. S mt ct a cht ca ging 10003 BK10 * Ranh gii a tng T 85- 700m l trm tch T v N eogen. T 700- 1280m l trm tch Mioxen trn. T 1280- 2170m l trm tch Mioxen trung. T 2170- 2980m l trm tch Mioxen di. T 2980- 3190m l tng Oligoxen. T 3190m tr xung di l tng mng. guyn Vn Hi 57

mz

 n tt nghip * hit va

Trng i hc M - a cht

Gradien nhit ca va: 2,50C/100m. * cng ca t T su 85 2170m: t mm v b ri, c cng t I II theo khoan. T su 2170 2980m: t tng Mioxen h mm v trung bnh cng. cng t III IV theo khoan. T su 2980 3190m: t tng Oligoxen trung bnh cng n cng. cng t V VIII theo khoan. T su 3190m tr xung di: t mng kt tinh t cng n rt cng. cng t VIII IX theo khoan. t n nh v bn vng. 4.2.3.2. La chn cu trc ging khoan Da vo cc c im phn tch v iu kin a cht trn ta c th la chn cu trc ging 4 ct ng l: Ct ng chng nh hng: Da vo kinh nghim khoan ca cc ging m Bch H, ta thng s dng ct ng cch nc loi 72016D. Thi cng bng phng php ba my ng ng xung su 120m di y bin. Ct ng chng dn hng: Theo kinh nghim th lp t t b ri mi hnh thnh, c gn kt km nn thnh ging khoan d sp l khi ta thay i ch khoan. V vy ta thng chn chiu su ca ct ng ny ti chiu su 400 m, trm xi mng ton b chiu di ct ng. Ct ng trung gian th nht: Do khoan qua vng bin ng t l ct st ht trung t mm n trung bnh, c hin tng mt dung dch nh nn ta tin hnh chng ng chng trung gian n chiu su 2170m, trm xi mng ton b chiu di ct ng. Ct ng trung gian th hai: trnh hin tng sp l thnh ging khoan t su 2170 - 2980m khi khoan qua tng Mioxen ta cn tin hnh chng ct ng trung gian th hai n ht su 2980m, tin hnh trm xi mng mt phn, t su 1970 2980m. Ct ng trung gian th ba (ct ng chng lng): T on 2980m 3190m c hin tng sp l thnh ging khoan mnh nn ta tin hnh chng ct ng chng lng on ny, t su 2970 3190m. guyn Vn Hi 58

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Khi khoan m va on mng phong ho, t su 3190m do t y cng v n nh nn ta tin hnh khoan qua v khng chng ng chng on ny nhm khai thc ging thn trn vi chiu dy 1850m. 4.2.3.3. La chn ng knh chong cho qu trnh khoan Chn ng knh ca chong khoan ch yu da vo ng knh mufta ca ng chng (Dm) v khong h trm xi mng gia mufta v thnh ging khoan ( ). ng knh ca chong khoan (Dc) c tnh theo cng thc sau: Dc = Dm + 2. = Dm + ; (4.8) Trong : Dc: ng knh chong khoan Dm: ng knh mufta. : khong h gia mupta v vnh ging khoan. Sau khi xc nh c ng knh chong khoan ngi ta tin hnh xc nh ng knh ca ng chng pha trn trc n. Hiu s gia ng knh trong ca ng chng (dtg) v ng knh chong khoan th qua n khng c vt qu 6 8 mm: dtg = Dc + ( 6 8 ) mm. (4.9) Da vo cc s liu tnh ton ta la chn ng knh chong v ng knh ng theo kch thc gn nht. Chng c tra theo bng 1.2 v 1.3 sau: Bng 4.1. Bng qui chu n tnh ng knh ng chng (mm) 114, 127 140, 146 168, 178, 194 219, 245 273, 299 324, 340, 351 377, 407, 426 guyn Vn Hi theo cp ng knh ng chng ca Gost - khng ln hn (mm) 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 45 45 - 50 59

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Bng 4.2. Bng kch thc ng chng v ng knh Mufta tong ng ng knh ng chng (mm) 114 127 140 146 168 178 194 219 245 273 299 324 340 351 377 407 426 508 guyn Vn Hi Mufta ng knh (mm) 127 142 154 166 188 196 216 245 270 299 324 351 365 376 402 432 451 533 Chiu di (mm) 159 165 171 177 184 184 190 197 197 203 203 203 203 229 229 228 229 228 60

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Cn c vo lu lng khai thc v c tnh cu to tng sn phNm l mng. Do ging c thit k l dng thn trn. ng knh chong khoan m va sn phNm l chong c ng knh 165,1mm. N h vy ta tnh ton cho cc khong khoan nh sau: * Tnh ng trung gian th 3(ng chng lng) dtg3 = 165,1 + (6 8 mm) = 171,1 173,1 mm, Cn c vo b dy ng trung gian ta c Dtg3 = 194mm, tra bng ta c: Dm(tg3) = 216mm. Tnh ng knh chong cho on khoan ng trung gian th 3: Ta c: Dc(tg3) = Dm(tg3) + = 216 + 25 = 241 mm Theo qui chuNn chong ta c Dc(tg3) = 243mm. N hng thc t s dng loi chong 215,9mm khoan qua on ny v s dng loi ng chng c ng knh 194mm. * Tnh ng trung gian th 2 Ta c: dtg2 = 215,9 + (6 8 mm) = 221,9 223,9mm, Cn c theo b dy ca ng ta c Dtg2 = 245 mm, suy ra Dm(tg2) = 270mm. Tnh ng knh chong khoan on ng trung gian th 2: Ta c Dc(tg2) = Dm(tg2) + = 270 + 35 = 305 mm Theo qui chuNn chong ta c Dc(tg2) = 311,1 mm. * Tnh ng trung gian th nht Ta c: dtg1 = 311,1 + (6 8 mm) =317,1 319,1mm Cn c theo b dy ca ng ta c Dtg1 = 340mm. Tnh ng knh chong khoan on ng trung gian th nht: Ta c: Dc(tg1) = Dm(tg1) + = 340 + 45 = 395mm Theo qui chuNn chong ta c Dc(tg1) = 444,5 mm. * Tnh ng dn hng Ta c ddh = 445 + (6 8 mm) = 451 453mm Cn c theo b dy ca ng ta c Ddh =508 mm. Theo qui chuNn ta chn c chong Dc(dh) = 660,4 mm. N h vy ta c bng cu trc ging khoan nh sau:

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Hnh 4.12. Cu trc ging khoan 10003 guyn Vn Hi 62

 n tt nghip Bng 4.3. Bng cu trc ging khoan 10003 Loi ng chng nh hng Dn hng Trung gian1 Trung gian2 ng lng chiu su th (m) 120 400 2170 2980 3190 on ging thn trn

Trng i hc M - a cht

ng knh ng (mm) 720 508 340 245 194

ng knh chong (mm) ng ba my 660,4 444,5 311,1 215,9 165,1

4.2.3.4. Phn chia khong khoan Da trn cc s liu v a cht v dng thn ging khoan ta c cc khong khoan cho ging 10003 nh sau: Bng 4.4. Phn chia khong khoan ca ging khoan 10003 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Khong khoan theo chiu su thng ng (m) 0 400 400 710 710 2170 2170 2351 2351 2980 2980 3190 3190 5040 Khong khoan theo chiu su thn ging (m) 0 400 400 714 714 2237 2237 2430 2430 3072 3072 3281 3281 5131

4.2.3.5. La chn chong khoan cho tng khong khoan * T 0 400 m ng knh ng chng l 508mm, ng knh chong theo tnh ton l 660,4mm.

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t thuc h t v N egoxen, t mm v b ri, c cng t I II theo khoan. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 660,4 3S. Chong c ng knh 660,4mm, chiu di 800mm, trng lng 617kg, m AIDC l 121. T m hiu chong ta thy chong thuc loi rng phay c cng trung bnh, thch hp khoan vi cc tng t mm n trung bnh, b ri. Chong c trang b bi a, khng bo v thn chp xoay. * T 400 714m ng knh ng chng l 340mm, ng knh chong theo tnh ton l 444,5mm. t thuc h t v N egoxen, phn t gm ct, st v st bt xen k si mu xm, mm v b ri, t tng ny c cng t I II theo khoan, d ph hy nhng n nh km d sp n thnh ging khoan. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 444,5 3SK. Chong c ng knh 444,5mm, chiu di 520mm, trng lng 225kg. M hiu chong l 126. T m hiu chong cho thy chong thuc loi rng phay c cng v mi mn trung bnh. Thch hp khoan t mm n trung bnh, t mi mn. Chong c trang b trc ma st, kn. * T 714 2237m ng knh ng chng trong khong khoan ny l 340mm, ng knh chong theo tnh ton l 444,5mm. t thuc tng Mioxen trn v trung, gm cc lp ct b ri, ct khng gn kt, d gy sp n thnh ging khoan gy kt mt b khoan c. Trong xt i khi c ln kp than. cng ca t t I II theo khoan. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 444,5 3SK. Chong c ng knh 444,5mm, chiu di 520mm, khi lng 225kg. M hiu chong l 126. T m hiu chong cho thy chong thuc loi rng phay c cng v mi mn trung bnh. Thch hp khoan t mm n trung bnh, t mi mn. Chong c trang b trc ma st, kn. * T 22372430m ng knh ng chng l 245mm, ng knh chong khoan theo tnh ton l 311,1mm.

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t l trm tch Mioxen di, kt cu ch yu l s xen kp cc lp ct, st v st bt, ct xm sng, xm, st mu sc s loang l kt dnh do (c bit l tng trn ca ip). bt xm, nu phn di ca ip. y l tng chn. cng ca t t III IV theo khoan. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 311,15 ATX G3. Chong c ng knh 311,1mm, chiu di 350mm, khi lng l 100kg. M hiu chong l 135, t m hiu chong cho ta thy chong thuc loi rng phay ,c cng kh cao, c th khoan trong t cng v mi mn tng i. Chong c trang b bi a kn, c bo v calip gip chng mi mn. * T 2430 3072m ng knh ng chng l 245mm, ng knh chong khoan theo tnh ton l 311,1mm. t l trm tch Mioxen di, kt cu ch yu l s xen kp cc lp ct, st v st bt, ct xm sng, xm, st mu sc s loang l kt dnh do (c bit l tng trn ca ip). bt xm, nu phn di ca ip. y l tng chn. cng ca t t III IV theo khoan. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 311,15 ATX G3 . Chong c ng knh 311,1mm, chiu di 350mm, khi lng l 100kg. M hiu chong l 135, t m hiu chong cho ta thy chong thuc loi rng phay ,c cng kh cao, c th khoan trong t cng v mi mn tng i. Chong c trang b bi a kn, c bo v calip gip chng mi mn. * T 3072 3281m ng knh ng chng l 194mm, ng knh chong khoan theo tnh ton l 215,9mm. t l tng Oligoxen. Thnh phn thch hc bao gm cc lp ct kt ht mn n trung, mu xm sng xen k vi cc tp dy st kt mu nu. c bit pht hin trong tng trm tch ny cc thn phun tro c thnh phn thay i. i su xun gp si kt v cc mnh mng to thnh tp lt y ca lp ph trm tch. cng t V VIII theo khoan. Vi cc c im v a cht cho thy y l a tng kh cng, cc thnh phn ct kt d gy

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mi mn chong khoan. Thnh phn mng c cng cao c th gy va p ph hy hoc kt mt chong khoan. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 215,9 GT G1, chong c ng knh 215,9mm, chiu di 350mm, trng lng 40kg. M hiu chong l 116, t m hiu chong cho ta thy chong thuc loi rng phay, c cng cao, b mt rng v thn chong c gia c bng vt liu chng mi mn. * T 3281 5131m y l tng cui cng ca ging, ging c thit k l dng thn trn. ng knh chong khoan m va sn phNm l chong c ng knh 165,1mm. Tng sn phNm l mng, t mng kt tinh t cng n rt cng. cng t VIII IX theo khoan. t n nh v bn vng. T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong chong 165,1 ATJ 22, chong c ng knh 165,1mm, chiu di 310mm, trng lng 21kg. M hiu chong l 517, t m hiu chong cho thy chong thuc loi rng nh. Rng c lm t vt liu cac bon vonfram c cng v chng mi mn cao. Chong c trang b trc ma st, kn, c bo v calip, thch hp khoan trong a tng cng, mi mn. N h vy ta c bng tng kt la chon chong cho cc khong khoan. Bng4.5. Bng chong chn cho cc khong khoan Khong khoan (m) 0 400m 400 714m 714 2237m 2237 2430m 2430 3072 3072 3281m 3281 5131 guyn Vn Hi Loi chong 660,4 - 3S 444,5 3SK 444,5 3SK 311,15 ATX G3 311,15 ATX G3 215,9 GT G1 165,1 ATJ 22 66

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N h vy ta c cu trc ging s dng chong cho cc a tng nh sau:

Hnh 4.13. Cc loi chong cho khoan tng a tng

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4.2.4. Tnh cng sut ph hy t ca chong chp xoay cho cc khong khoan Cng thc tnh cng sut ph hy t cho chong chp xoay: (4.10) N = (3 4).10-4.P.n.Dc Trong : P: ti trng y (tn) n: s vng quay chong (vg/ph) Dc: ng knh chong (mm) Xc nh cng sut ph hy cho khong khoan t 0 400m * Xc nh ti trng y cho khong khoan t 0 400m - Ti trng nh nht chong ph hu t trong min ph hu th tch c tnh theo cng thc: G1 = F. Trong : : Gii hn bn nn ca t . F: Din tch tip xc ca rng chong vi t y l khoan
F= nt .Dc .K 2

(4.11)

(4.12)

nt: H s ph ca rng chong. nt = 1,05 2 K: H s mn ca chong. K = 1 1,5 Dc: ng knh chong khoan. Dc = 660,4 mm Tra bng cc thng s ta c: Gii hn bn nn ca t : = 10 kG/mm2 Chn nt = 1,5; K = 1,1 Thay cc thng s trn vo cng thc tnh F ta c:
F= 1,5.660,4.1,1 = 544,83mm2 2

Vy ta tnh c ti trng: G1 = 10. 544,83 = 5448,3 kG = 5,4483 Tn - Xc nh ti trng lm vic nh mc ca chong khoan G2: G2 = GT. Dc (4.13) Trong : GT: Ti trng ring (ti trng n v). Tra bng ta c: Ti trng ring: GT = 200 kG/cm guyn Vn Hi 69

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ng knh chong: Dc = 660,4mm = 66,04cm. Vy ta tnh c ti trng lm vic nh mc ca chong: G2 = 200. 66,04 = 13208 kG = 13,208 Tn - Xc nh ti trng cho php ln nht tc ng ln chong G3: Ti trng ny c trong bng thng k cc thng s k thut ca chong. Tra bng ta c G3 = 52 Tn. - Xc nh ti trng thng k thu c t ngoi thc t G4 (ti trng thng k o c ti cc ging ln cn). G4 = 6 tn. Ti trng y cho khong khoan t 0 400m phi tho mn iu kin: G1 < Gc < G3 hay 5,4483 < Gc < 52 G2 Gc G4 hay 13,202 Gc 6 Tuy nhin, khong khoan ny s dng chong khoan c ng knh ln nn yu cu v cng sut ph hu t ln. Do , m bo cho ng c khoan cng sut quay ct cn khoan v ph hu t ta chn ti trng y cho khong khoan ny l: Gc = 6 8 tn. Thc t cng la chn ti trng nh trn khoan cho khong khoan ny. * Xc nh s vng quay (n) cho khong khoan t 0 400m Trong khong t 0 400m khoan bng ng c Top Driver. - Tc quay cc i khi khoan c th c tnh da theo cng thc cn bng cng sut: (4.14) N max = N bm + N kt + N c Trong : + N max: Cng sut cc i ca ng c Top Drive, N max = 1395 kw + N bm: Cng sut tiu th b mt N bm = a1.nmax + a2.nmax2 (4.15) a1, a2: Cc h s thc nghim ph thuc vo kiu truyn ng ca ng c. Vi kiu truyn ng qua hp gim tc hai ng c: a1 = 25.10-3 a2 = 0,12.10-3 nmax: Tc quay cc i ca ng c. (vng/pht) + N kt: Cng sut quay ct cn khng ti N kt = c.d.Dc2.nmax1,7.L (4.16)

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c: H s ph thuc vo cong ca ging. Vi ging c gc nghing 3 th: c = 18,8.10-5 d: Trng lng ring ca dung dch khoan. d = 1,03 T/m3 Dc: ng knh chong khoan. Dc = 0,6604 m L: Chiu di thn ging. L = 400 m + N c: Cng sut tiu th chong N c = 34,2.10-4.K.Gc.Dc.nmax K: H s mn ca chong. K = 1,1 Gc: Ti trng y.Gc = 8 tn = 8000 kg. Thay cc s liu trn vo cng thc ta c: - Cng sut tiu th b mt: N bm = a1.nmax + a2.nmax2 = 25.10-3.nmax + 0,12.10-3.nmax2 - Cng sut quay ct cn khng ti: N kt = 21,11. 10-3. nmax1,7 - Cng sut tiu th chong: N c = 34,2.10-4.K.Gc.Dc.nmax = 34,2.10-4.1,1.8000.0,6604. nmax = 19,87. nmax - Tc quay cc i ca chong l nghim ca phng trnh: N max = N bm + N kt + N c (4.17) -3 -3 2 -3 1,7 1395 = 25.10 .nmax + 0,12.10 .nmax + 21,11. 10 .nmax +19,87. nmax Gii phng trnh trn ta c: nmax = 68,5 v/p - T tc quay nmax tm c kt hp vi kinh nghim ca cc ging khoan trc ta chn tc quay hp l ca chong khoan trong khong khoan ny l: n = 50 60 v/p.V thc t cng chn tc d quay ny cho khong khoan trn. * h vy cng sut ph hy t cho khong khoan ( tnh cho s vng quay v ti trng ln nht): N = (3 4).10-4.P.n.Dc N = 3,5.10-4.8000.60.0,6604 = 111 (KW). * Tng t nh trn, ta tnh c ti trng y, s vng quay v cng sut ph hy t cho cc khong khoan khc, kt qu tnh ton ny c th hin trong bng sau:
0

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Bng 4.7. Bng thng s ti trng, s vng quay, cng sut ph hy t cho cc khong khoan. Khong khoan (m) 0 - 400 400 - 714 714 - 2237 2237 - 2430 2430 - 3072 3072 - 3281 3281 - 5131 Ti trng y (tn) 68 68 79 810 810 1015 1520 S vng quay (v/ph) 5060 8090 6070 6070 8090 8090 3040 Cng sut ph hy (Kw) 111 166,5 145,6 161,8 208 312 185

4.3. Quy trnh s dng 4.3.1.Chu n b chong khoan 4.3.1.1. Vi phun Lm sch y ging khoan, m bo khng cn trong y ging nhng ph phNm cng, v khi khoan c th mi mn cc b phn ct, hoc lm bt vi phun. La chn v lp t cc vi phun c c tnh k thut ph hp vi cc thng s khoan, nh ng knh l thot, cht liu vi phun... Vic lp t cc vi phun hp l v la chn ph hp l rt quan trng trnh cc li d xy ra vi vi phun trong khi khoan nh ra du v mt du, s gim p sut khng mong mun. S dng cc li lc bn lc ht cc vn cht to nhm trnh hin tng bt vi phun. 4.3.1.2. Thit lp chong khoan Thit lp m men xon ph hp vi cng ca t va, m bu lng chong. S dng thit b g hc chong ph hp vi tng loi chong c th( i vi chong PDC v chong ba chp xoay th vic la chn ny l khc nhau). guyn Vn Hi 72

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N u khng c mt ch thit lp ph hp c th dn n ph hy chong trong khi khoan ( nh trong trng hp vi phun ko di ), hoc chong c th b kha li trong bn r to do thit b g hc chong khoan b bin dng. Bng km theo ch ra yu cu v vic thit lp m men xon cho mt s ch ni v cc loi chong, trng hp vn khng cht hoc qu cht c th dn n vt nt sm v phi tin hnh sa cha kp thi. Bng 4.8. Bng thng s m men xon cho cc loi chong kim cng ng knh chong (in) 3 3/4 4 5/8 5 1/8 - 7 3/8 7 1/2 - 9 3/8 9 1/2 - 14 1/2 14 5/8 - 18 1/2 18 5/8 im ni (in) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2 4 1/2 6 5/8 7 5/8 8 5/8 M men xon (daN .m) 400-480 800-950 950-1200 1600-2200 3800-4300 4600-5400 5400-8100 ( Lb.ft) 3000-3500 6000-7000 7000-9000 12000-16000 28000-32000 34000-40000 40000-60000

Bng 4.9. Bng thng s m men xon cho chong chp xoay ng knh chong (in) 3 11/16 - 4 1/2 4 17/32 - 5 5 1/32 - 7 3/8 7 13/12 - 9 3/8 9 13/12 - 14 1/2 14 9/16 - 18 1/2 18 9/16 & > guyn Vn Hi im ni (in) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2 4 1/2 6 5/8 7 5/8 8 5/8 M men xon (Da.n) 400 - 480 800 - 950 950 - 1200 1600 - 2200 3800 - 4300 4600 - 5400 5400 - 8100 (Lb.ft) 3000 - 3500 6000 - 7000 7000 - 9000 12000 - 16000 28000 - 32000 34000 - 40000 40000 - 60000 73

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N h chng ta thy thng s m men xon c chng bng mt phn hai ch ni bnh thng( tng ng 70% i vi ch ni nh v 40% i vi ch ni ln). N u mt chong c c a vo khoan tip th phi ch cc im sau: - Kim tra k ren ni, ren ni phi m bo theo tiu chuNn ca API - Bi trn li chong nu n khng c trang b m lm kn ln. - Kim tra hot ng trc v chp xoay, c th xoay bng tay ( bi a) hoc s dng cha vn( trc ma st), nu chng khng quay th phi loi b. - Kim tra m lm kn v h thng p sut b tr p sut, gip khc phc cc ch mn gn np hoc cc l thng gi b bt do ht st hay mn khoan. - Cn ch n cc thng s chong ( kiu chong, s lp rp, s seri, kch c vi phun) trn bn ghi ca chong trc khi a chong vo hot ng, v cc thng tin lun c trn u ni ca chong v c th b tNy i do n mn. - Trong h dung dch mn khoan gc nc v thnh h nhiu st, c s bi trn hon ton i vi b mt chong cng vi s bi trn a nng trc khi h xung ging c th gip vic hot ng c trn chu v h s an ton cao hn. 4.3.2. H xung trnh nhng s c vi chong trong khi h xung: Th chm b khoan c qua on ging cong gp, qua cc tng khng bnh thng ca ging. Khng cho php chong va mnh vo y, cNn thn on ni cui cn khoan. C b khoan c c di chuyn xung di mt cch t t vi s vng quay thp v lu lng mn khoan ln. Sau tng dn ti trng v s vng quay mt cch t t n gi tr tnh ton. N u trc chong mt mt s ng knh cn thit, ta cn phi khoan m rng thnh ging trn mt vi chiu di trc khi tip tc th xung y mt ln na( thng khoan bng cc chong chuyn dng cho khoan m rng thnh ging). Trong sut qu trnh khoan m rng, cc trc phi chu lc p guyn Vn Hi 74

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bt thng t thnh ging, do khng nn khoan m rng lin tc trong mt thi gian di. N n s dng chong PDC khoan m rng. N hng ch vng calip ngoi chong PDC s chu ti trng ln v rung cao, do c tnh ca chong trong trng hp khoan m rng vi chiu di ln ( 500m hoc hn) vi chong PDC, tt hn l loi ra khi ging v thay bng chong ba chp xoay. S dng chong PDC khoan m rng ch nn s dng nhng loi c thit k c bit, hay c gia cng chuyn dng nh calip gn rng cc bon vonfram c chng mi mn cao, hoc mt s loi chong c cu to c bit gip chng s mi mn calip.

Hnh 4.15. Chong PDC c gia c calip chng mi mn ( 1- Calip c gia c rng PDC ) Trong hu ht cc trng hp khoan m rng c thc hin vi ti trng thp v tc quay chm gim mn hng cho chong v hao ht kch c calip( v ngay c khi ti trng nh nhng din tch y l khoan thu hp cng s to ng sut ln). 4.3.3. Chm y Trc khi khoan phi lm sch y ging khoan. Lm sch cc ph phNm, vn cng sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan. V nu chong khoan tip xc trc tip vi cc ph phNm khi quay s nhanh chng mi mn chong c bit l i vi chong kim cng. guyn Vn Hi 75

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Trong giai on u ca qu trnh khoan mt chong mi s to ra khun mu ca ging khoan nhng n y ging hnh dng s rt khc so vi khun m ban u, do c s thay i v hnh dng ca chong lm cho hnh dng y ging khng ging nhau. V vy khi bt u tip tc khoan khng c s dng ti trng ln chong v s vng quay ln nht. Khi chm n y: - iu chnh my bm t lu lng yu cu cho ch khoan tnh ton v kim tra p sut ng dng bn. - Tun hon y ging lm sch y trong khong 30s. - Chm n y mt cch nh nhng vi tc quay chm v kim tra m men xon. - t chong v tr cch y 30cm bng cch trng lng nh ln chong( khng nh s lm chong ny ln) sau tng c tc quay v trng lng ln chong. - T y s tm c cc thng s kt hp gia ti trng ln chong v tc quay hp l trong mt thnh h nht nh. * i vi chong PDC Vi t mm, c th tng thm mt tn ti trng ln chong ti u tc quay. N u va cng, khi chm y cn gim ti trng ln chong v tc quay( khong 70 vg/ph). Sau s tng ti trng n gi tr ti u( trnh ph hy u ct do va chm vi cc ph phNm rn y ging khoan). Chong nn c t ln y ging trc khi cho chong quay bnh thng. 4.3.4. Khoan Cn thit s dng ti trng khng i trong qu trnh khoan, nu khng c th gy ra ng sut khng cn thit ln b phn Mt chc nng quan trng ca lu lng mn khoan l lm sch v lm mt chong. N u v mt vi l do no m lu lng bn khoan khng th duy tr mc thch hp, tt hn l dng khoan v sa cha. S dng cc thng s khoan thp hn hoc thay i chong. N n s dng ch khoan t ng cng nhiu cng tt, c bit l th khoan khng nn iu chnh ti trng ln chong. iu ny rt quan trng v

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cc s liu ch ra khi ch khoan t ng c s dng th tui th ca chong tng 40%, ch yu l do ti trng ln chong c gi n nh. Vi chong PDC v m rng thm vi chong ba chp xoay, m men xon v tc quay chong thay i bt thng, hin tng ny c gi l stick and slip. Hin tng ny sut hin kh thng xuyn thnh h mm. Ct cn khoan hot ng nh mt l xo khi chong cm vo va, nng lng xon c tch tr trong ct cn khoan( lc ny tc ca chong gn nh bng khng) v c gii phng mt cch mnh lit khi m men xon chong tri hn va. Ti thi im ny chong v b khoan c y ging c tc quay/pht ln nht sau t ngt dng li khi chong chuNn b m vo va mt ln na. S cng hng ny c th b ph v do cch s dng cc s kt hp khc nhau gia ti trng ln chong v s vng quay( gim ti trng, Trong qu trnh khoan phi ch cNn thn khi khoan qua cc on a tng cha c o c, p dng ti trng v s vng quay nh phng cc s c khng mong mun. Mt hin tng thng xuyn xy ra trong qu trnh khoan l chong khoan b kt mt, do t va km bn vng, hoc do sp l thnh ging. Kt mt dn n gim m men xon, gim tc khoan v lm tng p sut ng dng bn. Chnh v vy trong qu trnh khoan lun lun theo di xt sao cc thng s hot ng ca chong nh s vng quay, ti trng, lu lng, p sut dung dch qua vi phun. N u c s thay i bt thng cn c phn tch ng n v c gii php khc phc. Hin tng kt mt chong c th hn ch bng cch ko chong ln khi vng kt mt vi tc chm, gim ti trng sau tng ng thi s vng quay v lu lng dung dch. 4.3.5. Th nghim khoan y mn - Th nghim khoan Ny mn i lc c tin hnh gip tm ra s kt hp tt gia ti trng v tc quay. - Th nghim khoan Ny mn c tin hnh trong nhng trng hp sau: Tin hnh khoan ln u tin. Khi va thay i. Khi tc ct gim. guyn Vn Hi 77

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Trong khi khoan chong b cn. - Cc bc tip theo tin hnh khoan Ny mn mt cch chnh xc: Chn tc quay ph hp vi cc c tnh va, tin hnh khoan v gi tc khng i. S dng mt ti trng nht nh ln chong, o thi gian biu kin. Tho phanh v o khong cch khoan c. Sau tnh ton tc khoan. S dng ti trng ln chong gn bng gi tr ln nht sau lm th nghim bn, nm ln vi cc ti trng khc nhau. Xc nh cc thng s thit lp bn trn nh s vng quay, trng lng ln chong ti khi khoan t tc cao nht. N u c hai gi tr ti trng vi cng mt gi tr vng quay m ti cho vn tc khoan cao nht th ta chn ti trng nh hn t ln chong. S dng ti trng c chn, thay i s vng quay trn pht v xc nh hiu qu cao nht nh vic o thi gian cn thit khoan mt chiu di nh trc. 4.4. Bo qun chong khoan - Bo qun v phn loi chong khoan tt trc khi a vo hot ng: chong khoan phi c bo qun trong iu kin mi trng tt. c bao bc bng vt liu hp l, trnh tip xc trc tip vi mi trng lu ngy d b han d, mn. V d nh mi trng ma, nng, gi bin. Khng chong khoan gn ni c ha cht n mn m khng c cch ly, nu tip xc vi cc ha cht n mn nh axitchong d b n mn mt i cc c tnh tt. Tip xc vi cc ha cht n mn c th ph hy lp kim loi cng bo v ngoi dn n gim tui th ca chong khoan trong qu trnh khoan. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn cng nh lu tr phi c bao bc cNn thn, trnh va p try xc, v trn chong c mt s b phn d b h hng nh cc u ni c bit l cc vng ren trn u ni. N u cc vng ren b h hng s kh np rp khi em vo vn hnh khoan. Kim tra bo dng thng xuyn pht hin hng hc v c bin php thay th hoc sa cha kp thi.

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- Trc khi khoan phi la chn, nh gi chong khoan ph hp. Thc hin cc bin php an ton m bo hiu qu qu trnh khoan ng thi gip nng cao tui th ca chong. Trc khi khoan th phi c cc hot ng khoan thm d kho st t trc hoc da vo cc s liu ca cc vng ging k cn c cc hiu bit y v cu to a tng ca vng t cn khoan. T phn loi cng, mi mn, sp l, kt xt... ca t .Vi mi loi a tng c dy v c tnh ring m ta la chn chong cho ph hp tng loi a tng. V d nh vi a tng mm, nhiu xt, d xp n ta thng dng chong khoan chp xoay kiu rng nh cng trung bnh. Vi a tng cng, mi mn, nhit va cao ta c th s dng chong khoan hp kim cng hoc chong kim cng a tinh th..vv.. Xc nh cc hin tng bt thng c th xy ra trong khi khoan nh hin tng sp l thnh ging khoan, kt mt c cc bin php bo v chong khoan nh khoan doa, gia c thnh ging trc khi khoan tip. Lm sch y l khoan trc khi khoan: m bo l y l khoan c sch s, khng cn cc mnh vn, ph phNm rn. Cc ph phNm rn c th ph hy chong khoan trong khi khoan. - Trong khi khoan: S dng cc thit b khoan, cc thit b ph tr ph hp. C ch khoan vi cc thng s khoan ph hp tng loi thit b. Vi mi loi chong khoan c th c cc nh sn xut quy nh cc thng s lm vic hiu qu nh s vng quay trn pht, ti trng ln chong, nhit , p sut lm vicCng vic ca ngi k s khoan l kt hp cc thng s c mt ch khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng. Trnh vt qua cc thng s gii hn ca chong c th ph hy chong hoc lm gim tui th. S dng b lc bn lc tch cc ht c kch thc kh ln, ngn chn hin tng bt vi phun, m bo lu thng dung dch c thng sut qu trnh khoan. Theo di st xao qu trnh khoan, pht hin cc hin tng bt thng khi khoan nh cc thay i v ti trng ln chong, tc khoan, kt mt, c bin php sa cha kp thi. Hin tng kt mt chong c th lm rt chong khoan trong ging hoc lm bin dng chong khoan. guyn Vn Hi 79

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- Sau khi khoan: Trong qu trnh khoan do cc yu t cng ngh i khi ging khoan b gin on do phi dng khoan nh gi hay do 1 s s c bt thngKhi chong khoan thng c a ln mt t. Khi chong a ln mt t cn ra sch bng nc l trnh hin tng n mn ca mt s ha cht c s dng trong qu trnh khoan. nh gi mi mn ca chong t a n quyt nh b khai thc chong hoc sa cha dng cho giai on khoan tip theo. Kim tra tnh trng ca chong khi a ln khi mt t, t kim nh cc c tnh ca t va c chn chong ph hp vi a tng v c phng n khoan hp l. Vic chn chong khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng gp phn ln vo hiu qu khoan.

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Trng i hc M - a cht

Chong khoan l loi dng c ph hy t , c t v tr cui cng ca b khoan c v trc tip ph hy t trong qu trnh khoan. Trong loi chong ba chp xoay t ra hiu qu hn c, chim khong 86% - 95% khi lng cc chong khoan c s dng trong ngnh du kh. C th ni chong khoan l dng c quyt nh phn ln n hiu qu ca cng tc khoan. Chnh v vy vic nh gi, la chn chong khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng nhm nng cao hiu qu khoan l rt quan trng. Vic la chn chong khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng ng thi kt hp cc thng s ch khoan ph hp s gp phn: N ng cao tui th ca chong khoan. Rt ngn thi gian khoan bng cch rt ngn thi gian nng th do t phi thay chong. Ci thin kh nng ph hy t t nng cao nng sut khoan. Tit kim chi ph, h gi thnh khoan. Gim thiu cc s c trong qu trnh khoan nh sp l, kt mt, ph hy chong khoan Tn dng ti a nng lng cung cp t trn mt t, gim thiu s hao ph nng lng. Kt hp cc thng s ch khoan mt cch hp l gip nng cao hiu qu khoan. Kin ngh: Do tm quan trng ca chong khoan trong qu trnh ph hy t nn vic nghin cu la chn chong khoan ph hp vi cc loi a tng cn phi c ch trng hn. C phng n kim tra nhn bit cc dng mn hng ca chong trong cui qu trnh khoan t rt kinh nghim cho ln khoan tip theo. u t pht trin i ng cn b cht lng cao, nng cao nng lc chuyn mn, hc hi tip thu cng ngh mi ca nc ngoi. Cng nh cn u t pht trin ngnh cng nghip sa cha c kh ch to, sa cha, phc hi cc thit b phc v cho cng nghip du kh.

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Trng i hc M - a cht TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ts N guyn Vn Gip, Bi ging thit b khoan thm d , B mn Thit b du kh v cng trnh Trng i hc M - a Cht H N i. 2. Ths Hu Minh Trit , Thit b v dng c khoan, B mn Khoan khai thc du kh i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM. 3. J.P.N guyen, K thut khoan du kh 4. Trng Bin, Cng ngh khoan thm d ly mu, i hc M - a Cht h N i. 5. Trng Bin, N guyn Xun Tho, Trn Vn Bn, C m nang K s cng ngh khoan cc ging su, i hc M - a cht H N i 6. Hong Dung ,Bi ging nguyn l ph hy t , b mn Khoan khai thc, i hc M a Cht H N i 7. Gvc L Vn Thng, Bi ging Khoan du kh, b mn Khoan khai thc, i hc M a Cht H N i 8. L Phc Ho, K thut khoan du kh, N XB gio dc

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