Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Users Guide
Retaining Wall Design Software
Version 2.01.0006
QuickRWall is a proprietary computer program of Ensoltech, Inc. Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this program and its documentation, neither Ensoltech nor Integrated Engineering Software shall be held liable for any mistake, error, or misrepresentation in, or as a result of the usage of, this program and/or its documentation. The results obtained from this program should not be substituted for sound engineering judgment.
S ALES /S UPPORT Integrated Engineering Software 519 E. Babcock St. Bozeman, MT 59715 406-586-8988 (sales) support@iesweb.com www.iesweb.com
CONTENTS
Contents
1 Overview 1.1 Introduction . . . . 1.2 License . . . . . . 1.3 Disclaimer . . . . 1.4 Requirements . . . 1.5 Installation . . . . 1.6 Technical Support 1.7 Limitations . . . . 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12
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2 Menu Commands 2.1 File Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 Save As... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.5 Print Report... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.6 Print Full Page Drawing... . . . . 2.1.7 Preview Report... . . . . . . . . . 2.1.8 Preview Full Page Drawing... . . 2.1.9 Print Setup... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.10 Create DXF File... . . . . . . . . 2.1.11 [Recent Files] . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.12 Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 View Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Status Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Project Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Add Load Case... . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 Remove Load Case... . . . . . . . 2.3.3 Project Information... . . . . . . . 2.3.4 Set Defaults... . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Design Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Choose Footing Reinforcement . 2.4.2 Choose Stem Reinforcement . . . 2.4.3 Position Key To Embed Stem Bars 2.4.4 Set All Embedment Lengths . . . 2.4.5 Set All Lap Splice Lengths . . . . 2.4.6 Set Bar Cutoff Lengths . . . . . . 2.4.7 Design Preferences . . . . . . . .
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CONTENTS
2.5
2.6
Options Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.1 Units... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.2 Preferences... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.3 Concrete Load Combinations... . . . . . . . 2.5.4 Masonry Load Combinations... . . . . . . . . 2.5.5 Stability Load Combinations... . . . . . . . . Help Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 Contents... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 Iesweb.com Update QuickRWall 2.0 . . . 2.6.3 Iesweb.com Customer Center . . . . . . . 2.6.4 Iesweb.com FAQ Answers . . . . . . . . 2.6.5 Iesweb.com Email IES Technical Support 2.6.6 Software License... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.7 About QuickRWall 2.0... . . . . . . . . . . .
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12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 32 34 35 35 35 35 36 38
3 User Inputs 3.1 Criteria Inputs . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Design Code . . . . . . 3.1.2 Assumptions . . . . . . 3.1.3 Stability Criteria . . . . 3.1.4 Geotechnical . . . . . . 3.2 Load Case Inputs . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Backll . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Water in Backll . . . . 3.2.4 Passive Pressure @ Toe . 3.2.5 Surcharge (Uniform) . . 3.2.6 Surcharge (Line/Strip) . 3.2.7 Uniform Lateral Load . 3.2.8 Stem Axial Load . . . . 3.2.9 Seismic Loading . . . . 3.3 Wall (Footing/Stem) Inputs . . 3.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Material . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 Footing Geometry . . . 3.3.4 Heel Reinforcement . . 3.3.5 Toe Reinforcement . . . 3.3.6 Transverse Reinf. (S&T) 3.3.7 Key . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.8 General . . . . . . . . . 3.3.9 Geometry . . . . . . . . 3.3.10 Reinforcement (Flexural) 3.3.11 Reinforcement (S&T) . 3.3.12 Sections . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Stem Section Inputs . . . . . . 3.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Masonry Block . . . . . 3.4.3 Reinforcement . . . . . 4 Forces on the Wall
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CONTENTS
4.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1.1 Forces Used for Stem Design 4.1.2 Multiple Load Cases . . . . . 4.2 Backll Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Water Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Passive Pressure @ Toe . . . . . . . 4.5 Uniform Surcharge . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Line/Strip Surcharge . . . . . . . . . 4.7 Seismic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Wall Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Soil Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Bearing Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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38 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 42 43 43 44 47 47 47 49 49 49
5 Checks 5.1 Stability Checks . . . . . 5.1.1 General Notes . . . 5.1.2 Checks Performed 5.2 Stem Checks . . . . . . . 5.2.1 General Notes . . . 5.2.2 Checks Performed 5.3 Toe Checks . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 General Notes . . . 5.3.2 Checks Performed 5.4 Heel Checks . . . . . . . 5.4.1 General Notes . . . 5.4.2 Checks Performed
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Chapter
Overview
1.1
Introduction
Thank you for choosing QuickRWall. This software package has been created to assist the engineer in the design of retaining walls. Use of this program can save countless hours in the calculations and documentation associated with retaining wall design. The software has been designed so that you may quickly become productive with very little training, but by reading through this manual and other associated documentation you should be able to resolve any questions that may arise during program use.
1.2
License
Use of this software program is strictly governed by the license agreement that is displayed during the install process. This program is the copyrighted property of Ensoltech, Inc. and is provided for the exclusive use of each licensee. Additional licenses may be obtained exclusively through Integrated Engineering Software. You may copy the program for backup purposes and you may install it on any computer allowed in the license agreement. Distributing the program to coworkers, friends, or duplicating it for other distribution violates the copyright laws of the United States. Future enhancements and technical support for this product depend on your cooperation in this regard.
1.3
Disclaimer
With any technical software package, there will be concerns about possible errors. We have worked very hard to ensure that this software is as accurate and robust as possible. Despite our best efforts, errors in software can and do occur. It is very important to manually inspect the results and ensure that they are consistent with sound engineering practice and judgement. This program has been designed with that end in mind, exposing calculations wherever possible so they are available for examination. It is the responsibility of the engineer to ensure the nal design produced is reasonable and constitutes sound engineering practice. In no event shall Integrated Engineering Software, Inc. or
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Ensoltech, Inc. be liable for any direct or indirect damages resulting from the use of this software or its related documentation.
1.4
Requirements
The software has relatively minimal system and hardware requirements: Windows 2000/XP/Vista 20 MB of hard disk space 64 MB of RAM Pentium processor 1024x768 screen resolution
1.5
Installation
Simply run the install program that comes on the CD or that you have downloaded from the IES website. The step-by-step wizard will guide you through the installation process.
1.6
Technical Support
Before you contact IES for support, please make sure you have taken full advantage of the readily available resources that are included with the software: Carefully read through this users guide Refer to the numerous help screens built into the software If you have a question about a result displayed in a summary, be sure to check the full calculations that are displayed in the program and in the report. Check the resources on the IES website. These can be accessed easily by going to the Help menu, iesweb.com submenu and choosing from the various options there. You should also make sure that you have the latest maintenance update for the software. These updates are free and can be obtained automatically by going to the Help menu, choosing iesweb.com, and then choosing Update QuickRWall. In this manner you can make sure that the issue you have a question about has not already been resolved. Integrated Engineering Software provides technical support for this program via email. The best way to send an email is to go to the Help menu, choose iesweb.com, then choose Email IES Technical Support.
1.7
Limitations
Following are situations that the program does not address in its current release. Please let us know if any of the items on this list (or not on this list) are of critical importance to you. Customer feedback is the #1 criteria in determining which features are added to future versions. Segmental / MSE walls 6
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Multi-level basement walls (multiple lateral supports) Soldier pile walls Rock anchors Walls without footings Walls on pile foundations Counterfort walls Buttress walls Strength design of masonry walls (currently only ASD) Sheet pile walls Multiple soil layers (other than a saturated layer beneath the water table)
Chapter
Menu Commands
2.1
File Menu
2.1.1
New
2.1.2
Open
2.1.3
Save
Saves the current project le. If the le has not been previously saved and does not yet have a le name, a dialog will prompt for the le name.
2.1.4
Save As...
2.1.5
Print Report...
Prints a report containing a summary and/or details of the design calculations. A dialog appears rst to allow you to specify which items are to be included in the report.
2.1.6
2.1.7
Preview Report...
Previews a report containing a summary and/or details of the design calculations. A dialog appears rst to allow you to specify which items are to be included in the report.
2.1.8
2.1.9
Print Setup...
Selects a printer and printer connection. Also allows you to choose portrait or landscape page orientation. This option is there because this is a standard dialog from Microsoft, but you should not select the landscape option. The report pages are not designed for it and will look funny.
2.1.10
Creates a DXF le that contains a fully dimensioned drawing of the wall. A dialog box will appear to allow you to specify the name and location of the le.
2.1.11
[Recent Files]
2.1.12
Exit
2.2
View Menu
9
2.2.1
Toolbar
2.2.2
Status Bar
2.3
Project Menu
2.3.1
Adds an additional load case to the project. Note that multiple load cases in this program are simply a way of applying a different set of unrelated, non-combinable loads. There is no support for combining different cases with various factors etc.; only loads within a single load case will be combined and factored. The multiple load case feature simply offers a way to consider different loading scenarios. Most projects will not require more than one load case.
2.3.2
Brings up a dialog that allows you to remove a load case. You can only use this command when there is more than one load case, since it is required that there be at least one load case at all times.
2.3.3
Project Information...
Brings up a dialog that allows you to enter information for this specic project. This information is displayed in the header area of reports.
2.3.4
Set Defaults...
This command allows you to indicate that the current inputs are to be recorded as the default settings for future projects. A dialog will appear to allow you to specify which groups of inputs are to be saved. 10
2.4
Design Menu
2.4.1
This command will choose reinforcement for both the heel and the toe. It is best used after the width and thickness of the footing have already been set. The bars chosen will be governed by the current design preferences (see the Design Preferences command).
2.4.2
This command will choose reinforcement for the stem. It is best used after the stem thickness has already been set. Currently this command only does basic sizing of bars at the base of the stem and does not deal with some of the more complicated scenarios, in particular the specication of bars for a multi-piece stem, restrained stem, or masonry stem. We are planning to improve this command considerably in a future version (please let us know if this is important to you). The bars chosen will be governed by the current design preferences (see the Design Preferences command).
2.4.3
Creates a key (if there isnt one already there) and positions it such that it provides development for the stem reinforcement, if it extends below the footing. The key is also positioned such that the bars can act as reinforcement for the key in case it is required (although the program does not perform calculations to test the adequacy of key reinforcement).
2.4.4
Calculates the required embedment lengths for the stem, heel, and toe bars, and lengthens the bars if they are too short. Note that in the case where the stem bars are hooked into the footing, this may cause the footing to be thickened in order to achieve the necessary development length for the hook (Ldh). Otherwise, the stem bars are allowed to stick out of the bottom of the footing, and it is left as a separate step for the engineer to either position a key to contain them (recommend the Position Key to Embed Stem Bars command above) or to hook them into the footing.
11
2.4.5
Calculates the required lap length for all lap spliced bars and extends the lap length if required. Note that in some situations where there are no lapped bars, but potentially could be, the program will prompt you asking whether to lap the bars, and then set the proper length.
2.4.6
Ensures that all bar cutoffs occur a sufcient distance past the point where the bars are required for exure, and that cutoffs in a tension zone meet the applicable ACI requirements. Lengthens the cutoff bars if necessary. Note that in some situations where there are no cutoff bars, but potentially could be, the program will prompt you asking whether to cut off alternate bars, and then set them to the proper length.
2.4.7
Design Preferences
This brings up a dialog that lets you specify some settings such as available bars sizes and preferred bar spacings. This helps to make the automatic design results as practical as possible.
2.5
Options Menu
2.5.1
Units...
Brings up a dialog allowing to modify the units used for various different quantities.
2.5.2
Preferences...
Brings up a dialog that allows use control of various aspects of program behavior.
2.5.3
Brings up a dialog allowing you to add, modify, or remove load combinations or groups of load combinations used for concrete design. This is the command that allows adding custom load factors/combinations. Note that you should not change the factors for the built-in, code-dened load combinations. The program will load its own built-in values for these at startup every time and overwrite your changes. If you would like to have a modied copy of one of these built-in combination sets, change its name (e.g. change IBC 2003 to IBC 2003 (a)). In this example, the program will load up a fresh copy of IBC 2003 at startup and also leave your modied version (IBC 2003 (a)). 12
2.5.4
Brings up a dialog allowing you to add, modify, or remove load combinations or groups of load combinations used for masonry design. You should avoid modifying the built-in combinations; see the Concrete Load Combinations topic for guidelines regarding this issue.
2.5.5
Brings up a dialog allowing you to add, modify, or remove load combinations used for stability checks (sliding & overturning). You should avoid modifying the built-in combination(s); see the Concrete Load Combinations topic for guidelines regarding this issue.
2.6
Help Menu
2.6.1
Contents...
Brings up the help dialog, which presents a tree-style display of the available help topics.
2.6.2
Initiates the process of checking for an update and, if necessary, automatically updates the program from the IES website. Note that you must be connected to the Internet for this feature to work properly.
2.6.3
Opens a web browser window with the IES Customer Center web page. This location provides access to several problem-solving resources.
2.6.4
Opens a web browser window with the IES Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) web page.
2.6.5
Creates a new email message, addressed to IES tech support, and attaches certain useful system information that helps IES diagnose the source of potential problems. This is the best way to contact IES regarding 13
2.6.6
Software License...
Brings up a dialog where current license information can be viewed, or new license information can be entered.
2.6.7
Displays a dialog with version number, copyright, and other related information.
14
Chapter
User Inputs
3.1
Criteria Inputs
3.1.1
Design Code
15
Building Code
The governing building code for code checks.
3.1.2
Assumptions
16
17
3.1.3
Stability Criteria
18
3.1.4
Geotechnical
Friction Coecent
This coefcent is a measure of the friction beneath the bottom of the footing and the soil below. It is the ratio of the maximum friction force over the total vertical force.
3.2
19
3.2.1
General
Name
The name of this load case.
3.2.2
Backll
Backll Depth
The height of the backll surface, measured from the point where it contacts the wall stem down to either the subgrade surface (over the toe), the footing top, or the footing bottom, depending on the setting of the Measured From eld.
Measured From
Species how the backll depth will be specied. The Lower Grade option represents the measurement used in previous versions of QuickRWall, where the retained height was always specied as the distance between upper and lower grades.
20
Slope
The slope of the backll with the horizontal. You can either enter the angle directly or enter a ratio (e.g. 3:1).
Analysis Type
Species the method that will be used to calculate the lateral pressure from the backll. The Rankine and Coulomb methods are earth pressure theories that account for internal soil friction, whereas Equivalent Fluid Pressure (EFP) simply treats the soil as a uid with a specied density.
Cohesion (c)
The cohesion of the backll material. Note you will not see this option in the event that you have chosen the option to use equivalent uid density; it is not needed in that case.
3.2.3
Water in Backll
21
Saturated phi-sat
The saturated internal friction angle (phi) of the backll beneath the water table. Note you will not see this option in the event that you have chosen the option to use equivalent uid density; it is not needed in that case.
3.2.4
These are denitions of the inputs in the Passive Pressure @ Toe group.
Analysis Type
Species the method that will be used to calculate the lateral passive pressure from the soil in front of the toe. The Rankine and Coulomb methods are earth pressure theories that account for internal soil friction, whereas Equivalent Fluid Pressure (EFP) simply treats the soil as a uid with a specied density. You can also neglect this pressure entirely.
Cohesion (c)
The cohesion of the soil in front of the toe. Note you will not see this option in the event that you have chosen the option to use equivalent uid density; it is not needed in that case.
22
3.2.5
Surcharge (Uniform)
Surcharge Type
Species whether there is a uniform surcharge over the backll, and whether that surcharge is specied directly as a pressure, or as additional depth of backll.
Surcharge Pressure
The surcharge pressure on top of the backll.
3.2.6
Surcharge (Line/Strip)
Type
Choose either a line or a strip surcharge on the backll. A line surcharge is applied at a specied distance from the wall and has units of force per unit length of the wall. A strip surcharge is applied over a nite width at a specied distance from the wall and has pressure units.
Depth
The depth below the backll surface at which the line or strip surcharge is applied. This is useful, for example, if there is a buried footing in the backll. This depth is measured from the backll surface at the point where it contacts the wall, not the sloped surface (if the the backll is sloped).
23
Width
This is the width of the strip surcharge pressure. This input is not available for a line surcharge.
Pressure
The magnitude of the strip surcharge (pressure).
Force
The magnitude of the line surcharge (linear force).
3.2.7
These are denitions of the inputs in the Uniform Lateral Load group.
Magnitude
The magnitude of the manually specied lateral pressure on the stem. The pressure acts in the same direction as the backll pressure, as indicated on the diagram.
Top Bound
The distance from the top of the stem to the top of the lateral pressure distribution.
Bottom Bound
The distance from the top of the stem to the bottom of the lateral pressure distribution.
Load Source
The load source for the uniform lateral pressure.
24
3.2.8
These are denitions of the inputs in the Stem Axial Load group.
Dead Load
The magnitude of the dead load component of the axial force.
Live Load
The magnitude of the live load component of the axial force.
Eccentricity
Enter the eccentricity of the stem load. Only positive eccentricities are allowed (move the load out towards the end of the toe). The eccentricity is measured from the center of the top of the stem.
3.2.9
Seismic Loading
Kh
The horizontal seismic coefcient, which is the horizontal earthquake acceleration component divided by the acceleration due to gravity.
Kv
The vertical seismic coefcient, which is the vertical earthquake acceleration component divided by the acceleration due to gravity.
3.3
Name
The name of this wall. It is useful to give walls meaningful names to distinguish them from other stored walls.
3.3.1
General
26
Burial Depth
The distance from the lower grade surface to the bottom of the footing.
3.3.2
Material
Rebar Fy
The specied yield stress of the reinforcing bars. This value will also be used for the stem unless the option Material Properties Different Than Footing is chosen for the stem.
Concrete fc
The specied compressive strength of the concrete. This value will also be used for the stem unless the option Material Properties Different Than Footing is chosen for the stem.
Unit Weight
The density, or unit weight, of the material (concrete) used to construct the footing. This value will also be used for the stem unless the option Material Properties Different Than Footing is chosen for the stem.
3.3.3
Footing Geometry
Footing Thickness
The thickness of the footing (heel and toe).
Heel Length
The length of the heel as measured from the base of the stem.
Toe Length
The length of the toe as measured from the base of the stem.
3.3.4
Heel Reinforcement
27
Embedment Type
The manner in which the heel reinforcement is embedded in the rest of the wall. The bars with either extend straight the full width of the footing, extend straight a specied distance past the junction with the stem, or will hook downward. The hook option can be necessary when the toe is too short for the heel bars to be developed by extending straight into the toe. Note that in practice, it may be necessary to tilt these bars, since the footing may not be thick enough to accommodate the required hook extension.
Heel Bar Ld
The distance that the heel bars extend into the footing past the base of the stem (the critical section for exure).
3.3.5
Toe Reinforcement
Embedment Type
The manner in which the toe reinforcement is embedded in the rest of the wall. The bars with either extend straight the full width of the footing, extend straight a specied distance past the junction with the stem, or will hook up to become stem reinforcement. If the hook option is chosen, there will be no separate inputs
28
for specifying the toe bars; they will be consistent with the bars at the base of the stem.
Toe Bar Ld
The distance that the toe bars extend into the footing past the base of the stem (the critical section for exure).
3.3.6
These are denitions of the inputs in the Transverse Reinf. (S&T) group.
3.3.7
Key
29
Has Key
Use this option to indicate that the wall has a shear key in order to help with sliding resistance.
Key Depth
The depth of the shear key, measured from the bottom of the footing to the bottom of the key.
Key Width
The width of the shear key.
Key Position
The position of the shear key beneath the footing. If Encase Bars is chosen, the key is positioned horizontally such that the stem bars will extend down into it, and such that they will also tend to reinforce the key.
Key Location
The manually specied location of the shear key, measured from the left edge (toe) of the footing to the left edge of the key. This entry is only available if Key Position is set to Specied.
3.3.8
General
Stem Type
Whether the stem will be composed of multiple pieces of differing thicknesses.
Height
This governs the height of the stem, measured from either the footing bottom, footing top, the backll surface, depending on the setting of the Measured From eld.
Measured From
Species how the stem height will be specied. The Backll Surface option will cause the same behavior used in QuickRWall 1.5, where the stem height is always set relative to the backll depth.
30
Rebar Fy
The specied yield stress of the reinforcing bars in the stem.
Concrete fc
The specied compressive strength of the concrete in the stem.
Unit Weight
The density, or unit weight, of the material (reinforced concrete/masonry) used to construct the stem.
3.3.9
Geometry
31
Tapered
Check this box to taper the stem.
3.3.10
Reinforcement (Flexural)
Reinforcement Layout
This setting determines whether there will be one or two curtains of reinforcement in the stem, and the position for cases where there is just one curtain.
32
Vertical Bar Ld
The distance the main vertical bars in the stem extend into the footing (when they arent hooked).
Cuto Length
The distance from the base of the stem to the cutoff point for the cutoff bars.
Lap Length
The distance over which the bars are lapped. This is measured starting at the base of the stem.
33
3.3.11
Reinforcement (S&T)
34
3.3.12
Sections
3.4
3.4.1
General
Type
This entry species whether this section of the stem will be constructed of concrete or masonry.
Height
The height of this section of the stem.
Thickness
The thickness of this section of the stem.
3.4.2
Masonry Block
35
Masonry fm
The specied compressive strength of the masonry.
Block Thickness
Thickness of the masonry block used in this section.
3.4.3
Reinforcement
Bar Fs
The allowable tensile or compressive stress in the reinforcement.
Bar Size
The size of the reinforcing bars in this section of the stem.
Bar Spacing
The center to center spacing of the reinforcing bars in this section of the stem.
Bar Position
The bar position relative to the outer faces of the wall.
Bar Cover
The clear cover between the bar and the nearest face. This input is not meaningful or visible if the bars are centered in the wall.
Embedment Above
Distance the bars from this section extend into the section above. This input is not available for the top section.
Embedment Below
Distance the bars from this section extend into the section below.
36
37
Chapter
4.1
Overview
Lateral pressure from the backll Lateral pressure from water in the backll Passive lateral pressure at the toe Surcharge on the backll (uniform) Surcharge on the backll (line/strip) Manually specied lateral pressure (e.g. from wind) Lateral pressure due to seismic loads Axial load on stem Weight of the wall Weight of the soil (backll & soil above toe) Bearing reaction beneath the footing Friction between the footing and soil
The software allows loading the wall via the following sources:
4.1.1
For most of these loading types, the calculations will show a second set of results on the stem only, in addition to the initial set on the full wall. These stem-only forces are used for calculating the internal shears and moments for stem design.
4.1.2
If there are multiple load cases then there will be multiple sets of results for each of these loading types. When viewing the results (on the Analysis View tab), you can switch between load cases using the dropdown list at the bottom of the screen.
4.2
Backll Pressure
38
The retained backll will exert a horizontal pressure on the wall. The backll pressure can be arrived at in one of two ways: Specied directly as an equivalent uid pressure (EFP) Calculated by the program using active earth pressure theory (Rankine or Coulomb) or at-rest earth pressure theory. When you specify an equivalent uid pressure (EFP) you are telling the program directly what the pressure per unit depth is. This information might come from a geotechnical engineer or a soils report. This is a very simple calculation where the lateral pressure is calculated as if the backll was a uid with the given density gEFP. The resulting distribution varies linearly from a maximum value of gEFPH at the bottom of the footing up to zero at the top. When the program calculates the backll pressure itself, it employs either Rankine active, Coulomb active, or at-rest earth pressure theory. Active earth pressure is most reasonable for a cantilever wall due to its tendency to displace somewhat in response to loading, hence allowing the backlls internal friction to engage in helping to restrain any further movement. Restrained walls are usually designed using at-rest pressure. If there is water in the backll, the buoyant effect of the water will reduce the lateral pressure from the portion of the backll that is below the water surface. The total lateral force over that portion, however, will increase when the pressure due to the water itself is considered (see following section).
4.3
Water Pressure
If there is water in the backll, it will exert a lateral pressure on the wall. The magnitude of the pressure is determined by a simple hydrostatic calculation (pressure = depth multiplied by the unit weight of water). The unit weight of water defaults to 64 pcf but can be manually overridden by the user.
4.4
The soil that is in front of the wall (over and in front of the toe) can also exert a pressure on the wall. The extent of this pressure will vary based on how much overburden you choose to neglect, whether a shear key is present, and on whether you opt to neglect the portion of the pressure above the bottom of the footing. This passive pressure contributes to sliding and (possibly) overturning resistance and can play an important role in ensuring the stability of the wall. Sometimes the fact that the soil in front of the toe gets disturbed during excavation, or other concerns, will cause concern over whether including a passive pressure contribution from that soil is reasonable. For this reason the program allows you to indicate that such pressure is to be excluded from the calculations. The passive pressure can either be calculated via Rankine passive theory, specied directly with an equivalent uid density value, or neglected completely.
4.5
Uniform Surcharge
The program allows you to specify a uniform surcharge in one of two ways:
39
Specify a ctitious additional depth of backll Specify a uniform pressure on the backll If an additional depth of backll is specied, it is converted to a pressure internally and then lateral force calculations proceed using that pressure. The surcharge pressure results in a uniform lateral pressure on the wall, which is the vertical (surcharge) pressure multiplied by the lateral pressure coefcient. If Rankine or Coulomb active pressure was used for determining backll pressure, K is the calculated Ka value for active pressure (similarly Ko for at-rest pressure). If EFP was used for backll pressure, K is determined by dividing the weight of the backll (gamma) by the specied equivalent uid density.
4.6
Line/Strip Surcharge
You may apply either a line or strip surcharge on the wall. The corresponding lateral pressures are calculated using the methods outlined in the text Principles of Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das, 3rd Edition. The exact equation used for a given loading is displayed in the output. This loading requires particularly complicated mathematical routines that can cause a noticeable delay in the software. If you notice such a delay after changing a parameter that affects the pressure (e.g. the retained height of backll), this is normal.
4.7
Seismic Loading
The program applies a seismic load due to the weight of the backll based on the Mononobe-Okabe method. The equations used to calculate the exact force are displayed in the program output. Take note when examining the pressure distribution on the stem. The theory gives two constraints: That the shape of the pressure distribution is an inverted triangle, and that the resultant acts at 0.6H from the bottom of the wall. Since these two conditions are mutually exclusive (resultant for a perfect triangular distribution would be at 2/3 or 0.667H from bottom) the program slightly modies the distribution, increasing the bottom magnitude from zero such that the resultant drops to 0.6H. This is the pressure that is used when calculating stem moments.
4.8
Wall Weights
The wall weights are determined by dividing the wall into simple geometric pieces and calculating the weight for each piece. Each pieces weight (per unit length of wall) is the area of the piece multiplied by the unit weight of the wall material.
4.9
Soil Weights
The soil weights are determined by dividing the backll into simple geometric pieces and calculating the weight for each piece. Each pieces weight (per unit length of wall) is the area of the piece multiplied by
40
the unit weight of the soil. This includes both the backll behind the wall and the soil in front of the wall over the toe. The weight of the soil over the toe can be neglected if desired.
4.10
Bearing Reaction
The upward force (R) exerted by the soil against the footing is in reaction to the sum of all downward forces that act on the wall. The calculations displayed in the software show exactly what the various downward forces are. Note that the software also tabulates what contribution each load source (e.g. dead, live, etc.) makes to the total bearing reaction. This information may be of general interest, and also becomes important when factoring the bearing pressure and determining the sliding resistance due to friction, which is a function of this bearing resultant. The horizontal position at which R acts is determined by calculating the net moment of all the forces on the wall and dividing by R. See the program output for sample equations. Note that for a restrained wall the contribution of lateral forces to the overall moment is not added in directly; rather, their effect is reected in the moment that is transferred to the footing at the base of the stem (Mstem). Knowing R and dR it is then possible to calculate the left and right bearing pressures beneath the footing. The formula used for this will vary based on whether the resultant R is located inside the middle third (full bearing) or outside the middle third (partial bearing). Again, the best illustration of this is to look at the program output.
4.11
Friction
The friction between the footing and the soil below is calculated by multiplying a user-specied coefcient by the total bearing reaction force. This is a fairly straightforward calculation, but there are complicating adjustments made when some portion of the bearing pressure was in reaction to certain load sources that should not be allowed to contribute to frictional resistance. These sources are: Any live loads Applied surcharge force (vertical) - (optional based on user setting) Vertical component of backll force - (optional based on user setting) If the bearing reaction contains contributions from any of these three sources, it will be reduced for the purposes of calculating friction. The printed report details how the calculations are adjusted to reect this reduction.
41
Chapter
Checks
5.1
5.1.1
Stability Checks
General Notes
The following general notes apply to all stability checks: The applied forces (calculated on the overall wall plus the backll over the heel) used in stability checks are factored according the the load combination specied by the Stability Load Comb input on the Criteria tab of the Input View. The default combination has all factors set to 1.0 (unfactored). Several of the options on the Criteria tab (Input View) under the Assumptions group affect stability checks. Make sure to examine these settings and ensure that they are correct for your particular project. The results displayed by the software (Checks View, Stability tab) thoroughly illustrate the details of how the checks are performed. Refer to this output for a better understanding of the internal workings of these checks. In the sliding check, the lateral support reaction (visible for restained walls) will be calculated based on the load combination used for stability checks (as selected on the Criteria tab). This is not necessarily the same as any of the strength combinations, so you should not expect the value shown to be the same as that displayed for strength design of the stem.
5.1.2
Checks Performed
42
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
Overturning
Code References: IBC 2003 1806.1 IBC 2006 1806.1 Checks that the factor of safety against overturning is greater than or equal to the specied minimum allowable.
Sliding
Code References: IBC 2003 1806.1 IBC 2006 1806.1 Checks that the factor of safety against sliding is greater than or equal to the specied minimum allowable.
Bearing Pressure
Code References: IBC 2003 1806.1 IBC 2006 1806.1 Checks that the maximum bearing pressure (gross pressure) beneath the footing is less than or equal to the specied minimum allowable.
Bearing Eccentricity
Code References: IBC 2003 1806.1 IBC 2006 1806.1 Checks that the bearing pressure resultant eccentricity (distance from footing center) does not exceed the allowable.
5.2
5.2.1
Stem Checks
General Notes
The following general notes apply to the stem checks: The applied forces (e.g. backll pressure) used to calculate the internal forces in the stem are illustrated on the Stem Forces tab of the Checks View. These forces are calculated independently from
43
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
the forces on the overall wall; take note of the stem-only set of calculations on the Backll tab and other tabs of the Analysis View. The forces used in stem design are factored by the strength load combinations selected on the Criteria tab of the Input View, specically the Concrete Load Combs and/or Masonry Load Combs inputs. When viewing stem check results. note that most of the tabs in the Checks View display information for the selected load case, which is chosen by a drop-down list at the bottom of the window. If the stem contains both concrete and masonry, the window will show both the concrete load combination and best-matched masonry combination, and internal force graphs (moment/shear) will plot results for both combinations. If the stem is unreinforced, ACIs structural plain concrete provisions are used for design (ACI-318 Ch. 22).
5.2.2
Checks Performed
Moment
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.2, 10.3 ACI 318-05 10.2, 10.3 CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 10 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 10
Checks the stem for exural failure according to the selected design code. This check is performed at multiple critical locations along the height of the stem, depending on conguration and loading.
Shear
Code References: ACI 318-02 11.1.1, 11.3.1 ACI 318-05 11.1.1, 11.3.1 CSA-A23.3-94 11.3 CSA-A23.3-04 11.3
Checks the stem for shear failure according to the selected design code. This check is performed at multiple critical locations along the height of the stem, depending on conguration and loading. 44
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
Max Steel
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.3.5 ACI 318-05 10.3.5 Checks the stem for sufcient tensile strain at nominal strength. This is a ductility requirement that guards against over-reinforcement.
Min Steel
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.5.1 ACI 318-05 10.5.1 CSA-A23.3-94 10.5.1 CSA-A23.3-04 10.5.1
Base Development
Code References: ACI 318-02 12.2.3, 12.12 ACI 318-05 12.2.3, 12.12 CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 12 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 12
Checks that the stem bars are sufciently developed into the footing.
Checks that the bar lap splices in the stem are long enough.
45
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 12 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 12 Checks that the transverse spacing between lapped bars does not exceed the limit (for noncontact lap splices).
Checks that cutoff bars extend a sufcient distance past where they are no longer needed for exure.
For cutoff bars, checks that the shear does not exceed the allowable limit when bars are cut off in a tension zone.
46
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
Checks that the horizontal bars in the wall do not exceed the maximum spacing.
5.3
5.3.1
Toe Checks
General Notes
The following general notes apply to the toe checks: The design shear force used for the toe is taken at a distance d from the base of the stem. The design moment for the toe is not taken greater than the design moment at the base of the stem. If the toe is unreinforced, ACIs structural plain concrete provisions are used for design (ACI-318 Ch. 22). When factoring the bearing pressure for heel and toe checks, the program calculates an average load factor based on the percentage contribution of each load source to the total bearing reaction.
5.3.2
Checks Performed
Shear
Code References: ACI 318-02 11.1.1, 11.3.1 ACI 318-05 11.1.1, 11.3.1 CSA-A23.3-94 11.3 CSA-A23.3-04 11.3
Checks the toe for shear failure according to the selected design code.
47
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
Moment
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.2, 10.3 ACI 318-05 10.2, 10.3 CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 10 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 10
Checks the toe for exural failure according to the selected design code.
Min Strain
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.3.5 ACI 318-05 10.3.5 Checks the toe for sufcient tensile strain at nominal strength. This is a ductility requirement that guards against over-reinforcement.
Min Steel
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.5.1 ACI 318-05 10.5.1 CSA-A23.3-94 10.5.1 CSA-A23.3-04 10.5.1
Development
Code References: ACI 318-02 12.2.3, 12.12 ACI 318-05 12.2.3, 12.12 CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 12 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 12
Checks that the toe bars are sufciently developed into the rest of the wall.
48
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
CSA-A23.3-94 7.8.3 CSA-A23.3-04 7.8.3 Checks that the shrinkage and temperature (transverse) steel spacing does not exceed the allowable limit.
5.4
5.4.1
Heel Checks
General Notes
The following general notes apply to the heel checks: The design moment for the heel is not taken greater than the design moment at the base of the stem. If the heel is unreinforced, ACIs structural plain concrete provisions are used for design (ACI-318 Ch. 22). When factoring the bearing pressure for heel and toe checks, the program calculates an average load factor based on the percentage contribution of each load source to the total bearing reaction.
5.4.2
Checks Performed
49
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
Shear
Code References: ACI 318-02 11.1.1, 11.3.1 ACI 318-05 11.1.1, 11.3.1 CSA-A23.3-94 11.3 CSA-A23.3-04 11.3
Checks the heel for shear failure according to the selected design code.
Moment
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.2, 10.3 ACI 318-05 10.2, 10.3 CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 10 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 10
Checks the heel for exural failure according to the selected design code.
Min Strain
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.3.5 ACI 318-05 10.3.5 Checks the heel for sufcient tensile strain at nominal strength. This is a ductility requirement that guards against over-reinforcement.
Min Steel
Code References: ACI 318-02 10.5.1 ACI 318-05 10.5.1 CSA-A23.3-94 10.5.1 CSA-A23.3-04 10.5.1
Development
Code References: ACI 318-02 12.2.3, 12.12 ACI 318-05 12.2.3, 12.12
50
CHAPTER 5. CHECKS
CSA-A23.3-94 Ch 12 CSA-A23.3-04 Ch 12 Checks that the heel bars are sufciently developed into the rest of the wall.
Checks that the shrinkage and temperature (transverse) steel spacing does not exceed the allowable limit.
51