INTRODUCTION

Chapter 26: FAMILY

487
for Locke, the naturalness of the family not
only points to a natural development; of the
state, but also helps. to explain how, in the
transition from the family to the state, paternal
government gives rise to royal rule or absolute
monarchy. Even Rousseau, who thinks that the
family is the only natural society, finds, in the
correspondence betvveen a political ruler and a
father, reason for saying that "thefamily ...
may be called the first model of political so-
cieties. "
IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION, a family normally
consists of a husband and wife and their off-
spring. If the procreation and rearing ofoff-,
spring is the function, or even a function, \vhich
the family naturally exists to perform, then a
childless family. cannot be considered normal.
Hegel suggests another reason for offspring. He
sees in children the bond of union which makes
the family a community.
"The relation of love between husband and
wife," he writes, "is in itself not objective, be-
cause even if their feeling is their substantial
unity, still this unity has no objectivity. Such
an objectivity parents first acquire in. their
children, in whom they can see objectified the
entirety of their union. In the child, a mother
loves its father and he its mother. Both have
their love objectified for them in the child.
While in their goods their unity is embodied
only in an external thing, in their children it is
embodied in a spiritual one in which the par-
ents are loved and which they love."
Until recent times when it has been affected
by urban, industrial conditions, the family
tended to be a much larger unit, not only with
regard to the number of children, but also with
respect to other members and relationships.
The household included servants, if not slaves;
it included blood-relatives in various degrees of
consanguinity; its range extended over three or
even four generations. Sancho Panza's ,vife, for
instance, pictures the ideal marriage for her
daughter as one in which "we shall have her
always under our eyes, and be all one family,
parents and children, grandchildren and sons-
in-lavv, and the peace and blessing of God will
dwell among us." Even though they belong to
the nineteenth century, the familjes in War
and Peace indicate how different is the domestic
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
reek, or the Eastern forms which, moreover,
ken together form a series in historic develop-
ment."
Though the observation of the various forms
which the human family takes has led some
writers to deny the naturalness of the family-
at least so far as its "naturalness" '\vould Inean
a purely instinctive formation-it has seldom
been disputed that the family fulfills a natural
human need. Conventional in structure, the
tamily remains natural as a means indispensable
to an end which all men naturallydesire. "There
must be a union of those who cannot exist ,vith-
out each other," Aristotle writes, "namely, of
male and female, that the race may continue" ;
and he goes on to say that this union is formed
"not of deliberate purpose, but because, in
common with other animals and with plants,
mankind have a natural desire to leave behind
them an image of themselves."
The human infant, as Locke observes, re-
quires years of care in order to survive. If the
family did not exist as a relatively stable organi-
zation to serve this purpose, some other social
agency would have to provide sustained care
for children. But ,vherever we find any other
social units, such as tribes or cities, there we
also find some form of the family in existence,
not only performing the function of rearing
children, but also being the primitive social
group out of which all larger groupings seem to
grow or to be formed. Aristotle, for. example,
describes the village or tribe as growing out of
an association of families, just as later the city
or state comes from a union of villages.
We have seen that the naturalness of the
family-as answering a natural need-is not
incompatible with its also being a product of
custom or convention. The facts reported by
Herodotus, Montaigne, and Darwin, which
show the variability of families in size and
membership, in form and government, do not
exclude, but on the contrary emphasize, the
further fact that wherever men live together
at all, they also live in families.
Whether or not the political community is
also a natural society, and if so, whether it is
natural in the same way as the family, are ques-
tions reserved for the chapter on STATE. But
it should be noted here that for some wri ters,
for Aristotle particularly and to a lesser extent
wise hath set to the works of His hands,
we find the inferior creatures steadily obey."
Yet Locke does not reduce the association of
father, mother, and children entirely to a di-
vinely implanted instinct for the perpetuation
of the species. "Conjugal society," he writes,
"is made by a voluntary compact between man
and \voman, and though it consists chiefly in
such a communion and right in one another's
bodies as is necessary to its chief end, procrea-
tion, yet it dra\vs with it mutual support and
assistance, and a comn1union of interests, too."
If the human family were entirely an instinc-
tively formed society, we should expect to find
the pattern or structure of the domestic com-
muni ty the same at all times and everywhere.
But since the time ofI-Ierodotus, historians and,
later, anthropologists have observed the great
diversity in the institutions of the family in
different tribes or cultures, or even at different
times in the same culture. From his own travels
among different peoples, Herodotus reports a
wide variety of customs \vith to mar-
riage and the family. From the travels of other
men, Montaigne culls a similar collection of
stories about the diversity of the mores with
respect to sex, especially in relation to the
rules or customs which hedge the community
of man and wife.
Such facts raise the question whether the
pattern of monogamy pictured by Locke repre-
sents anything more than one type of human
family-the type which predominates in west-
ern civilization or, even more narrovvly, in
Christendom. Marx, for instance, holds that
the structure of the family depends on the
character of its "economical foundation," and
insists that "it is of course just as absurd to hold
the Teutonic-Christian form of the family to be
absolute and final as it would be to apply that
character to the ancient Roman, the ancient
T
I-1E hun1an family, according to Rousseau,
is "the most ancient of all societies and the
only one that is natural." On the naturalness
of the family there seems to be general agree-
ment in the great books, although not all would
claim, like Rousseau, that it is the only natural
society. The state is sometimes also regarded as
a natural community, but its naturalness is not
as obvious and has often been disputed.
The word "natural" applied to a community
or association of men can mean either that men
instinctivelv associate with one another as do bees
and buffaloes; or that the association in ques-
tion, while voluntary and to that extent con-
ventional, is also necessary for human welfare.
It is in this sense of necessity or need that Rous-
seau speaks of family ties as natural. "The chil-
dren remain attached to the father only so long
as they need him for their preservation," he
writes. "As soon as this need ceases, the natural
bond is dissolved." If after that "they remain
united, they continue so no longer naturally,
but voluntarily; and the family itself is then
maintained only by convention."
Locke appears to attribute the existence of
the human family to the same sort of instinc-
tive determination which establishes familial
ties among other animals, though he recognizes
that the protracted infancy of human offspring
make "the conjugal bonds ... more firm and
lasting in man than the other species of ani-
mals." Since with other animals as well as in
the human species, "the end of conjunction
between male and female [is] not barely pro-
creation, but the continuation of the species,"
it ought to last, in Locke's opinion, "even after
procreation, so long as is necessary to the nour-
ishment and support of the young ones, who
are to be sustained by those who got them till
they are able to shift and support for them-
selves. This rule," he adds, "which the infinite
486
THE GREAT 489
duties of care and obedience which bind its
members together. For the state to interfere in
those relationships bet,veen parents and chil-
dren or between husband and wife which fall
under the regulation of divine law would be to
exceed its authority, and hence to act without
right and in violation of rights founded upon a
higher authority.
In the Christian tradition philosophers like
Hobbes and Kant state the rights of the family
in terms of natural law or defend them as natu-
ral rights. "Because the first instruction of chil..
dren, " writes Hobbes, "depends on the care of
their parents, it is necessary that they should be
obedient to them \vhile they are under their
tuition.... Originally the father of every man
was also his sovereign lord, with po\ver over
him of life and death." \Vhen the fathers of
families relinquished such absolute power in
order to form a commonwealth or state, they
did not lose, nor did they have to give up, ac-
cording to Hobbes, all control of their children.
"Nor would there be any reason," he goes on,
"why any man should desire to have children,
or take the care to nourish and instruct them
if they were afterwards to have no other benefi;
froll1 theln than from other men. And this," he
says, "accords with the Fifth Commandment."
In the section of his Science ofRight devoted
to the "rights of the family as a domestic so-
ciety," Kant argues that "from the fact of pro-
creation there follows the duty of preserving
and rearing children." From this duty he de-
rives "the right of parents to the management
and training of the child, so long as it is itself
incapable of making proper use of its body as an
organism, and of its mind as an understanding.
1"'his includes its nourishment and the care of
its education." It also "includes, in general, the
function of forming and developing it practi-
cally, that it may be able in the future to Inain-
tain and advance itself, and also its Inoral cul-
ture and development, the guilt of neglecting
it falling upon the parents. "
As is evident fronl Hobbes and Kant, the
rights of the family can be vindicated "vi thout
denying that the family, like the individual,
owes obedience to the state. In modern terms,
at least, the problem is partly stated by the
question, To what extent can parents justly
claim exemption from political interference in
CHAPTER 26: FA!v1ILY
as its counterpart \vould be today. When
crates proposes this, Glaucon suggests that
he possibility as well as the utility of such a
8:\Y" may be subject to "a good many doubts."
113ut Socrates does not think that "there can be
any dispute about the very great utility of hav-
ing wives and children in common; the possj-
lity," he adds, "is quite another luatter,and
'n be very much disputed."
Aristotle questions both the desirability and
rPssibili ty. "The premise from which the argu-
ment of Socrates proceeds," he says, is "'the
greater the unity of the state the better.' " He
denies this premise. "Is it not obvious," he
asks, "that a state may at length attain such a
degree of unity as to be no longer a state?-
since the nature of a state is to be a plurality,
and in tending to a greater unity, from being a
state, it becomes a family, and from being a
family, an individua1." I-Ience "we ought not
to attain this greatest unity even if we could,
for it would be the destruction of the state."
In addition, "the schelue, taken literally, is im"
"
It is significant that Aristotle's main argu..
ment against Plato's "communism" (which in-
cludes the community of property as well as
the community of women and children) is
based upon the nature of the state rather than
on the rights of the family. It seems to have been
a prevalent view in antiquity, at least among
that the children should be "re-
garded as belonging to the state rather than to
their parents." Antigone's example shows, how-
ever, that this vie'" \vas by no means wi thout
exception. Her defiance of Creon, based on
"the unwritten and unfailing statutes of
heaven," is also for "the Inajesty of
kindred blood." In this sense, it constitutes an
affirmation of the rights and duties of the faIn-
ily.
In the Christian tradition the rights of the
fatuity as against the state are also defended by
reference to divine la,,,. The point is not that
the state is less a natural community than the
rami!y in the eyes of a theologian like Aquinas;
but in addition to having a certain priority in
the order of nature, the family, more directly
than the state, is of divine origin. Not only is it
rounded on the sacrament of n1atrinl0ny, but
the express cOffilnandments of God dictate the
The family was for centuries what the fa
tory and the storehouse have only recently b
come in an era of industrialism. For the an
cients, the problems of,vealth-its acquisition
accumulation, and use-were domestic, no
political. "The so-called art of getting ,vealth,'
Aristotle ,vrites, is "according to some ..
identical with household management, accor
ing to others, a principal part of it." In his 0\\7
judgment, "property is a part of the hous
hold, and the art of acquiring property is a
part of the art of managing the household"--
but a part only, because the household inclUdes
human beings as 'Yell as property, and is con-
cerned ,vith the government of persons as We
as the management of things.
The foregoing thro,vs light on the extraor-
dinary shift in the meaning of the word "eco-
nomics" from ancient to modern times. In the
significance of their Greek roots, the word
"polity" signifies a state, the word "economy"
a family; and as "politics" referred to the art or
governing the political community, so "eco-
nomics" referred to the art of governing the
domestic community. Only in part was it con-
cerned with the art of getting wealth. As the
chapter on \VEALTH indicates, Rousseau tries to
preserve the broader meaning when he uses til
phrase "political economy" for the gener
problems of government; but for the most par
in modern usage "economics" refers to a scienc
or art concerned with wealth, and it is "polit'
cal" in the sense that the management 0
wealth, and of men with respect to wealth, has
become the problem of the state rather than
the family. Not only has the industrial economy
become more and more a political affair, but
the character of the family as a social institution
has also changed with its altered economic
status and function.
THE CHIEF QUESTION about the family in rela"
tion to the state has been, in ancient as ,veIl as
in modern times, whether the family has natu"
ral rights which the state cannot justly invade
or transgress.
The proposal in Plato's Republic-"that the
wives of our guardians are to be common, ana
their children are to be common, and no parent
is to know his own child, nor any child his
parent"-was as radical in the fifth
488
establishment under agrarian and semi-feudal
condi tions.
But even when it comprised a larger and
more varied membership, the family differed
from other social units, such as tribe or state,
in both size and function. Its membership,
determined by consanguinity, was usually more
restricted than that of other groups, although
blood-relationships, often more remote, may
also operate to limit the membership of the
tribe or the state. Its function, according to
Aristotle, at least in origin, was to "supply
men's everyday \vants," whereas the state went
beyond this in aiming at other conditions "of
a good life."
In an agricultural society of the sort \ve find
among the ancients, the household rather than
the city is occupied ,vith the problems of
"vealth. In addition to the breeding and rear-
ing of children, and probably because of this in
part, the family as a unit seems to have been
concerned \vith the means of subsistence, on the
side of both production and consumption. Its
members shared in a division of labor and in a
division of the frui ts thereof.
j-\part from those industries manned solely
by slave labor in the service of the state, the
production of goods largely depended on the
industry of the family. In modern tilnes this
system of production came to be called the
"domestic" as opposed to the "factory" system.
It seems to persist even after the industrial
revolution. But, according to Marx, "this mod-
ern so-called domestic industry has nothing,
except the name, in common with the old-
fashioned domestic industry, the existence of
\"hich independent urban handi-
crafts, independent peasant farming, and above
all, a d\velling house for the laborer and his
family."
In effect, the industrial revolution produced
an economy in which not only agriculture but
the family ceased to be central. The problem
shifts from the wealth of families to the wealth
of nations, even as production shifts from the
family to the factory. "Modern industry," ac-
cording to Marx, "by assigning an important
part in the process of production, outside the
domestic sphere, to women, to young persons,
and to children of both sexes, creates a new
econonlical founcb.tion."
THE GREAT IDEAS
491
na.tural master of his family "Th -h d. . . ertg tsan
both paternal and despotical
Omlnl?n, Hobbes maintains, "are the very
same wIth those f . ' .' ... '
On th 0 a sovereIgn by mst1tution;"
e other hand, Rousseau, an e uall
absolute rule, us;s
word despottsm. only in an tOnv'l'dl'
h h ous sense
or b'v at e regards as illegitimate government
-a solute monarchy. "Even if th 1 ere were as
c ose an analogy as many authors maintain be-
tween the State and the family" he ' . '"
Id ' wntes, . it
vvounot follow that the rules of d
con uct
proper or one of these societies would be also
proper for the other."
Rousseau goes so far as to den that
IS despotic in his sense that
With regard to paternal authority f
whIch some \vriters have derived absol t' rom
" h u egov-
ernment, e remarks that" h' .
f h . not lUg can be
urt er trom the ferocious spirit of d .
th h 'I espotlsm
an t e mi dness of that authority which looks
more to the advantage of him who ob h
t h fh' . eys tan
o t at 0 1m v\Tho commands" H .
L k . e agrees with
oc e In the observation that unlike th . 1"
I d " h ' e po 1tl-
ca espot, t e father is the chl'ld'
1 h' s master no
onger t an hIS help is necessary." When both
;,qual, the son is perfectly independent of
t e and owes him "only respect and
obed1ence." not
Misrule in the family then w Id , ,ou seem to
occur when these conditions or 11'mI' ts ..
I d P are VI0-
ate. arents may try to continue their abso-
lute control past the point at which the h'ld
have become . t d c I ren
ma ure an are competent t
take. care. of their own affairs A p .. h
O
d' arent w 0
oes not rehnquish his absolutism at this point
can be called "despotic" in the dero
sense of that word. gatory
Applying a distinction made by some 1"
1 . po ltl-
the parent is tyrannical rather than
espotlc when he uses the children for his own
good, treats them as property to l' . exp Olt, even
at tIme when his absolute direction of their
be justified if it were for the
chIldren s The existence of parental
tyranny raIses In its sharpest form th '
f 1 ,. e questiOn
o tle state s,nght to intervene in the famil for
the good of its members. y
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
rity. may enjoy "equal
,t .. to hIS
Jected to the_ WIll or authority of - h
" h'l T any at er
, c 1 dren, according to Locke " .:
, h' . 1 ,. are not
n in t 1S l.U 1state of equality thou h th
born to it." ,g ey
Paternal po\ver, even absolute . 1
'ld ,roe, over
.... ren anses from this fact So 1 . h
'ld '" , . ong as t e
I .is in an estate \vherein he has no d-
d' f h' un er
k
. 1S own to direct his will," Locke
S e IS not to have any will ofhis own to
0':. He that understands for him must will
hIm to?; he. must prescribe to his will,and
late hIS But Locke adds the im-
tant quahficatton that when the s " . . . on comes
he estate whIch made his father a free
. f . man,
son IS a ree man too."
ecause children are truly inferior in com-
there would seemto be no inj ustice in
r beIng by their parents; or in the rule
g absolute In the sense that children are
eluded from exercising a decisive voice in
conduct of own or their family's. af-
s. Those who thInk that kings cannot claim
absolute authority of parental rule fre-
ndy use the "vord "despotic" t ' 'f
'fi d . 0 slgnt y un-
I e paternalism-a transference to th
e of a .type of dominion which can
only tn the family.
e of despotism as absolute rule is
ussed tn the chapters on MONARCHY and
ANNY, but its relevance here mak .t
h repeating that' the Greek . defS1
h "d " wor rom
. like its Latin equivalent
SIgnIfies the ruler of a household
carnes the connotation of absolute rule-
complete mastery of the father over the
and the servants, if not over the wife
there would seem to be
lous.tn referring to domestic government
espottc, at least not to the extent th t'
the children, absolute rule is
elr Immaturity. The probleln arises only
respect to despotism in the state, when
an rules another mature man as absolutely
parent rules a child.
e, great defender of the doctrine that the
must be absolute, "or else there is no
Ignty at all," sees no difference between
hts of the ruler of a state-the" '
sti tutio " d h sovereIgn THE CENTRAL ELEMENT in the d . . b
n -an t ose of a father as the r h' omestlc esta -
IS ment IS, of course, the institution of mar-
WHILE THERE MAY be disagreement reg
the relation betvveen husband and wife,
is none regarding the inequality betwe
e
ents and children during the offspring's i
on the supposition that their "natures
equal and do not differ at all." In the fa
however, Aristotle thinks that "although t
may be exceptions to the order of nature,
male is by nature fitter for command than
female."
According to Locke, "the husband and
though they have but one common conc
yet having different. understandings, will
avoidably sometinies have different wills t
It therefore being necessary that the last clet
mination (i.e., the rule) should be placed so
where, it naturally falls to the man's shar
the abler and the stronger." But this, E
thinks, "leaves the wife in the full and
possession of what by contract is her pec
right, and at least gives the husband no
power over her than she has over his life;
power of the husband being so far from th
an absolute monarch that the wife has, in
cases, a liberty to separate from him w
natural right or their contract allows it."
In the so-called Marriage Group of the
terbury Tales, Chaucer gives voice to all a
possible positions that have ever been t
concerning the relation of husband and
The Wife of Bath, for example, argues for
rule of the wife. She claims that nothing
satisfy women until they "have the soverei
as well upon their husband as their love, a
have mastery their man above." The ele
Oxford, in his tale of patient Griselda, pre
the wife who freely admits to ,her hl1sD
"When first I came to you, just so left I my
and all my liberty." The Franklin in his
allows the mastery to neither wife nor husb
"save that the name and show of sovereig
would belong to the latter. He dares to sa
That friends each one the other must obey
If they'd be friends and long keep compan
Love will not be constrained by mastery;
Women by nature love their liberty,
And not to be constrained like any thrall,
And so do men, if say the truth I shall.. K.
Thus did she take her servant and her lord,
Servant in love and lord in their marriage;
So \vas he both in lordship and bondage.
THE KINDS OF RULE and' the relation between
ruler and ruled in the domestic community
have a profound bearing on the theory of
government in the larger community of the
state. Many of the chapters on the forms of
government-especially CONSTITUTION, MON-
ARCIIY, and TYRANNy-indicate that the great
books of political theory, from Plato and Aris-
totle to Locke and Rousseau, derive critical
points from the comparison of domestic and
political government.
\Ve shall passover the master-slave relation-
ship, both because that is considered in the
chapter on SLAVERY, and because not all house-
holds include human chattel. Omitting this,
two fundamental relationships which domestic
government involves remain to be examined:
the relation of husband and wife, and of
parents and children.
With regard to the first, there are questions of
equality and administrative supremacy. Even
vvhen the wife is regarded as the complete
equal of her husband, the administrative ques-
tion remains, for there must either be a division
of authority, or unanimity must prevail, or one
-either the hl!sband or the wife-must have
the last word when disagreement must be over-
come to get any practical matter decided. So
far as husband and wife are concerned, should
the family be an absolute monarchy, or a kind
of constitutional government?
Both an ancient and a modern writer appear
to answer this question in the same way. "A
husband and father," Aristotle says, "rules over
wife and children, both free, but the rule dif-
fers, the rule over his children being a royal,
over his wife a constitutional rule." Yet the re-
lation between husband and wife, in Aristotle's
view, is not perfectly constitutional. In the
state "the citizens rule and are ruled in turn"
the control of their own children? But this is
only part of the problem. It must also be asked
\vhether, in addition to regulating the family
for the general welfare of the whole communi-
ty, the state is also entitled to interfere in the
affairs of the household in ordef to protect
children from parental mismanagement or neg-
lect. Both questions call for a consideration of
the form and principles of domestic govern-
lnent.
'490
THE GREAT IDEAS
,,\T
E
HAVE ALREADY considered some of the
problems of the family which relate to children
and imlnature members of the hu-
man race'-such as whether the child belongs to
the family or the state, and vvhether the farDily
is responsible for the care and training of
chIldren, or a share of this responsibility falls to
the state or the church.
493
the decision of Aeneas or the indecision of
Hamlet; and certainly in the reasoning of
Panurge about whether to marry or not. In
each of these cases, everyone finds some aspect
of love in relation to marriage, some phase of
parenthood or childhood which has colored
his own life or that of his family; and he can
find some\vhere in his own experience the
grounds for sympathetic understanding of the
extraordinary relation bet\veen Electra and her
mother Clytemnestra, between Augustine and
Monica his mother, between Oedipus and Jo-
casta, Prince Hamlet and Queen Gertrude,
Pierre Bezukhov and his wife, or \vhat is per-
haps the most extraordinary case of all-Adam
and Eve in Paradise Lost..
On one point the universality of the problem
of marriage and family life seems to require
qualification. The conflict between conjugal
and illicit love exists in all ages. The entangle-
ment of the bond between man and wife with
the ties-of both love and blood-which unite
parents and children, is equally universal. But
the difficulties which arise in marriage as a. re-
sult of the ideals or the illusions of romantic
love seem to constitute a peculiarly modern
problem. The ancients distinguished between
sexual love and the love of friendship and they
understood the necessity for both in the con-
jugal relationship if marriage is to prosper. But
not until the later Middle Ages did men think
of matrimony as a way to perpetuate through-
out all the years the ardor of that moment in a
romantic attachlnent when the lovers find each
other without flaw and beyond reproach.
11atters relevant to this modern problem are
discussed in the chapter on LOVE. As is there
indicated, romantic love, though it seems to be
of Christian origin, may also be a distortion-
even an heretical perversion-of the kind of
Christian love ,vhich is pledged in the recipro-
cal Vo\VS of holy matrimony.
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
ale and female amongst other creatures," but
does not see '''vhy this compact, \vhere pro-
reation and education are secured, and inheri-
tance taken care for, may not be made deter-
minable either by consent, or at a certain time,
or upon certain condi tions, as well as any other
voluntary compact, there being no necessity in
tne nature of the thing ... that it should ahvays
be for life." Against Locke, Dr. Johnson \vould
argue that "to the contract of marriage, be-
sides the n1an and wife, there is a third party-
Society; and ifit be considered as a vow-God;
and therefore it cannot be dissolved by their
consent alone."
La\vs and customs, however, represent only
the external or social aspect of marriage. The
discussion of these externals cannot give any
impression of the inwardness and depth of the
problem which marriage is for the individual
person. Only the great poems, the great novels
and plays, the great books of history and biog-
raphy can adequately present the psychological
and emotional aspects of marriage in the life of
individuals. Heightened in narration, they give
more eloquent testimony than the case histories
of Freud to support the proposition that mar-
riage is at all tilnes-in every culture and under
the widest variety of circumstances-one of the
suprenle tests of human character.
The relation bet\veen men and "Ton1en in and
out of marriage, the relation of husband and
wife before and after marriage, the relation of
parents and children-,these create crises and
tensions, conflicts bet\veen love and duty, be-
tween reason and the passions, from which no
individual can entirely escape. Marriage is not
only a typically human problem, but it is the
one problem 'Vvhich, both psychologically and
morally, touches every man, \voman, and child.
Sometimes the resolution is tragic, sometimes
the outcome seems to be happy, almost blessed;
but whether a hUlnan life is built on this foun-
dation or broken against these rocks, it is vio-
lently shaken in the process and forever shaped.
To some degree each reader of the great
has, in imagination if not in action, par-
tiCipated in the trials of Odysseus, Penelope,
and Telemachus; in the affections of Hector
and Andromache, Alcestis and i\dmetus, Tom
!ones and Sophia, Natasha and Pierre Bezukhov,
i11 the jealousy of Othello, the anguish of Lear,
culture to culture; but in Freud's opinion t
"high-water mark in this type of developrn
has been reached in our Western Europ
civilizationa"
The conception of marriage-whether it
merely a civil, or a natural, and even a clivi
institution-obviously affects the position to
taken on monogamy, on divorce, on chast
and adultery, and on the comparative merits
the married and the celibate condition. The
gans, for the most part, regard celibacy as a
fortune, especially for women, as witness
tragedy of the unwedded Electra. Christi
ity, on the other hand, celebrates the heroi
of virginity and encourages the forma tion
monastic communities for celibates. \Vithin t
Judaeo-Christian tradition there are striki
differences. Not only were the patriarchs of t
Old Testament polygamous, but orthod
Judaism and orthodox Christianity also di
on divorce.
Augustine explains how a Christian shOll
interpret those passages in the Old Testame
which describe the polygamous practices of t
patriarchs. "1'he saints of ancient times,"
wri tes, "were under the form of an eart
kingdom, foreshadowing and foretelling t
kingdom of heaven. And on account of t
necessity for a numerous offspring, the custo
of one man having several wives was at to
time blameless; and for the same reason it \v
not proper for one woman to have several hu
bands, because a \vornan does not in that wa
become more fruitful ... In regard to ll1atte
of this sort," he concludes, '\vhatever the hal
men of those times did without lust, Scriptu
passes over without blame, although they
things which could not be done at the prese
time except through lust."
On similar grounds Aquinas holds that"
was allowable to give a bill of divorce," unde
the law of the Old Testament, but it is notal
lowable under the Christian dispensation be
cause divorce "is contrary to the nature at
sacrament." The greatest familiarity between
man and wife requires the staunchest
which "is impossible if the marriage bond can
be sundered." Wi thin the Christian traditi
Locke takes an opposite view of divorce.
can see good reason \vhy "the society of m
and \vife should be more lasting than that
492
riage. The discussion of marriage in the great
books deals wi th most of the moral and psycho-
logical, if not all of the sociological and eco-
nomic, aspects of the institution. The most pro-
found question, perhaps, is whether marriage is
merely a human institution to be regulated
solely by custom and civil law, or a contract
under the sanctions of natural law, ora religious
sacrament signifying and imparting God's
grace. The last t\VO of these alternatives may
not exclude one another, but those \vho insist
upon the first usually reject the other two.
Some, like the Parson in the Canterbury
Tales, consider marriage not only a natural but
also a divine institution-a "sacrament ...
ordained by God Himself in Paradise, and con-
firmed by Jesus Christ, as witness St. :i\1atthew
in the gospel: 'For this cause shall a man leave
father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife;
and they twain shall be one flesh,' which be-
tokens the knitting together of Christ and of
I-Ioly Church."
Others, like Kant, seen1 to stress the charac-
ter of marriage as an institution sanctioned by
natural law. The "natural union of the sexes,"
he writes, "proceeds either according to the
n1ere animal nature (vaga libido, venus vu19ivaga,
.fornicatio), or according to law. The latter is
marriage (matrinzo12ium), which is the union of
two persons of different sex for life-long recip-
rocal possession of their sexual faculties." Kant
considers offspring as a natural end of marriage,
but not the exclusive end, for then 'f,the mar-
riage would be dissolved of itself when the pro-
duction of children ceased. ... Even assum-
ing," he declares, "that enjoyment in the recip-
rocal use of the sexual endowments is an end of
Inarriage, yet contract of marriage is not on
that account a In.atter of arbitrary will, but is
a contract necessary in its nature by the Law of
I-Iumanity. In other words, if a man and a wom-
an have the will to enter on reciprocal enjoy-
ment in accordance wi th their sexual natures,
they must necessarily marry each other."
Still others see marriage primarily as a civil
contract. Freud, for example, considers the
vie'v that "sexual relations are permitted only
on the basis ofa final, indissoluble bond between
a man and woman" as purely a convention of
"present-day civilization." Marriage, as a set of
taboos restricting the sexual life, varies from
THE GREAT IDEAS
497
PAGE
495
Mill's tract on The Subjection of Women is his
statement of the case for social eco-
nomIC, and political equality between the
In Representative Government, his defense of
,:omen's deals primarily with the ques-
tIon of extendIng the franchise to them. Differ-
ence of sex: tends, is "as entirely irrele-
to polItIcal nghts, as difference in height,
or In the of the hair. All.human beings
have t?e same Interest in good government ...
have long since abandoned the only
premIsses which will support the conclusion
that women ought not to have votes. No one
now, holds that women should be in personal
se.rvitude; that they should have no thought,
WIsh, or occupation, but to be the domestic
drudges of husbands, fathers, or brothers. It is
all?wed to unmarried, and wants but little of
beIng conceded to married women to hold
and have pecuniary and business in-
terests, In the same manner as men. It is consid-
suitable and proper that women should
thInk, wri te, and be teachers. As soon as
these thIngs are adlni tted " Mill con 1 d
" h l' . . . . ' cues,
tepa lhcal dIsqualIfication has no principle
to rest on."
no other of the great books speaks
so dlrec.tly for the emancipatioD of women from
domestic political subjection, many of
them do conSIder the differences between men
and in tion to war and love,. pleas-
ure and paIn, VIrtue and vice, duty and honor.
Some. are concerned explicitly with the pivotal
men and women are more
alIke whether they are essential-
ly equal1n theIr humanity or unequal. Since
are matters pertinent to human natu
If " re
Itse ,as It IS affected by gender, the relevant
passages are collected in the chapter on MAN.
OUTLINE OF TOPICS
I. The nature and necessi ty of the family
2. The family and the state
2a. of the domestic and political community in origin, structure, and
2b. Comparison of the domestic and political community in manner of
Th . government
2C. e fights of the family in the state: the control and education of
CHA.PTER 26: FAMILY
ck\vash of war. In the other, Medea passion-
ely berates the ignominy and bondage which
\Vomen must accept in being wives. "Of all
things that have life and sense," she says, "we
\\,'Omen are the most hapless creatures; first must
we buy a husband at great price, and then o'er
ourselves a tyrant set, which is an evil \vorse
than the first."
The ancient world contains another feminist
who further than Euripides in speaking
for the nght ofwomen to be educated like men
to sha:-e. in property with them, and to enj0;
the as well as to discharge the tasks of
citizenshIp. In the tradition of the areat books
the striking fact is that after PIa the nex;
great declaration of the rights of women should
be written by one who is as far removed from
him in time and temper as John Stuart Mill.
In Plato's Republic, Socrates argues that if
the difference between men and ,vomen "con-
sists only in women bearing and men begetting
cnildren, .this does not amount to proof that a
woman dIffers from a man in respect to the sort
of education she should receive." For the same
reason, he says, "the guardians and their wives
ought to have the same pursuits." Since he
thinks that "the gifts of nature are alike dif-
fused in both," Socrates insists that "there is
no special faculty of administration in a state
a woman has because she is a woman, or
a luan has by virtue of his sex. All the
purSUIts of men are the pursuits of women
also. " Yet he adds that ,"in all of them a WOlnan
is inferior to a man." Therefore when he pro-
poses to let women "share in the toils of war
and the defence of their country," Sacrates
s,uggests that "in the distribution of labors the
hghter are to be assigned to the women, ,vho
are the weaker natures. "
versions of love, the qualitative distinctions
romantic, conjugal, and illicit love, the facto
which determine the choice of a mate an
success or failure in marriage, and the condi-
tions which determine the emergence
emotional infantilism-all these can be under..
stood only by reference to the emotional life
the child in the. vortex of the family.
The child's "great task," according to Fre
is that of "freeing himself from the parent
for "only after this detachment is accomplisH
can he cease to be a child and so become a me
ber. of the social community.... These tas
are laid down for every man" but, Fre
writes, "it is noteworthy how seldom they a
carried through ideally, that is, how seld
they are solved in a manner psychologically-
well. as socially satisfactory. In neurotics, ho
ever," he adds, "this detachment from the p
ents is not accomplished at all."
In one sense, it is never fully accpmplis
by anyone. What Freud calls the "ego-ideal"
which represents our higher nature and whi
in the name of the reality-principle, resists
stinctual compliance \vith the pleasure-pr
ciple-is said to have its origin in "the ident
cation with the father, which takes place in
prehistory of every person." Even after ani
dividual has achieved detachment from t
family, this ego-ideal acts as "a substitute
the longing for a father"; and in the form
conscience it "continues to exercise
censorship of morals."
ONE OTHER GROUP of questions which invo
the fa1uily-at least as background-conce
the position or role of \vomen. We have alrea
considered their relation to their husbands
the government of the family itself. The
in which that relation is conceived affects
status and activity of women in the larger c
munity of the state, in relation to citizens
and the opportunities for education, to the'p
session of property and the production
wealth (for example, the role of female laBor
in an industrial econo1l1Y).
Again it is Euripides who gives voice
plight of women in a man's world, in two of
great tragedies, the Trojan Women and MelJ
In the one, they cry out under the brunt or
suffering which men leave them to bear in
494
There are other problems. Why do men and
women want offspring and what satisfactions do
they.get from rearing children? For the most
part in Christendom, and certainly in antiqui-
ty, the lot of the childless is looked upon as a
grievous frustration. To .be childless is not
merely contrary to nature, but for pagan as well
as Christian it constitutes the deprivation of a
blessing which should grace the declining years
of married life. The opposite view, so rarely
taken, is voiced by the chorus of women in the
.lYledea of Euripides.
"Those who are wholly without experience
and have never had children far surpass in hap-
piness those who are parents," thewomen chant
in response to Medea's tragic leave-taking from
her ovvn babes. "The childless, because they
have never proved whether children grow up
to be a blessing or a curse to men, are removed
from all share in many troubles; whilst those
who have a sweet race of children growing up
in their houses do wear away ... their whole
life through; first with the thought how they
may train thern up in virtue, next how they
shall leave their sons the means to live; and
after all this 'tis far from clear whether on good
or bad children they bestow their toiL"
Still other questions arise concerning. chil-
dren, quite apart from the attitude of parents
toward having and rearing them. What is the
economic position of the child, both "vith re-
spect to ownership of property and with respect
to a part in the division of labor? How has the
economic status of children been affected by
industrialism? What are the mental and moral
characteristics of the immature which exclude
them from in political life, and
which require aciuit regulation of their affairs?
What are the criteria-emotional and mental
as well as chronological-which determine the
classification of individuals as children or adults,
and how is the transition from childhood to
manhood effected economically, politically, and
above all emotionally?
The authors of the great books discuss most
of these questions, but among them only Freud
sees in the relation of children to their parents
the basic emotional determination of human
life. The fundamental triangle of love and hate,
devotion and rivalry, consists of father, mother,
and child. For Freud all the intricacies and per-
7. The life of the family
7a. Marriage and love: romantic, conjugal, and illicit love ,
7b. The continuity of the family: the veneration of ancestors; family pride, feuds,
curses
7c. Patterns of friendship in the family: man and wife; parents and children; brothers
and sisters
7d. The impact of fatuily life upon the child: the domestic triangle; the
symbolic roles of father and n10ther
8. Historical observations on the institution of marriage and the family
497
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK XXIII,
187d-188a
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 350a-c / Social Con-
tract, BK I, 387d-388a
42 KANT: Science of Right, 418c-422d; 433c-
434a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy ofRight, PARTIII, par 15
8
-
181 S8a-63d; ADDITIONS, 47 124a-b / Philoso-
phy ofHistory, INTRO, 172b-d; PART IV, 353a-b
50 MARX: Capital, 241c-d
50 :NfARX-ENGELS: Communz:ft Manifesto, 427b-c
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, EPILOGUE I, 659d-
662a
53 JAMES: Psychology, 189a
54 FREUD: Group Psychology, 686c-687d esp 687d
/ Civilization and Its Discontents, 781d-782c;
788a-b
2. The family and the state
2a. Comparison of the domestic and political
community in origin, structure, and func-
tion
7 PLATO: Crito, 216d-217d / Republic, BK V,
356b-365d / Laws, BK I, 641a-642b; BK III,
664a-666c
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK VIII, CH 12 [II62
a
I6-I8]
414c / Politics, BK I, CH 1-2 445a-446d; BK II,
ClI 2 4SSd-456c; CH 5 [I263b30-35] 459a
CHAPTER 26: FA.MILY
REFERENCES
To find the passages cited, use the numbers in heavy type, which are the volume and page
numbers of the passages referred to. For example, in 4 HOMER: Iliad, BK II [
26
5-
28
3] 12d, the
number 4 is the number of the volume in the set; the number 12d indicates that the pas-
sage is in section d of page 12.
PAGE SECTIONS: When the text is printed in one column, the letters a and b refer to the
upper and lower halves of the page. For example, in 53 JAMES: Psychology, 116a-119b, the passage
begins in the upper half of page 116 and ends in the lower half of page 119. When the text is
printed in two columns, the letters a and b refer to the upper and lower halves of the left-
hand side ofthe page, the letters c and d to the upper and lower halves of the right-hand side of
the page. For example, in 7 PLATO: Symposiun1, 163b-164c, the passage begins in the lo\ver half
of the left-hanclside of page 163 and ends in the upper half of the right-hand side of page
16
4.
AUTHOR'S DIVISIONS: One or more of the main divisions of a work (such as PART, BK, CH,
SECT) are sometimes included in the reference; line numbers, in brackets, are given in cer-
tain cases; e.g., Iliad, BK II [265-283] 12d.
BIBLE REFERENCES: The references are to book, chapter, and verse. When the King Jan1es
and Douay versions differ in title of books or in the numbering of chapters or verses, the King
James version is cited first and the Douay, indicated by a (D), fo11o\vs; e.g., OLD TESTA-
MENT: Nehemiah, 7:4S-(D) II Esdras, 7:46.
SYMBOLS: The abbreviation "esp" calls the reader's attention to one or more especially
relevant parts of a whole reference; "passim" signifies that the topic is discussed intennit-
tently rather than continuously in the work or passage cited.
For additional information concerning the style of the references, see the Explanation of
Reference Style; for general guidance in the use of The Great Ideas, consult the Preface.
L The nature and necessity of the family
OLD 'fESTAMENT: Genesis, 2:18--25
7 PLATO: Republic, BK v, 361b-36Sd / LauJs,
BK IV, 685a-c; BK VI, 707c-709a
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK I 445a-455a,c; BK II,
CH 1-4 455b,d-458a'passim
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Things, BK v [1011-
1027] 74b-c
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK III, CH 22, 198c-
199c
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 39a-41a / Lycurgus-
Nun1a, 62d-64a
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIX, CH 14- 17
520a-523a
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 92 ,
AA 1--2 488d-490c; Q 98 516d-S19a
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 94,
A 2, ANS 221d-223a; Q l0S, A 4, ANS 318b-
321a
23 I-IOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 121a
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, APPENDIX, XX
449a
32 :NhLTON: Paradise Lost, BK VIII [357-451] 240a-
242a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VI, SECT 56-63
36d-38c; CH VII, SECT 77-86 42b-44a
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 29b-30a
36 STERNE: Tristranz Shandy, 410a-411a
THE GREAT IDEAS
3 The economics of the family ff
3a. The \vealth of families: the maintenance of the don1estic economy
3b. The effects of political economy: the family in the industrial system
4. The institution of luarriage: its nature and purpose
4a. Monogamy and polygamy
4b. The religious vie"T of marriage: the sacrament of matrimony
4C. Matrimony and celibacy
4d. The la,vs and customs regulating marriage: adultery, incest
4e. Divorce
5. The position of "vomen
sa. The role of ,vomen in the family: the relation of husband and \vife in domestic
government
Sb. The status of "vomen in the state: the right to citizenship, property, education
sc. \Vomen in relation to war
6. Parents and children: fatherhood, motherhood
6a. The desire for offspring
6b. Eugenics: control of breeding; birth control
6c. The condition of immaturity
6d. The care and government of children: the rights and duties of the child; parental
despotism and tyranny
6e. The initiation of children into adult life
496
(2. The family and the ..2a.
the domestic and poltttcal communtty tn
origin, structure, andfunction.)
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK V [35-13] 188a-190a; BK
VI [679-702] 229a-b; [756-789] 231a-232a;
BK VIIi [66-80J 260b-261a; BK X [1-117] 302a-
305a
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 36a-b
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIX, cH 12,
517c-d; CH 13-17 519a-523a
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 90,
A 3, REP 3 207a.:.c
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 99b-c; 111a-b
30 BACON: Advance1nent ofLearning, 34a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VI-VII36a-46c;
CH xv 64c-65d
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 214b-217b esp
216b; 410a-411a
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Latvs, BK IV, 13b
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 359b-c / Political Econ-
omy, 367a-368c / SocialContract, BK I, 387d-
388a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I, par. 75
31d-32b; PART III, par 157 57d; par 181 63c-d;
par 203 68a-c; par 255-256 79d-80a; par 33
101c-102a; par 349111d-112a; 47
124a-b; 115-116 135c-d; 157 142b-:c / Phtloso-
phy ofHistory, INTRO, 172b-d; 180c-182c; PART
I, 211a,-212c; 246d... 247a;PART Ill, 288c-289d
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 310a'-c;
579b-S81c esp 581a-b
54 FREUD: Group Psychology, 664b-d; 685b-687d
esp 686c-687d; 692a-b / Civilization and. Its
Discontents, 781d-783d esp 781d-782d; 796b-c
2b. COlDparison of the domestic 'and political
community in manner of governme
ll
t
OLD' TESTAMENT: Isaiah, 22 :20'-22-(D) Isaias,
22:20-22
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 35c-d
7 PLATO: Statesman, 581a-b / Lat,{)s, BK I, 641a-
642b; BK III, 664a-666c esp 666b-c
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK v, . CH 6 [II34
b8
- I 7]
382b-c; CI! II [II38b5-14J 387a,c;BK VI, CH 5
[II4ob7--IO] 389b; CH 8 [II4Ib28-II42aII]
390d-391a; BK VIII, CH 10-II 412c-413d; BK
X, CH 9 435b I Politics, BK I, CH 1-2
445a-446d; CHS447d-448c; CH 7 [1255bI5-20]
449b; CH 12 453d-454a; CH 13 [I259
b
3
0
-
I260
a
33] 454b-455a; BK III, CH 6 [I278b30-
I279a2] 476a-b; CH 14 [I285b29-33] 484a
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK V [35-13] 188a-190a; BK
VI [756-789] 231a-232a; BK VIII [66-80] 260b-
261a; BK X [1-117] 302a-305a
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIX, CH 12,
517c-d; CH 13-17 519a-523a
19 AQUINAS: SU1n1na Theologica, PART I, Q 92,
A I, REP 2 488d-489d
20 AQUINAS: Stt1nma Theologica, PART I-I!, Q 90,
A 3, REP 3 207a-c; Q 105, A 4, REP 5.
318b
-
321a
499
3b. The effects of political economy: the family
in the industrial system
38 ROUSSEAU: Politica" Economy, 367a-368c
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK I, 27b-37b esp
28d-29a, 29d-:30d, 34b-c; BK IV, 243b,d; BK
v, 383d-384d
43 MILL: Liberty, 319b-d
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 197d
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par 253
79a-c
50 MARX: Capital, 117c-144a passim; 192c-196d;
226d-248c esp 241a-d; 318a;.319a; 375c-376c
50 MARX-ENGELS: Com111unist Manifesto, 420d;
423a; 424c; 427b-d
4. The institution of marriage: its nature and
purpose
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 1:27-28; 2:18-25;
30 :1-24 / Proverbs, 18 :22
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 19:3-12 / Mark,
10 :1-12 I Luke, 16:18 / I Corinthians, 7 /
Ephesians, 5 :22-33 I Colossians, 3 :18-1 9 /
I Peter, 3:1-7
7 PLATO: Republic, BK v, 361b-365d / States-
man, 608a-cl Laws, BK IV, 685a-c; BK vI,707c-
709a
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK I, CH 2 [I252a25-b9]
445b-d; BK VII, CH 16 539d-541a
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK III, ClI 7, 183b-d;
CH 22, 198c-199c
e economics of the family
04- CHAPTER 26: F,A.l\lILY
oAQUINAS: Sumnta Theologica, PART I-II, Q 90, 25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 122b-124c; 184a-191c;
A3, REP 3 207a-c;Q95, AI, ANS 226c-227c; Q 458c-462a; 472a-473a
14, A 4,ANS 306d-307c 29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 148b-149a
HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 121a; 155b 35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VI, SECT 72-73
5 MONTAIGNE:Essays, 344a-c 40d-41a; CH VII, SECT 79-80 42c-43a; CH
5 LOCKE: Civi{Government, CH VI 36a-42a; CH XVI, SECT 182-183 67c-68b; SECT 19-192
VII, SECT 83 43b-c; CH xv 64c-65d; CH XVI, 69b-d
SECT 180-183 67b-68b; SECT 188-192 36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 376b-379a
SW:::FT: Gulliver, PART I, 29b-31a; PART IV, 38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK VII, 50a-b;
166b-167a BK XVIII, .129d-132b; BK XXIII, 190a-b; BK
BMONTESQUIEu:,Spirit, of Laws, BK IV, 13b; XXVI, 216a-b; BK XXVII 225a-230d
BK V, 22d-23a; BK XII, 95c-d; BK XIX, 140a-c; 38 ROUSSEAU: In:equality, 350a-b / Political Econ-
BK XXIII, 189b-c; 190b; 192d-199b; BK XXVI, omy, 367a-368c
'216b-217b 39 SMITH: Wealth ofNations, INTRO, 1b-c; BK III,
BROUSSEAU: Inequality, 327c-d / Political Econ- 165b-167a; BK v, 383d-384d
omy, 376b-377a; 377d-378a / Social Contract, 40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 16c-17d; 66d-67b;
BK IV, 439b,d [En 2] 498b-501h passim
9 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK v, 338c-339b; 41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 83a; 86d-89d
341c-342a 43 MILL: Liberty, 319b-d
oGIBBON: Decline and Fall, 66d-67b; 175c-d 44 BOSWELL: johnson, 147c-148b [fn 3J; 274b-
1 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 73c; 82b-83c; 278a; 280c-281a; 282a-b; 289c-d
86b-d; 88d-89a; 92c 46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par
KANT: Science ofRight, 404d; 421a-b 169-172 60c-61a; par 178-180 62a-63c; ADDI-
MILL: Liberty, 317c-319d TIONS, 109 134c; 114 135b-c I Philosophy oj
BOSWELL: johnson, 280c-281a; 304a-b History, PART III, 289a-b
HEGEL: Pht1osophy of Right, PART III, par 166 49 DAR\VIN: Descent of lv/an, 324a-c
59d-60a; par 180 62c-63c; par 238-241 76c-77a; 50 MARX: Capital, 34c-d; 171d-172a
par 255-256 79d-80a; ADDITIONS, 146-147 51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK v, 211a-213a;
140b-c / Philosophy ofHistory, INTRO, 172b-d; BK VII 275a-302d passim, esp 275a-278a, 291a-
PART I, 246d-247a; PART II, 277c; PART III, 292b, 301b-302d; BK XV, 633a-d; EPILOGUE I,
288c-289b 650d-652a;
MARX: Capital, 193a-196d; 241a-d; 245a-d
MARX-ENGELS: Comlnunist Manifesto, 427b-
428a
FREUD: Civilization and Its Discontents, 783b-
784d esp 783d-784b / New Introductory Lec-
tures, 868d-871a passim
he wealth of families: the maintenance of
the domestic economy
D TESTAMENT: Numbers, 27:1-11 / Deuterono-
my, 21 :15-17
EW TESTAMENT: I Timothy, 5:8
TO: Republic, BK v, 360c-365d / Laws,
BK III, 664a-666a; BK VI, 709a-710a; BK XI,
775d-778b
ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK I, CH 3-11 446d-453d
esp CH 3 [1253bI2-14] 447a, CH 4 447b-c, CH
8-11 449d-453d; BK II, GH 5 [I264bl-7] 459d;
BK III, CH 4 [I277b20-25] 474d
PLUTARCH: Solon, / Pericles, .130b-d /
Pelopidas, / Marcus Cato, 278b-279c;
286b-287d/ Aristides-Marcus Cato, 291b-292b
/ Crassus, 439a-c I Crassus-Nicias, 455b,d /
Agis, 650d-651b
'fACITUS: Annals, BK II, 32b-d
AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIX, CH 14
520a-d
oAQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q
105, A 4, ANS and REP 1-4 318b-321a
THE GREAT IDEAS
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 67d-68a; 8
PART II, 109b-111b; 121a; 155b; PART,
228b-c
30 BACON: New Atlantis, 207b-209d
32 MILTON: Samson Agonistes [1010-I060J 361
362b
35 LOCKE: Civil Governntent, CH I, SECT I
25a-c; CH VI-VII 36a-46c esp eH VI, SECT 66-
39b-42a; CH VIII, SECT 105-112 48c-51b;
XIV, SECT 162 63a; CH xv 64c-65d
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 214b-217b
216b; 410a-411a
37 FIELDING: TOln fones, 21a-22d; 120c-121a,
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK I, 3b;
IV, 13b; BK V, 28b29a; BK XVI, 118b-c;
XIX, 140a-c
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 357a-b / Political Ee
omy, 367a-368c / Social Contract, BK I, 38
388a;BK III, 411c-d; 414c
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 412c-413b
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 82b-83c
42 KANT: Science of Right, .421c-422d
46 HEGEL: Philosophy. of Right, ADDITIONS,
124a-b; III 134d-135a; 157 142b-c I Phil
phy of History, INTRO, 172b-d; PART I, 21
213a
54 FREun: Group Psychology, 687a-d; 688d-6
2c. The place and rights of the family in
state: the control and education of c
dren
OLD TESTAMENT: Deuteron01ny, 20:5-7; 24:
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Against Thebes 27a-3
esp [1011-1084] 38b-39a,c
5 SOPHOCLES : Antigone 131a-142d
5 EURIPIDES: Iphigenia at Aulis 425a-439d
[1255---,.1275] 436c, [1368-141] 437c-d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Ecclesiazusae[6I1-650 ] 62
6 HERODOTUS: l-listory, BK IV, 139a-b; BK
223c-d
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK 11,398
7 PLATO: Crito, 216d-217d / Republic, B
360d-365d / Statesman, 606d-608d j
BK III, 665d-666c; BK VI, 707b-708a; BK
721d-723d; BKXI, 775d-780c
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK x, CH 9 [117
1180
b
I3] 434c-435b / Politics, BK I, C
[I260
b
8-19J 455c; BK II, CH 2-3 455d-
CH 6 [I26Sa38-bI7] 460d-461a; CH 9 [126
I270b6] 465d-466c; BK III, CH 9 [1280
128I
a
2] 478c; BK IV, CH IS [I300a4-8] 5
BK VI, CH 8 [I322b38-I323a6J 526d; BK
CH 16 [1334b28]-BK VIII, CH 2 [I337
a
34] 5
542b
14 PLUTARCH: Romulus, 21a-26b / LycU'
36a-45c / Numa Po1npilius, 58d / Lycu
Numa, 62d-64a / Cato the Younger, 629a
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK II, 32b-d; BK III,
51d-52a; BK XV, 162b-c / Histories, BI(
248c-d
18 AUGUSTINE: City ofGod, BK XIX, CH 165
522a
f98
4a. Monogamy and polygamy
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 16; 29:1'-3:24 / Deu-
teron01ny, 17:16-17;21:15-17 / I Samuel,
:39-44- (D) I Kings, 2? :39-44 / II Sa1nuel,
3:1-5; II-I2--(D) II 3:1-5; 11-12 /
I Kings, II:I-I3-(D) III Ktngs, 11:1-13
NEW TESTAMENT: I Timothy, 3:2,12
5 SOPHOCLES: 1rachiniae [37-489] 172d-174b
5 EURIPIDES: Androntache 315a-326a,e esp
[147-244] 316e-317b / Electra [1030-104]
336e
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 32a; 48c; BK IV,
155e-156a; BK V, 160d
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 39d-40c / Dentetdiu,
731a-b / Antony-De1netrius, 780d
The laws and customs regulating marriage:
adultery, incest
LD T'ESTAMENT: Genesis, 19:30 -38; 24; 29;
35:22 ; 38 ; 39:7-20 ; 49:3-4/ Exodus, 20:14,17;
22:16-17; 34:15-16/ Leviticus, 18; 19:29; 20:9-
21 / 5 :12-31; 36 / DeuteronomJI,
5:18,21; 7:1-4; 21:10-14; 22:I3-30 ; 24:5; 25:5-
10; 27:20-23/ Ruth, 3-4 / II Samuel,II-I3;
16:20-23-(D) II Kings, 11-13; 16:20-23/ Ezra,
IO-(D) I Esdras, 10 / Esther, 2 :12-14 / fob,
24:15-25 / Proverbs,s; 6:20-7:27 / ferentiah,
S:7-9-(D) ]eremas, 5:7-9
c to 4d CHAPTER 26: FAMILY 501
38 MONTESQUIEu:Spirit ofLatvs, BK XXVI, 217e- ApOCRYPHA: Tobit, 4:12-13-(D) aT, Tobias,
218a; 219b-d 4:13 / Ecclesiasticus, 9:1-9; 23:I7--28-(D)
3SRouSSEAU: Social Contract, BK IV, 439b,d aT, Ecclesiasticus, 9:1-13; 23:24-38/ Susanna
[En 2] -(D) aT, Daniel, 13
40 GIBBON: Declil1eandFall, 193a-b NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 5:27-32; 14:3-4;
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 83d-85e;177d-178b 19:3-9/ Mark, 10:1-12/ Luke, 16:18/ john,
44 BOSWELL:johnson, 304a-b 4: 16- 18 ; 8 :1-11 / Romans, 7:1-3 / I Corinthi-
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of History, PART III, 288e- ans, 5; 7 / Hebrews, I3:4
289b; 294e-d; PART IV, 333e; 353a-b 4 HOMER: Odyssey, BK II 188a-192d; BK XI
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I, 50e;BK XI, [385-461] 247a-e; BK XVIII [25-312] 286d-
476e-479d passim 287b
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Against Thebes [734-757]
35b-e / Agamemnon S2a-69d / Choephoroe
70a-80d / Eumenides 81a-91d
5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus the King 99a-113a,e /
Oedipus at Colonus [939-999] 123a-e
5 EURIPIDES : Aledea 212a-224a,e / Andron1ache
315a-326a,e esp [147-244] 316e-317b/ Electra
[1008-1123] 336b-337b / Phoenician A1aidens
[1-87] 378a-379a / Cyclops [175-187] 441d-442a
5 ARISTOPHANES: Clouds [1060--114] 501e-502a
/ Ecclesiazusae 615a-628d
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 2d-3d; 32a; 34a-b;
39b-e; 44e-d; 48c; BKIII, 96a-b;
BK IV, 144b; BK V, 160d-161a
7 PLATO: -Crito, 217a /Republic,BK v,360d-
365d; BK VIII, 403b-d / Timaeus, 442d-443a
/ Statesman, 605d-608d esp 608a-e / Laws,
BK IV, 685a-e; BK VI, 707b-709a; 710d-711a;
712b-713e; BK VIII, 735b-738e; BK XI, 777b-
778a; 780a-e
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK II, CH 1-4 455b,d-
458a esp CH 4 457b-458a; CH 9 [1269bI3-:
I27ob7] 465d-466e; BK V, CH 4 [I303b40-
1304a17] 505e-d; CH 6 [1306a33-b3] 508b; BK
VII, CH J6 539d-541a
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK I, CH 18, 124b-e;
BK II, CH 4142a-e; CH 10, 14ge-150a
14 PLUTARCH: Romulus, 21a-22a; 26a-b / Lycur-
gus, 39a-40e / Lycurgus-Nu1na, 62d-63d /
Solon,71d-72a; 72d-73a / Calo the Younger,
629a-e / Artaxerxes, 85Sb-e
15 TACITUS: ...1nnals, BK III, 51a; 53a-d; BK:x:J,
107b-ll0a; BK XII, l11a-e; 121d-122a; BK XIV,
141e-d
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK xv, CH 16 410b-
411d / Christian Doctrine, BK III, CH 12, 663a-e;
CH 18-22 664d-666e esp CH 21 665d-666b
19 AQUINAS: Sumrna Theologica, PART I, Q 92,
A2, REP 3 489d-490c
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q72,
A 2, REP 4 112b-113a; Q 94, A 2, ANS 221d-
223a; Q 105, A4, ANS and REP 6-9 318b-321a;
PART III SUPPL, Q 95 l042e-l049d passim
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, HELL, XXX [37-45]
44d-45a; PURGATORY, XXV [19-139] 92e-d
22 CHAUCER: Miller's Prologue [315-3166] 212a
/ Miller's Tale 212b-223b esp [322I-3232J
213a / Reeve's [4136-4291] 228b-231b /
l\Jerchant's Tale 319a-338a / Franklin's Tale
[11,667-854] 361b-365a / Parson's Tale, par
75-76536a-540a
4c. and celibacy
NEW TESTA1,fENT: Matthew, 19:10-12 / I Corin-
thians, 7
7 PLATO: Laws, BK IV, 685a-e
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK III, CH 22, 198e-
19ge
14 PLUTARCH: iVuma Pompilius, 54e-55a
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK II, 44c; BK III, 51a
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK II, par 3 9b-c;
BK VI, par 21-25 41e-42d; BK VIII, par 26-27
60b-e
oAQUINAS: Sttlnma Theologica, PART II-II, Q
186, A 4 655e.;.656b; PART III, Q 65, A 4, ANS
and REP 3 883d-8-84a,e; PART III SUPPL, Q 96,
AA 3-5 1053e-l058a; AA 11-12 1063d-1065b
22 CHAUCER: Wife of Bath's Prologue [5633-
5732] 257a-258b / Second Nun's Tale 463b-
471b esp [15,588-76] 463b-465b
.3 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART IV, 272d-273a;
276b; 278e
4 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK I,
60c-66b; BK III, 219b-221b
7SHAKESPEARE: llamlet, ACT III, SC I [120-157]
48b-e '
2 MILTON: Paradise Lost,BK IV [736-749] 168b
6 STERNE: Trstra112 Shandy, 522a-523b
8 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK XXIII, 189d;
197a-e;. BK XXV, 21Qa-b
GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 82a; 193a-e; 533e-d
1 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 86a; 177d-178a;
422e
3 MILL: Lberty, 308e
HEGEL: Philosophy of History, PART IV, 333e;
353a-b
DARWIN: Descent oflv/an, 315c-d; 327d
MARX: Capital, 305b [fn 2]
FREUD: Group Psychology, 695a-b
4b. The religious view of marriage: the sa
ment of matrimony
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 2 :23-24 / Prove
18:22
ApOCRYPHA: Tobit passim, esp 6:10- 17, 8:1
9:6, IO:I-I2-(D) aT, Tobias passim,
6:10-22, 8 :1-19, 9:12, 10 :1-1.3
NEW TESTAMENT: l\1attheu" 19:3-12 / 'A1a
r
k,1
12 / john, 2 :1-12 / I Corinthians, 7 / Ephes
5:22-33 / I Tinlothy, 4:1-5 /llebretvs, 13
5 AESCHYLUS: Eumenides [210---224] 83b
5 EURIPIDES: Hippolytus 225a-236d
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK VII [81-106] 238a-2
[248-434] 242h-248a
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, 13K II, par 3 9
BK IV, par 2 19d / City of(;'od, BK XIV, eli
392d-393b / Christian Doctrine, BK III,
18-22 664d-666e
19 AQUINAS: Stunma Theologica, PART I,
AA 2-3 489d-491b; Q98 516d-519a
20 AQUINAS: SU1n1na Theologica, PART I-I
102, A '), REP 3 283e-292c; Q 105, A4, ANS
REP 318b-321a; PART III, Q 65, A I,
and REP 5 87ge-881d; A 2, ANS and R
881d-882c; A 3, ANS and REP 1,4 882d-
A 4, ANS and REP 3 PAR
SUPPL, Q95 1042e-l049d paSSim
22 CHAUCER: lVife ofBath's Prologue [55
8
3-
256a-258b / Merchant's Tale [9
1
93-
320a-b / Parson's Tale, par 75, 536a; par
540b-542a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART IV, 250e; 272d-
276a-b
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel,
219b-222b
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART 1,124
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK VIn [3l
240b-244a
THE GREAT IDEAS
18 AUGUSTINE: Christian Doctrine, BK III, CH
663a-e; - CH 18-22 664d-666c
22 CHAUCER: TVije ofBath,s Prologue [5583-564
256a-257a
30 BACON: Netv Atlantis, 209b-d
36 SWIFT: Gullizfer, PART IV, 162b-166b esp 162
166a-b
38 :NfONTESQUIEU: Spirit o.f Laws, BK v, 2
BK XV, 112a-b; BK XVI, 116a-120a; BK XXII
188e-d; BK XXVI, 218d
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 92e
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 86a; 245b-246c
42 KANT: Science of Right, 41ge-420a
43 MILL: Liberty, 311a-312a
46 HEG-EL: Philosophy ofRight, PART III, par I
168 60b-c; ADDITIONS, 105 133d-134a /
losophy ofHistory, PART III, 294e-d
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 579b-583a
581b-e
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, EPILOGUE
661b
53 JAMES: Psychology, 735a-b
54 FREUD: Cit'ilization and Its Discontents, 78
(4. The institution of marriage: its nature and
purpose.)
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK IV [1-172] 167a-17Ib; BK
VII [81-106] 238a-239a; [248-434] 242b-248a;
BK XI [.336-375] 337a-338a
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 39a-40e / Lycurgus-
Numa, 62d-64a / Solon, 71d-72a
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK II, par 3 9b-e;
BK IV, par 2 19d; BK VI, par 22-25 41d-42d /
City of God, BK XIV, CH 392b-39?e; BK
XV CH 16 410b-411d / Chnsttan Doctrtne, BK
III,' CH 12, 663a-e; CH 18-20 664d-665d
19 AQUINAS: SU1nnta Theologica, PART I, Q 9
2
,
AA 1-2 488d-490e; Q98 516d-519a
22 CHAUCER: Wife ofBath's Prologue[55
8
3-
6
410]
256a-269b / Merchant's Tale [9121-9562]
319a-326a / Franklin's Tale 351b-366a esp
[11,41- 117] 351b-352b / Parson's Tale, par
77-80 540b-542a
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 410d-413a
26 SHAKESPEARE: As You Like It, ACT V, SC IV
[114-156] 625a-b
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART II, 261e-262a
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, APPENDIX, XX
449a
32 Paradise Lost, BK VIn [357-45
1
] 240a-
242a; BK IX [952-959] 268a
35 LOCKE: Civil CH VII, SECT 77-
8
3
42b-43e
36 S"VIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 29b
38 l\10NTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK XXIII, 187d-
I88a
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 364d-365b
42 KANT: Science of Right, 418e-420b; 433d-434a
43 MILL: Liberty, 316d-317e
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 194a; 289d-290a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I, par 75
31d-32b; PART III, par 161'-169 58b-60c; ADDI-
TIONS, 47 124a-b; 13-108 133e-134e
49 DARWIN: Descent of !vIan, 579b-581e
51 TOLSTOY: fVar and Peace, BK I, 14b-15a; 55e-
59d; BK III, llla-128d; BK VI, 245d-274a,c;
BK VII, 301b-302d; EPILOGUE I, 659d-662a
54 FREUD: Ciz'ilization and Its Discontents, 784e /
New IntrO'ductoty Lectures, 862d-863b
500
503
Tale esp [9053-9088] 317a-318a I
Merchant sTale 319a-338a I Franklin's Tale
351b-366a esp [11,41-1141 351b-352b I Sh'
man's Tale 383.b-390b esp [13,93-
1
7]
/ 0/ A;feltbeus, par 14-16 405a-407b /
N,un,s Przest sTale [15,262-272] 457a / Man-
CIple sTale [17,088-13] 490a / Parson's Tale
par 79-80 541a-542a .. ,
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 109c-110b
25 Essays, 84a-b; 89d-90c; 188c-
c, 358b-362a; 409d-434d esp 413a-416
428a-d; 472a-473a c,
26 SHAKESPEARE: Comedy ofErrors, ACT II SC I
[6-:-43] 152a-c; sc II [112-148] 154c-d / T;m'
of the Shrew 199a-228a c esp ACT V . zng
[ 6 8]" ' . . ,sc II
13 -1 5. 227a-228a,c I Merchant of Ven'
ACT III, SC II [15-187] 421c-d list Henry ;C;'
ACT II, SC III [39-120] 443c-444b / juliu;
Caesar, AGT II, SC 1[234-309J577a-c
27 SHAKESPEARE: Troilus and Cressida ACT
sc II [173-193] 115b-c I Othello ACT'I SG II,
[175-
18
9] 210d-211a; ACT IV III [60 I
S
I]1
236c-237a '-10
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART II 270c
271b ., . -
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK IV [288-3
01
] 158b
159a; [44-S
02
]162a-163a; [634-
6
5
8
] 166 -b:
2
B
S
K
VIII [45
2
-5941 242a-245a; BK IX
2a-253a; BK X .[14 6J 27 b
278b" [86 4-
1
5 7; [182-196]
, ' 7-93
6
] 293b-294b I Samson Ago
[87
1
-9
02
] 358b-359a; [997-1060]
35 LOCKE: Civil Government CH VI SE
36".. ',CT52-53
a-c, SECT ,65 38d-39a; CH VII, SECT 77-
8
6
42b-44a paSSIm
36 SWIFT: PART III, 98b-99a
36 STERNE; Trzstram Shandy,210b-213a
37 FIELDING: Tom jones, 100b-102a; 120c-121a C.
126d-127b; 219a-b; 229b-233d; 235b;.238d' ,
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit oif Laws
BK XVI . , BK VII, 50d;
, 118a-119c; 120a; BK XXIII 187d-188 "
BK XXVI, 217d-218a ' c,
38 ROUSSEAU: ./,!equality, 327c-d; 345d-346a"
350b-c / Economy, 367d-368a '
40 GIBBON: Declzne and Fall, 92c-93b
41 GIBBON; Decline and Fall, 83d-86d esp 83d-
84a; 522d! 759b [n 3-311
42 KANT: of Right, 404d; 418c-420a
43 MILL: Lzberty, 317c-d / RepresentatIve Govern-
ment, 387d-389b passim
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 160a-b; 165b-c; 274d-
277d; 293d; 297a-b; 301d-302a"304a-b" 411d"
429d-430a " .. ,
46 Philosophl ofRight, PART III, par 165-
I -60a / Phtlosophy ofHistory PARTIll
288c-289a ' . ,
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dick, 289a-292a
49 DARWIN: Descent ofMan, 579b-580c '.
582c; 584c-585c paSSIm,
51 JOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I, 13a-1Sa; 55c-
9d; BK VI, 263b-264b; BK XI, 490a-493d"
EPILOGUE I, 659d-662a '
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
o5a
"Fhe position of women
The of women in the family: the re-
latton of husband and wife in domestic
government
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 2:18-25; 3:
16
I Num-
30 / Deuteronomy, 22:13-3; 24:
1
-4;
25.5-
10
/ I / Proverbs, 31 :10-3
1
ApOCRYPHA: Tobu, 10:I2-(D\ OT b'
. I E l " J ,0 zas,
10.12-
1
3 cc eszastzcus, 25-26; 4:
1
9,23-
CD) OT, 2?-26; 4:19,23
NEW I Corznthtans, II :I-16; 14:34-
}5 / ,EpheSians, 5 / Colossians, 3:18-
1
9
I I Tzmothy, 2 :9-15.1 Tztus 2"3 5/ IRl:>t
, "...., er, 3:1-7
4 HOMER: Odyssey, BK II [85-145] 189a-c"
BK XVIII [
18
5-289] 286a-287a; BK XIX
295a,c; BK XX [56-90] 296d-297a; BK XXIII
[25-39] 314b-315b; BK XXIV [191-202] 319a
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Against Thebes [181-
202
1
29a-b
5 SOPHOCLES: Ajax [284-294] 145d
5 EURIPIDES: Medea [131-2681 213b-214b /
Andromache [147-2441 316c-317b I Electra
[1008-
112
3] 336b-337b I Iplugenia at Aulis
[1146-1208] 435c-436a
5 Lysistrata 583a-599a,c I Thes-
mophorzazusae 600a-614d
6 HERODOTUS : History, BK II, 56c; BK IV, 143b-
144b; 153a-b; BK V, 160d-161a; 167b-d
7. PLATO: Meno, 174d-175d I Republic BK v
356b-365d I Laws, BK VII, 721d-722d ' ,
9ARISTOTLE: Ethics BK V CH 6 [ b8 J
' , 1134 -17
CH II [rI38b5-I4] 387a,c; BK VIII CH
[u5
8
1:-281410c-d; CH 10
413a-b, CH II [116I,a:3-241413c; CH 12 [II62a
414c-d / Polttzcs, BK I, CH 2 .[I252a26-
12J 445c-d; CH 5 [1254bI2-161 448b;CH 12
453d-454a; CH 13 [1259b30-1260a30] 454b-d"
BK II, CH 9 [I269bI2-127oaI4]
BK III, CH 4 474d" BK v '
[13
1
b ] 5 '. .', CH II
3 33-4
2
16c;BK VI, CH 8 [I323a2 61
S26d . -
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 39a-41a / Lycurgus-
Numa, 62d-63cl Themistocles, 99a-b / Marcus
Cato, 286b-c I Agis, 654c-655a / M
Brutus, 807b-d . arcus
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK IX, par I -22
67a-d; BK XIII, par 47, 123d / City of
BK XIX., eH 14, 520c-d '
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I
AA 1-3 488d-491b ' Q 9
2
,
AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART III .Q 6
A I, REP 3 740b-741b ' ,
DANTE: Divine Comedy, PARADISE xv [97
135] 129b-d ,-
CHAUCER: Troilus and Cressida BK II STAN
10835b/M'll' ',. ZA
7: tiler s Prologue [315-31661212 I
ofMar: ofLaw236b-2S5b esp
2 a / Wife of Bath's Prologue
esp [5893-59141 261a-b I. Tale of
I fofBath,270a-277a esp [6619-06627J 273a-b
ummoner sTale [7571-7582] 290a I Clerk's
4e. Divorce
OLD TESTAMENT: Deuterono11zy, 24 :I-4 / A
chi, 2:I1-I7-(D) Malachias, 2:11-17
ApOCRYPHA: Ecclesiasticus, 7:I9-(D)OT,
clesiasticus, 7:21
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 5:31-32; 19:3
Mark, 10:2-12 / Luke, 16:18/ Romans, 7:
I Corinthians, 7 :10-16,39
5 EURIPIDES: Medea [131-268] 213b-214b
7 PLATO: Laws, BK VI, 712c-713c; BK XI, 7
14 PLUTARCH: Romulus, 26a-b I Lycurgus..
62d-63c / Alcibiades, 158b-d I Ae
Paulus, 215a-b I Pompey, 502d-S03a ICa
Younger, 629a-c
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART 1-
102, A5, REP 3 283c-292c; Q 105, A4, AN
REP 8318b-321a
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 299c
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote., PART II,
262a
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 84b
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK IX [952
268a
35 LOCKE: Cit/il Government, eH VII, SECT
43a-b
36 S"VIFT: Gulliver, PART III, 127b
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, 13K XVI,
122a,c; BK XXVI, 215c; 217c-218d
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 92c
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 84c-85c;
[n30]
42 KANT: Science 0.( Right, 419c-420a
o
; 421
43 MILL: Liberty, 316d-317c
44 BOS\VELL: Johnson, 220d-221a; 304a-
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III,
61d-62a; ADDITIONS, 105 133d-134a
135a-b I Philosophy of History, PART iII,
289a
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 584d-585c
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK IV, 177a
BK V, 203a-d; BK XI, 476c-479d
THE GREAT IDE.AS
42 KANT: Science ofRight, 419a-420b
43 MILL: Liberty, 311b-312a; 316d-317c; 31
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 160a-b; 304a-b; 4
429d-430b
46 HEGEL: PhilosophyofRight, PART III, par t
164 58d-59d; par 168 60b-c; ADDITIONS,
134b-c; 113 135a-b I Philosophy of Hi
PART III, 288c-289a; 294c-d
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dick, 289a-292a
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 276c; 313
315c-d; 565a-b; 578b-S80e passim; 581d-s
584d-585d
50 MARX-ENGELS: CommunI:'! Manifesto, 42
428a
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK III, 119a-12
BK IV, 177a-179a; BK VI, 2S0a-251c; BK
291a-292b; BK XI, 476c-479d; BK XII, 5
541a; 545d
54 FREUD: General Introduction, 531c-d; 55
583c-d I Civilization and Its Discontents, 7
502
(4. The institution of marriage: its nature and
purpose. 4d. The laws and customs regulat-
ing l1zarriage: adultery, incest.)
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 155b-c
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK I,
5c-6b; BK III, 140c-141c; 144d..146a; 148d-
150d; 154a-156c; 159d-163c; 166a-169d; 173d-
200d; BK IV, 248d-250a
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 44c-46b passim; 47a-c;
89d-90c; 185d-186c; 409d-434d passim
26 SHAKESPEARE: 1st Henry VI, ACT V, SC V31b-
32a,c I 2nd Henry VI, ACT I, SC I [I-74J 33b,d-
34c / Comedy ofErrors, ACT II, SC II [112-148]
154c-d; ACT III, SC II [1-70] 157c-158b / Tam-
ing of the Shrew, ACT I, SC I
ACT II, SC I [37-413] 208c-212c I Romeo and
Juliet, ACT II, SC II [142-158] 295d-296a; sc III
[55-94] 297a-b; sc VI 300c-d; ACT III, SC IV-V
306d-309d I Much Ado About Nothing 503a-
531a,c esp ACT IV, SC I [1-256] 520b-523a
/ As You Like It, ACT III, SC III 613d-614d;
ACT IV, SC I [127-180] 618b-c
27 SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, ACT r,sc II [138--159]
33a; sc V [42-91] 37b-d; ACT III, sc IV [39-
170] 55a-56b / Merry Wives of Windsor 73a-
102d I Troilus and Cressida, ACT II, SC II [173-
206] 115b-c I Othello, ACT I, SC III [52-29]
209c-211a; ACT IV, SC III [60-108} 236c-237a I
King Lear, ACT IV, SC VI [19-135] 274c-d /
Pericles 421a-448a,c esp ACT I, PROLOGUE--SC
II 421b-425a / Cymbeline 449a-488d esp ACT
II, SC IV-V 461b-463c, ACT III, SC IV 466d-
468d I Winter's Tale, ACT I, SC II [186-228]
492a-c; ACT III, SC II [1-117] 501b-502c
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 124a-c;
PART II, 270c-271a
30 BACON: New Atlantis, 209a-d
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK XI [78-72 I]
314b-315a / Sa1nson Agonistes [30-106o] 340a-
362b esp [292-325] 346a-b, [IOIO-1060]361b-
362b
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VII, SECT 81-83
43a-c
36 SWIFT: "Gulliver, PART III, 98b-99a;127b;
PART IV, 166a-b
36 STERNE: Tristran], Shandy, 210b-213a; 258b-
261a; 374b-376a
37 FIELDING: Ton], fones, 297d-298a;375b-d;
388c-d
38 l\1oNTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK VII, 48a-
50a; BK x, 67a-b;BK XIV, l08a-b; BK XV-XVI,
115c-122a,c; BK XVIII, 132b-c; BK XIX, 141c-
142a; BK XXIII, 187d-189d; 193a-197c; BK
XXVI, 215b-c; 217c-218d; 219b-221c; 223a-c
38 ROUSSEAU: Social Contract, BK IV, 439b,d
[in 2]
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 92c-d; 579a-b;
650c-d; 742b [n 93]; 750d [n 52]
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 83d-86a; 93c-94a;
174b; 177d-178b; 245b-246a; 319b-d; 75gb
[n30]
THE GREAT IDEAS
35 LOCKE: Civil Govern1nent, CH VI 36a-42a
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 29b-31a' PART IV
165b-167a "
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 191b-192a' 21Qb-
213a; 352a-353b; 400a-402a '
37 FIELDING: Tom fones, 44b-d; 305b
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 364d-365b / Political
Economy, 367a-368c / Social Contract BK I
387d-388a ' ,
42 KANT: Science of Right, 420b-421c
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 510b-c
46 Philosophy of Right, PART III, par 173
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 579d-580a
51 T OLSTOY: War and Peace
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov BK
395a-398d ' XII,
53 JAMES: Psychology, 189a; 717b
54 FREUD: Narcissism, 406b-c / New Introductory
Lectures, 863a-c; 876a-d
6a. The desire for offspring
OLD .TESTAMENT: Genesis, 15:1-6; 19:3-3
8
;
I Samuel, I:I-2:II-(D)
I Krngs, 1:1-2:11
ApOCRYPHA: Tobit, 8:4-8-(D) OT, Tobias,
8:4-10
NEW TESTAMENT: Luke, 1:5-25
5 EURIPIDES: Medea [1081-1115] 221b-c / Ion
282a-297a,c / Andromache 315a-326a,c esp
[39-420] 318a-d
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 32a-b
7 PLATO: Symposium, 165b-167a / Laws BK IV
685a-c; BK VI, 708a- b "
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK I, CH 2 [1252327-30]
445c
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK III CH 22 198c-
199c ' ,
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK I [657-722] 121a-123a;
BK IV [296-330] 175a-176a
14 PLUTARCH: Cato the Younger, 629a-c
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK III, 51a; BK XV, 162b-c
18 AUGUSTINE: BK II, par 6 10a-b;
BK IV, par 2 19d / Crty of God, BK XIV, CH
21-22 392b.. 393b / Christian Doctrine, BK III,
CH 12, 663a-c
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 9
8
A2 517d-519a '
20 AQUINAS: Sum1na Theologica, PART I-II, Q 84,
A 4, ANS 176d-178a; PART III Q 65 A I 879c-
881d ' ,
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 155b
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 484c
27 SHAKESPEARE: 586a-588d
30 BACON: Adva.ncement of Learning, 72c-73a
31 Ethrcs, PART IV, APPENDIX, XX 449a
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK 168a-
169a; BK X [966-153] 295b-297a
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 16Sb-166b
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 522a-523a; 549a
37 FIELDING: Tom jones, 21c-d
38H.ouSSEAU: Inequality, 364d-365b
504
(5. The position oj WOlnen. Sa. The role of women
in the jamily: the relation oj husband and
wife in domestic government.)
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Kara1nazov, BK III,
46a-48b; BK V, 112a-113b
54 FREUD: Group Psychology, 692b / Civilization
and Its Discontents, 783d-784a
Sb. The status of women in the state: the right
to citizenship, property, education
OLD TESTAMENT: NUlnbers, 27:1-11
4 HOMER: Odyssey, BK XI [385-461] 247a-c
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Against Thebes [181-202]
29a-b
5 EURIPIDES: lvfedea [410--445] 215d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Thes1nophoriazusae 600a-614d
/ Ecclesiazusae 615a-628d
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 39b-c; BK II, 56c;
BK IV, 128c-d; 143b-144b; 154b
7 PLATO: Republic, BK v, 356b-365d; BK VII,
401b-c / Timaeus, 442d / Lau1s, BK VI, 710d-
711d; BK VII, 716b-717a; 721d-722c
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK II, CH 455b,d-458a;
CH 9 [I269bI3-127oa33] 465d-466c; BK IV,
CH IS [1300a4-8] 500d; BK V, CH II [I313b33-
42] 516c; BK VI, CH 4 [1319b26-33] 523b;
CH 8 [I322b38-1323a6] 526d; BK VII, CH 16
539d-541a / Rhetoric, BK I, CH 5 [136136-12]
601c
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK v [604-699] 202b-205b
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 39a-41a / Numa Pom-
pilius, 54a-55a / Lycurgus-Nunza, 62d-63c /
Solon, 72c / Pericles, 133a-d / Coriolanus,
189d-191c / Agis, 650d-651b / Marcus Brutus,
811c-d
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK II, 44b-c; BK III,
53a-d; BK XII, 117d / lIistories, BK IV, 285d-
286a
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 105,
A 2, REP 2 309d-316a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 109c-l10b
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK I,
60c-66b
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 59d-60a; 399c-d
27 SHAKESPEARE: Coriolanus, ACT v, SC III 387a-
38gb
32 MILTON: Samson Agonistes [871-902] 358b-
359a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VII, SECT 82 43b;
CH XVI, SECT 183 67d-68b
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART III, 98b-99a; PART IV,
166b
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 210b-213a
37 FIELDING: Tom jones, 7h-c; 283b-c
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK VII, 47c-
SOd; BK XII, 90c-d; BK XIV, 107d-108c; BK
XVI 116a-122a,c; BK XIX, 137a; 137c-138c;
145c; BK XXVI, 215b-216a
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality,327c-d
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK III, 165b-166a;
BK V, 340b-c
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 61b-c;
esp 122c; 533b-535d esp 533b-534a; 557c-
649c-652a
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 14d-16a; 84a-
87d-88c passim; 164a-b; 170b-171c; 174
c; 182a-183b
42 KANT: Science of Right, 419c-420a; 436d-43
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: AMENDMEN
XIX 19d
43 MILL: Liberty, 317c-d / Representative Got',
ment, 387d-389b
44 BOSVlELL: johnson, 257d; 259d-260a; 27
277d; 289c; 312a; 391c-392a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par I
59d-60a; ADDITIONS, 107 134a-b
50 MARX-ENGELS: COlnmul1ist A1anifesto, 42
427c-428a
Se. Women in relation to war
OLD TESTAMENT: Deuteronolny,
Judges, 4-5
ApOCRYPHA: judith, 8-16-(D) OT, judith, 8-
4 HOMER: Iliad, BK II [155-162] lIe; BK
[146- 16o]20c; BK XXII [45--515] 159c-16
BK XXIV [77-804] 178d-179d / Odyssey, B
188a-192d
5 AESCHYLUS: Persians [I -I39] 15a-16d / S
Against Thebes [79-263] 28a-30a / Aga
non [399-455] 56b-57a; [855--922] 61 b-d
5 EURIPIDES: Medea [247-268] 214b / Tr
Women 270a-281a,c / I-Ielen 298a-314a
Andromache [91-116] 316a-b / Iphigeni
Aulis 425a-439d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Lysistrata 583a-599a,c
6 HERODOTUS: [-listory, BK I, 2a; BK III, 121
123c; BK IV, 143b-144b; 153a-b; BK
232b
7 PLATO: Republic, BK V, 356b-368c / Cri
479c-480a / Laws, BK VI, 713b-c; BK
721d-722c; 726a-c; BK VIII, 734a-735a
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK II, . CH 9 [1269
I27oa14] 465d-466b
10 HIPPOCRATES: Airs,
16a-b
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK I [490-493] 116b; B
[567-6231 140a-141b; BK V [65-6991 2
205b; BK XI [486-915] 341b-353a
14 PLUTARCH: Theseus, lOb-lIe / R01nulus,
24d / Coriolanus, 189d-191c / Pyrrhus,
330a / Antony, 756c-779c esp 760c-d,
774a / Marcus Brutus, 811c-d
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK I, 12b-d; 20b-c;
26b-c; BK III, 53a-d; BK XIV, 150a-b /
tories, BK IV, 271c-d
22 CHAUCER: Knight's Tale [859-14]
176b
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, B
140c-141c; 144b-c
26 SHAKESPEARE: King Jol1n, ACT III, sc I
338] 389b-c / 1st Henry IV, ACT II,
[77-120] 444a-b / 2nd Henry IV, ACT II, S
477d-478c
to 6a CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
27 SHAKESPEARE: Troilus and Cressida, ACT II,
SC II [163-206] 115b-c / Coriolanus, ACT V, SC
III387a-389b
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH XVI, SECT 182-
18367c-68b
39 SMITH: Wealth ofNations,BK V, 301b-c
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 93a-b; 509d-510b
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 437b-c; 551d-552c
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 565a-b
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I, 13a-14b; 55c-
59d; BK II, 76a-b; 90c-91a; BK V, 222d-223a;
BK IX, 367c-369a; BK X, 392a-b; 397a-398c;
410c-421c; BK XI, 485a-488c; 518b-c; 528b-
531d; BK XII, 538a-539c; BK XIII, 580c-d
6. Parents and children: fatherhood, mother-
hood
@LD TESTAMENT: Exodus, 20:5-6,12 / Proverbs
20:20 / 31 :29-30-(D) jeremias:
3
1
:29-3
0
/ IS-(D) Ezechiel, 18
ApOCRYPHA: Tobrt-(D) OT, Tobias / Ecclesiasti-
cus, 3 :I-I6-:-(D) OT, Ecclesiasticus, 3
4 HOMER: Iltad, BK XXII [429-515] 159d-160d /
Odyssey, BK II 188a-192d; BK XI [458-54]
247c-248b; BK XV-XVI 266a-276d
5 EURIPIDES: Medea [1081--1115] 221b-c
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK VI, 212c-213a
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK II, 398c-d
7 Laches, 29b / Symposium, 165b-167a
/ Cnto, 214c
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK VIII, CH 12 [I I6IbI6-3
2
]
414a-b / Politics, BK I, CH 12 453d-454a; BK II,
CH 3 [1262314-24] BK VII, CH 16-
1
7
539d-542a,c / Rhetorrc, BK I, eH 5 [I360b9-
1361311] 601a-c
10 GALEN: Natura.l Faculties, BK I, CH 12, 173b-c
12 EPICTETUS: DIscourses, BK III, CH 22, 198c-
199c
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK VI [679-698] 229a-b; BK
Vln [58-5
1
9] 272b-273a; BK IX [224-3
1
3]
285a-287a
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK V, par IS 31a-c
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 27,
A2 154C-155b; Q 28, A 4, ANS and REP 5 160c-
161d; Q 30, A 2, ANS and REP 168a-169b.
Q3
1
, A 2 172b-173c; Q 32, A 2, ANS and REP;
178a-179b; A 3, ANS and REP 4--5 179b-180b;
Q 33 180d-185a; Q 39, A 8 210a-213a; QQ 40-
4
2
213a--230a passim; Q 43, A 4 232c-233a; Q
93, A 6, REP 2 496b-498a; Q 119, A 2 REP 2
607b-608d '
oAQUINAS: SU1nma Theologica, PART I-II Q 81
162d-167d passim '
5 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 184a-b; 191c-192d
6 SHAKESPEARE: 1st Henry VI, ACT IV, SC V-VII
23d-26a / 3rd Henry VI, ACT II SC V[55-
122
]
82b-d ,-
SHAKESPEARE: King Lear, ACT I, SC II [1-22}
247d-248a
oBACON: New Atlantis, 207c-208d
2 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK V [388-43] 183b-
184a; BK X [182-'-196] 278b
505
6c.The condition of immaturity
NEW TESTAMENT: I Corinthians, 13 :10-11
7 P TO Lysis 16e-17c / Protagoras, 46b-d I
67a / Republic, BK II, 32Oc-321d;
353"b d BK V 366a-e; BK VII, 39ge-
BK IV, -" 653 _
401a / Philebus, 611e-d / Laws, BK II, . a-e,
BK VII, 723e-d b '. sa
8 ARISTOTLE: Physics, BK VII, CH 3 [247 13-24
6] 330c-d .
9 ARISTOTLE: History of Anzmals, BK. VIII, CH
I [588a25-b5] 114b,d / Parts of 1nzmals, BK
10 [686bS-30] 2l8a-e / Ethzcs, BK 1, CH
IV, CH - [b IIOO
a
3 [1094b27-1095aII] 340a; CH 32- .
9] 345b-e; BK III, CHI2 [1119 35- 19] 366a,c
6 BK IV, CH 9 [II28bI5-20] 376a;BK CH
[II34
b8
- 17] 382b-e; BK CH 8 [1142 12."-';2
39lb; BK VII, CH 13 [1153 27-35] 404e-d,
VIII, CH 3 BK X, CH 3
[II74al-4] 428b / Poltttcs, BK I, CH 12 453d-
454a; BK III, CH 5 [I278a3-6] 475a-b;:K VII,
CH 9 [I329
a2
- 17] 533b-e; CH 14 [1332 36-41]
(6. Parents and children: mother-
hood. 6a. The desire for offsprtng.)
39 S:M:ITH: Wealth of Nations, BK I, 29d-30d
44 BOSWELL: fohnson,293d
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, parr6r
58b d
54FREun: Instincts, 415a-b / New Intro uctory
Lectures, 860d-86la; 863a-b
- 1 fb- d g- birth control 6b. Eugen1cs: contro 0 ree lO ,
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK IV, 143b-e
7 PLATO: Republic, BK V, 361e-363b; BK VIII,
403a-d / Timaeus, 443a / States1nan, 605d-
608d esp 608a-e / Laws, BK V, 693a-e; BK VI,
707b-709a; 712b-713e .
9 ARISTOTLE: History 0.( Anzmals,BKvII, CH
[583aI4-25] load / Politics,BK I;, [1265.
8-
b
I8] 460d-461a; CH 9 [1270 39- 6] 466c,
10 [I2723'23-241468e;BKvn, CH 16 539d-
14 Lycurgus, 39aAOc / Solon, 71d-
72a / Cato the Younger, 629a-e
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK III,
19 AQUINAS: Sumn1a Theologzca, PART I, Q 99,
A2, REP 2 520a-d 520b
22 CHAUCER: Parson's Tale, par .35,
30 BACON: New Atlantzs,207b-209d
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 166a-b;168a-b b
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 193b-194b;2717d-
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK XXIII, 18 ,
190a-h; 191c-d; 192a-b; 192d-199b
38 Inequality, 335a-b; 364d-365a
40 GI BBON: Decline and Fall, 175c
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 83e .
43 J\1ILL: Liberty, 3l9b-d / RepresentattveGotJern-
ment, 426d-427a . 275d-277e
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 267b-e,
esp 276d-277a; 323b-328a; 391d-394a,e; 578a-
579a; 581e-d; 583a; 596b-d
6b to
5,07
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK I, par 18 5e-d;
13K II,par'3-8 9b-lOd / City of God, BK XIX,
CIII4520a-d
20 AQUINAS: SU1n111a The.ologica, PARTI-II, Q94,
A2, ANS 221d-223a; Q 95, A I, ANS 226c-227c;
Q 15, A4, ANS 318b-321a;PART II-Ii, Q. 26,
AA 9-11 517a-519a
22 CHAUCER: Physician's Tale [12,006---3
8
] 367b-
368a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 10ge-l10h; 121a;
137d;155b
24RABELAIS: Gargantuaand Pantagruel, BK I,
14e-18b; BK II, 74b-75e;81a-83b; BK III, 219b-
222b
25 MONTAIGNE : Essays, 43a-e; 63d-7ge passim,
esp 63d-64b, 66e-67a; 83a-e; 183e-192d esp
183d-18Sd;344a-e; 534a-d
26 SHAKESPEARE: 3rd Henry .. VI, ACT II, sc II
[I-55] 78d-79b / Ttus Andronicus, ACT V, sc
III [35-
6
4] 196d-197a / Romeo and juliet 285a-
319a,e esp ACT III, sc V [127-215] 308e-30ge /
Midsummer-LTVight's Dream, ACT I, sc I [1-1211
352a-353e / 1st Henry IV, ACT III, sc II 452d-
454d
27 SHAKESPEARE: Othello, ACT I, SC III [175-
18
91
210d-211a /King Lear 244a-283a,e esp ACT I
244a-254e / Cyn1beline, ACT I, SC I [
12
5-
1
5
8
]
451a-e
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART II, 218e-220e;
251b; 261e-262a
30 BACON: New Atlants, 207b-209d
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, APPENDIX, XX 449a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VI, SECT 5
2
-CH
VII, SECT 81 36a-43a; CH xv, SECT 170 64d-
65a; SECT 173-174 65e-d / Human Understand-
ing, BK I, CH II, SECT 9, 106a-b; SECT 12
107b-d; BK II, CH XXXIII, SECT 7-
10
249b-d
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 29b; PART IV, 166a-
167a
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 191b-192a; 250b-
251a; 400a-402a; 410a-411a; 423b-424b
37 FIELDING: T01njones, 35a-49a,e; 65b-e;
108e-lIOe; 120e-121a,e;124a-126e; 136a-e;
217d-21ge; 283e-d; 310b-313b; 321b-324b;
338d-345d; 359b-364d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK v, 22d-23a;
BK XXIII, 187d-188a; 189b-d; BK XXVI, 216a-
217b; 220a- b
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 326e-d; 357a-b; 365a-b
/ Political Economy, 367a-368c; 377a / Social
Contract, BK I, 387d-388a; 38ge
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK I, 29d-30d;
BK V, 338e-d
41 GI BBON: Decline and Fall, 45b-e; 82b-83e
42 KANT: Science ofRight, 404d; 420b-422d
43 MILL: Liberty, passim, esp 317d
44 BOSWELL: johnson, 199d-200d; 247e-d; 301d-
302a; 424d-425a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Riglu, PART III, par 159
58a; par 173-
1
75 61a-d; ADDITIONS, III 134d-
135a / Philosophy of History, PART I, 211d-
212e; PART III, 288e-289b
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
The care and government of children: the
rights and duties of the child; parental
despotism and tyranny
@1,D TESTAMENT: Genesis, 9:21-26/ Exodus,
12:26-
2
7; 20:12; 21 :15,17 / Levziicus, 19:3 /
Deuteronomy, 5 :16; 6:6-7; 21 :15-23/ Proverb,s,
1:8-9; 3:
12
; 6:20-23; 13:1,24; 15:5; 19:
18
;
20:20; 22:6,15; 23 :13-24; 28 :24; 29:
1
5,J7;
3:17 / Zechariah, I3:3-(D) Zacharias, 13:3
ApOCRYPHA: Tobti, 4:1-5-{D) OT,Tobias,
4:
1
-
6
I Ecclesiasticus, 3 :1-18; 4 :30; 7:
2
3-
28
;
3:1,-13; 4
2
:9-11-(D)OT, Ecclesiasticus,
3:
1
-
20
; 4:35; 7:
2
5-3; 30:1-13; 42 :9-
1
1
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 10:35-37; 15:3-
6
/
Luke, 2:5
1
-5
2
; 12:51-53/ II Corinthians, 12:14
/ Galatians, 4 :1:--2 / Ephesians, 6:r-4 / Colos-
sians, 3 :20-21 / I Timothy, 5:
8
5 AESCHYLUS: Eunlenides 8la-91d
5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus the King [145
8
-
1
53
0
]
l12e-l13a,e / Oedipus at Colonus 114a-130a,e /
Antigone [626-767] 136e-137d/ Electra l56a-
169a,e / Trachiniae [1157-1278] 180a-181a,e
5 EURIPIDES: Alcestis [280-325] 23ge-240a; [611-
73
8
] 242e-243e / Heracles Mad [5
62
-5
8
4]
369d-370a; [622-636] 370e / Phoenician
Maidens 378a-393d esp [I485-1766J 391a-
393d / Orestes 394a-410d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Clouds [791-888] 498b-499b;
[13
21
-
1
45
1
] 504c-506b / Birds [1337-
1
37
1
]
558d-559b; [1640-1675] 562b-e
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK II, 76a; BKIV, 155e-
156a; BK v, 160d-16la; BK VIII, 281e
7 PLATO: Lysis, 16e-17e / Laches, 26a-27d /
Protagoras, 42d-43d; 45d-47e / Symposium,
/ Men0, 186a-187b / Euthyphro,
192a-e / Cnio, 214e; 216d-217d / Republic,
BK II, 321b-e; BK V, 360d-365d / Timaeus,
442d-443a / Laws, BK III, 672d-673d; BK IV,
683b-e; BK v, 686d-688b esp 687d-688a; BK
VII, 713e-716e; 723e-d; BK IX, 750d-751b;
755a-757c; BK XI, 779b-781e / Seventh Letter,
804a
9 ARISTOTLE: History of Anitnals, BK VII, CH I
[58Ibll-22J 107b / Ethics, BK III, CH 12 [III9a
33-
b18
J 366a,e; BK V, CH 6 [1134b8-I7] 382b-e;
BK VIII, CH 10 [II60b23-32] 413a; BK IX, CH 2
417e-418b; BK X, CH 9 [II80
a
I4-bI 4] 434d-
435e / Politics, BK I, CH 12-13 453d-455a,e
passim; BK III, CH 6 [I278b30-1279a2] 476a-b;
BK IV, CH II [I295bI4-20] 495d; BK VII, CH 15
[I334
b8
-
28
] 539b-d; CH 17 541a-542a,c; BK
VIII, CH 3 [1338a30_b8] 543e-d
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK I, CH I I 116d-
118d; eH 23 128e-d; BK III,CH 22, 198e-199c
12 AURELIUS: Medziations, BK 1 253a-256d
VIRGIL: Eclogues, IV [60-64] ISh / Aeneid, BK
VIII [5
08
-5
1
9J 272b-273a; BK IX [224-3
1
3]
285a-287a
4 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 40e-41a / Fabius,
152b-d / Coriolanus, 174b,d-175a; 189d-191d
/ Marcus Cato, 286e-287b
THE GREAT IDE,AS
537e-d; ell 15 [1334b8-28] 539b-d;cH
541a-542a,e / Rhetoric, HK.II, CH 12 636a-d
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Thzngs,BK v [222-23
64a
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK III, CH 6, 182b
12 AURELIUS: Nleditations, BK I, SECT 17 255
256d
14 PLUTARCH: 540b,d-54ge
18 AUGUSTINE :ConfeSS10ns, BK I, par 7-31
BK II, par 3-9 9b-11a/ City of God, BK *
CH 16 573b-574a .
19 AQUINAS: SU1ntna Theologtca, PART I,
100-101 520d-523d; PARTI,-II, Q 34, A I, R
2 768e-769d; Q 40, A6
20 AQUINAS: Sumnla Theologzca, PART I-II, Q9
A I, REP to CONTRARY 221a..;d; Q 95, A 1226
227e
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PURGATORY, XVII
96]77d
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 60b; 78b; PA
II,132b-e
24 RABELAIS : Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK
ge-11d; 14e-18b; BK II, 74b-75c..
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 43a-c; 63d-7ge pass!
esp 72b,.75a; 414a-d. .
27 SHAKESPEARE: Troilus and Cresszda, ACT
sc II [163-173] 115b
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VI, SECT 54
36c-42a passim; CH VII, SECT 79-81 42e-43a;.
XV, SECT 170 64d-65a / lluman Understandz
BK II, CH XXXIII, SECT 8-10 24ge-d
37 FIELDING: Tom fones, 36a-54e esp 36a-3
53b-54e
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws,BK XXIII, 1
38 ROUSSEAU: Social Contract, BK I, 387d-3
38ge
43 MILL: Liberty,
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Rzght, PART III,par
58a; par 173-175 61a-d; ADDITIONS, 68 12
127a III-II2134d-135a
51 TOL;TOY: War and Peace, BK I, 20c-26a; 3
, 37d; BK III, 132b-e; BK IV, 192d-l93e; BK
252d-254e; 26ge-270a; BK IX, 38lb-e; 3
384b; BK XII, 559d; BK XIV, 592d-604b
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov,BK
90b-92b; .100e-l09a,c; BK X 272a-297d;
LOGUE, 408a-412d
53 JAMES: Psychology, 206b-207a
54 FREUD: Origin and of PSj!
Analysis, l5a-18a / Sexual Enl!ghtenme
Children 119a-122a,e / Interpretatzon of
191b-193a; 238e-239a; / Narczs
400a / General Introductzon, 495a-496b ?
526d-532a esp 526d-527e, 530d-532a,.
576d 579b-584d esp 579b-580d; 59la-d,
612d-614b / Beyond the Pie
Principle, 64ld-643e; 644d-645a;
Group Psychology, 685b-d; 693a-e / Inhtb
Symptoms, and Anxiety, 724a-727c;737c
741b; 743a-d; 746e-747a; 75ld-753e /
zation and Its Discontents, 768b-.c / New
ductory Lectures, 855b-86le paSSim; 868
506
509
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK IV [I72-34oJ 156a-
15gb; [440-504] 162a-163b; [736-775] 16Bb-
BK V [443-450] 185a; BK VIII [39-65J
3a-b; (491-520] 243a-b; BK IX [226-269]
252a-253a; [952-959] 268a BK X [888- 8]
293b-294a ' 9
36 Tristra1n Shandy, 193b-194a; 522a-
37 FIELDING: Tom Jones, 2b-c; 14b-16bo 17a-bo
30a-32d; 10Bc-l1lc; 118d; 124a-l25b; '130b-c:
199b-200a; 230a-231c; 283b-c; 289b-291a:
321b-322a; 332a-333a; 349b-350b;
353a; 360b-d; 400a-402d; 405a,c
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 364d-365b
40 Decline and Fall, 92c-93a; 649c-
42 KANT: Science of Right, 419a-420b
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 22a; 57a; 64a; 107ao160b
194a; 294d-295a ' ,
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III par 158
58a; par 161-168 5Bb-60c'; ADDITIONS: 101-108
133b-134c
47 GOETHE: Faust, PART I [4243-425] 104a;
II [6479-9944] 1S8a-241b esp [6487-
500] 158b, [7070-7079] 173a-b, [9182-9272]
223a-225a, [9356-957.3] 227a-232a, [9695-
9754] 235a-236b, [9939-9944] 241b
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace esp BK I 3a-c
III 122b ' , BK
, -c, BK IV, 173d-179a, BK VI, 245d-
250a, 269c-d, BK VII, 291a-292b, 301b-302d
BK VIII, 311a-313a, BK XII, 539c-547a BK XV'
635a-644a,c, EPILOGUE I, .,
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK I, 4a-
5b; BK II, 2lb-24d; 39a
53 JAMES: Psychology, 735a-b
54 FREUD: Narc. 404d-406b / G. P
h ' roup sy-
c. ology, 694b-695b / New Introductory Lec-
tures, 862d-863c
7b. The continuity of the family: the veneration
of ancestors; family pride, feuds, curses
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 9:21-27; 12:1-3;
1314-17; 15:2 -5; 17; 22:16-18; 25:20-34
26:24; 27:.1-28 :5.; 28 :13-15; 30 :1-24; 48-49 i
Exodus, 3015-16, 20:5-6/ Numbers, 36:3-10 /
Deuteronomy, 5:9--10; 25:5-10 I Ruth /
II Salnu.el, 21 :1-9-(D) II Kings, 21 :1- /
I Chronzc!es, 28 :I-8-(D) I Paraliponle1;Oll
2.8 :r-8 / II Chronicles, 25 :3-4-(D) II
25 :3-4 / p'roverbs, 17:6 / ]eren1iah,
31 .29-3o-(D) . jeremtas, 31 :29-30 / E.oze/{iel
18-(D) Ezechlel, 18 '
ApOCRYPHA: Ecclesiasticus 3 6 (D) OT
Ecclesiasticus, 3 :1-16 ' :1-1 - ,
4 HOMER: Odyssey, BK XI [458-54] 247c-248b
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Against Thebes 27a-39a,c
esp [720-7911 35a-d / Prometheus Bound [887-
89.3] 49c / Agalnemnon 52a-69d
5 Oedipus the King 99a-113a,c /
.AJax [1290-1315] 154a-b / Electra 156a-169a c
5 Electra 327a-339a,c /
Matdens 378a-393d
7b
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
42d / City of God, BK XIV, CH 16-26 390a-
BK xv, Cll 16, 411b-c / Christian Doc-
trtne, BK III, CH 12, 663a-c; CH 18-22 664d-
666c
AQUINAS: SUlnlna Theologica, PART I, Q 92,
A2, ANS Q 98, A2, ANS and REP 3
517d-5l9a, PART I-II, Q 28, A 4, ANS 742d-
743c
AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q
105, A 318b-321a; PART II-II, Q 26, A II
518b-51..... a; PART III, Q 6, A I, REP 3 740b-
741b
DANTE: Divine Comedy, HELL, v [25-142] 7b-
8b; PURGATORY, VIII [67-84] 6Sa; xxv [10 -
1391 92c-d 9
Troilus and Cressida 1a-lS5a /
Mtller sTale 212b--223b / Wife of Bath's Pro-
logue [5583-6410] 2S6a-269b / Tale ofWife of
Bath 270a-277a esp [6619-6623] 273a / Clerk's
Tale / Merchant's -Tale 319a-338a
/ FranklIn sTale. 351b-366a esp [II 41-125]
351b-352b, [II,754-766b] 363a / Manciple'S
rale [17,088-13] 490a / Parson's Tale, par
79-80 541a-542a
OBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 155b-co PART IV
272d ' ,
RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel B
8 d
o ' K I,
c- , BK II, 73b-74b; 106a-108d; 109c-
126d; BK III, 144d-146a; 148d-150d; 154a-
156c; 159d-163c; 166a-169d 186d-188
196b-d ,C,
Essays, 37c-40a; 84a-b; 89d-90c;
306d-307a; 358b-362a; 409d-434d esp 410a-
422b; 472a-473a
SHAKESPEARE: 1st Henry VI, ACT V, SC III
[80-1951 28a.-29b; sc V [48-78] 31d-32a /
Con1edy)ojErrors, ACT II, SC I 152a-153b; SC II
[112-148] 154c-d; ACT III, SC II [1-70] 157c-
158b; ACT v, SC I [38-122] 165c-166b / Talning
of the Shreu/ 199a-228a,c / Two Gentlemen oj
Verona,. ACT I, SC II [1-34] 230d-231b / Ronleo
andIultet 285a-319a,c / Richard II AC
[
"" ] , TV, SC I
/1-102 345d-346b / Much Ado About Noth-
mg_ S03a-531a,c / Henry V, ACT V, SC II [98-
36] 564b-566a / Julius Caesar, ACT II, SC I
[261-309] 577b-c / As You Like It ACT IV
SC I [127-180] 618b-c; ACT V, SC IV '[114-156]
625a-b
SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, ACT I, SC II [1)7-1591
33a; sc III [5-51] 34c-d; SC V [34-9If37b-d
ACT III, sc I [uo-157148b-c I Merry Wives oj
TVmdsor 73a-l02d / Troilus and Cressida 103a-
141a,c / Othello 20Sa-243a,c / Antony and
Cleopatra 311a-350d / Cymbeline 449a-488d
esp ACT II, SC V 463a-c, ACT III, SC IV 466d-
468d, ACT V, SC V[25-68] 483c-484a, [129-227]
484d-485d / Telnpest, ACT IV, SC I [1-133]
542b-543a -
CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 120b-137d
PART II, 261c-262a; 270c-271a '
SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV APPENDIX XIX Xx
449a "J. .:-
7a. Marriage and love: romantic,
and illicit love
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 2:23-
2
4; 24:
6
7;2
30 / Ruth / I Sal11uel, 1 :I-8-(D) I .
l:r-8/ II Samuel, II; 13:1-
20
-(D) II
I I; 13 :1--20 I Proverbs, 5; 6:20-7 :27 / Ecc
tes, 9:9 / Song of Soloti10n-(D) Callti
Canticles
ApOCRYPHA: Tobit, 6:IO-17-(D) OT, T,
6:11-22 / Ecclesiasticus, 7 :26; 25:
1
;4
(D) OT, Ecclesiasticus, 7:28 ; 25:
1
-
2
;
NE\-V TESTAMENT: Alatthew, 19:4-
6
/
10:6-9 / I Corinthians, 7:1-
1
5,3
2
-34 /
sians, 5:22-33 / Colossians, 3:18-
1
9 / I
3:1--7
4 I-IoMER: Iliad, BK IX [334-347] 60c-d; BK
[229-360] lOOc-l0ld / Odyssey, BK XXIII [
3
6
5] 313d-316a; BK XXIV [19
1
-
202
] 319a
5 AESCHYLUS: Agamemnon [681-7
81
] .. 59
/ Choephoroe [585-651] 75d-76b; [89
2
78d-79b
5 SOPHOCLES: Trachilliae 170a-181a,c
5 EURIPIDES: Medea 212a-224a,c esp [44
6
215d-217c / !Jippolytus 225a-236d esp
4
81
] 228b-229b / Alcestis 237a-247a,
[15
2
-
1
98] 238c-239a, [329-3681 240a-b /
pliants [99-171] 267a-c/ Trojan Women
68.3] 275c-d / Helen 298a-314a,c / Andl'o
315a-3.26a,c esp [147-244] 316c-317b / E
[988--1122] 336a-337b
5 ARISTOPHANES: Lysistrata 583a-599a,c /
I1zophoriazusae 600a-614d esp [3
8
3-53
2
]
606a
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK VI, 197a-c; B
3l1b-312d
7 PLATO: Symposium, 152d-153a I Republi
v, 361b-363b
9 A.RISTOTLE: Ethics, BK VIII, CH 12 [I162
a
I
414c-d
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Things, BK IV. [I
1287] 59d-61a,c
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK II [730-794] 144b-l46
IV [1-361] 167a-177a
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 39d-40b / Lye
Numa, 62d-63c / Solon, 71d-72a / Vem
731a-b / Antony, 756c-779d / MarcusB
807b-d; 8l1c-d
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK IV, 64b-c; BK XI,
110a; BK XII, 121c
17 PLOTINUS: Third Ennead, TR v, clI I
101c
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK II, par 2.:...8
lOd; BK IV, par 2 19d; BK VI, par 21-
2
5,
7. The life of the family
THE GREi\T IDEAS 6e
54 FREUD: Origin and Det/elop1nent of P
Analysis, 17d-18a / Sexual Elllightenm
Children 119a-122a,c passim I General
duction, 512a; 583c-d; 584b-c / Group
chology, 682a-b
q
/ Civilization and Its Di
tents, 783d
(6. Parents and children: fatherhood, mother-
hood. 6d. The care andgovernment of chil-
dren: the rights and duties of the child;
parental despotism and ty1"anny.)
50 MARX: Capital, 193a-194b; 241a-d
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist Manifesto, 427c
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I, 2c-3a; 22b-
23a; 34d-35b; 47b-48d; BK III, 119a-128d; BK
IV, 192b-193d; BK V, 207b-208a;. 210b-211a;
BK VI, 252d-254c; 271c-274a,c; BK VII, 291a-
292b; BK VIII, 305b-307d; 324b-325c; 335d-
336a; BK IX, 356b-358b; 381b-c; 382a-384b;
BK X, 406c-410c; EPILOGUE I, 659d-674a,c
passilu
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK I, 2d-
Ila; BK XII, 370b-d; 395a-398d
54 FREUD: Origin and Development of Psycho-
Analysis, 17d-l8a / Sexual Enlighten1nent of
Children 119a-l22a,c passim / Interpretation of
Dreams, 244a-c / Narcissism, 406b-c / General
Introduction, 573b-d / Inhibitions, Symptoms,
and Anxiety, 7510. / Civilization and Its Dis-
contents, 794c-795a esp 795b [fn 2] / Netv In-
troductory Lectures, 832b-c; 834b-c; 868d-
871a esp 869b-c, 870a-c; 876c
6e. The initiation of children into adult life
NEW TESTAMENT: Luke, 2:4
1
-5
2
4 floMER: Odyssey, BK I-II 183a-l92d; BK XI
[487-54] 247d-248b
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK IV, 125c-126a; 155c-
156a
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK Ill, CH 12 [1119
a
33-
b 18] 366a,c
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK I 253a-256d
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 41b-42b
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK II, par 3-
8
9b-l0d
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 63d-79c passilu, esp 72b-
75a; 156d-158a,c; 184a-191c esp 187a-c
26 SHAKESPEARE: Two Gentlemen of Verona, ACT
I, SC III [1-42] 232c-d / 2nd Henry IV, ACT V,
SC II 497d-499b
27 SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, ACT I, SC III [5
2
-
1
3
6
1
34d-35d / Cymbeline, ACT IV, SC IV 478b-d
30 BACON: ,rNet,(JAtlantis, 207b-209a
35 LOCKE: Cit/il Government, Cll VI, SECT 59-.
6
9
37b-40b passim
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK XVIII,
133a-b
38 ROUSSEAU: political Economy, 376b-d /
Social Contract, BK I, 387d-388a
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 82a; 91b
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 86b-c
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par 159
58a; par 174 6lb; par 177 62a; ADDITIONS,
1I I-I 12 134d-135a
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dicl(, 387b
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I, 36d-37a; BK
III, l28d-131c esp l30d-13lb; UK IV, 192d-
193c; BK VI, 254c-260a; 267c-270a; BK IX,
381b-c; 382a-384b; BK XIV, 592d-604b
508
7d. The emotional impact of family life upon
the child: the domestic triangle; the
symbolic roles of father and mother
4 HOMER: Odyssey, BK II 188a-192d; BK XV-XVI
266a-276d
5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus the King 99a-113a,c esp
[976-983] 108b / Electra 156a-169a,c esp [254-
309] 158a-b, [SI6-633] 160a-161a
5 EURIPIDES: Hippolytus 225a-236d / Electra
327a-339a,c esp [1008-1123] 336b-337b
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK III, 89d; 100b-101h;
BK IV, 151a-b
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK VII, CH 6 [II4g
b
4-I 3]
400a; BK VIII, CH 10" [II6o
b
23-33] 413a; CH 12
413d-414d passim / Politics, BK I, CH 12 [125gb
10-16] 454a
14 PLUTARCH: Artaxerxes, 855b-c
26 SHAKESPEARE: 3rd Henry VI, ACT I, SC I [211-
263] 72b-d
27 SHAKESPEARE: Halnlet 29a-72a,c
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, APPENDIX, XIII
448b-c
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 165b-166a
37 FIELDING: Tom fones, 126c-127c
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Economy, 377a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, ADDITIONS, 110
134d; 112 135a
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK VI, 271c-273c;
BK VIII, 305b-307d; BK IX, 356b-358b;
EPILOGUE I, 658a-659d; 662a-664b; 667b-d;
669a; 669c-d; 673d-674a,c
o 7d CHAPTER 26: FAMILY 511
330a; 331b-333a; BK XII [409-440] 46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par IS8
365a-b 58a; par 173 61a-b; ADDITIONS, 110 134d; 112
PLUTARCH: Lycurgus-Numa, 62d-63cjSolon, 135a / Philosophy of History, INTRO, 172b-d;
66b-d; 71d-72a / Pericles, 139a-140a / Coriola- PART I, 211d-212c; PART III, 288d-289b
11US 174b,d-193a,c esp 175d-176b, 189d-191d 47 GOETHE: Faust, PART I [3620-3775] 88b-
I Tinzoleon, 196b-198b /Marcus Cato, 286b- 92a
287b / Alexander, 542a-545b / Cato the Young- 48 ?\1ELVILLE: Moby Dick, 387a-388b
er, 623c-624a / Agis, 654c-655a / Demetrius, 51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I,2c-3a; 7d-8d;
727a-b; 740d-741c / Marcus Brutus, 807b-d; 13a-14b; 25a-31a; 37d-47b; 55c-59d; BK III,
8IIc-d l19a-13lc; BK IV, 165a-168d; 179b-180d;
TACITUS: Annals, BK I, 10c-d; BK XI, 107b- 183d-184b; 192b-193d; BK v, 203a-d; 2l0b-
lI0a; BK XII, 115a-c; 118d-119b; BK XIII, 128a- 211a; BK VI, 247a-248a; 251a-b; 252d-254c;
131b; BK XIV, 141b-143d; BK XVI, 183a-c / 270b-274a,c; BK VII, 276b-277a; 290b-291a;
'Histories, BK IV, 282b-d BK VIII, 305b-310d; 314a-316a; 326b-329c;
AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 19-21 BK IX, 356b-358b; BK X, 406c-410c; 412d-
1Sb-19b; BK v, par 15 31a-c; BK IX, par 17-37 414b; 416c-417b; BK XI, 485a-d; BK XII,
66a-71b / City of God, BK XIX, CH 14 520a-d 553c-d; BK xv, 614a-618b; EPILOGUE I, 650d-
AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 60, 674a,c
A4, ANS 312c-313b; Q 96, A 3, REP 2 512a-c 52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK IV,
AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART II-II, Q 90b-92b; 100c-109a,c; BK V, ll7c-121d; 137a-
26, AA 8-11 516a-519a c; BK VI, 148d-150d; BK x, 285a-297d; EPI-
DANTE: Divine Comedy, HELL, XXXII [124]- LOGUE, 408a-412d
XXXIII [90] 49a-50c; PARADISE, XV-XVII 128b- 53 JAMES: Psychology, 189a; 190a; 717b; 735b-
133c passim 736b
CHAUCER: Wife ofBath's Prologue [5893-5914] 54 FREUD: Interpretation ofDreams, 241b-246b /
261a-b / Clerk's Tale 296a-318a Narcissism, 406b-c / General Introduction,
MACHIAVELLI: Prince, CH XVII, 24b-c 528d-529d; 583a-c / Group Psychology, 68Sc /
HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 155b Civilization and Its Discontents, 783b-c /
RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK I, New Introductory Lectures, 856d-859a; 862d-
8c-d; BK II, 81a-83b; BK III, 144b-c; 196b-d; 863c
BK IV, 242c-244d; 248d-250a
MONTAIGNE: Essays, 66c-67a; 83a-84b; 184a-
192d esp 184a-d; 358b-362a; 409d-434d esp
410a-422b; 472a-473a
SHAKESPEARE: 1st Henry VI, ACT IV, SC V-VII
23d-26a I 3rd Henry VI, ACT II, SC V[55-113]
82b-d / Richard II, ACT I, SC II [1-41] 322d-
323a / 2nd Henry IV, ACT II, SC III 477d-478c;
ACT IV, SC IV-V 492d-496d / Julius Caesar,
ACT II, SC I [234-309]
SHAKESPEARE: Hamtet,AcT I, SC III [5-51]
34c-d; [84-136] 35b-d; ACT IV, SC V [115-216]
60d-62a / King Lear 244a-283a,c / Coriolanus,
ACT I, SC III 355b-356b; ACT II, SC I [110-220]
362a-363b; ACT V, SC III 387a-389b
BACON: Advancement of Learning, 84b-c
MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK IV [720-775] 168a-
169a / Samson Agonistes [1476-157] 371b-
372b
SWIFT: Gulliz1er, PART IV, 165b-166a
FIELDING: Tom fones, 17d-19a,c; 22d-25a;
44b-d; 65b-c; 126c-127b; 235b-238d; 304a-c;
40Sa,c
MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK XVI, 117c;
BK XIX, 140a-c
ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 326c-d; 327c-d; 350b;
364d-365b I Political Economy, 368b-c / Social
Contract, BK I, 387d-388a
GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 92d-93a
KANT: Science of Right, 419a-420b
BOSWELL: Johnson, 57a; 57d-58a; 90c; 305b;
424d-425a; 510b-c
THE GREAT IDEAS
ApOCRYPHA: Tobit, 4:1-4-(D) OT,To
4:1-5 / _4
OT EccleszastlcuS, 25: 1-
2
, 4,23-
2
4
N \v TESTAMENT: Matthew, IO:
2I
d5-37;I2:
E50; 19:2 9/ Mark, 1 3.:12! L_uke, 8:
21; 12:SI-53; 14:26; IS ,11-3
2
, 18.29 3.
4 HOMER: Iliad, BK XXII [I-9811585a-]15762ad' [4-
5
1
5] 159c-160d; UK XXIV [159- 04 1 -1
/ Odyssey, BK II 188a-192d; BK XI _[4S
8
-
247c-248b; BKXIV-XV 260a-271d, BK
[
16
7-
22
51 273d.. 274b; BK XVII [3
1
-
60
] 277
BK XXIII [1-2451 312a-314d; BK XXIV [
3611320a-d 'hb [ 6
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Agatnst Tees 95 -'-,
37d-39a,c / Choephoroe 70a-80d esp [212
72b-73a, [892-930] 78d-79b
5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus at Colonus 114a..l
esp [324-460] 117a-118b, [IIS.o-
1
44
6
] 1
127b / Antigone 131a-142d / Ajax [I??O-I
154a-b / Electra 156a-169a,c / Trachzntae 1
181a,c [ 6
5 EURIPIDES: Medea 212a-224a,c esp 97,-1
220b.. 222d '/ Alcestis esp [
0] 242c-243c / 258a-269a,c
I;9
0
-
111
3] 267a-268a / TroJan Women
8] 276c-d; [1156-1255] 279d-280c / An
(39-4201 318a-d / Electra [9
88
-
336a-337b / Hecuba [3
8
3-4431 356a
HeraclesMad [562':"'58,4] 369d-370a; [622
370c / Phoenician Mazdens 378a-393d / 0
394a-410d esp [211-315] 396a-397a,
I05S] 404a-c / lphigenia Amongthe Tau,rz
424d esp [769-8491 417d-418c I Iphzge
Aulis 425a-439d , - 8a
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 7a-b,
32a-c; BK II, 73b-74d; 76b-d; BK III,
95d-96c; 100b-101b; 114d-115a; 116a;B.
143b-144b; BK VI, 194d-195b; 212c-213a,
IX, 311b-312d , '
6 THUCYDIDES:
398c-d , ' . 3
7 PLATO: Republic, BK I, 296d-297a, BK V
365d / Latvs, BK IV, 683b-c .
9 ARISTOTLE: Generation of A.,ntmals,BK
CH 2 [753a7-15] 294a-b / Ethzcs, BK
(II48a26-b41398d; BK VIII, Cll I [II5? I
406
b d CH 7 [I I58bI2-241 410c-d,
, , " [ 59b25-1
[I IS9a24-331 411b-c; CHb 9 II I
411d-412b; CI-I 10 [1160 23]-CH II i b
413a-c' CH 12 413d-414d; CH 14 [II 3
416c-d'; BK IX, CH 2 417c-418b; CH 4
1-91419a-b; Cll 7 [II68
a
21-
2
7] 421d/ C
BK I, CH 12-13 453d-455a,c; BK II,
456c-458a 'l ' K v
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Tl11ngs, B
1018] 74b H 2 12
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK I, C 3
13 VIRGIL: Eclogues, IV [60-
6
4] 15b / A;;
III (692-7I51166a-b; BK V (4
2
-
1
31
1
['
[679
-7021 229a-b; BK VIII 55
BK VI b 287a
273b-274b; BK IX [280-302] 286 -
[822-828] 324b-325a; BK XI [29-7
1
1
510
Th life oj the jalnily. 7b. The c'o,ntinuity oj
(7., :h:jamily: the veneration oj jam-
ily pride, feuds, curses.)
" 13b-c; BK III,
6 HERODOTUS : Hzstory, BK I: 167b-168a
c-d' BK IV, 146a-b; 149b-c,BK v, ,_
7 Charmides, 3c-d / Laws, BK IV, 683b-c,
BK IX, 752d-753a , b -I ]
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK VII, 3/
400
a-
BK
VIII, cn II [1161 IS" b
' 6 b 8] 601a-
Rhetor,ic, BK, I, CH 5 (13 19-3 256d'
d
' 'I253a;.
12 AURELIUS: ztatzons, BK
So
l143a-146b;
13 VIRGIL: Aenezd, BK II [67
1
- 4 '{679";"7',',02]
V [ 2-103] 188a-190a; BK VI
231a-235a; BK VIII [
60
9-73
1
]
275a-278b; BK X [276-286] 309b-310a
14 PLUTARCH: 1ratz:
s
, 826a-c, c
15 TACITUS: Hzstorzes, II, 2:7b-, ar 6 10a-b
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessz
ons
, BK II"p , T6-
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PURGATORY, XI 4
b 'PARADISE XV-XVI 128b-132a
7
2
] 69 -c', T le 0+ Wzifie 0+ Bath ,[6691-
6
7
88
]
22 CHAUCER, a 'J 'J b
274b-276a / Parson's Tale, par 27,514
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 121d I' I
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagrue , BK II ,
140c-d
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 411a-d, V' VII
1 H Y VI ACT IV,SC -
26 SHAKESPEARE: st Juliet 285a-319a,c /
23d-26a / ROlneo an, . -161 570d-571a
Julius Caesar, ACT I" sc lEnds Well,
27 SHAKESPEARE: All s e
ACT iI,SC III [IIO-I511152c-153a
33 PASCAL: Pen!ees, 626
h
28
1
b
225b-227b; 307b-
36 STERNE: Trzstram S an y,
310a 5 17d' 106b-c; 125b;
37 FIELDING: Tom Jones, 1 c- ,
275a; 362c-364d 140a
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK XIX, '
188b c'189b-c
40 Declin; and Fall, 242a-b;412c-413a
l'm' 497a-498a
pass, , d F II 81d- 389b-c;453a-
41 GIBBON: Declzne an a, ,
5
6 c esp453a-b; 571a-572d
4 a, h 274b-278a - 280c-281a;
44 BOSWELL: Jo nson, '
282a-b' 289c-d; 293d
46 HEGEL': Philosophy of Rz/i
h
p
t
;
61a-b; par 180 62c-63c U oso 'J.'
197c
-d- PART I 211d-212c; PART IV,
ry, INTRO, ' '
320c d D K X 399d-401d
51 TOLSTOY: "VVar an reace, B '. b
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BKn,.41a-
f f - dship in the family: man
7c. Patterns ,0 , rIca, d children brothers
and WIfe; parents an ,
and sisters
G
- 4-1 16- 9-18-29; 22:1-
OLD TESTAMENT: eneszs, ,- ,- __
19; 24; 25:
21
-34; 27;
2-45; 5:15-23 / Exo us, 2,1 . _. '20
4 / Ruth 1'3-18 / I Samuel, 18.1-4,
11:3-4 " ,I-
-(D) I Kings, 18:1-4; 20 / II Samue, 13-
1
4,
18' -(D) II Kings, 13-14; 18:33,/
,33 / Mz'cah 7'5-6-(D) Mzcheas, 7,5-
6
10:1;15:20 , -
8. Historical observations on the institution of
marriage and the family
4 HOMER: Odyssey, BK II 188a-192d; BK XIV-
xv 260a-271d
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 34a-b; 39b-c;
44b-d; 48c; BK III, l04d-l05a; BK IV, 143b-
144b; 155c-156a; BK V, 160d-161a; 167b-168a
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK II, CH 9 [I269bI3-
127ob7] 465a-466c .
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Tlungs, BK V [953-965]
73c; [1011-1027] 74b-c
14 PLUTARCH: Romulus, 26a-b / Lycurgus, 39a-
41a / Numa Pompilius, 54a-55a; 58d / Lycur-
(7. The life of the family. 7d. The emotio.nal im-
pa.ct of falnily life upon the child: the
domestic triangle, the symholic roles of
father a'nd mother.)
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK II, 34b-
36c; 38b-39b; BKIII, 59d-62a; 69d-70c; BK
IV, 104b-l09a,c; BK VIII, 207a-d; BK IX, 244b-
245b; BK XII, 365a-b; 395a-398d
54 FREUD: Origin and Developrnent of
Analvsis, 14b-19a esp 17b-18a / InterpretatIon
of 240d-249a / General Introduction,
528d-531d; 573d-574d; 580d-585a; 591a-d;
594d-599b passim / Beyond the Pleasure Prin-
ciple, 644d-645a / Group Psychology, 678d-
681b 685b-687d; 693a-b /
Ego Id, 703c-708c esp / Inhi-
bitions, Sympton1S, and AnxIety, 724a-72?c.;
738d-742a; 743a-b; 751d; 752c-753c /CZVt-
lization and Its Discontents, 792b-796c esp
794c-795a / New Introductory Lectures, 832b-
834d; 855a-863b esp 856b-860a; 876a-d
513
F. SCHLEGEL. Lucinde
FOURIER. Traite de I' association domestique-agricole
LAMB. "A Bachelor's Complaint," in The Essays of
Elia
BALZAC. The Physiology of Marriage
--. Eugenie Grandet
--. Old Goriot
--. The Petty Annoyances of Married Life
--. Cousin Bette
\VHE\VELL. The Elements of Morality, BK IV, CH 5
E. J. BRONTE. Wuthering Heights
THACKERAY. Vanity Fair
"On Women," in Studies in Pes-
Simism
COMTE. The Catechism of Positive Religion (Preface
to the first edi tion)
--. ofPositive Polity, V:0L I, View of
POSitivism, CH 4; VOL II, SocIal StatiCS, CH 3
FLAUBERT. Madame Bovary
BACHOFEN. Das Mutterrecht
MAINE. Ancient Law, CH 5
TURGENEV. Fathers and Sons
DICKENS. Our Mutual Friend
FUSTEL DE COULANGES. The Ancient City
TYLOR. Primitive Culture
ZOLA. Les Rougon Macquart
L. H. MORGAN. Systen1S of Consanguinity and Affin-
ity ofthe Human Family
--. Ancient Society, PART III, CH I
S. BUTLER. The Way of All Flesh
T. H. GREEN. Principles ofPolitical Obligation, (N)
IBSEN. A Doll's [louse
---. Ghosts
STEVENSON. Virginibus Puerisque
MARK TWAIN. lite Adventures of Tom
--. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
NIETZSCHE. flu111an, All-Too-Human, VII
--. Beyond Good and Evil, CH VII (23
2
-
2
3
8
)
STRINDBERG. The Father
TONNIES. Fundamental Concepts of Sociology, PART I
FRAZER. The Golden Bough, PART I, eH 11-12; PART
III, CH 6
\VESTERMARCK. The History of Human 1\;/arriage
MASON. Woman's Share in Pri1l1itive Culture
MEREDITH. The Ordeal ofRichard Feverel
--. Alodern Love
--. Diana ofthe Crossways
--. The Alnazing Alarriage
SHA\V. Candida
Listed below are \vorks not included in Great Books ofthe World, but relevant to the
idea and topics \vith which this chapter deals. These \vorks are divided into two groups:
I. "Vorks by authors represented in this collection.
II. \Vorks by authors not represented in this collection.
For the date, place, and other facts concerning the publication of the lvorks cited, consult
Bibliography of Additional Readings \vhich ol1o\vs the last chapter of The Great Ideas.
ADDITIONAL READINGS
CHAPTER 26: FAMILY
I.
"A Discourse Touching the Training of
" "Concerning the Virtues of "lomen,"
Precepts," "'Of Natural Affection To-
Offspring," in J,.lyforalia
On the Good of Marriage
.. On the Good of Widotvhood
.. Of Marriage and Concupiscence
INAS. SumrlJa Contra Gentiles, BK III, CH 122-126
. Sum1na Theologica, PART II-II, QQ 151-
1
54;
RT III, SUPPL, QQ 41- 68
AeON. "Of Parents and Children," "Of 1.1ar-
age and Single Life," "Of Yourh and Age," in

TON. The Doctrine and Discipline ofDit10rcc
BES. Philosophical Rudi111cnts Concerning GOllenl-
nt and Society, CH 9
.. The Elements of Lat{J, Natural and Politic,
A.RT II, CH 4
fT. A Modest Proposal
LIHNG. Amelia
MILL. The Subjection of TVomen
ELS. The Origin of the Family, Private Property
d the State
D. Three Contributionf to the Theory of Sex,
2-3
II.
OPHON. The Oeconolnicus
De Domo Sua
zing Saga
fsaga
CACCIO. Patient Griselda
Della Falniglia
IN. The Six Bookes of a Comlnonweale, BK I,
2-4
SER. The Faerie Queene, BK III
.rEpitllalamion
WOOD. A rVonlan Killed tvith Kindness
ERaN. Life Is a Dream
JERE. L'ecole des maris (School for Husbands)
.L'ecole des femmes (School for Wives)
ERFIELD. Letters to His Son
"Marriage," "Women," in A Philosoph-
THE GREAT IDEAS
gus-Numa, 62d-64a / Solon, 72b-73a /
tocles, '99a-b / A Icibiades, 158b-d I
368a,c / Cato the Younger, 629a-c
650d-651b / Antony-Denletrius, 780d
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK II, 44b-c; BK
BK IV, 67d-68a; 73d-74c; BK XII,
122a; BK XV, 162b-c
18 AUGUSTINE: Christian Doctrine, BK
663a-c; CH 18-22 664d-666c
20 AQUINAS: SUl1una Theologica, PART
105, A4 318b-321a
30 BACON: Nell! Atlantis, 207b-209d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Latl!s, BK
50d; BK XVI 116a-122a,c;BK XVIII,
BK XIX, 141c-142a; BK XXIII,
XXVI, 214b,d-221c; 223a-c; BK
230d
38 ROUSSEAU:
364d-365b
39 SMITH: Wealth of Na,tions, B'K I,
BK III, 165b-166a; BK V, 338c-d
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 92c-93a
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 39a;
89d esp 82b-86b; 319b-d
44 BOS\VELL: Johnson, 197d;
302a
46I-IEGEL: Philosophy of History,
195a; PART I, 211a-212c; 246c-247b;
288c-289b; 294c-d
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, "''..,n--."\X:in
50 MARX: Capital, 241a-d
50 MARX-ENGELS: ComlJ1unist lHiITlljr<:SlO,
428a
54 FREUD: Group Psychology,
694d-695a / Civilization and Its
781d-782c
512
For: The general problem of the naturalness of human association in the falnily or in
NATURE 2b; NECESSITY AND CONTINGENCY Sb; STATE la, 3b-3d.
The political significance of the domestic community, and for comparisons
the family and in the state, see EDUCATION 8a; GOVERNMENT Ib; MONARCHY
6b; STATE Ib, Sb; TYRANNY 4b.
The economic aspects of the family, see LABOR sa, sc; SLAVERY 4a; WEALTH 2,
Religious considerations relevant to matrimony and celibacy, see RELIGION 2C,
AND VICE 8f-8g.
Other discussions of women in relation to men, and of the difference bet\:veen the
I-IAPPINESS 4a; MAN 6b; WAR AND PEACE sa.
Other discussions of childhood as a stage of human life, see LIFE AND DEATIl 6c;
for the problem of the care and training of the young, see DUTY 9; .. ...
RELIGION sc.
A n10re general consideration of the problenls of see .EVOLUTION 2-}e.
The distinction of the several kinds of love and fnendship whIch may enter Into
see LOVE 2-2d; and for matters relevant to the en10tional pattern of family
see DESIRE 4a-4d; EMOTION 3c-3c(4); LOVE 2b(4), 2d.
CROSS-REFERENCES
out man's \villing them may happen by chance
or fortune.
It is sometimes supposed that "fate" and
"fortune" are synonyms, or that one has a
tragic and the other a happy connotation. It is
as if fortune were always good and fate always
malevolent. But either may be good or evil
from the point of view of man's desires. Al-
though fate and fortune are hardly the same,
there is some reason for associating them. Each
imposes a limitation on man's freedom. A man
cannot compel fortune to smile upon him any
more than he can avoid his fate. Though alike
in this respect, fa te and fortune are also opposed
to one another. Fate represents the inexorable
march of events. There is no room for fortune
unless some things are exempt from necessity.
Only that which can happen by chance is in
the lap of fortune.
It \vould seem that fa te stands. to fortune as
the necessary to the contingent. If everything
were necessi tated, fate alone would reign.Con-
tingency would be excluded from nature.
Chance or the fortuitous in the order of nature
and freedom in human life would be reduced
to illusions men cherish only through ignorance
of the inevitable.
In a sense fortune is the ally of freedom in the
struggle against fate. Good fortune seems to aid
and abet human desires. But even misfortune
signifies the element of chance. "vhich is more
congenial than fate, if not more anlenable, to
man's conceit that he can freely plan his life.
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2]: FATE
ATE-sometimes personified, sometimes
abstractly conceived-is the antagonist of
om in the drama of human life and his-
. So at least it seems to the poets of antiq-
. In Inany of the Greek tragedies, fate sets
stage. Some curse must be fulfilled. A dooln
nds and is inexorable. But the actors on
stage are far from puppets. vVi thin the
ework of the inevitable the tragic hero
s out his o\vn destiny, making the choices
which his personal catastrophe ensues.
pus, doomed to kill his fa ther .and marry
other, is not fated to inquire into his past
a discover the sins which, when he sees, he
to see no ITIOre. The curse on the house of
us does not require Agamemnon to bring
ndra back froin Troy or to step on the
carpet. The furies which pursue Orestes
s himself awakened by murdering his
r, Clytemnestra, a deed not fated but
undertaken to avenge his father's death.
e ancients did not doubt that 111cn could
e and, through chqice, exercise SaIne con-
ver the disposition of their lives. Tacitus,
ample, \vhile admitting that "most men
nnot part with the belief that each per-
uture is fixed from his very birth," claims
'the wisest of the ancients ... leave us the
ity of choosing our life." Atrhe same time
ognizes an order of events beyond man's
r to control, although he finds no agree-
regarding its cause-whether it depends
vandering stars" or "prilnary elements,
a combination of natural causes." For
n part, Tacitus declares, "I suspend my THE TERMS necessity and contingency cannot be
ent" on the question "whether it is fate substituted for fate and fortune without loss of
nchangeable necessity or chance which significance..As the chapter on NECESSITY AND
s the revolutions of human affairs." In CONTINGENCY indicates, they are terms in the
'ng, he grants the possibility that not philosophical analysis of the order of nature
thing which lies beyond man's control is and causality. They may have, but they need
SaIne of the things \vhich happen with- not have, theological in1plications. Necessity
515
THE.GREA.T IDEAS
FLUGEL. Thf Psycho.-Analytic Study of.the. Famil
HARTLAND. Primitive Society, the Begtnntngs of
Family. and the Reckoning of Descent '
GALSWORTHY. The Forsyte Saga
MARTIN DU GARD. The Thibaults
UNDSET. Kristin Lavransdatter
J. B. S. HALDANE. Daedalus
GORKY. Decadence
JUNG. Marriage as a Psychological Relationship
BRIFFAULT. The Mothers
DAWSON. "Christianity and Sex," in Enquiries
Religion and Culture .. . .
PIUS XI. Casti Connubu (Encycltcal on Chn
Marriage)
O'NEILL. Desire Under the Ebns
--. Strange Interlude
--. Mourning Becomes Electra
L. STURZO. The Inner Laws of Society, eH II
T. S. ELIOT. The Family Reunion
BRYCE. Marriage and Divorce
MANN. Buddenbrooks
SYNGE. Riders to the Sea
WEININGER. Sex and Character
SANTAYANA. Reason in Society, CH 2
GOSSE. Father and Son
SERTILLANGES. La famille et l'etat dans .l'education
DE\VEY and TUFTS. Ethics, PART III, CH 26
GALTON. Natural Inheritance
--. Essays in Eugenics
CHESTERTON. What's Wrong with the World
BATESON. Problems of Genetics
ELLIS. Man and Won'lan
--. Studies in the Psychology of Sex
D,. H. LAWRENCE. Sons and Lovers
H. JAMES . A Small Boy and Others
--. Notes ofa Son and Brother
JOYCE. A Portrait ofthe Artist as a Young Man
PROUST. Ren1embrance of Things Past
514