HEGEL.

Science oifLoaic VOL II S

J
S Jv1 Co', ECT I, CH 3
., ILL. ,.d s..vstenl ofLogic, BK II, v
FARADAY. Obsert/ations on the Education f tl.-
Judgment C!.t Ie
\v. JAMES. "T'he Sentiment f R' I'
The lVill to Believe 0 atlona Ity," in
terms it relates exist. The ancients, do
not appear to regard the relation as something
having a reality distinguishable from the reality
of the correlative terms. It seems to be signifi-
cant that both Plato and Aristotle discuss
relative terms, rather than relations as such.
For the most part, they signify relations by us-
ing a pair of "vords ,vhich name things standing
in a certain relation to one another.
Thus in the Categories, Aristotle refers to
'double' and 'half,' 'master' and 'slave,'
'greater' and 'less,' or 'kno,vledge' and 'object
known' as exanlples of correlative terms. "All
relatives," he says, "have a correlative."
tinles it is necessary to find the precise word, or
even to invent the right word, for in order to
indicate that a given term is relative, its cor-
relative must be appropriately named. "Con-
cubine," says I.Jocke, "is, no doubt, a rela tive
nanle, as well as wife; but in languages where
this, and like ,vords, have not a correlative
term, there people are not so apt to take them
to be so, as wanting that evident mark of
tioDS which is between correlatives, which seem
to explain one another, and not to be able to
exist but together."
When "reciprocity of correlation does not
appear to exist," Aristotle suggests that it Inay
be the result of our failure to use words care-
fully. If we wish to use the term 'rudder' as
relative, we cannot call its correlative a 'boat,'
for "there are boats \vhich have no rudders."
Since there is no existing word, it \vould be
"more accurate," i\ristotle thinks, "ifwe coined
some \vord like 'ruddered' to name the correla-
tive of 'rudder.'" Similarly, in the case of
'slave' as a relative term, its correlative is not
'man' understood in any sense, but only man
understood as 'master.'
The things \vhich are designated by a pair of
reciprocally relative- term<s must, according to
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 78: RELATION
569
IKE quantity and quality, relation is gen-
erally recognized as a basic term or cate-
Dry. But its meaning, like theirs, cannot be
dined. Relation is, perhaps, the prototype of
indefinable notion. As Bertrand Russell
ints out, it seems to be impossible to make
y statement of what relation is without using
e notion of relation in doing so.
Any term \vhich is essentially relative seems
so to be incapable of definition. Its meaning
nnot be stated without referring to its cor-
lative; and since the meaning of the latter
ciprocally involves the former as its correla-
e, each member of a pair of correlative tenns
aws upon the other for its meaning. A part is
part of a \vhole; a ,vhole, a whole of parts.
tmilarly, the meaning of parent involves the
otion of child and the llleaning of child the
notion of parent.
Plato applies this maddening fact about cor-
lative terms to all comparatives which pre-
ppose the correlation of more and less. "Com-
ratives such as the hotter and the colder," he
rites, "are to be ranked in the class of the in-
ite." They cannot' be measured or defined.
like 'much' and 'little,' 'great' and
mall' look like quantities, but, according to
1\.ristotle, they are "not quantities, but rela-
tives, for things are not great or small absolute-
ly; they are so called rather as the resul t of an
act of comparison."
Concerning quantities and qualities, the an-
cients ask how they exist. The alternatives seem
to be either that they exist in and of them--
selves, or that they exist as the attributes of
SUbstances such as stones and trees. But with
regard to relations, the question seems to be
Whether they exist rather than how they exist.
The supposi tion that a relation cannot exist
apart from the terms it relates may be thought
to imply that the relation does exist when the
MANSEL. Prolego111ena Loaica An 1 ,.
Psychological Character I into
G. C. LE\VIS. A Treatise on the:' ;a
tl
drocesses
, " lV1 e flO s oifOh
lIon and Reasoning in Politics Sfff'tJa
BOOLE. An Investigation ofthe Latus of Th
DE MORGAN. Formal Logic, Cli 5-6 ought
--. A Budget of Paradoxes
TAINE. On Intelligence
SIG\VART. Logic, PART I, CH 3' PART III
JEVONS. The Substitution of S/mil ' cr-r 3-4-
BK II, -- The P:' 'l if ars
. nnctp,es 0 Science, CH 4, 6-
CLIFFORD. Seeing and Thinking 7, I r
LOTZE. Logic, BK I CH 3' BK II
. ' , , CH 4-7
--. Outltnes of Logic, DIV I, CH 3
VENN. Symbolic Logic
C. S. PEIRCE. Collected Papers VOL II
VOL IV, par 21-79 VOl V , ' par 435-618
A. SIDGWICK. , ar 15
1
-212 '
--. The Use of Words in Reasoning
J. c. WILSON. Statement and Inference
DE\VEY et al. Studies in LOP'icai Th ,..' PART I, IU
WHITl:< d <:> eOI), I-IV
,,-,HEAD an RUSSELL. Principia MatA .
PART 1, SECT A leJnatta
The Principles of Logic
mlna1 Essays, 1 ' BK n-'III; 'Fe
--. and Reality, BK II, CH 1
--. Collected Essays, VOLI(I2) 5
-,-. Essays on Truth and Reality CH 12
DEWEY. How. We Think '
P
- Essays tn!Fxperimental Logic, II-VI
ARETO. TheA12nd and Society VOL I
BOSANQUET. Logic, VOL II CH 6_:
II
1 l' ' " , I
--. mp tcatton and Linear Inference
'\\1. E. JOHNSON. Logic, PART I CH 14'. ,
CH 1-6 " PARr 1
J. M. KEYNES. A Treatise on Probabilit1!
CH 12-1 4 .n PART
SANTAYANA. Sceptcism and Animal Faiti
MEYERSON. Du chemine1nent de la pense;' Cli 13
B. RUSSELL. Introduction to Mathematical Ph'Z
ophy, en 14 t ()
---. Inquily into Meaning and Truth, CH24
'fHE GREAT IDEA.S
II.
568
Institutio Oratoria (Institutes of
tor)), BK v, CH 10-14; BK VII, CH 8
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS Against the L "
CH 3-6 . 0gICtans,
--. Outlines of Pyrrh0nism, BK I-II
PETRUS. HISPANICUS. Summulae Logicales (L ' I
Treattses) ogtca
SUAREZ. Disputationes Metaphysicae XIX (-6)
XXIX, XXX (2, 8) '5 ,
J SAINT Cursus Philosophicus
1,USUCUs, Ars Logzca, PART I, QQ 6 8.
QQ 24-
2
5 ' ,PART II,
ARNAULD. Logic the Art of Thinking, PART III-IV
New Essays Concerning liuman Under-
standtng, BK II, CH I9
EULER. Letters to a German Princess
T. REID. Essays on the Intellectual Powers oifM
VII an,
MAINE DE BIR';N.. The Irifluence of Habit on the
Faculty of Thznkzng
SCHOPENHAUER. The World as Will and Idea
SUP, CH 10 ' VOL II,
Lectures on the Philosophy of the HUlnan
MInd, VOL PP 497-52 5
BENTHAM. RatIonale ofJudicial Evidence
--. The Book ofFallacies
WHATELY. Elements ofLogic, BK I, eH 3; BK IV
vV. HAMILTON. Lectures 011 Metaphysics and L .
VOL II (15-2 3) ogle,
\VI-IEWELL. The Pllilosophy ofthe Inductive Sciences
VOL I, BK I; VOL II, BK XI, XIII '
COURNOT. Essai sur lesfionderllents J
e
n '
, UI os connats-
et sur les characteres de la critique phi'
phtque /.oso
571 CHAPTER 78: RELATION
'R(a,b,c,).' The first is a dyadic relation, the
second a triadic relation.
Relations are classified not only with respect
to the number of the terms they relate, but also
\vith respect to such formal properties as
symmetry, transitivity, reflexivity. The rela-
tion of parent and child, for example, isasym-
111etrical. It cannot be said, if A is the parent of
B, that B is also the parent of A; whereas.the
relation of brotherhood is symmetrical.. State-
ments of symmetrical relationship are convert-
ible. If we say that A is the brother of B, \ve
can also say that B is the brother of A.
The type of relationship remains the same
regardless of the character of the terms. Un-
equal quantities are asymmetrically related,
equal quantities symmetrically; 'to-the-right-
of' is an asymmetrical spatial relation, 'next-to'
is symmetrical; in time, 'simultaneous-\vith' is
symmetrical and 'prior-to' asymmetrical. The
distinction between transitive and intransitive
relations similarly holds for all kinds of terms.
The relation of father to son or of 'standing-
next-to' in space is intransitive,' for if Ais the
father of B, and B the father of C, A is notthe
father of C; whereas the spatial relation of
'standing-to-the-right-of' is transitive, for if A
is to the right of B, and B to. the right of.C,
then A is to the right of C.
The modern analysis of propositions as rela-
tional structures which differ in type according
to the character of the relations, not the charac-
ter of the terms, has an antecedent in Locke's
analysis of judgments as acts of comparison
which look to the relation bet\veen ideas rather
than to the ideas themselves. Both analyses
lead toa theory of inference which is based on
the convertibility of symmetrical relations and
on the transitivity of certain relationships' and
the intransitivity of others. As indicated in the
chapter on REASONING, the factor of transi-
tivity appears in William James' discussion of
the "principle of mediate comparison." He
states this in the formula "more than theimore
is more than the less." l'hen he explains that
"such a formula would cover all possible cases;
as, earlier than early is earlier than late,worse
than bad is worse than good, east of east is
east of,vest;etc., etc., ad libitum. Symbolically,
\ve Inight write it as a<b<c<d ... and say
that any number of intermediaries may be ex'"
Aquinas offers, in contrast, "other relations
hich are realities with regard to both ex-
femes; as when a relation exists between t\VO
bings according to some reality that. belongs
both. This is clear of all relations consequent
on quantity, great and small, double and
If, and the like; for there is quantity in both
tremes."
This distinction between real and 10gicaLre-
tions seems to. be qualifled by the interme-
iate '. case of a relation \vhich'i is pardy logical
ad partly real; for, according to Aquinas,
sometimes a relation in one extreme maybea
ality, while in the other extreme, it is only
idea. This happens whenever the two ex-
emes are not of one order .' ... Since God is
tside the whole order of.creation. and. all
eatures are ordered to Him, and not. con-
rsely, it is manifest that creatures are really
lated to God Himself; whereas in. God there
no real relation to creatures, but a. relation
uly in idea, inasmuch as creatures are related
I-fim."
the Charmides, '. Socrates. i'. raises . '.. "some
ubts about the admissibility of reflexive rela-
ous, or the relations of things to themselves.
thers have "questioned the partly real.' and
rtly logical relation,. according to \vhich one
is related to another but the secondis not
to the first. But the more important
in the tradition ofwestern thought, seem
whether there are both real and logical
l\"".LC4'L.LV'.L.LV, i.e., relations both in nature and in
and whether, in either case, relations
into the very nature of the things related
merely external, so that the character of
is unaffected by the relations in which
IN THE chapters on JUDGMENT,
and LOGIC, relation tends to dis-
predication in certain typically modern
of the proposition and of. inference.
is currently called "relational logic" is
against "subj ect-predicate logic." Relations
rl1e:mselv
r
es. without regard to the character of
terms related, become the primary object
analysis. It is said, for example, that
. 'John hit James' has the form
'R(a,b),' and that the proposition
to school with James' has the form
right and left, double and half--any
.. What can be the meaning of
apart from our conception of their I ULl,LdflAe'f
tion? 'Greater' may refer to very rt1rr"" .. ....
nitudes; 'different' to all strts of
comparison is ours; it does not lie in the
themselves. " In the case of certain n III"'
time relations he maintains that
are in our conception, nothing of
things themselves. Before and after are
two things; the relation is again of our
Yet Plotinus seems to
"we do not mean anything by JLU'.L . '.LJUl.
victims of vvords," or that "none of the
mentioned can exist."
calls "the elusive character of A "' ......... .L'U.L.L.
is willing to affirm the reali ty
the actuality of the relationships
from no other source than relation
thinks that one quantity may be the
another, "quite apart from our
thought." The fact that one rlll'ln.t-.t-T?
double of another is an additional
the two quantities over and above
other properties. "In all the
which we assert relation," Plotinus
"the mutual relation exists over and
objects; we perceive it as already
knowledge is directed upon a thing,
knowll'--a clear testimony to the
relarion. "
The problem thus seems to become
distinguishing between relations
independent reality and those which
in the mind. "Some have said that
not a reality but only an idea.
Aquinas declares, "is plainly seen
from the very fact that things
a mutual order and relation." Not all
are real, hovvever. "Relations which
the things understood from the "r,r->rrlt-1,(",\n
the intellect alone are logical relations
asmuch as reason observes them as
tween two understood things." For
"the relation of a thing to
relarion," for "reason, by
thing twice, regards it as two; and
prehends a certain relation of a
. The same is true of those
follow upon an act of reason,
species, and the like."
THE GREAT IDEAS
570
Aristotle, coexist. One man cannot be called
a master unless another man exists who can
be called his slave; something cannot be called
larger unless something coexistent\vith it can
be called smaller. Aristotle considers possible
exceptions to this principle of the simultaneity
or coexistence of correlatives; as, for example,
in the case of knowledge and the kno"'Table. It
seems possible, he thinks, for the knowable to
exist before anyone has actual kno\vledge of it.
But the exception may be due to an improper
naming of the correlatives. If the correlative of
knowledge is the known rather than theknow-
able, then knowledge and its object may be said
to be necessarily coexistent, for nothing comes
to be an object actually known, except simul-
taneously \vith so.meone's coming actually to
know it.
THE COEXISTENCE OF things which are correla-
tive to one another still leaves a question con-
cerning the existence of the relation between
them. When conceived as an attribute, a qual-
ity or a quantity can be said to exist in the
thing it somehow modifies. In the language of
Aristotle, such accidents inhere in substances,
and accordingly have reality as long as the sub-
stances in which they inhere exist. But a rela-
tion does not seem to inhere in a substance. It
cannot be the attribute of a single thing. It
somehow lies between t\VO things, inhering in
neither, for if it belonged to either one alone it
could have some reality if that one existed and
the other did not. l"he question, therefore, is
whether relations really exist at all, or 'are only
in the mind of him who compares things or
considers theIn relative to one another.
"A sign that the relative is least of all a sub-
stance and a real thing," writes Aristotle, "is
the fact that it alone has no proper generation
or destruction or movement; as in respect of
quantity there is increase and diminution, in
respect of quality alteration, in respect of place
locomotion, in respect of substance simple gen-
eration and destruction. In respect to relation
there is no proper change; for, without chang-
ing, a thing will be novi greater and now less
or equal, if that with which it is compared has
changed in quanti ty. "
Plotinus also questions the reality of reia-
tions. "I-las relation-for example, that of
THE GREAT IDEAS 572
punged w'ithout obliging us to alter anything
in what remains written."
Jan1es thus formulates what he regards as the
most fundamental law of thought. For series
of "homogeneously related terms," the la\rv is
that "skipping inter1nediary terms leaves the rela-
tions the same." The factor of transitivity enters
the picture ,:vhen James distinguishes between
relations which are and relations \vhich are not
transferable. "All skipping of intermediaries
and transfer of relations occurs wi thin homo-
geneous series," he writes. "But not all homo-
geneous series allow of intermediaries being
skipped. It depends on which series they are,
on what relations they contain. Let it not be
said that it is a mere matter of verbal associa-
tion, due to the fact that language sometimes
permits us to transfer the name of a relation
over skipped intermediaries, and sometimes
does not; as where we call men 'progenitors' of
their remote as well as of their immediate pos-
teri ty, but refuse to call them 'fathers' thereof.
There are relations which are intrinsically
transferable, \:vhilst others are not. Therela-
tion of condition, e.g., is intrinsically transfer-
able. What conditions a condition conditions
vvhat it conditions-'cause of cause is cause of
effect.' The relations of negation and frustra-
tion, 011 the other hand, are not transferable:
what frustrates a frustration does not frustrate
what it frustrates. No changes in terminology
would annul the intimate difference between
these tvvo cases."
THE FOREGOING PASSAGES from James reflect
the general tenor of the theory of the calculus
of relations. I-Ie hilllself does not systematically
expound it. Its elaboration is to be found in the
\vritings of Boole, Couturat, and De j\/forgan, of
Jevons, Pierce, Bradley, Royce, Russell and
Whitehead (whose vvorks are cited in the Ad-
ditional Readings). Is this relational logic more
general than the subject-predicate logic that is
tradi tionally called "Aristotelian," or is the re-
verse the case?
'"The modern answer insists upon the greater
generality of relational logic. Royce, for ex-
ample, defining "subsun1ption" as a non-sym-
metrical, transitive relation ,,,hich obtains be-
tween two classes when one includes the other,
declares that "the entire traditional 'theory of
the syllogism' can be expressed as a Sort of co _
ment upon, and relativelysimple application
the transitivity of the subsumption relatio: ,:
According to Royce, William James' axiom. f
skipped intermediaries a step in t::
right but it fails to achieve cOluplet:
generahty.
Russell disposes of the traditional theory of
the proposition in the same fashion that Ro
yc
disposes of the traditional theory of the
gismo Traditional logic, he writes, "believetl
that there was only one form of simple proposi-
tion (i.e., of proposition not stating a relation
between two or m?re proposi
namely, the form wh1ch ascnbes a predicate to
a subject." It is, therefore, "unable to admit
the reality of relations; all relations, it main..
tains, must be reduced to properties of the
apparently related terms." Russell insists, on
the contrary, that "propositions stating that
two things have a certain relation have a differ-
ent form from subject-predicate propositions."
This can be n10st easily seen, he thinks, in the
case of asymmetrical relations. The proposition
which states that A and B are related by the
symmetrical relation of equality, can be inter-
preted to mean that A and B both possess a
common property. "But when we come to
asymmetrical relations, such as before and after,
greater and less, etc., the attempt to reduce
them to properties becomes," in Russell's
ion, "obviously impossible." The relational
theory of the proposition, therefore" includes
the subject-predicate theory as a special case.
A defense of the subject-predicate logic
V\lould not make the counterclaim that re
tional logic can be treated as a special ca
Rather it would insist that the two logics
radically different in principle-that the 0
belongs to a philosophy of nature and a met
physics, in which substance is the primary co
cept; whereas the other belongs to the empiri
sciences and to modern rnathematics, in whi
the concept of relation supplants substan
Whichever side of the controversy is taken, t
undeniable difference between a relational a
a subject-predicate logic represents one of t
great differences betv/een modern and ancie
thought.
It is not only in logic that the modern
phasis seems to be upon relations .rather th
CHAPTER 78: RELATION 573
. d d f and of the collected mClnbers of the subdivision
P
on
things related-on relatlonsdenu, e
d
. o. _ h other." These are, he v/rites, "all the
h
h on tenns treate as to eac "
eir terms rat er t an 'l"tions of thought in judgements.
rrelatives. The same tendency ,appchars lIn, reJ.
p
a
01
'11+-1'no- out that he borro\vs the t.ernl from
1 ' ' I b a In t e ca - ,L b f h
dern matl1en1atlcS, In a ge r , , A ' t t'e Kant calls the pure concepts 0 t e
'11 h th rv of equat10ns ns 0 1 ,
I
us and especla y 1n t e eo) d . d' "cateaories" and constructs a
, d 1 I ppears un erstan 1ng . b h'
d functions, of sets an senes.. t a so a . bi f categories. \vhich runs parallel to 1S
'h rd1ng to Casslrer, ta e 0 hI
modern phySiCS were, acco. .., . . . d' bl f J' udaments because, as e exp a1ns,
1 1
ons1sts 1n 1S- ta e 0 b' ,
e great conceptua revo ut1.on c 1" 1 me function which imparts unlty to
b f . nd the casua t le sa .'
acing substance y unctlon, a. rela- various representations in one Im-
teraction of substance.s by functlonabl , t unity like\vise to the mere synthesIs of
d
f cler Such su stitu- par s . ,. h 1
nships an systems 0 or, ',. , 'f various representations in one intuition, W lC 1
ns obviously parallel the shlft 1n loglc-.rom. al ,rvay lnay be called the. pure con-
f I d subjects 1n a gener , '
e consideration 0 terms ate . as f rela- ce t of understanding." Kant's categones, In
d predicates, to the . Pt st to Arl'stotle's afford a striking. example
t e terms con ra .r\., .
ons without regard to 1 erences 1n f the shift from substance to relatlon..
o . h y
lated. .. _ \Vhere for Aristotle substance 1S t e pnmary
In the tradition of the great books, thls con d all other categories signify the
b announced by categorv an h 1 '
P
tual revolution seems to e d'd .It of substance among whic re..ation,
h
' h H d Kant accor aCC1 en s " f
e treatment W lC ume an t have least reality in the nature 0'
the notion of substance. Hume appears to OK t makes relation one of the four
, . . s of events t 1ngs, an I '
nceive of experience as a serle . '1 f .' groups of categories, and under re ation
lated, as he says, by "only three .es subsistence and inherence (or substance
nnexion . namely, and accident) along with causality and
time or place, and Cause or EJ)ect: S (or cause and effect) and commumty (or
lations make up the fabric of 0 enc,e '. b tween the active and the passive).
. h Hons our reclprOCity e b
ng as it consisted 111 sue ,cannec, It is not substance, but the relation of su. stance
P
erience would be the same whether or not d 'd nt which is for I(ant a transcen-
. h . bstances an aCCl e ,
ere were endunng t Ings or su, . dental cate ory.
"Nature has established g
rticular ideas," Bume wntes, so that h
no
THE ISSUE CONCERNING substance and relation
oner does one idea occur to our thoughts t an takes another form in the problem ,,:hether
introduces its correlative." All our knowl- relations exist in the very nature of thm?s, as
ge of matters of fact depends upon the asso- belonging to their essence, or only eXist as
'ation of ideas, or the relations of resemblance, connections between things. In latter al-
ntiguity, and causation among the ternative, there is still the questIOn whether
experience. All other has. or ItS relations between things are externally affixed
ject those relations between Ideas do to them or are internally inherent m them
ot connect them causally or place them m a and affect the natures of the things. related,
atial or temporal order. In either case, According to the Christia.n of the
ions of all sorts, rather than ar:
d
their Trinity, there are real relations In God, .each
operties (or substances and. their attnbutes), really distinct from the others, yet each
em to be the prime constituents of nature tical with the divine essence. These
d of knovlledge. .. 1 of the Trinity-the relatlons
ld
1 fi t 1 of are t le persons .... d
Kant presents a four o. c ca 101 . Aquinas calls "paternity, filIatIOn, SplfatlOn an
dgments according to thelr quantity, quahty, ."tIle relation of the Father and the
d h h
d f rela process10n, 1
lation, and modality. Un er t e ea. 0 -- S n and of the Holy Spirit to them bot 1.
on he distinguishes the categoncal., the 0 '1' ' God" he writes "is not as an
, d t "Re atlon In, ' ,.
ypothetical, and the disjuncti:e accor lng '0 accident in a subject, but is the d1vlne
e following criteria: "a. RelatIOn of the pred- itself; and so it is subsistent, for the dlvme
ate to the su
bJ ect. b. Relation of the cause to Th s the G,odhead
I d
essence is subsistent. ere ore, a .
seffect. c. Relation of subdivided knowe ge,
goods, of means and ends, of duties, of loves,
Just as the status of each thing in nature is
affected by whether the universe is conceived
as a whole of internally related parts or as a set
of externally related,wholes, so the status of
the individual in society is affectecl by whether
the state is conceived as an organic whole or
merely as a political order formed by the free
association of individuals.
The consideration of the various types of
order occurs in other chapters, such as NATURE,
WORLD, SOUL, STATE, GOOD AND EVIL, and
BEAUTY. Particular types of relationship are
also iscussed in chapters concerned with the
terms between which such relationships
the relation of cause and effect in the chapter
on CAUSE; spatial and temporal
in the chapters on SPACE and Tn..1E; the rela-
tion of species and genus in the chapters on
EVOLUTION and IDEA; relations of equality and
inequality in the chapter on QUANTITY; and re-
lations of similarity and clissimilarityin the
chapter on QUALITY.
This last type of relationship, more broadly
conceived as including ,not merely likeness in
quality, but the sameness or similitude of
things in every sort of respect, is the main con-
sideration of the chapter on SAME AND OTHER,
The theory of analogy is discussed there also,
for though it is concerned with relation-
a
pro-
portion being a ratio of specific
relationship by which relations are themselves
related in analogies or proportions seems to be
one of similitude (either identity or similarity).
Finally, the idea of relation seems to be in-
volved in the contrast between the absolute
and the relative. Things are said to be con-
sidered absolutely when they are considered in
themselves, and relatively when they are con-
sidered with reference to something else, By
extension of these meanings, relativism tends
to assert that with regard to most things, if not
all, what they are depencl
s
on the point of
view, i,e., their relation to man, to this group
of men, or even to this man. Absolutism goes to
the opposite extreme of saying that things are
what they are independently of man's view of
them. The opposition of these two tendencies
creates familiar issues concerning the true, the
good, and the beautiful, which are discussed in
the chapters devoted to those subjects,
CHAPTER 78: RELATION
ELATION SEEMS TO BE the principle of order.
fleast it can be said that the various concep-
n
s
of order which appear in the great books
volve the idea of relation and of different
ip.ds of relationship.
The order of the universe or of nature, for
ample, seems to be differently conceived
g9
rdin
g as things are causally related to one
other, related as lower and higher species in
hierarchy of grades of being, or as the parts
all-embracing whole. In each case, it
a difference, as we have already ob-
whether the relations involved are
to be real or logical, and internal or
to the things related.
... "' .....L..... similarly enters into conceptions of
........... ,J... political, and moral
of the parts of the soul, the order of
or functions in the state, the order of
the mind to the consideration of another,
would if the event could not be under-
us except as intrinsicallyrelated or
with that other.
n the tradition of western thought, the
e concerning the internality or externality
relations has profound implications for man's
ncepti
on
of the order of nature or the struc'
re of the world. The difference, discussed
the chapter on CHANCE, between what
Uliam James calls the "block" and the "con-
tenated" universe presupposes not onlydif-
tent views of causality, but also different
sitions with respect to the internality or ex-
rnality of relations, as is indicated 'by James'
iticism of Hegel and Bradley.
The relation of part and whole, and of one
to another in the structure of an organic
ole, seems to be the prime example of in-
mal relationship. Each part is thought to be
nstituted, both in its being and nature, by
e being and nature of the wholeto which it
longs and by the other parts which comprise
at whole. This may be seen in Spinoza'S
eory of God or Nature as the one and only
pstance, in and through which everything
eboth is and is conceived. ,All things are
cked together in' asystem of internal telation-
fPs-the finite parts with one another through
e infinite whole which determines each to be
hat it is, in itself and in relation to all others.
574
is God so th d" THE GREAT IDEAS
Father' Who paternity is God the h ,,' a Ivme perso Th ough it be certainwe have no
dlvme person signifies a I ,n. ore, a Idea of tha"t thing ,ve suppase a
Since the th re atlon as SUbsisting." Th ree persons of t
1
T" e vanous simple ideas orr
the same essence th ""De rlni ty are of h .. I I I"A P , .... c
d' , ' e pnnclple f h ' er with the indistinct
lstlnction must be fa d I hot elf real porting substratum tf "
that "there can b d' un e sew ere. Denying 'd ' constitute
e Iscerned b t h 1 ea of a particular substance
real distinction in respect of th ; ,;een t em a compounded, not
Descartes does not' e Ivme essence," Itse a campI 'd
distinction ", reject the possibility of a 'd' ex 1 ea, consisting in
m respect of thei I' SI eratIon and comparin f
another" A' , r re atiOn to one another" Th "d g 0 one
" . qUlnas conSIders "two " "1 e leas relat d b
drfference among th d" " pnnClp es of I e may e
e IV p e or complex b t h l'
and relation," but origin ideas, not in e altlons
that the persons or h IS to say 'd certaIll y not
by relations rather thYPosbtases dlstmguished 1 eas, nor in complex ideas of
an yang " stances, which are combi "
other reasons "wh 1" or, among f" l"d ! natIons, not
" ,ena re atlon IS an"d a sImp e 1 ease
It presupposes the d'" aCCl ent, The e "
when the relatI"on of subjects; but IS, of course, a l..UJlnr\!p.,&+
IS SU sistent 't d ?f relatiOn, which involves
presuppose, but brings b d" '" 1 "oes not Ideas and, in addition, the I"dea ofa
It ld a out, IstillCtlon."
"wou seem to follow that exce" tween them which L k "
relat ' pt In God 1" ' oc e says "It
IOns are not b ' ' t lelr comparison ' h '
theory of carpor ISUSblstent. In Aristotle's' one wit another
ea su stan any Idea, whether sl"mple or
the matter and th ces, or example, h
e arm wh' h' t e occasion why the m' d h
physical thing are united lC 1 constitute a things together m
f
t us
and fonn are the foundation our
pnneiples in the ' , ea y IStlllCt "ther I '
b
compOSItion of a co " h" e a ways be in relation two
su stance-as ess d mpOSI te t lng h"
ence an eXist'S, eIt er III themselves reall
sometimes said to b 11 d' ,ence are also c,onsldered as distinct, and then y
in the being of all sy IStIllCt SlOn for their comparison."
real distinction do g" except God-theIr L k' es not Imply th h oc e s theory of relations not
subsistent, as are the per f t e! are to exclude them from th' ,
nor that they are relations 0 t Tnnity, of substances but also e InterIor
another If 1 ' or m relation to one ' ' seems to
. rea as opposed t I " 1 entirely extrinsic to th
occur only b t h" 0 ogica relations 1 d" e natures of
e ween t 1ll0'S h' h re ate. Ideas of relation" L k
really subsist, then thos: pW" IC" I someh?w be the same in men who h ' fOC e
must be united" d nnClp es whIch f h ' ave ar GIIter("'tif'
in or er or a thO bot e thIngs that are related or th t
cannot be really r 1 t d Ing to su sist camp d" Th a e a e to one another. ' e relation is unaffected
thIngs It relates as th "
WITH A SOM d' a: b ' ,eyIII turn are
EWHAT Illerent I' Y It, for they are "not cant' d"
seems to exclude 1" f ana ySIS, Locke exist f aine In
, re atIons rom th ' ence a things, but [are]
tIon of what he calls "the 1. ,e traneous and super-induced"
stance." All com I' comp ex Idea of sub- B k I .
" " h P ex Ideas, according to Lock e ey and Hume also seem to
are elt er mode b e, are entirely external
The complex ideas, /u or relations." dlStIllct from the l"d' h" ......,..." ..
f h 0 su stance IS a "call f' eas or t mgs
o t ose several sim 1 'd . " ec Ion wntes Berkeley "in h
ities, which w p 1 eas ,of senSIble qual- b ' ,asmuc as the
called horse 0: '. nd ublllted in the thing H
Y
us our np.rre>' ... ? ............
, one, yet ecause ume aU eve t
conceIve how they h Id b ' we cannot I d ' n s seem
in another we s s ou su SISt alone, nor one an separate, One event follows
supported' by souppose them existing in, and we can never observe any tie
me common s b' h' t em, They seem conjoined but
support we denote b h u Ject; W lch nected." So far as a ' y t e name substance h' ur unoerstan(ilrlO"
, not lng in the nature of one event
577
31 DESCARTES: Rules, VI, Be
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, BK II, CH xxv
214d-217a; CH xxx, SECT 4 238d-239a
35 BERKELEY: Human Knowledge, SECT II, 415a;
SECT 89, 430c
42 KANT: Pure Reason, esp 42c,
61a-64a esp 72c-8Sd esp
99a-108a,c / Practical Reason, 339a-b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of History, INTRO,
53 JAMES: Psychology, lS7b-159b esp 158b-159b;
863b [fn 2];
866a; 873a-b; passim, esp
882a, 884b-885a; 889a-890a
lh. The effect of relations on the nature and
being of things: internal and external
relations
7 PLATO: Theaetetus, 521d-522b
8 ARISTOTLE: Categories, eH 7 [8aI2-b24]
/ Physics, BK V, CH 2 [22S
b
II-I3]
30Sd I Metaphysics, BK XI, CH 12 [Io68
a
IO-
16] BK XIV, cn I LI088a15-b4]
620b-d
19 AQUINAS: SU111ma Theologica, PART I, Q 13,
A 7 68d-70d; Q 28, AA 1-2 Q 30,
A I, REP 3 Q 40, A 2, REP .3-4
215b; Q 44, A I, REP I Q 45, A 3

CHAPTER 78: RELATION
REFERENCES
To find the passages cited, use the numbers in heavy type, ,vhich are the volume and page
numbers of the passages referred to. For example, in 4 HOMER: Iliad, BK II [26S--283] 12d, the
number 4 is the number of the volume in the set; the number 12d indicates that the
sage is in section d of page 12.
PAGE SECTIONS: When the text is printed in one column, the letters a and b refer to the
upper and lower halves of the page. For example, in S3 JAMES: Psychology, 119b, the passage
begins in the upper half of page 116 and ends in the lower half of page 119. When the text is
printed in two columns, the letters a and b refer to the upper and lower halves of the
hand side of the page, the letters c and d to the upper and lower halves of the side of
the page. For example, in 7 PLATO: Symposium, 164c, the passage begins in the lower half
of the side of page 163 and ends in the upper half of the side of page 164.
AUTHOR'S DIVISIONS: One or more of the main divisions of a \vork (such as PART, BK, eH,
SECT) are sometimes included in the reference; line numbers, in brackets, are given in
tain cases; e.g., Iliad, BK II [26S---283] 12d.
BIBLE REFERENCES: The references are to book, chapter, and verse. When the King James
and Dauay versions differ in title of books or in the numbering of chapters or verses, the King
Jan1es version is cited first and the Douay, indicated by a (D), follows; e.g., OLD
MENT: Nehemiah, 7:4S-(D) II Esdras, 7:46.
SYMBOLS: The abbreviation "esp" calls the reader's attention to one or more especially
relevant parts of a whole reference; "passim" signifies that the topic is discussed
tently rather than continuously in the work or passage cited.
For additional information concerning the style of the references, see the Explanation of
Reference Style; for general guidance in the use of The Great Ideas, consult the Preface.
1. The general theory of relation
la. The nature and being of relations: the
distinction between real and logical or
ideal relations
7 PLATO: Charmides, / Cratylus, 86d I
Phaedo, 242c-24Sd / Republic, BK v, 372d-
373b I Timaeus, / Parnzenides,
/ Sophist, 570a-S74c / Statesman,
S94a-b
8 ARISTOTLE : Categories, CH 7 13d / Physics,
BK III, CH I [200b29-32] 278b; BK v, CH 2
[22S
b
II-I3] 30Sd / Metaphysics, BK I, CH 9
[990b9-17] S08d; BK v, CH IS BK
XIV, CH 1 [1088
a
IS-
b
4] 620b-d
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK I, CH 6 [1096aI7-29]
341b-c
1'7 PLOTINUS: Sixth Ennead, TR I, CH 6-9 254d-
257a
19 AQUINAS: SU1nma Theologica, PART I, Q 6, A 2,
REP I 28d-29c; Q 13, A 7 Q 28, AA
1-2 157c-160a; A 4, ANS and REP 1,3-4
161d; Q 40, A 2, REP 4 Q 42 ,
A I, REP 4 Q 45, A 3, REP 1-3

20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 49,
A I, ANS PART III, Q 2, A 7, REP 2
718b-d
577
578
579
THE GREi\T IDEAS
576
OUTLINE OF TOP.res
l. The general theory of relation
la. The ,nature and being of relations h .. . .
Ideal relations t e dlstmctlOn between real and logical or
I b. The effect of relations on the nature . .
relations and beIng of thIngs: internal and external
IC. The coexistence of correlatives
Id. Relational unity or identity f 1
o re ation: the notion d
proportionali ty an use of analogy or
2. Order and relation in God th d' '. .
T" f . e IVIne proceSSIons and th l'
nUIty 0 persons e re ations constituting the
3 The relation of God to the \vorld d" ,
IVlne Immanence and transcendence
4 Relation in the order of thought kId
. or nowe ge
4
a
. The definability or indefinability of 1 .
re atlve terms
4
b
. The proposition or . d
JU gment as a statement of relation: relation' .'
4
C
The transcendental categories of relation - In reaSOnIng
4
d
. Relations as objects of knowledg . 'd fl'
e. I eas 0 re atIon
4
e
. The relations between ideas
if. types of relationship d l' h
and dreams . un er ylng t e association of ideas in thouO'ht mem
b ,. Dry,
5 Order as a system of relationships or related thinas
5
a
. The nature and types of d .' l' b
. . or er. Inc USlon and exclusi .. . .
pnonty, posteriority, and simultaneity on, SUcceSSIon and coexistence;
(I) The order of the causes or of cause and effect
(2) The order of goods or of means and ends: the order of 1
(3) The order of quantities the typ f . oves
( )
T .. es 0 proportIon
4 he order of kInds: hierarchy . d
, speCIes an genus
5
b
. The order of the universe or of nature: the hierarchy of beings
5
C
Order as a principle of beauty
6. The absolute and the relative modes of consideration
6a. Absolute and relative with r .
espect to space, tIme, motion
6b. Absolute and relative \vith respect to truth
6c. Absolute and relative with respect to goodness or beauty
4. Relation in the order of thought or knowl,
edge
4a. The definability or indefinability of relative
terms
7 PLATO: Philebus, 615c-616c
8 ARISTOTLE: Categories, CH 7 [6a36-7bI4] 11a..
12b; [8aI2-b24] 13a-d I Topics, BK IV, CH
I [I20b36-12Ia6] 168d; CH 4 [I24bI5-34]
173c-d; [I25aI4-bI4] 174a-c; BK VI, CH 4
[I 42a22-33] 195c-d; CH 5 [I42b30c-I43aI2]
196b-c; CH 6 [I45aI2-b20] 198d-199b; CH 8
200b-201a; CH 9 [I47a23-32] 201h; CH 12
[I 49b4-23] 203d-204a / Sophistical Refuta-
tions, CH 13 238d-239a; CH 31 250c-d
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q44,
A I, REP 1 238b-239a
4b. The proposition or judgment as a state-
ment of relation: relation in reasoning
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, BK IV, CH I,
SECT 1-7 307a-308a esp SECT 7 307d-308a; CH
XII, SECT 6--8 360a-c
35 HUME: Human Understanding, SECT IV, DIV 20
458a-b
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 39c-41c esp 40c-d; 51d-
52b
53 JAMES: Psychology,174b-176a; 213b-214a esp
214b [fn I]; 302b-304b; 638b; 640b [fn I];
869a-874a passim, esp B70b-87Ia; 87Ba-879b;
889a
4c. The transcendental categories of relation
42 !(ANT: Pure Reason, 41c-45b esp 42c, 43d-44c;
61a-64a esp 62d-63c
4d. Relations as objects of knowledge: ideas
of relation
7 PLATO: Phaedo, 242c-245d / Republic, BK VII,
392b-393b
8 ARISTOTLE: Categories, CH 7 Ila-l3d I Meta-
physics, BK I, CH 9 [99ob9-I7] 508d
CHAPTER ;8: RELATION 579
Second Nun's Tale [15,794-89] SCHOL 362c-363c, PROP 24-30 365a-366d,
PROP 33, SCHOL 1-2 367c-369a; PART -II,
PROP 1"'"'"11 373d-377c
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK XI [334-346] 306b
34 NE\VToN:Principles, BK III, GENERAL SCHOL,
370a-371a
35 LOCKE: HU111an Understanding, BK II, CR XIII,
SECT 18 152a-c; CH xv, SECT 12 165b-c
35 BERKELEY: Human Knowledge, SECT 149""""71SO
442d-443b; SECT I55444b-c
35 HUME: Human Understanding, SECT VII, DIV
56475a-b
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 192c-d I Practical Rea..
son, 334b-335b I Judgement, 566c-d; 580c-d;
592a-c
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of History, PART I, 220c-
221a; 224a-b; 246c-247a; PART III, 306a-c;
PART IV, 322a-c; 349b-350a
to4d
22 CHAUCER:
467a-b
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 97c; PART Ill,
207b; 207d-208c; PART IV, 259d
31 DESCARTES: Meditations, V 93a-96a /Objec-
tionsand Replies, POSTULATE V lS9b-
161d; 217d-218h; 232b
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART I, DEF I 355a; DEF 3-6
35Sb; DEF 8, EXPL355c; PROP 7 356c; PROP
10'-11 358a-359b; PROP IS, DEMONST 360a;
PROP 17, SCHOL 362c-363c; PROP 20 363d-
364a; PROP 23 364d-365a; PROP 29, SCHOL
366b-c; PROP 32, COROL 2367b; PROP 33,
SCHOL 2 367d-369a
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK III [S6-4IS] 136b-
144b esp [315-341] 142a-b, [383-389] 143b-
144a; BK V {6oo-615] 188b; BK XII [469-551]
329b-331a
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 307h; 310b-313b
esp 310b-311d
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 422a-c; 52lc
46 I-IEGEL: Philosophy of History, PART III,
306a--c
. The relation of God to the world: divine
immanence and transcendence
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK I, par 2-3 1b-2a;
BK III, par 10 15b-d; BK IV, par 26 25c-d;
par 31 26c-27a; BK VI, par 436a-b; BK VII,
par 1-2 43b-44a; par 7 45a-d; par 17 49a; par
21 49d-50a; BK x, par 8-10 73b-74a; BK XII,
par 7 IOOd-IOla; par 21 l03d-104a / City
of God, BK VII, CH 6, 248a; CH 30 26Ib-d;
BK XII, CH 2 343c-d; CH 17 353a-354a; CH
25 35Bb-359a; BK XIX, CH 13 519a-520a-/
Christian Doctrine, BK I, CH 12 627c-d; eR 32
633c-d
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 3, A 8
19d-20c; Q 6, A2, REP I 28d-29c; Q834c-38c;
Q 13, A 7 68d-70d; Q 18, A 4107d-108c; Q 26,
A I, REP 3 157c-158d; A 4, ANS 160c-16Id;
Q 44, A I, REP 1 238b-239a; Q4S, A 2, REP 2
242d-244a; A3 244a-d; Q 51, A3, REP 3 277a-
278c; Q 52, A 2, ANS 279b-280a; Q 61, A 3, REP
2 316a-d; Q 103, A 2, CONTRARY and ANS
529a-530a; Q 104, AA 1-2 534c-537b; PART
I-II, Q 17, A 8, REP 2 692a-c
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART II-II, Q28,
A 2, REP 3 511a-d
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PARADISE, II [112-148]
I09a-b; XIII [52-66] 126a; XIX [40-66] 135c-d;
XXVIII 14Bd-150b; XXIX [127-145] 15Ic-d;
XXXIII [76-93] 157a
28 HARVEY: On Animal Generation, 428c-d
31 DESCARTES: Discourse, PART IV, 52a-d I
Meditations, III, 87b-88c I Objections and
Replies, 110b-112a; 158b-159a; 213b-d;
214a-d
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART I 355a-372d esp DEF
3-6 355b, AXIOM 1-2 355c, PROP 2-8 355d-
357d, PROP 10, SCHOL 358a-b, PROP 17,
THE GREAT IDEAS
(1. The general theory oj relation Ih Th 9 ARISTOTLE: Histo1)) 0+ A. I Ie to 2
of. relations on tlJe natur; a' e. e.tject [ 86a '.J nUJZa s HK
thtngs: internal and e"'"ternal oj b
4
15-4
8
7
aI
] 7b-d; BK VIn C'H I, Cft I
2 .,.. , "a 'tons. 5] 114b,d / Parts ofAn';lna!s ' 1 [5
8
8
a
I 8
oAQUINAS Summa Th l . 168.c; CH 5 f645bI-33] 1";:;:9b-d' B/KCI'eCI:I 41. ;
A 7 REP; 718b d .eo ogtca, PART III, Q 2 A - v \.,l
, - ; PART III suP , ntn1als, BK I, CH I [7
1
. b
I
-
j
-
26
25 neratlon ot'
REP 2 953b-955c PL, Q 79, A 2, [ 6 5d 'J
CH 10 7 oa
9
- I71301b ./ E h , B1{ III
31 SPINOZA E h [6b .. t lCSBV- . ,
: t lCS PART I 109 27-29J 342a BK V '.n. I, Cll 6'
PROP 2-3 355d-356a .. AXIOM 5 355d; passim; BK VIII 7 [' 3-5 378c-381d
35 LOCKE: Human Understandin Politics, BK v 'CH 1 [11
5
b 29-33J 410d /
SECT 4-5 215c-d B. 'g, BK II, CH xxv, Rhetoric, BK I 'CH 2 [I I?OI 29-36J S03a,
335b ' K IV, CH VI, SECT II 334b- '35725 13 8a J I
BR II, CH 20 [I393a22-I 5 2 597c-d;
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 99a-l01b BK III, CH 4 657b-d. 394] 640d-641d'
46 HEGEL: Philosohh1) of R .1. [b'CH 10 662C-663d '
31d / Philoso r J ... zgnt, PART I, par 74 14
12
33-
1
4
r
3
aI
3] 665c-d / Po t' , Clll
I
53 J P phy of.Hlstory, PART I 220c [1457
b6
-33] 693a-c e lCS, Cll 21
AMES: sycho10fY1l 142 b' 11 EUCLID E'
551b [f . o.,n a-; 458a-459b; 550b- .tements, BK V 8la-98b es
669a n 2J, 640b [fn IJ; 644b-645a; 660a-b,. TIONS, 3-6 81a; BK VII, DEFINI PDEFINI_
11 NICOMACHUS: Arithn1etic TIONs, 20 127b
16 K . II . ' BK II, 841c-d
EPLER. armontes of the m 7-1
lOBOa ortu, 1078b_
19 AQUINAS: Summa Th l .
22b 23b eo ogtca, PART I Q
- ; Q 5, A 6, REP 3 27c-28b. ' 4, A .3
REP 4 50c.,51c Q13 6 ' Q 12, A L
73 " AA 5- 66b-68c'
c; Q 14, A 3, REP 2 77d-78b. dA LO 720-
98b-d; Q 33, A 3, ANS 182c- ,Q: ,A 6, ANs
ANS 240b-241a.Q 183c, Q 44, A .3
286c-287b. Q 66 54, A 3, ANS and REP ;
, , A 2, ANs 345d 347b
A I, REP 3 492a-d; PART I-II Q 2 - ; Q 93,
713c-714c. ' 0, A3, REP 2
20 A ' Q 27, A 3, REP 2 738c-739c J
QUINAS: Summa Theologica P
A I, REP I 54d-55c; PART III' I-II, Q or,
847b-848a; PART III SUPPL 'i 0, A I, ANs
B8Se-886e ") ,Q 9, A I, REP 2
24 1{ , Q 9.... , A I, REP 61025c-I032b
1 ABELAIS: GarfJ'antu d D
12d-13b 0 .. a an rantagruel,
28 I-IARVEY: On Animal G .
449a- b; 469d-470d eneratlon, 336b-d;
30 BACON: Novum Or
158d ganum, BK II, APH 27 1570-
31 DESCARTES: Objections and R I
161d ep tes,
35 LOCKE: Human Understandin '_
XXVIII, SECT 1 228c . 'g, BK II, cn
35 H
UME: 1-1uman Understandinu
82 487b-c 0' SECT IX, DIV'
42 KANT: Pure Reason 72 7
601d-603a ,c- 4b / judgemen
49 DARWIN: Origin ofSpecies, 212d-213c
53 JAMES: Psychology, 688a-689b passim
2. Order and Ielation in God the d..
cessions and h 1.. IVlnepro
the T .. te re atlons constitutin
ilnlty of persons
18 AUGUSTINE: Citl} oif G d
313 . .7 0 , BK X, eH 24 312d..
C, BK XI, CH 10 327d-328d
19 AQUINAS SU1nm T.'h l . .
20 . a eo ogtca, PART I Q 3 148.
c; Q II, AA 3-4 49a-50b; Q 28 157c-161d'
Q 29, A 4 165c-167a. '
passim. Q ' QQ 3-4 167a-217c
230a' 4
1
, A 5 222b-223b; Q 42 224a-
21 DANTE: DtiJine Corned I P
14"J 144 . }, ARADISE, XXIV [12
I a, XXXIII 157a-d
578
1c. The coexistence of correlatives
7 PLATO: Charmides 8d 9d .
268a / Rppubf ' - / Corg.tas, 267c-
- IC, BK IV, 351b-352b / TA
tus, 520a-b; 521 b-522b " . leaete-
8 Categories, CH 7 [6b26-SaI2
IJa; Cll 10 [IIb23-33]17a / To .
[r3sbI 7-2 6] 187b-c. pICS, BK V, CH 6
195c-d ' BK VI, CH 4 [I42a22-331
9 ARISTOTLE: Rhetoric
640a ' BK II, CH 19 [I392b3-41
10 GALEN: Natu:al Faculties, BK I
17 PLOTINUS: Stxth Ed' CH 4 169a
256a nl1ea , TR I, CH 7, 255d-
19 AQUINAS: Summa "''h l .
.1 j eo oglca PART I
A 7, REP 6 68d-70d. ' , Q 13,
215b ' Q 4, A 2, REP 4 214b-
35 LOCKE: Human Understandin
SECT 2 215b 'g, HK II, CH xxv
-c; SECT 5 215d '
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 83b-84d
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Ri ht
31c; par 74 31d 'g , PART I, par 72
Id. ReIati?nal unity or identity of relation' the
notton and use of analo .
tionality gy or propor-
7 PLATO: Gorgias 267 268 ",.
8 A ,c- a / .1 tmaeus448b d
RISTOTLE: Posterior A I . , -
[76a36-b2] 105 . na ryttcs, BK I, Cll 10
a, BK II, CH 14 [98a20 ]13
eH 17 [99ar - r6J 135a.-b / -23 4a;
[Io8
a
6-
1
411S2b. Optcs, BK I, CH 17
, BK IV, CH 4 [124aI5 20] 172d
BK V, eH 7 [136b33-1 a201 -.;
23-2 7] 191b-c / Ph?7 189a-c; CH 8 [I38b
266d; BK VII CH BK I, CH 7 [19IaS-I2]
tion. and 22-24] 332b / Genera-
434 r - ,BK II, CH 6 [333a27 J
a / J.vleteorology BK -34
491c / Metaphysics, V 6Ct 96b[387bI-6j
31 537c; CH 9 [1018a12-1 ' .Ior 32-I017a
[I037aS-9] 560c 31538d, BK VII, CH II
571. 6 ' BK IX, eli! I [I046a4-8J 570d-
a, Cll [I048a3I-b8] 573d-S74 . . T
CH 4-5 599d 601a a, BK XII,
[43Ia20-br] / Soul, BK III, CH 7
664b-c a, CH 8 [43Ib20-432a2]
THE GREAT IDEAS
581
433c-434c; A4, ANS 434c-435c;Q 87, A2, REP
3 466c-467b; Q88, A3, REP 2 472c-473a; Q90,
A 3 482e-483a; Q 103, A 6 532b-533a; Q 104,
A I, ANS 534e-536c; A2 536e-537b; Q 105, AI,
REP 3 538d-539c; A 5, ANS and REP .3 S42a-
543b; Q 112, A I, ANS 571d-573a; Q 114, A 3,
ANS 583b-d; Q 115, AA 1-2 S85d-S88c; Q 118,
A 2, REP.3 60lc-603b; PART I-II, Q I, A 2, ANS
6l0b-61lb; Q 46, A I, ANS 813b-814a
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 66,
A 6, REP 3 80c-8lb; Q 112, A I, REP 1-3 356e-
357b; PART II-II, Q I, A 7, REP .3 385e-387a;
PART III, Q 6, A 5, ANs744a-d; Q 7, A I, REP .3
745d-746c; A7, REP I 750a-d; Q 18, A I, REP 2
8IOa-Bl1c; Q19, AI, ANS and REP 2 8l6a-8l8b;
Q62, A I 858c-859d; A 5, ANS 862b-863a;
Q 64, A 5 874a-d; A 8, REP I 876e-877c; PART
III SUPPL, Q70, A3, ANS 897d-900d; Q74, A3,
REP 2 927c-928d; Q 76, A I, REP 1939d-94la;
A 2 94lb-942b; Q 80, A I, REP I 956c-9S7c
21 DANTE: Ditline Conzedy, PARADISE, II [112-
148] 109a-b
22 CHAUCER: Tale of Melibeus, par 37 417b
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 78c-d; 79d-
80a
28 GALILEO: Two New Sciences, FIRST DAY,
13Sc-136b
28 HARVEY: On Animal Generation, 390e-d;
416b-e; 426a-429b; 442c-443c; 445c; 447a-b
31 DESCARTES: Discourse, PART IV, 52a-d I
Meditations, III 81d-89a esp 84b-85a, 87b-88c
I Objections and ;Replies, 1IOa-112a esp 111d-
112a; 120e-123a; DEF III-IV 130b; AXIOM I-V
131d-132a; AXIOM VIII 132b; PROP n132c;
158b-16ld passim; 212a; 213b-d
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART I, DEF I 3S5a; AXIOM
3-5 3SSd; PROP .3 356a; PROP 21-29 364a-
366c; PROP 33 367b-369a; PROP 36 369b;
APPENDIX 369b-372d; PART II, LEMMA 3
378d-379a; PROP 48, DEMONST 391a; PART III,
DEF 2-3395d-396a; PROP 1-3 396a-398c;
PART IV, PREF, 422b,d-423c
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 505 26la-b
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, BK II, CH XXI,
SECT 1-4 l78b-17ge; CH XXII, SECT II 203c-d;
CH XXVI, SECT 1-2 217a-d
35 BERKELEY: Hun1an Knowledge,sEcT 25-33
417d-419a passim
35 I-IuME: Human Understanding, SECT III, DIV
18-SECT VIII, DIV 74 457e-484c passim, esp
SECT VII, DIV 60 477a-e; SECT XI 497b-503e
esp DIV 105 498d-499a
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 63b; 67d-68b [fn I];
76c-83b esp 81c-d; 95a-d; 140b,d-145e; 177b-
179b; 187c-188c; 2l4b,d [fn I] / Practical
Reason, 311d-314d; 334b-337a,e; 339a-b /
Judgement, 577c-S78a
49 DARWIN: Origin of Species, 9b-lOd / Descent
of Man, 285b-c
51 T'OLSTOY: War and Peace, BK x, 40Sa-b;
EPILOGUE II 67Sa-696d
54 FREUD: General Introduction, S8Se-S8ga
CHAPTER 78: RELi\TION
38 ROUSSEAU; Social Contract, BK II, ,399c
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 72c-85d esp 72c-74b
51 TOLSTOY: IVar and Peace, EPILOGUE II,
691a-693d
53 JAMES: Psychology, 319b-322a .. passim, esp
3l9b; 346a-b; 547a-S49a esp 547b
[fn I], 548b-549a; 571b-573a; 631b
$4 FREUD: Civilizaton and Its Discontents, 779c
,1(1) The order of the causes or of cause and
effect
7 PLATO: Lysis, 24b I Phaedrus, 124b-c /
Euthyphro, 19Sc-d / Gorgias, 267e-268a I
ltmaeus, 455a-b; 465d-466a I Theaetetus,
521d-522b / Philebus, 617b-e / LattJs, BK X,
762b-763b
8 ARISTOTLE: Categories, CH 12 [I4bIO-22] 20b
/ Posterior Analytics, BK I, CH 2 [7Ib33-72a6]
98b-c; BK II, CH I2129d-131b; CH 16-I8134b-
136a / Physics, BK II, CH 6 [I98R5-13] 275a;
CH 8-9 275d-278a,c; BK III, CH 2 [202
a
2-I2]
279c; BK VII, CH 1-2 326a-329a; BK VIII 334a-
35Sd / HeaVenS,BK I, CH 7 [27SaI-bI2] 366a-d;
[275bI8-29] 366d-367a / Generation and Cor-
ruption, BK I, CH 7 421d-423b / Aletaphysics,
BK II, cH I [99.3
b2
3]-CH 2 [99431] 512a-513b;
BK v, CH 2 533b-S34c; BK XI, CH 8 [I065b2-4]
593d; BK XII, CH 3 [I07oa21-24] S99c; CH 4
[I07ob22-3S] 600b; CH 5 [I07Ia35-36J601a;
CH 6-8 601b-605a
9 ARISTOTLE: Parts ofAnitnaIs, BK I, CH I [639
b
1I-642a24] esp [639bII-3I] 161d-
162a; BK II, CH I [646a2S_bIO] 170b;.e / Alo-
tion of Ani1nals, CH 5 23Sc-d / Generation of
Ani1nals, BK II, CH 6 [742RI6-bI7] I
Rhetoric, BK II, CH 23 [I400a28-3SJ 649a-b
10 GALEN: Natural Faculties, BK I, CH 4 169a
16 KEPLER: Epiton1e, BK IV, 854b;959a-960a
17 PLOTINUS: Sixth Ennead, TR VII, CH 2 322b-
323a
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XII, CH 24-25
3S8a-359a; BK XXII, CH 2 S87b-588a; CH 24,
609b-610a
19 AQUINAS: SU111n1.a Theologica, PART I, Q2, A 3
12e-14a; Q 3, A I, ANS 14b-15b; A 2, ANS 15c-
16a; A 4, ANS 16d-17c; A 6, ANS 18c-19a; A 7,
ANS .A 8, ANS and REP 1-2 19d-20e; Q 4,
A2, ANS 21b-22b; A 3, ANS and REP 4 22b-23b;
Q S' A 2, REP 1 24b-2Sa; A 4, ANS 25d-26c; Q
8, A I 34d-35c; Q 13, A5, REP I 66b-67d; Q 14,
A 7, ANS and REP 3 81d-82b; A II, ANS 84c-
85e; Q 18, A 3, ANS 106b-107c; Q 19, A 4, ANS
Il1c-ll2c; A 5, REP 2-3 l12d-113c; A 6, ANS
and REP 3 113c-114d; Q 22, A 2, REP 2 128d-
130d; Q 23, A5, ANS 135d-137d; Q36, A3, REP
4 194c-195d; Q 41, A 2, ANS and REP 1,,3 218e-
219d; Q 42, A 2, ANS 22Sd-227a; Q 44, A 2
239b-240a; Q 45, A 2, REP 2 242d-244a; A 3
244a-d; A 5, ANS 245c-247a; Q 46, A I, REP 6
250a-252d; Q 52, A 3, ANS 280a-d; Q 63, A 8,
REP I 332c-333b; Q 65, 3, ANS 341c-342b;
Q 75, A I, REP I 378b-379c; Q 82, A 3, REP I
4e to.5
Q
35 HUME: l!uman Understanding SEC'"
458a; SECT V, DIV 41--45 r III 457c_
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 194a
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 51c-d
53 JAMES: Psychology, 360a-)64a esp 360 _
367a-370b esp 369a-370a; 378a-38; 36la;
378a, 387a-b; passim b esp
54 :r:
REUD
: Hysterta, 74a-75a; 76c-d / Inte
Iton of Dreams, 265a-272c passim. 348rpreta-
esp 348d-349a; 352a-c / General
486b-489c passim, esp 487d-488a elton,
5. Order as a system of relationship
things s or related
5a. The nature and types of order- 1 .
d 1
... tnc USIO
an exc USI00; succession and . n
en' . . .CoeXISt
ce, prl0rlty, posteriority and. ..
taneity , . Sllntil..
7 PLATO: Statesman, 594a-595a / Ph'l b
615c-.617dIetiS,
8 ARISTOTLE: Categories, CH 7 [7brS-23] 12b-c.
CH 12-
1
3 19d-20d / Interpretation CH r'
r8-26] 3Sb-e / Prior Analytics, BKo'I, CHli [2
3
:
26-3
1
] 39d / Posterior Analytics BK I. 24-
[7
1b
33-7
2a
51 98b-c; CH 27 1i9b. cn 2
CH 1.2 129d-131b; CH 16
TopICS, BK II, CH 4 [IIIb24-3r] 156d-l57:
BK VI, CH 4 194c-196a passim' CH 6 [b '
199b-c / Physics, BK VII cH'r [ 21-33J
32 b ,24
2
I -2431),2]
6 -327b / Metaphysics, BK III, Cll 3 r a
6-
1
4J 517d; BK V, CH 2 [IOI4!1020-2SJ
CH II 539c-540a; BK IX, CH 8 575b-577a
XII, CH 1 598a-c; BK XIII, CH 2 [10771),14 'bl
608b-609a - I4-J
9 ARISTOTLE: Parts oif Animals BK
[
6 6a b 1 ,II, cn I
4 25- 10 170b-c / Generation of Animals
BK II, CH 6 [742aI6-743aI] 283b-284a / Ethics'
BK I, CH 6 [1096aI7-23] 341b-c / Politics BX r'
CII 1 [I252aI7-24] 445b; CH 5
447d-448a; BK CH I. [I27Sa35-b2]' 472b
11 NICOMACHUS: Artthmetlc, BK I, 813a-d
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK XII par
109b-l10a / City of God, BK CH I"
51gb ' :J
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q3, It t
ANS 14b-15b; ANS and REP 218e-19a; Q12
A 10 59a-d; Q 16, A 4 97a-e; Q 45, A 3, REP
244a-d; Q 66, A 4, REP 4 348d-349d; Q 94, A .3
ANS S04a-505a
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 49
A2, ANS Q 50, A 2, REP 3 7c-8a; Q II
A 4, REP 4 350d-351d
28 HARVEY: On Animal Generation 390c 445
447a-b ' ,
31 DESCARTES: ?bjections and Replies, 228a... b
31 SPINOZA: EthICS, PART I, PROP I 355d
35 LOCKE: Hunzan Understanding, BK II, CH XI
S-:;CT 1-12 155b-157e passim, esp SECT 3
I.::>Se-.l56a, SECT 6 156b-e, SECT 12 157b-c
35 fluME: Human Understanding, SECT V,
41-43 467d-468d
580
(4. Relation in the order of thouuht or k I.J
4d. R l . O' nowleuge.
e as objects of knowledge: ideas
of relatton.)
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 13,
A 7 6Bd-70d; Q 28, A I, ANS and REP 4 157c-
15Bd; A 4, REP 2-3 160c-161d' Q 44 A I
I 23Bb-239a " , REP
35 LOCKE : Human Understandinu BK II
0' , CH XI,
SECT 4-5 144d-145a; CH XII, SECT I 147b-d'
SECT 3 147d-14Ba; SECT 7 14Bc; CH XXI, SEC;
5 179c-d; CH XXV-XXVIII 214d-233d passim,
esp CH xxv 214d-217a; CH XXX, SECT 4
BK IV, CH III 313a-323d pas-
SIm; CH IV, SECT I 323d-324a; SECT 7 325b'
SECT 18 328d-329a; CH VI, SECT 13 335c-d;
SECT 16 336d; CH VII, SECT 1-7 337a-33Bc
esp SECT 2 337a; CH XI, SECT IJ-
I
4 357d-
358c; CH XII, SECT 6-8 360a-c' CH xv
8, 377c ,II, SECT
35 HUME: Human Understanding, SECT IV, DIV
20 458a-b; SECT XII, DIV 131 508d-509a
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 349b
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 24a-33d esp 31d-32c; 61a-
64a esp 62d-63c; 99a-101b; 119a-120c
53 JAMES: Psychology, 157b-161a esp 158b-15gb
160a-162b [fn I]; 167b; 301b-304b passim, esp
302b-303b; 319b-327a esp 319b-320a, 323a,
324b-326a; 386a; 411a-413a; 457a-459b esp
459b [fn 3]; 549a-552a esp 549b-550b
54 FREUD: Unconscious, 442d / Ego and Id 700d-
701a '
4e. The relations between ideas
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, BK II, CH XI,
SECT 4-5 144d-14Sa; CH XXI, SECT 5 179c-d'
BK IV, CH III 313a-323d passim; CH IV, SECT;
323d-324a; SECT 7 32Sb; SECT 18 328d-329a'
CH VI, SECT 13, 33Sd; SECT 16 336d; CH VII:
SECT 1-7 337a-338c esp SECT 2 337a' CH XI
SECT 13-
1
4 357d-358c esp SECT 13, 358a;
XII, SECT 6-8 360a-c
35 BERKELEY: Human Knowledge SECT 89
430e "
35 HUME: Human Understanding, SECT IV, DIV 20
45Ba-b; DIV 30, 462a
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 41c-45b esp 42c 43d-44c'
61a-64a esp 62d-63c; 99a-l0Ba,c; 11gb '
53 JAMES: Psychology, 167b-176a esp 168a, 174b-
176a; 300b-301b [fn I]; 319bo320a; 867a-879b
esp 868b-869a, 874a, 878a-879b; 889a-b
4/. The .of underlying the
aSSOCIatIon of Ideas in thought, memor
and dreams Y,
8 ARISTOTLE: 1vfen10ry and Ren1iniscence CH 2
[45Ib7-452b6] 692d-694b '
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, S2b-c
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART II PROP 18 381d-
382b '
35 LOCKE: fluman Understanding, BK II, CH
XXXIII 248b-251d esp SECT 5-18 248d-251e
CHAPTER 78: RELAnON 583
S02d; CH 6 S05b-506b; eH 7 [9
88a
34-
b
5] S06c;
CH 9 S08c-Sl1c; BK VIII, CH 3 [I043b33-I044a
II] 568b-c; BK XI, CH 8 [I 65
b
2,:-4] S93d; BK
XII, CH 6-8 601b-60Sa; CH 10 [I075aI2-24]
60sd-606a; BK XIV, CH 3 [IOgO
b
I4-
2I
] 623b
/ Soul, BK II, CH 2 [413a20_b4] 643b-c; BK III,
CH II [433b32-434a9] 666d
9 ARISTOTLE: History of Animals, BK VIII, cH I
114b,d-115b / Parts of Animals, BK I, cH I
[64IbI3-29] 164c-d; CH 5 [644b22-645a26]
168c-169a; BK IV, CH 5 [68I
a
I2-
I
4] 211d; CH
10 [686b2.3-.351218b-c / Generation ofAnimals,
BK II, cH I [73Ib24-33] 272a-b / Politics, BK I,
CH 5 [I254a24-35] 447d-448a; BK VII, CH 4
[I.326a29-35] S30b-c
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Things, BK I [4
18
-44
8
1
6b-c; BK II [167-183] 17a-b; [294-307] 18d-
19a; [569-580] 22b; [865-930] 26a-d; [
102
3-
1174] 28a-30a,c; BK V [14
6
-
2
34] 63a-64a;
[783-836] 71b-72a
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK H, CH 8, 146a-b;
BK IV, CH 7, 234b
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK II, SECT 9 257d;
BK IV, SECT 3-4 263b-264a; SECT 40 267a-b;
SECT 45-4
6
267b-c; BK V, SECT 8 269d-270b;
SECT 16 271c-d; SECT 30 273a; BK VI, SECT I
274a; SECT 9 274b; SECT II 274c; SECT 3
6
277c; SECT 38 277c-d; SECT 40-44 277d-278c;
BK VII, SECT II 280c; SECT 75 285c; BK VIII,
SECT 26-
2
7 287c; BK IX, SECT 9 292b-d; BK X,
SECT 6 297a-b; BK XI, SECT 18, 304b-c
16 KEPLER: Harmonies of the World,
1080b
17 PLOTINUS: Second Ennead, TR III, CH 7 44c-
45a; CH 13 46c-47b; CH 18 49c-50a / Fourth
Ennead, TR IV, CH 10 163a-c; TR IX 205a-
207a,c / Fifth Ennead, TR H 214c-215c; TR IX,
CH 12-14 251a-d
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK VII, par 16-
2
3
48c-SOc /. City of God, BK XI, cH 22 333d-
334c; BKXII, CH 2-5 343c-34Sb; BK XIX, cH
11-17 516d-523a
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q2, A3
12c-14a; Q 3, A I, ANS 14b-15b; A 2, ANS
16a; Q5, A5, ANS 26c-27c; QII, A3, ANS 49a-c;
Q 1.3, A 7, ANS 68d-70d; Q 18, A 3, ANS 106b-
107c; Q 19, A 5, REP 2 112d-113c; A 8 116a-d;
Q 21, A I, REP 3 124b-125b; Q 23, A 5, REP 3
13Sd-137d; A7, ANS 138d-140a; Q4
2
, A I, REP
1-2 224b-22Sd; A 3 227a-d; Q 47 256a-2S9a;
Q 4
8
, A I, REP 5 259b-260c; A 2, ANS and REP
3 260c-261b; Q 50, A I, ANS and REP I 269b-
270a; .A 2, REP I 270a-272a; A 4 273b-274b;
Q 57, A I, ANS 295a-d; Q 61, AA 3-4 316a-
317c; QQ 339a-377a,c; Q 75, A I, REP I
378b-379c; A 7 384d-385c; Q 7
6
, A I, ANS
38Sd-388c; A 3, ANS 391a-393a; A 6, REP 1-2
396a-d; Q 77, A 2 401b-d; A 4, REP I403a-d;
Q 88, A 2, REP 4 471c-472c; QQ 13-
11
9 528a-
608d; PART I-II, Q I, A4, REP I 612a-613a; A8
615a-c; Q2, A5, REP 2-3 618d-619c; Q 22, A2,
REP I 721c-722C
b. The order of the universe or of nature: the
hierarchy of beings
ApOCRYPHA: Wisdom of Solomon, II:20-(D)
oT, Book of Wisdom, 11:21
5 EURIPIDES: Phoenician Maidens [5
28
-54
8
]
382c-d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Birds [685-70.3] 551b-c
7 PLATO: Symposium, 15Sd-157a / Gorgias,
284a-285a / Timaeus, 446d-477a,c / Philebus,
618b-619d
8 ARISTOTLE: Interpretation, CH 1.3 [23aI8-26]
3Sb-c / Physics, BK II, cH 8-9 275d-278a,c;
BK VIII, eH I [252aS-23] 335d-336a / Heavens,
BK I, CH 2 3S9d-360d; BK II, CH 9-
10
382b-
383a; cH 12 383b-384c; BK III, CH 2 [300bI6-
30Ia20] 392a-c / Generation and Corruption,
BK II, CH 3-5 430c-433d; CH 9-
11
436d-
441a,c / Metaphysics, BK I, CH 3 [984b8-22}
(4) The order of kinds: hierarchy; species
and genus
7 PLATO: Statesman, S82d-S83c; 594a-S9Sa
8 ARISTOTLE: Categories, CH 5 [2
b
6-3
a
5] 6c-7b;
CH 13 [I4b32-15aI2]20c-d / Topics, BK IV, cH
2 [I23aI3-19] 171c; BK VI, OR 4 [I4
IbI
5-341
19Sa-h; CH 5 196b-d / Physics, BK IV, CH 3
[2IO
aI
7-
1
9] 289a / Metaphysics, BK V, CH 25
S45b-c; BK VII, CH 10-II SS8a-S61a; BK VIII,
CH 6 569d-570d; BK x, CH 8-9 585b-586c
9 ARISTOTLE: History of Animals, BK VIII, cH I
[5
88b
4-
1
7] 114d-llSa / Parts of Animals, BK I,
CH 2-4 165d-168c
11 NICOMACHUS: Arithmetic, BK I, 813a-b
17 PLOTINUS: Fourth Ennead, TR III, CH 2 142a-
143b
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q3, A5,
ANS 17c-18b; A 6, REP 2 18c-19a; Q 13, A 7,
ANS 68d-70d; Q 15, A 3, REP 4 93b-94a; Q 28,
A I, ANS IS7c-lS8d;Q 29, A 2, REP 4 163b-
164b; Q30, A4, ANS 170c-171b; Q47, A2, ANS
257b-258c; Q 50, A 2, REP I 270a-272a; A 4
273b-274b; Q 66, A 2, REP 2 345d-347b;
Q 75, A 7 384d-385c; Q 76, A 3, ANS and REP
4 391a-393a; Q 77, A I, REP I 399c-401b;
A 4, REP I 403a-d; Q 85, A 3, ANS 455b-457a;
A 4, ANS 457a-d; Q 88, A 2, REP 4 471c-472c;
PART I-II, Q I8,A 7, REP 3 698c-699c; Q 23,
AI, ANS 723c-724c; Q.35, A4, ANS 774d-775d;
A 8, ANS and REP 3 779c-780c
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 54,
A I, REP I 22d-23d; Q 61, A I, REP I S4d-S5c;
Q 7
2
, A 7, ANS 117a-118a;PART III, Q 2, A I,
ANS 710a-711c
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, BK III, cH III,
SECT 6-9 2S5c-256c; CH VI, SECT 3
2
277c-
278b; SECT 36-41 279a-280b
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 341b-342b
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 193a-200c esp 196b-198d
49 DARWIN: Origin of Species,30d-31b; 64a;
207a-208a; 210b-211b; 238b-c; 241d-242a
53 JAMES: Psychology, 870b-871a
a(4) to 5b 5a(2) to S
31 SPINOZA: Ethics PART I AP
372d
' ,PENDIX 3
; PART IV, PREF 422b d-424 .
V 447c ,a, APPENI>l){
33 PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 94a-97a I
505 261a-b; 793 326b-327a / Pe
nsees
,
35 LOCKE:.Human Understdnding BK
SE ' II, cn
CT 52-53 191d-192b; SECT 55-s6 192 .. XXI,
SECT 62 194c-d; SECT 7
2
198a-c C-193b;
42 KANT: Pure Reason 235a-b - 238
F d P' ' ,c-239
un. rzn_ Metaphysic ofMorals 2 a. /
257c-d; 266a-267d' 268b- 27 ' 56a-b;
P . I "ld-279d
racttca Reason, 316a-317d 327d 3 /
Prej. Metaphysical Elements of Eth - 29a I
Judgement, 478a-479d esp 377d /
[En 2]; 584d-587a; 588b [En 2]- 592 '. 557d
59Sd esp S95a-d ,a, 5940-
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 23 8Sa 87 .'
85b
. . - a passIm
-c, NUMBER 4
1
, 132b ,esp
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 445a-447b- 448
461c-463c ' a-450a;
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 378a-b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I
27b-c; PART II par 122 44a ' .par 61
9gb
' .' PART III, par
. -d; ADDITIONS, 38 122c-d I Philos
Hzstory, INTRO, 168a-d. PA ophy
P , RT II, 267a 0
ART III, 307b-308a; PART IV, 348b-c -;
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dick, 213b-214b ,36Sb-c
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamaz
164b-165a ov, BK
53 JAMES: Psychology, 14b-15a; 199b-204b
202a-203a
5a(3) The order of quantities th
proportion e types of
8 Physics, BK VII, CH 4 330d-333a /
e aphyszcs, BK V, CH 6 [IOI6bI8-31] 5370-
CH 13 S41b-c; CH IS 542a-543a- ..'
[
IOS2
b
b ' BK X, CH I
. . 15-153 9] 579a-580a; CH 5 583a-c
6 [loS6b33-I057aI6] S84b- " ' CH
[
a c, BK XIII, cn .2
1077 24-30] 608c; CH 6-9 611d-6I8c P .
9 ARIST E h' aSSIffi
. OTLE: .t. zcs, BK V, CH 3-S 378c-381a.
paSSIm I Polztzcs, BK V CH I [I301b
S03a ' 29-3
11 EUCLID: Elements, BK VBla-98b"
2 117 b. ' BK VI, PR.
3 a-, BK VII, DEFINITIONS 20 1270
11 NICOMACHU . A'h' ' s. rzt metze, BK I-II, 821d-831
BK II, 841c-848d
16 KEPLER: Harmonies
1079a
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I Q 13
7, ANS 68d-70d ' ,
31 DES D' CARTES: lscourse, PART II, 47c I oeo
etry 29Sa-353b esp BK I, 295a-298b
34 NEW P" 1 TON: rznczpies, BK I, LEMMA I I SCHO
31b-32a .,
38 ROUSSEA1!: Social Contract, BK III 407
408b passIm '
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 73c-d I Judge111ent 49
498b '
50 MARX: Capital, 19d-25d passim esp 19d 20
25a-d ,-
53 JAMES: Psychology, 551a-b
THE GREAT IDEAS
(Sa. The natlfre and types of order: inclusion and
excluston,' succession andcoexistence'pr . .
t'1' P t " " ., tort-
J' os ertortty, and simultaneity.)
5a(2) The. order of goods or of .
d
. h .. means and
en s. t e order of loves
OLD TESTAMENT: I Kings, 3:5-I4-(D) IIIK'
3 :5-
1
4 zngs,
TESTAMENT: Matthew, 13:44-46 I Ph'!"
pzans, 3:7-
16
zzp-
History,. BK I, 6c-8a
SLATO: .Lyszs, 23a-c I Euthydemus, 69a-71a /
ymp?szum, 165b-167d I Meno 183b-184 I
Gorgzas, 262a-264b / Republic, II,
BK VII, 401b; IX, 421a-427b / Timaeu/
465d-466a I Phtlebus 635b-639 I L ' , a,c aws
BK I: 643c-644a; BK II, 656d-658c; BK III'
674b, BK V, 687c-688c; 689c-690c"
695a; BK IX, 751c '
8 Prior Ana!ytics, BK II, CH 22 [68
8
5 9 -90a I Topzcs, BK IIICH 1-4 162a
166b / Metaphysics, BK v, CH [101 8 2-
b
-
533c; [IOI3b25-28] 533d-534a 3 3 3]
9 ARISTOTLE = Ethics, BK I, CH 1-2 339a-d-
4 [Iol58I3-29] 340b-c; CH 5
[1097 22] 340d-343a; BK II CH 8 354 d .. 7
V ,a- ; BK
CH 11'-1.4. 403c-406a,c; BK X, CH 430d-
c I Polttzcs, BK I, CH I [I252aI-6] 445
BK II, CH 12 480c-481b; BK VII, CH I
22- 2;] 527a-c; CH 13 [I33Ib24-38] 536b-c
[1332 8-27] 536d-537a; CM 14 [I a '
538a-b / Rhet01:ic, BK I, CH 7
12 EPICTETUS: Dzscourses,BK II, eM 19 163 -
BK III, CH 14, 189d ' a c,
12 AURELIUS: Meditations
271c-d ' BK V, SECT 16
14 PLUTARCH: S?lon, 74c-75c I Pericles, 122a
17 PLOTINUS: Fzrst Ennead, TR IV 12b-19b es
CH 2-7 12d-16a, CH 14....16 18a-19b I
Ennead, TR IX, CHIS 74d-75b
18 AUGUSTINE: Con+essions
12b I C' if ':I'" , BKII, par 10-
1
4 l1a-
zty o. God, BK VIII, CH 8-9270a-271a
BK XI, CH 16 331a-c; BK XII, CH 8 346d-347b:
BK XV, CH 22 416a-c; BK XIX CH 1-3 507 '
511a' CH 5 d .' a-
'. . 11-17 16 -523a; eH 20 523d.,524a
I Chrzstzan Doctrine, BK I, CH 3-562Sb-626a"
CH 22 629b-630a; CH 31-33 633b-634b' '
634c-d . , CH 35
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica PART I
ANS .14b-15b; A 2, ANS 15c-16a; Q 5:
28b, Q 6, A2 28d-29c; PART I-II, QQ 1-5 609a-
643d; Q 20, AA 1-4 712a-715b
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica PART
A 2 2b ,I-II, Q49
21 DA' ANS . -.4a; Q II4, A 4, REP I 373a-d
NTE: Dzvzne Comedy, PURGATORY XVII [82]-
XVIII [75] 79b-80c; PARADISE, [1-69]
145d-146c
22 CHAUCER: of Melibeus401a-432a
23 HOBBES: Levzathan, PART I, 62a; PART
155b-c; PART III, 237d II,
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning 71a-72c;
73d-74a;75d-76a; 91d-92b '
582
THE GREAT IDEAS
CHAPTER 78: RELATION 585
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 209c-212a; 240c-246a;
251d-253c; 259c-261c; 271b-272d;318a-319b;
439c-440a
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 13a-c; 57d-
58b / NOVU1n Organum, BK I, APH 67 115d-
116a
31 DESCARTES: Rules, I-II Ia-3b; VI 8a-IOa /
Discourse, PART II, 46b-c
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 385 238b-239a
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, 88b-c
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 129c-130a; 194b-c; 218d-
222b; 224a-227a; 240b-243c t Practical Rea-
son, 292d-293b; 311d-313d
43 MILL: Liberty, 27Sa-283c passim
50 1tlARX-ENGELS: Conzmunist }.;!anifesto, 427a-b;
428b-d
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK VI, 245c
53 JAMES: Psychology, 639a-646a
54 FREUD: NetlJ Introductory Lectures, 880b;
881d-882b
6c. Absolute and relative with respect to good-
ness or beauty
7 PLATO: Cratylus, 86d / Symposium, 167a-d /
Phaedo, 242c-243a I Gorgias, 261a-c I Republic,
BK IV, 3S0d-352b; BK VI, 383d-386c / Theae-
tetus, 528b-c; 531a-532a / Philebus, 630c-631d;
636a-639a,c
8 ARISTOTLE: Prior Analytics, BK II, CH 22 [68
a
25_b8] 89d-90a / Topics, BK III, CH 1-4 162a-
166b I Metaphysics, BK VII, CH 3 [I029
a
34-
qII] 552a
9 ARISTOTLE: Motion of Animals, cH6 [700b
33-36] 236b / Ethics, BK I, CH 1,-2 339a-d; CH
4 [I095aI3-29] 340b-c; ClI 6 [I096RII]--CH 7
[I097a34] 341b-342d; BK II, CH 8 354a-d; BK
III, CH 4 359a-c; BK v, CH 3-5 378c-381d; CH 7
382c-383a; BK VII, ClI 12 [II52b25-33J 403d-
404a; BK X, CH 5 [II75b24-II76R29] 430b-d t
Politics, BK I, CH 6 [I255a32-37] 449a; BK VII,
CH I [I323a22-h2I] 527a-c; ClI 13 [I332a8-27]
536d-537a / Rhetoric, BK I, CH 7 604c-607d
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Things, BK IV [1141-
1170] 59a-b
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK IV, SECT 20
265a-b
17 PLOTINUS: Sixth Ennead, TR III, CH I I,
287b-c
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 13 16c-d
/ Christian Doctrine, BK III, CH 10, 661d-662a;
ClI 14 663c-d
19 AQUINAS: Stt1nma Theologica, PART I, Q 5, A I,
REP I 23c-24a; A 2, REP 3 24b-25a; A 6 27c-
28b; Q II, A 2, REP I 47d-48d; Q 26, A 3, REP I
151a-c; Q 65, A I, REP 2-3 339b-340b; Q 70,
A 3, REP 2 365b-367a; PART I-II, Q I, A 7, ANS
614c-615a; QQ 2-4 61Sc-636c passim; Q 7, A 2,
REP I 652d-653c; Q 18, AA 1-4 694a-696d; Q
2.3, AA 1-2 723c-725c; Q 27, A I, REP 1-2
737b-d
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 92,
A I, ANS 213c-214c; Q 94, A 4 223d-224dj
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q S0,
A I, REP 2 6a-7b; Q 52, A I, ANS 15d-18a;
Q 105, A 4, REP 1,4 318b-321a; PART III, Q 17,
A I, REP 7 S07a-808d; A 2, ANS 808d-809d
31 DESCARTES: Rules, VI, 8a-9a
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART I, DEF 3,6 355b;
AXIOM 2,4-5 35Sd; PROP 10 358a-b
35 BERKELEY: HU1JZal1 Knowledge, SECT 12
415b-c
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 130b-133c; 202b-203c
53 JAMES: Psychology, 227b
d. Absolute and relative with respect to space,
time, motion
7 PLATO: Republic, BK IV, 350d-351b
8 ARISTOTLE: Physics, BK IV, ClI 2 [209a3I-361
288b / Heat/ens, BK I, ClI 3 [269bI8-30] 360d-
361a; BK IV, CH 4402c-403d
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Things, BK IV [387-39]
49b
16 COPERNICUS: Revolutions of the l-Ieavenly
Splures, BK I, 514b-515a; S19a; BK II, 557a-b
16 KEPLER: Harmonies ofthe World, 1015a-b
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK XI, par 18-27
93c-95c
30 BACON: lVOt/U1Jl Organum, BK II, APH 36, 165c-
166b
34 NEWTON: Principles, DEFINITIONS, SCHOL 8b-
13a; COROL V-VI 19a-b; BK I, PROP 57-61
111b-114b
35 LOCKE: HU1nan Understartding, BK II, CH
XIII, SECT 7-10 149d-150d; SECT 27, 154c;
CH xv, SECT 5-8 163b-164b; CH XXVI, SECT
3-5 217d-218c
35 BERKELEY: Human Knowledge, SECT 97-98
431d-432a; SECT 110-117 434b-436a
36 S,\\;'IFT: Gulliver, PART II, 47b
53 JAMES: Psychology, 408a-411a esp 409a-b;
511b-512a; 565a-b; 612a-624b esp 613a-b;
783a-785a
6b. Absolute and relative with respect to truth
7 PLATO: Cratvlus, 86b-d I Tilnaeus, 447c-d /
Theaetetus, 517b-532a
8 ARISTOTLE: Aletaphysics, BK IV, CH 5-6 528c-
531c; BK VII, CH 3 [I029bI--II] S52a; BK x, CH
I [I053t't3I-b3] 580a; CH 6 [I057a7-II] 584b;
BK XI, CH 6 [I062bI2-I063bI4] 590d-592a
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK I, CH 4 [Io95a30_bI2]
340c-d I Rhetoric, BK II, ClI 24 [I402a3-28]
651b-d
12 LUCRETIUS: Nature of Things, BK IV [469-521]
50b-51a
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK II, CH 20 164c-
166c
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIX, CH 18
523a-b
19 AQUIN.;\.S: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 2, A I,
ANS and REP 3 lOd-lId; Q 16, A I, REP 2
94b-95c; Q 85, A 2, ANS 453d-455b
23 I-IoBBEs: Let1iathan, PART I, 56b; 57d-58a;
fiSc; P ..'\RT IV, 267b
5b to 0
49 DARWIN: Origin of Species, 55b-62a' 63
64d; 96b-98a,c esp 96b-c; l79b-180d: 22 d-
229a,c; 238b-239a; 241 b-c; 243b-d I D.8
c
-,
ofMan, 340d-341d eJcent
53 JAMES: Psychology, 314a; 571h-57
641a-643a; 862b-863b [fn 2J; 873a-b a 2a;
886a; 889a-890a ' 882a_
54 FREUD: Civiliz-ation and Its Discontents, 779c
Se. Order as a principle of beauty
7 PLATO: Republic, BK III, 333b-334h' BK
342b-c / Timaeus, 474d-475a / IV,
594a-c / Philebus, 637d - ,esman,
8 ARISTOTLE: Physics, BK VII CH [246u b
329 . ' -' 10- 19J
c-330a / Metaphyszcs, BK I CH 3[ 8 b
22J 502d; BK XIII, CH 3 4 8-
9 ARISTOTLE: Parts of Animals' a
[645a4-26J 168d-169a / Politic; BK en 5
[
3
b .] 51 " cn 9
I_ 09 23-30 2a; BK VII, CH 4 [I3
2
6<t
20
_ ]
530b-c / Poetics, CH 7 685b-c y 35
11 NICOMACHUS: Arithmetic, BK I 814a a 826d
827a ' , -
16 KEPLER: Epttome, BK IV, 868b
17 PLOTINUS: First Ennead TR VI CH I 21 d
S
. h Ed' , ,c- t
txt nnea, TR VII, CH 22 332d-333b
18 Conjessiol1S, BK IV, par 20 24b-c
/ Czty of God, BK II, ClI 21, 161b-c; BK XVII
CH 14, 464d '
19 AQUINAS: Sumlna Theologica, PART I, Q 5 A
REP I 25d-26c; Q 96, A 3, REP 3 512a-c' 4,
20 AQUINAS: Sumlna. Theologica, PART I-II, Q
49, A 2, REP I 2b-4a; Q 54, A I, ANS 22d-23d
35 LocKE: HUJnan Understanding, BK II, CH XII
SECT 5 148a-b '
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 345d-346a
42I{ANT: Judgement, 488a-489a; 544c-545b'
557c-558b '
49 DARWIN: Descent of Man, 301d-302a
53 JAMES: Psychology, 755a; 865b
6. The and the relative mode's of con.
slderatIon
7 PLATO: Phaedo, 242c-244b
8 Categories, CH 6 [5b1I--29] 10a-b t
Topzcs, BK II, CH II [IIS
b
3-35J 161c-162a,c;
BK -:' .CH I 178b,d-179b; BK VI, eH 4 [I4Ib3-
14
2
16] CH 8 [I46b36-147aII] 200d-
201: / Sophzstlcal Refutations, CH 5 [166b37-
16
7 20] 229d-230a; CH 8 [I7oaI2--19'J 234a; eH
25 248b-249b / Physics, BK I, cn I [I84aI6-2I]
259a / Heavens, BK III., CH 5 [303bI3-J04a7]
394d-395b / MetaphySICS, BK V, CH II 53ge-
540a; BK X, CH 6 583d-584c
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 5, A I,
REP I 23c-24a; Q 7, A 2 31d-32c; Q II, AI, REP
2 46d-47d; A 2, REP 1,3-4 47d-48d; Q 13, .A 2
63c-64d; A II, REP 2 73c-74b; Q 30, A I, REP
2-4 167a-168a; Q 70, A 3, REP 2 365b-367
Q 93, A 3, ANS 493d-494c;PART I--n, Q 2, A
REP 2 618d-619c; Q 6, A 6, ANS and REP
649a-650a; Q 17, A 4 688d-689c; Q 22, A
ANS 720d-72lc
584
(5. as a system oj relationships or related
thtngs.. 5b. !:he order of the universe or of
nature: the bterarchy of bet"ngs.)
20 AQUINAS: Sununa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 52,
A I, ANS 15d-18a; PART II-n, Q 2, A 3, ANS and
REP. I 392d-393c; Q 23, A 3, REP 3 485a-d;
Q 26, A I, REP 2 510c-Sl1a; PART IIi SUPPL Q
91 1016a-1025b '
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PARADISE, I [13-
1
4
2
]
107b-d; II [46-148] 108h-109b; x [1-
2
7]
120b-c; XIII [52 - 87] XXVII [97-
I20
J
148b-c; XXVIII 148d-150b; XXIX [13-3
6
]
lS0b-c
22 CHAUCER: Troilus and Cressda, BK III, STANZA
1-7 54b-55b; STANZA 250-253 87a-b / Knight's
Tale [2987-3016] 209a-b
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 78d-79a
26 SHAKESPEARE: Julius Caesar ACT I SC III
[62-71] 573b "
27 SHAKESPEARE: Troilus and Cressida, ACT I,
sc III [75--139] 108d-109c
28 HARVEY: On Animal Generaton, 400d-40la a
426b-429b passim, esp 426d-427a 428a-c:
470a ' ,
30 BACON: Novum Organum, BK II, API-I I7
14
9b-
d; APH 27 157b-158d; APH 29-30 159b-d' APR
48 179d-188b - ,
31 Discourse, PART V, 54c.-56a /
Medztatzons, IV, 90a-b /Objections and Replies
139h-c; 215a-b '
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART I, PROP 29 366b-c; PROP
3.3 367b-369a; APPENDIX 369b-372d; PART II,
PROP 6-7 374d-375c; PART III, 395a-d; PROP 2
396c-398b; PART IV, PREF 422b,d-424a; PROP
2 425a; PROP 4 425b-d
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK V [397-505] 184a-
186a; BK VIII [1-178 ] 232a-236a; [3 I 4-35
6
J
239a-240a; BK IX [99--II3J 249b
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 119-121 195a
34 NEWTON: Principles, BK III 269a-372a
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding BK II .
,. , CH IX,
SECT 12 140c; BK III, CH VI, SECT 11-12 271b-
272b; BK IV, CH III, SECT 27 321d-322a; CH
VI, SECT II 334b-335b; Cll XVI, SECT 12
370c-371a '
35 BERKELEY: Hz:man Knowledge, SECT 29-33
paSSlln; SECT 146-153 442a-444a
paSSIm
35 I-IUME: Human UnderJtanding, SECT V, DIV 44
468d-469c; SECT VIII, DIV 79-80 486b-d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of LauJs, BK I, la-2b
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 93c-99a; 133a-c; 187c-
189a; 220a-b; 237b / Fund. Prine
Metaphyszc o..f .Alorals, 256d-257a; 264d-265a
/ Practlcal Reason, 292a-d; 301d-302d; 307d-
314d / judgen1ent, 467a-470c esp 467d-468c'
578d-580a esp 579b-c '
45 FOURIER: Theory ofHeat, 173b
46 HEGEL: of Right, ADDITIONS, 168
145c-d / Phtlosophy of History, INTRO, 160b-
162a; PART I, 220c; PART IV, 361a-b
587
ADDITIONAL READINGS
. .' k ifthe Western World, but relevant to the
Listed below are works tn works are divided into two groups:
idea and topics with whIch thIS c apter. .
I Works bv authors represented in ..
II' Works by authors not represented In thIS co echon,
'. . the ublication of the works cited, consult
For the date, place, and foU!ws the last chapter of The Great Ideas.
the Bibliography of Addltlona Rea tngs w IC .
DE MORGAN. Formal LOgIC, CH 3-5
BooLE. An Investigation ofthe Laws of Thought
JEVONS. Pure Logic, CH 1-2, 4
LOTZE Metaphysics, BK III, CH 3
C. S. PEIRCE. Collected Papers, VOL 45-149,
21
4-
2
51 ; VOL VI, par 318-32 .4, 3 86 39 , II
BRADLEY. Appearance and Realtty, BK I, CH 3, BK ,
CH 26
--. Collected Essays, VOL II (3.1)
COUTURAT. The Algebra. of LogIC
WOODWORTH. PsychologIcal Issues, CH 5-6
CASSIRER. Substance and Function, PART I; PART II,
CH 7-8. SUP II-III .
' d RUSSELL Princinia Mathernatzca, WHITEHEAD an . r
PART I, SECT C, D; PART II, SECT B, C, D, E; PART

ROYCE. The Principles of Logzc . . 2 _
B. RUSSELL. Principles of MathematICs, CH 9, 4
.The Problems of Philosophy, eH 9
--'Our Knowledge ofthe External w'orld, V .
--:' Introduction to Mathematical Plulosophy, eH
4-6
W. E. JOHNSON. Logic, I, CH 12-13
MOORE. Philosophical Studzes, CH 9 W ld eH
WHITEHEAD. Science and the Modern or,
10 .
TARSKI. Introduction to Lagle, V
BLANSHARD. The Nature of Thought, CH 31-32
CHAPTER 78: RELATION
M ned ,vith order and relation in God, see GOD 9a.
r
The doctrine of the frlulty as concer. d t' n see CHANGE 7
C
(3); SPACE 2a; TIME I.
. 1 .. tIme an rna 10 ,
The absolute and the re ative In space., , d d b uty see BEAUTY 5; CUSTOM AND
1 . t th goo ness, an ea , b
The absolute and the re atlve III ru , 6d. OPINION 3
C
, 6a; PRINCIPLE s; TRUTH 7/ ;
CONVENTION ga-gb; GOOD AND EVIL ,
UNIVERSAL AND PARTICULAR 7a-7c.
1.
ME. A Treatise of Human Nature, BK I, PART I,
SECT V . h.' I Foundations ofNatural Science,
ANT. Metap ., I-
DIV III CH 3'
S oifLogic VOL I, BK II, SECT II, , EGEL. czence ,
EeT III, eH I, 3 . . 1S
ir
William Hamil-
MILL. An Examznatzon 0
on's Philosophy, CH 4-7 ...
JAMES. Essays in RadIcal EmpZrlCISm
The Me:aning of Truth, CH I I, 13
: Some Problems of Philos.ophy, CH 9
II.
HISPANICUS. Summulae Logicales (Logical
reatises) . .. (A T. ct
S OTUS, Tractatus de Primo Prznczpzo .. ra
S C . . l ) 2
Concerning the First Prtnczp e , CH
AREZ. Disputationes Metaphysicae,x (I), XXVIII
l) (2) XXXIX XLVII, XLVIII (1-4), L(4), \.3 , XXXII, ,
III-LIV . h . Th
S .. T THOMAS Cursus Phtlosop zcus o- N OF AIN
'sticus Ars Logica, PART II, Q 17
BNITZ. Philosophical Works, CH 12 (A Syste;;
tho Interaction of Substances), 13 (Repy of ).
ou;her Concerning the Interaction of
'1\T Essa'lJs Concerning Human l}nderstandzng, .1Vew J
K II, CH 25, 28, 30
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, 90a-d;
CH II, SECT 8-12 105d-107d; SECT 21 Hla
BK II, CH XXI, SECT 55-56 192c-193b; ca
XXVIII, SECT 10-12 230b-231c esp SEc.r
230b-c to
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 362a-d
42 KANT: Fund. Prin. Metaphysic of M
o
259c-d; 270d-271a; 271c-272b / Prif.1Vle
physical Elements. of Ethics, 377c-d ! 1m
Metaphysic of AIorals, 387a-38Ba .. / Scienc.e
Right, 397b-398a / Judgement, 471b-'4
476a-49Sa,c; 513b-516b; 516d-517c; 5
525a; 540b-542a
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 471b-476a,c
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 197a-b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PAR.T I, par
31a; ADDITIONS, 45 123c-d ! PhilOSophy
History, PART II, 280b-281b
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dick, 302b-304a
49 DARWIN: Origin of Species, gSa / Descen
Man, 302a; 314c-315d esp 315d; 462d-46
569c;
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist Manifesto, 42
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace,BK I, 15d-
BK XI, 514c-d; BK XII, 542d; BK XIV, 611
EPILOGUE I, 645a-646c; 647b-649c passim
54 FR.EUD: War and Death, 757d-759c esp
/ Civilization and Its Discontents, 792b-c
THE GREAT IDEAS
586
(6. The ahsolute andthe relative modes of consid.
eration. 6c. Absolute and relative with re-
spect to goodness or beauty,)
Q 97, A 1, REP 3 236a-d; Q 114, A 10, ANS
378a,c; PART II-II, Q 29, A 2, REP 3 531a-d;
A 3, REP 1 531d-532c; Q 182, A I, ANS
621d
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 61d-62a; 65a;
73b-c; 75a; 96a-b; PART II, 140b; PART IV,
272c
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK IV,
273d-274a
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 46b..47c; 93b-c; 115b-
119d; 124c-125a; 146b-c; 209c-212a; 230b-d;
281a-284c
26 SHAKESPEARE: Merchant of Venice, ACT V,
SC I [89-1091 431d
27 SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, ACT II, SC II [254-
2
571
43b / Troilus and Cressida, ACT II, SC II [I-9
6
J
113c-114c
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 70b-74a;
75d-76a
31 DESCARTES: Discourse, PART II, 46b-c
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART I, APPENDIX, 371b-
372d; PART IV, PREF, 423c-424a
33 PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 29b-44a / Pensees,
3
8
3-385 238b-239a
eROSS-REFERENCES
For: The conception of identi ty as a logical rather than a real relation, see SAME and OTHER I,
and for the conception of the relation between creatures and God as partIy real and pa
logical, see GOD se; ONE AND MANY Ib; WORLD 3
b
.
Another consideration of correlative terms, see OPPOSITION Ia.
The theory of proportionality or analogical similitude, see SAME AND OTHER 3
b
; and for
applications of analogy and proportion in metaphysics and mathematics, see IDEA 4
0 MATHEMATICS 4
c
; QUANTITY Ib; SIGN AND SYMBOL 3
d
, Sf.
Other discussions ofindefinable terms, see DEFINITION I c; PRINCIPLE 2a(3).
The issues raised by a relational theory of judgment and reasoning, see IDEA Sb; JUDGM
5
c
, 6d, 7c ; REASONING 2,
Discussions relevant to the conception of the categories as the transcendental concepts or
understanding, see FORM IC; JUDGMENT 8c-8d; MEMORY AND IMAGINATION 6C(2); Nt
4
d
(3); PRINCIPLE 2b(3).
The consideration of the relations between ideas as objects of knowledge, see IDEA
KNOWLEDGE 6a(3).
Other discussions of the association of ideas, see IDEA se; MEMORY AND IMAGINATION
Another discussion of the prior, the posterior, and the simultaneous, see TIME Sd.
The order of causes, see CAUSE I b.
The order of goods, or of means and ends, see GOOD AND EVIL Sb-sc.
The relation of quantities and the relation of qualities, see QUALITY 4
c
; QUANTITY
SAME AND OTHER 3c-3
d
.
The order of kinds, see ANIMAL 2a; EVOLUTION Ib; IDEA 4
b
(3); OPPOSITION IC(2);
AND OTHER 3
a
( I)-3a(3); UNIVERSAL AND PARTICULAR Sb.
Order in the soul, in the state, and in the universe or nature, see MAN S-sa; NATURE 3
a
ONE AND MANY 3
b
(S); SOUL 2b; STATE 5a-sc, 6a-6b; WORLD Ia-Ic, 6a-6c.