OVERVIEW: THERMAL POWER PLANT

Presenting By:

Yashaswi Gyanpuri MBA PM ( 2013-2015 )

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

Coal to electricity basics Layout of Thermal power plant Major component of Power plant Basic Rankine cycle and modified rankine cycle Flow of water circulation system in TPP Description of major component Method of Improvement in Efficiency Sub critical and Supercritical Technology Challenges of TPP

HOW GENERATED ELECTRICITY REACHED CUSTOMER

COAL TO ELECTRICITY BASICS

LAYOUT OF POWER PLANT

1. Cooling tower 2. Cooling water pump 3. transmission line (3-phase) 4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 6. Low pressure steam turbine 7. Condensate pump 8. Surface condenser 9. Intermediate pressure steam turbine

10. Steam Control valve 11. High pressure steam turbine 12. Deaerator 13. Feed water heater 14. Coal conveyor 15. Coal hopper 16. Coal pulveriser 17. Boiler steam drum 18. Bottom ash hopper

19. Superheater 20. Forced draught (draft) fan 21. Reheater 22. Combustion air intake 23. Economiser 24. Air preheater 25. Precipitator 26. Induced draught (draft) fan 27. Flue gas stack

PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE SUBSTANCE

RANKINE CYCLE

REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE WITH FEED WATER HEATER

WATER CIRCULATION RATIO

TYPES OF CIRCULATIONS :
1. Natural Circulation 2. Forced or Controlled Circulation 3. Combined Circulation

FLOW CHART OF WATER CIRCULATION SYSTEM

WHY COAL ??

Indias Coal Reserves are estimated to be 260 billion tonnes. Present consumption is about 508 MT.

Variable Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of Electricity (Cost of Coal Rs.1000/MT) is
approx. 70 paisa.

COAL FEEDING SYSTEM

Wagon Tippler

Conveyor

Coal Hopper

Coal is conveyed through rail wagon from out side of plant and through conveyor system collected in hopper and ground to a very fine powder by large metal spheres in the pulverized fuel mill.
Pulverizer Mill

COAL FEEDING SYSTEM

Air Pre-heater

Forced Draft Fan

Then it is mixed with preheated air driven by the forced draught fan. The hot air-fuel mixture is forced at high pressure into the boiler.

Overview of Under construction - Coal Feeding System

Wagon Tippler 1 & 2 Wagon Tippler 3 & 4 Sloping Conveyor Tunnel

CHP Retaining Wall

Conveyor 3A/3B

TP-3

BOILER
Water tube boiler: DM water circulates through tubes & hot flue gases flow over them.
Less liable to explosion, produce high pressure steam, high efficiency, heating surface is large

Fire tube boiler: hot flue gases pass through the tubes which are surrounded by water.
Low cost, compact in size, heating surface is small, cannot produce high pressure steam, liable to explode, low efficiency

Overview of Under construction Boiler System

Boiler is a steam generator .

DE AREATOR A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the feed water to steamgenerating boiler.

ECONOMISER
Economiser

Economizer are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy consumption, or to perform another useful function like preheating a fluid. Pre-warmed water first enter in a feed heater powered by steam drawn from the high pressure set, and then in the economiser

Electrostatic Precipitator Electrostatic precipitator is a collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. Exhaust gas from the boiler is drawn by the induced draft fan through an electrostatic precipitator

CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, typically by cooling it. The exiting steam from steam turbine, now a little above its boiling point, is brought into thermal contact with cold water (pumped in from the cooling tower) in the condenser. where it condenses rapidly back into water, creating near vacuum-like conditions inside the condenser chest.

Steam Turbine

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical work.
IMPULSE -H.P TURBINE AND REACTION - L.P & I.P TURBINE

Types of Steam Turbine

COOLING TOWER

Natural Draft Cooling Tower

Induced Draft Cooling Tower

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid or in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers rely solely on air to cool the working fluid.

Method of Improvement in Efficiency

Air pre-heater :
hot flue gases are used to pre-heat the air pre-heats the air to be supplied to the furnace Accelerates combustion

Economizer :
hot flue gases are used to heat the feed water Improves efficiency Reduces heat losses of flue gas Reduces fuel consumption

Super heater :
Increases temperature of generated steam High thermal efficiency Avoids corrosion of turbine blades

Re-heaters :
Exhaust Steam from hp turbine is expanded High turbine efficiency as the stages increase

WHY SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE

Increasing the pressure will mean increase in saturation temperature at which steam evaporates thus increasing the average temperature of heat addition.

A Boiler operating at a pressure above critical point is called SUPERCRITICAL BOILER A point where boiling water and dry saturated lines meet so that associated latent heat is zero, this point is called Critical Point.

CRITICAL CONDITION
Definition CRITICAL is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance beyond which there is no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phase. The critical pressure & temperature for water are Pressure = 225.56 Kg / cm2 Temperature = 374.15 C

T- S DIAGRAM
OUTPUT INCREASE
Temperature ( 0 C) D

C E F

240c A -273 0

Entropy KJ / Kg K

TEMP

600 500 40 0 300 20 0 10 0 0

540C

568C

SUPER CRITICAL BOILER CYCLE WITH SH, RH & Regeneration of SIPAT 3 x 660 MW Steam flow Steam temp Steam Pres kg/cm2 RH pre Kg/cm2 RH Temp Feed water Temp ENTROPY :2225 T/Hr : 540 c : 256 : 51.6

: 568c : 291c

Thank You for Your Patience Listening !!

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