AvaIoIilesvava in Javanese Conlexl OandavIa, Klgva, and AnogIapsa

AulIov|s) Nanc TingIe

Bevieved vovI|s)
Souvce TIe JouvnaI oJ lIe WaIlevs Avl Museun, VoI. 64/65, A Cuvalov's CIoice Essas in
Honov oJ Hivan W. Woodvavd, Jv. |2006/2007), pp. 65-80
FuIIisIed I The Walters Art Museum
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AvaIoIilesvava in
Javanese
Conlexl
Oandav?Ia, K?l?g?va,
and
AnogIap?sa
NANCY TINOLEY
Avlisans
lIvougIoul
lIe BuddIisl vovId
pvoIaII
cve
.
aled nove
inages
oJ lIe
conpassionale
IodIisallva
AvaIoIilesvava
|ov
LoIesvava as Ie vas caIIed in
Java)
in Iis
vavious Jovns lIan oJ
an
olIev IodIisallva.1
CevlainI
lIe nuIlilude oJ naniJeslalions oJ AvaIoIilesvava?
Fadnap?ni,
MaI?Iavuna
LoIesvava,
KIasavpana,
Cin
l?nan?caIva
LoIesvava,
and
AnogIap?sa?Jound
in
Javanese
avl oJ lIe ninlI
lIvougI
lIivleenlI cenluvies
indicales a vide
InovIedge
oJ lIe
iconogvapI
oJ lIe
IodIisallva and oJ lIe
s?dIanas, lexls, and viluaIs suv
vounding
Iin.2 Mosl oJ lIese
inages
ave
Ivonzes,
Iul
aIsenl lIe conlexl vilIin vIicI Ivonze
inages
veve
vovsIipped,
il is nol
possiIIe
lo
JuII conpveIend
lIe
individuaI
oIjecls inpovl.
BalIev lIan
seeIing neaning
in isoIaled
inages |idenliJing
and
calaIoguing iconog
vapI),
a Jocus on
Javanese
in silu slone
cavvings
oJ
AvaIoIilesvava
na pvove
nove useJuI in
JuvlIeving
ouv
undevslanding
oJ
Javanese
BuddIisn as il vas
pvacliced
in ninlI-
lIvougI lIivleenlI-cenluv Java.
TIe
lenpIes
oJ lIe
gvealesl
inlevesl in lIis
vegavd
ave lIe lIvee ninlI
cenluv
nonunenls oJ
BovoIuduv,
Candis Mendul and
FIaosan,
and lIe
lIivleenlI-cenluv
Candi
Jago.3
TIe Indonesian
nonIs, avcIilecls,
and
palvons
oJ
lIe candis oJ lIe CenlvaI and Easlevn
Javanese
peviods
IooIed
cIoseI
al lexls vIen
lIe deveIoped
lIe icon
ogvapIie pvogvans
oJ lIeiv
lenpIes.
TIis is nol a nev
assevlion:
in lIe nineleenlI
cenluv,
scIoIavs
Iegan
lo
idenliJ
lIe lexls iIIuslvaled al BovoIuduv.4 Move
vecenlI,
Fig.
i. BovoIuduv
TIe
JouvnaI oJ
lIe WaIlevs Avl Museun
64/65 |issue eav 2006/2007,
puIIisIed
2009) 6$
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Fig.
2.
BovoIuduv, second
gaIIev
AvaIoIilesvava sealed in a
lenpIe
|II 47)
Fig.
3. BovoIuduv, second
gaIIev
AvaIoIi les va va sealed
anong enIigIlening
Ieings
|II100)
scIoIavs oJ Ialev Easlevn
Javanese |lveIJlI-
lo sixleenlI
cenluv)
naleviaI Iave denonslvaled lIe voIe oJ lexls
|IolI
Hindu and
BuddIisl)
in lIe decovalion oJ
candis,
nosl
nolaII
Candi
Jago
and Candi SunIevvana.5 Il is
lIvougI
a cIose IooI al lIe
inages
on lIe nonunenls
lIal ve ave aIIe lo
idenliJ
lIe lexls vIicI
pvovide
a
Ie
lo ouv
undevslanding
oJ BuddIisl
pvaclices.
TIougI
lIe
lenpIes
oJ lIe
Bieng pIaleau vepvesenl
lIe eavIiesl eJHuovescence oJ lIe Hindu-BuddIisl inJIu
ence in CenlvaI and Easlevn
Java,
il is lIe
eavI
ninlI
cenluv
BovoIuduv
|Jig.
i)
lIal
gives
vise lo a
pvoIiJevalion
oJ
Javanese
slone nonunenls. TIe nonunenl s ovevaII
Jovn?a
sl?pa conposed
oJ
squave
levvaces and Ivoad
covvidovs,
civcuIav and
eIIiplicaI
levvaces, decovaled vilI
veIieJs and BuddIa
inages?is unique. Bepicled
on lIe
inleviov vaIIs and IaIuslvades oJ lIe covvidovs suvvound
ing
lIe
squave
levvaces oJ BovoIuduv ave
episodes
Jvon a
sevies oJ lexls lIe
MaI?IavnaviIIanga,
lIe
J?laIan?I?,
lIe
avad?nas
lIe
LaIilavislava,
lIe
Oandav?Ia
and
lIe BIadvacav?
|incIuded
in lIe AvalansaIa
s?lva).
TIe
jinas pIaced
on eacI oJ lIe Jouv sides and lIe BuddIas
oJ lIe civcuIav levvaces
pvoIaII
indicale a
InovIedge
oJ lIe MaI?vaivocana
s?lva, vIicI
espouses
a Jive
TalI?gala |Jina) JaniI sslen.6
BoIevl N. LinvolIe
Ias cIavaclevized lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva and lIe
SavvalalI?galalallvasangvaIa
as lIe nosl
inpovlanl
oJ
lIe
eavI
esolevic lexls in levns oJ
vecognized inpacl
and
videspvead acceplance.7
ScIoIavs Iave
suggesled
lIal lIe
uppev eIIiplicaI
and
civcuIav levvaces oJ BovoIuduv
vepvesenl
lIe dIavnadI?lu
as il is
espoused
in lIe AvalansaIa lexls, vIicI incIude
lIe
Oandav?Ia
and lIe BIadvacav? iIIuslvaled on Iovev
squave
IeveIs oJ lIe nonunenl.8 Hivan W.
Woodvavd,
Jv.,
Ias
vecenlI pvoposed
an aIlevnale
inlevpvelalion
oJ
and
expIanalion
Jov lIe
pvesence
oJ Baoisl eIenenls on
lIe
uppev povlion
oJ lIe nonunenl, Iased on lIe nun
Ievs oJ BuddIas on lIe vavious levvaces.9
TIe
IuiIding
is lIe
pIsicaI
naniJeslalion oJ a
conpIex veIigious sslen
lIal lIe
piIgvin expeviences
lIvougI
lIe
vepvesenlalions
oJ IiJe-slovies oJ lIe
BuddIa,
lIen lIe
piIgvinage
oJ SudIana. TIe
najov
voIes oJ
Ma?jusvi, Mailvea,
and SananlaIIadva ave
enpIasized
in lIe
leIIing
oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
and
BIadvacav?,
vIiIe
AvaIoIilesvava is
pvesenl
IolI in lIe
slov
and on lIe
nonunenl in Iis voIe oJ
IaI?nanilva,
ov
leacIev,
and as
allendanl lo lIe BuddIa?in a dozen
scuIpluvaI
veIieJs
anong
nove lIan Jouvleen Iundved. LiIe HoInes s
dog
vIo didn'l IavI in lIe
nigIl,
lIe IacI oJ
inages
oJ lIe
IodIisallva oJ
conpassion speaIs
nove lIan iJ
inages
oJ Iin
punclualed
lIe suvJace oJ lIe nonunenl.
A nunIev oJ aulIovs Iave
vaviousI
idenliJied lIe
veIieJs lIal
vepvesenl
lIe
Oandav?Ia
on lIe second and
lIivd
gaIIevies:
Jan
Fonleins
anaIsis
seens lo Ie lIe
nosl vaIuaIIe.10 MucI oJ lIe conJusion in idenliJicalion
66
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Jinas 5
Buddhas
Daoistische
Elemente
3
II'1

Fig.
5. BovoIuduv, second
gaIIev
AvaIoIilesvava divecls SudIana lo lIe
IodIisallva
Ananag?nin
|II ioz)
Ias Ieen due lo
appavenl
onissions,
dupIicalions,
and
inconsislencies oJ SudIana s
visils,
vIicI Fonl?in cIavi
Jied
I poinling
oul lIal lIe
slov
oJ lIe
piIgvinage
is
dupIicaled
on lIe nonunenl. He
suggesled
lIal lIe
scuIplovs
ov
pIannevs
Jound lIis
vepelilion necessav,
as lIe lexl aIIudes lo no
slops
ov visils lIal SudIana
nade.11 One Iundved and len veIieJs al BovoIuduv ave
dedicaled lo SudIana s
lvaveIs,
lIus
JoIIoving
lIe lexl.
AvaIoIilesvava is
depicled
in IolI sevies oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
veIieJs on lIe second levvace
|Jigs.
2-5
[Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2, II
47
and
II100-102])
and
on lIe JouvlI
gaIIev |Jig.
6
[Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2,
IV
I.2]).
TIe lexl slales lIal SudIana
appvoacIed
Mounl
FolaIaIa,
vIeve Ie Jound AvaIoIilesvava
silling
vaIe
JuII
on a dianond
IouIdev,
suvvounded
I
a
gvoup
oJ
enIigIlening Ieings.12
TIe
Oandav?Ia
does nol
speciJ
AvaIoIilesvavas
allviIules,
aIlIougI
ils accounl oJ lIe
diaIogue
Ielveen SudIana and AvaIoIilesvava and ils
descviplion
oJ lIe
selling
ave cIeav.13 TIe veIieJ in lIe Jivsl
sevies
|Jig.
2
[Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2, II
47]) povlvas
AvaIoIilesvava sealed vilIin a
lenpIe,
Iolus in Iis IeJl
Iand and Iis
vigIl
Iand in
|pvoIaII)
vilavIa
nudv?,14
an
appvopviale gesluve
Jov a leacIev Iul one nol nen
lioned in lIe lexl. TIe
pvoninence
oJ
leacIing
on lIe
nonunenl diclales lIal Ie Ie
depicled
lIus.
In lIe
second,
expanded
veIieJ sevies on
BovoIuduv,
SudIana
appvoacIes
Mounl
FolaIaIa,
vIeve AvaIoIil
esvava is ensconced on a Iion lIvone
anong enIigIl
ening Ieings
|see
Jig.
3 [Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2, II
100]).
I Iave undevlaIen a vov lo Ie a
veJuge
Jov aII
67
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Fig.
6.
BovoIuduv, JouvlI
gaIIev
AvaIoIilesvava sealed in
naI?v?jaI?Iasana
|IV 2).
Bepvoduced
Jvon Kvon

Fig.
7. BovoIuduv, JouvlI
gaIIev
BuddIa in
dIana
nudv?, Ielveen
AvaIoIilesvava and
Vajvap?ni [IV 50]
Ieings
Jvon aII lIese Jeavs and
peviIs.
AvaIoIilesvavas
enIigIlening pvaclice
|as
dislinguisIed
Jvon lIal oJ lIe
olIev
IaI?nanilvas)
is caIIed
undevslanding gveal
con
passion
vilIoul
deIa.15
TIis is lIe Jivsl oJ lIvee veIieJs
oJ AvaIoIilesvava
depicled
in lIe second sevies. TIe sec
ond oJ lIe lIvee veIieJs
|Jig.
4 [Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI.
2, II
101]) na
veII
vepvesenl
lIe IodIisallva as Ie is
descviIed
expounding
Iis
leacIings,
iJ ve can assune
lIal lIe avlisls adIeved
cIoseI
lo lIe lexl.
TIe
passage
in lIe
Oandav?Ia veJevving
lo Ava
IoIilesvava ends vilI lIe descenl oJ lIe IodIisallva
Ananag?nin
Jvon lIe easlevn
sI:
AvaIoIilesvava
divecls SudIana lo Iin. I vouId
suggesl
lIe lIivd veIieJ
oJ SudIana s visil
|see
Jig.
5 [Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2, II
102]) na
veJev lo lIis
passage,
vilI SudIana lo one side
and
Ananag?nin
lo lIe olIev.16
TIe JinaI
depiclions
oJ AvaIoIilesvava ave in lIe
JouvlI
gaIIev.
TIe Jivsl Jinds Iin sealed in naI?v?
jaI?Iasana |voaI
ease:
see
Jig.
6
[Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2,
IV
2])
in lIe
conpan
oJ IodIisallvas and BuddIas
al lIe
opening
seclion oJ lIe BIadvacav? lexl oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
s?lva[7 TIe BIadvacav?
pvesenls
lIe len
gveal
vovs oJ lIe IodIisallva SananlaIIadva. Nandana
CIulivongs
Ias discussed lIe
iconogvapI
oJ lIis veIieJ
in veIalion lo a
gvoup
oJ Ivonze and
cIa inages.18
AIlIougI
il is diJJicuIl lo
dislinguisI
a BuddIa in lIis
IodIisallvas
Ieaddvess,
lIe Jacl Ie is nenlioned in lIis
povlion
oJ lIe lexl and IoIds a
padna
seens lo indicale
lIal lIis idenliJicalion
na
Ie covvecl. CIaudine Baulze
Ficvon idenliJies AvaIoIilesvava in lIe
gvoup
oJ
eigIl
gveal
IodIisallvas in lIe
adjacenl
veIieJ
|Kvon
and van
Evp,
voI. 2, IV
3:
Bevnel
Kenpevs, Jig.
93).
TIe
Jiguves,
as
nigIl
Ie
expecled,
do nol veIale lo lIe slandavd
gvoup
oJ IodIisallvas Jound in lexls.19
AvaIoIilesvava is aIso Jound in seclions oJ six olIev
paneIs
|Kvon
and
van
Evp,
voI. 2, IV
8, IV12,
IV17,
IV
20, IV
47,
and IV
50
[Jig.
7]) acconpaning
lIe BuddIa
and
Vajvap?ni. Hudaa KandaIijaa inlevpvels
lIe
gvoup
as
vepvesenling
lIe lviad in lIe SuIIavali
pava
dise,
posiling
lIal lIe
gvoup
JoIIovs lIe
descviplion
in
lIe
AnilauvdI?na
s?lva, vilI lIe BuddIa
expIained
as Anil?IIa.20
Hovevev, Anil?IIa is nol
acconpanied
I Vajvap?ni
in lIe
AnilauvdI?na
s?lva.
|Hudaa
68
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Fig.
8. Candi Mendul
veads Iis incIusion in lIe veIieJ as a
nisinlevpvelalion
oJ lIe
lexl.)
Vajvap?ni
and AvaIoIilesvava
acconpan
SaIanuni
in lIe
Ma?jusvln?IaIaIpa. Accovding
lo
LinvolIe,
Vajvap?ni
is aIso
paived
vilI AvaIoIilesvava in
allendance lo
SaIanuni
in lIe TiIelan vevsion oJ lIe
MaIaana BuddIaIaUdIan-pv?liI?vaviIuv?nanivdesa
s?lva.21
TIe acconpan
Vaivocana in lIe
SavvalalI?gal
alallvasangvaIa
and lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva-, Ience
lIeiv incIusion
na
veJev lo one oJ lIose lexls.
AIlIougI
AvaIoIilesvavas voIe on lIe nonunenl is
Iiniled lo Iis ninov
posilion
in lIe
Oandav?Ia,
il is
vovlI
IooIing cIoseI
al Iis
depiclions,
as
lIe
leII us
nove lIan a
cuvsov
gIance nigIl suggesl.
In lIe second
sevies oJ
cavvings,
vIeve Ie is lIe cenlvaI
Jiguve
in lIvee
veIieJs,
ve Jivsl see a
Jouv-avned AvaIoIilesvava sealed
vilIin a nounlain
|see
Jig. 4)?cIeavI
FolaIaIa?suv
vounded
I
aninaIs, lvees, and Iunans. His Iovev
vigIl
Iand is IeId in vavada
nudv?,
Iis
uppev vigIl
IoIds
a
vosav
vIiIe Iis Iovev IeJl IoIds lIe
padna
and lIe
uppev
IeJl an anIusa. In lIe second
veIieJ,
AvaIoIilesvava
is
again
sIovn
Jouv-avned,
vilI
onI
lIe vavada nudv?
and lIe
padna venaining.
Fouv-avned Jovns oJ MaI?
Iavuna LoIesvava ave nol unconnon in SoulIeasl
Asia,
aIlIougI
lIe anIusa vouId Ie an unusuaI allviIule Jov
lIal Jovn. SliII,
iconogvapI
vas nol sel al lIis
poinl,
so
il is
possiIIe
lIal lIis
Jiguve nigIl vepvesenl
lIal con
non
lpe.
In lIe lIivd veIieJ AvaIoIilesvava is
six-avned,
Iis
Iovev-vigIl
Iand in vavada
nudv?,
and
IoIding
a
vosav
in Iis
uppev vigIl
and a
IananljaIu
and
padna
in
Iis lvo
venaining
IeJl Iands.
One
nigIl Iope
lo Ie aIIe lo
idenliJ
lIe
iconogvapI
vilI lIe lexl oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
ov
speciJic
s?dIanas,
Iul
il is nol
possiIIe.
Oiven lIe
pvoninence
oJ
AnogIap?sa
in
conlenpovav
novlIeaslevn
India,
one
nigIl expecl
lIal
iconogvapI
lo
appI
Ieve.
Conlenpovav vepvesen
lalions oJ
AnogIap?sa
in India veve
genevaII
Jouv- ov
six-avned.22 TIe
cIeavI
idenliJiaIIe anIusa in lIe
uppev
IeJl oJ lIe second
inage
is an allviIule oJ
AnogIap?sa,
lIougI
lIe aIsence oJ a
p?sa
is unusuaI.
TIese lIvee
inages
oJ AvaIoIilesvava ave lIe
onI
nuIliavned
Jiguves
|olIev
lIan
&va)
depicled
on Bovo
Iuduv. WIal do lIe veIieJs leII us? BolI nove and Iess
lIan lIe lexl. TIe
Oandav?Ia
does nol descviIe lIe ico
nogvapI
oJ AvaIoIilesvava
Ieond
Iis associalion vilI
69
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Fig.
9.
Candi Mendul Cund?
'?j
Fig.
io. Candi Mendul AvaIoIilcsvava
Mounl FolaIaIa.
CIeavI
lIe
scuIplovs
oJ BovoIuduv JeIl
conJidenl in
incovpovaling
a nove
conpIex iconogvapI
lIan
lIe
Iad used in
depicling
olIev
IaI?nanilva
ov
lIan lIal Jound in lIe
Oandav?Ia
inlo lIe
depiclion
oJ lIis
pavlicuIav
IodIisallva. In olIev
vovds,
a
gveal
deaI vas Inovn and undevslood oJ lIe
IodIisallva,
as
iIIuslvaled
I
Iis nuIliavned Jovns as
IaI?nanilva
Iis
possiIIe
incIusion
anong
lIe
eigIl gveal
IodIisallvas,
and Iis associalion vilI lIe BuddIa and
Vajvap?ni.
Inages
oJ LoIesvava
appeav onI
in lIe
Oandav?Ia
and BIadvacavl seclion oJ veIieJs on BovoIuduv. In
Jacl,
lIe IodIisallvas
Ma?jusvi, Mailvea,
andSananlaIIadva
ave
|vigIlI) given gvealev pvoninence
on lIe nonunenl
Iecause oJ lIeiv voIes in lIese lvo lexls. TIose ovevsee
ing
lIe exlensive
veIigious pvogvan
did nol deviale Jvon
lIal
Iavgev
lasI.
Candi Mendul
|Jig.
8),
a
lenpIe
IuiIl in
aIignnenl
vilI and
conlenpovav
lo
BovoIuduv,
diJJevs
vadicaII
Jvon lIal
gvand sl?pa.23 Bising
aIove a
IigI
Iase,
lIe exleviov vaIIs oJ lIe
lenpIe dispIa eigIl slanding
IodIisallvas
|see
Bevnel
Kenpevs 52)
and lIvee veIieJs
oJ
Jiguves
idenliJied as Cund?
|Jig. 9),24 Fvaj?ap?vanila,
and MaI?Iavuna LoIesvava
|Jig.
9).25
TIe inleviov oJ lIe
candi incIudes lIvee
Iavge
and
exlveneI
IeauliJuI
Jiguves
oJ lIe BuddIa vilI
Iegs pendanl
and in dIavnacaIva
nudv?
Vajvap?ni,
and AvaIoIilesvava
|Jig.
10).
Il Ias Ieen
avgued
lIal lIis
lenpIe vepvesenls
a
OavIIadI?lu nandaIa.26 Vavious aulIovs Iave
poinled
oul lIal lIe oIdesl Inovn lanlvic lexl in
Java,
lIe
|appvoxinaleI) lenlI-cenluv Javanese
Sang Hang
KanaI??niIan,
incIudes seclions oJ lIe MaI?vaivocana
s?lva, oJ vIicI lIe OavIIadI?lu nandaIa is a
pavl.
To
n InovIedge
lIe lvo lexls lIal descviIe Vaivocana
acconpanied I Vajvap?ni
and AvaIoIilesvava ave lIe
MaI?vaivocana s?lva and lIe
SavvalalI?galalallvasan
gvaIa.27
TIeve is deIale as lo vIelIev
excevpls
oJ lIe
SavvalalI?galalallvasangvaIa
ave incIuded in lIe
Sang
Hang KanaI??niIan.2*
Il is
lIvougI
lIe
paiving
oJ
Vajvap?ni |j?ana, InovIedge)
and AvaIoIilesvava
)Ia
vuna,
conpassion)
lIal one acIieves
enIigIlennenl.29
As
aIvas,
AvaIoIilesvava is incIuded
anong
lIe
gvoup
oJ
eigIl
IodIisallvas.30
Accovding
lo one
aulIov,
lIe
Iavge
veIieJ oJ MaI?Iavuna LoIesvava on lIe exle
viov oJ Candi Mendul can aIso Ie
expIained
in levns oJ
lIe OavIIadI?lu
nandaIa,
as il is Jvon lIal IodIisallva
lIal lIe nandaIa
oviginales,31
a Jacl nade cIeav Jvon lIe
JuII nane oJ lIe
nandaIa,
lIe
MaI?Iavun?gavIIadI?lu
nandaIa. In lIe
Japanese
vevsion oJ lIis
nandaIa,
Ma
I?IavuniIa is
depicled
vilI a lIousand avns.32
Woodvavd Ias
suggesled
an aIlevnalive
veading
oJ
lIe nonunenl,
idenliJing
Cund?,
FvajJi?p?vanil?,
70
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Fig.
iI. Candi Mendul MaI?Iavuna LoIesvava
and AvaIoIilesvava vilI lIe
K?vandav?Ia
s?lva. He
noles lIal in lIal lexl Cund?
pevsoniJies
a dI?van? Jov
lIe oIlainnenl oJ
visdon,
vIiIe lIe Iolus
pond
Jvon
vIicI lIe Jouv-avned
FvajJi?p?vanil?
vises vouId Ie lIe
pond
inlo vIicI AvaIoIilesvava lvansJovns lIe
JIaning
sloves oJ IeII in
cIaplev
lvo oJ lIe s?lva: lIe
eigIl-avned
AvaIoIilesvava on lIe soulIeasl vaII
[Jig.
n]
vouId Ie
ils
saving, aII-Ioving
AvaIoIilesvava,
and lIe BuddIa
inside lIe
sancluav SIaIanuni deIiveving
lIe lexl.33
Il
nigIl
Ie
possiIIe
lo ascviIe a nuIlivaIenl
neaning
lo lIe
Jiguves
al lIis nonunenl and assune lIal IolI
lexls
pIaed
a voIe al Mendul. As noled
aIove,
lIe asso
cialion oJ AvaIoIilesvava and
Vajvap?ni
vilI Vaivocana
seens lo veJIecl
InovIedge
oJ lIe MaI?vaivocana
s?lva ov
possiII
lIe
SavvalalI?galalallvasangvaIa
s?lva, IolI oJ vIicI ave Jound in lIe Ialev
Sang Hang
KanaI??niIan.
Hovevev,
iJ lIe
eigIl
IodIisallvas on
lIe exleviov oJ Candi Mendul ave associaled vilI lIe
MaI?Iavun?gavIIadI?lu
nandaIa,
as CIaudine Baulz
Ficvon Ias
suggesled,
lIen lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva is
lIe
IiIeI
lexl lo Iave Ieen
consuIled,
a
lIeov suppovled
I
lIe associalion oJ
Vajvap?ni
and AvaIoIilesvava vilI
lIe cenlvaI BuddIa.
IJ BovoIuduv is an indicalion oJ lIe
eavI
ninlI
cenluv Javanese pIannevs'
cIose veIiance on
lexls, and
iJ ve can
accepl
lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva as a
possiIIe
souvce, AvaIoIilesvava
appeavs
al Candi Mendul in lIvee
voIes deJined vilIin lIe
pavanelevs
oJ lIal s?lva. He is
one oJ lIe
eigIl
IodIisallvas:
Ie is lIe
conpassionale
nenIev
vepvesenling
lIe
padna JaniI
oJ lIe cenlvaI
lviad:
and
JinaII
Ie is MaI?Iavuna Jvon vIon ena
nales lIe OavIIadI?lu nandaIa. Al lIe sane
line,
lIe
lIvee
pvinav Jiguves
on lIe exleviov oJ lIe nonunenl
nigIl
aIso Ie vead in lIe conlexl oJ lIeiv voIes vilIin
lIe
K?vandav?Ia
s?lva and
suppovled I
lIe BuddIa
in lIe inleviov.
Luis
O?nez,
in a discussion oJ lIe voIe oJ lIe Oan
dav?Ia
on
BovoIuduv,
pvoposed
lIal lIe IuiIdevs
7i
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Fig.
12. Candi FIaosan
inlended lIe
IuiIding
lo
vepvesenl
lIe
I?l?g?va |paI
ace)
oJ
Mailvea
Jvon lIe
MailveavinoIsa
seclion oJ
lIe
Oandav?Ia
lIal is so
pvoninenlI depicled
on lIe
nonunenl.34 His
suggeslion
is an
inlviguing
one lIal
na
Jind
appIicalion
eIsevIeve as veII?in
pavlicuIav,
al
lIe lvo cenlvaI
ninlI-cenluv lenpIes
oJ Candi FIaosan
|Jig.
12).
Hudaa KandaIijaa,
in Iis vecenl
dissevlalion,
expands
on lIe
inlevpvelalion
oJ BovoIuduv as a
I?l?g?va
and JuvlIevs lIe
avgunenl
Jov
consideving
lIe lvo nain
FIaosan Lov
lenpIes
as
I?l?g?va?5
TIe idenlicaI
pIans
oJ lIe lvo FIaosan
lenpIes
incIude an
enlvva Ieading
lo a cenlvaI ceII vilI an
idenlicaI ceII on eilIev side lIal one nusl enlev
lIvougI
lIe cenlvaI ceII
|Jiguve
13).
A second
slov |vilI
a vooden
JIoov)
vas accessed Jvon
vilIin,
pvoIaII I
neans oJ
a IanIoo Iaddev IiIe lIe one sonelines seen in
pIace
loda.
TIe
pvesence
oJ a second
slov suggesls
lIal lIese
lenpIes
veve inlended as viI?va
|Iiving quavlevs), inpov
lanl lo lIeiv idenliJicalion as
I?l?g?va?6
ScIoIavs Iave
nevev oJJeved a
pIausiIIe expIanalion
Jov lIe avcIilecluve
oJ lIese
lenpIes,
as
lIe
diJJev Jvon olIev Inovn
BuddIisl avcIilecluve.
As O?nez Ias
poinled
oul in veJevence lo BovoIu
duv,
Il is cIeav
...
Jvon aII oJ ils uses in BuddIisl Iileva
luve lIal a
I?l?g?va
is
aIvas
an inIaIilaIIe slvucluve:
lIal
is,
il nusl Iave an innev cIanIev.37
TIougI
lIis
poinl avgues againsl
lIe idenliJicalion oJ BovoIuduv as
a
I?l?g?va,
il
suppovls
an idenliJicalion oJ lIe lvo nain
lenpIes
al
FIaosan,
and
possiII
lIal al
Savi,
as
I?l?g?va,
vIeve lIe
uppev
IeveI oJ lIese
lenpIes
is
lIougIl
lo Iave
sevved as
Iiving quavlevs.38
FuvlIev evidence
na
devive
Jvon lIe
lvipavlile pIan
oJ lIe
lenpIes.
O?nez
goes
on lo
sa
In lIe LaIilavislava lIe
quavlevs |paviIIoga,
Iil.
'pvop
evl') occupied I
lIe BodIisallva IeJove and duv
ing
Iis descenl inlo lIe vonI ave a
squave
slvucluve
vesling
on Jouv
piIIavs
and cvovned
I
a
I?l?g?va.
WilIin lIis
I?l?g?va
vas a second one,
exaclI
IiIe
lIe
Jivsl,
and vilIin lIe second lIeve vas a lIivd.
72
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
?
a
o?
a
O
a
OS
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
[
oo
a
a
[
[
[
[
[
[00
[
[
[
[00
?OO
[
a
Fig.
13
FIan oJ Candi FIaosan.
Bepvoduced
Jvon
J.O. BeCaspavis,
SIovl
Inscviplions Jvon Tjandi
FIaosan-Lov
|BjaIavla, 1958)
Inside lIis lIivd
I?l?g?va
sal lIe BuddIa. TIe
BuddIa's cIanIev vas as Iavd as dianond
|vajva),
and in il one couId see aII lIe IaIilalions oJ lIe
gods
oJ lIe
I?nadI?lu,
aII lIe vovId
sslens,
lIe
pvevi
ous acls oJ lIe
IodIisallva,
elc.39
In olIev
vovds,
a lIvee-JoId avcIilecluvaI division vas
necessav
Jov lIe
I?l?g?va. AIlIougI
FIaosan is nol
divided inlo
dininisIing
ceIIs?a
cIaIIenging
avcIilec
luvaI
pIan?eacI
oJ lIe lvo nain
lenpIes
is divided inlo
lIvee ceIIs
|see
Jig.
13),
a Jacl lIal
na pvovide
JuvlIev
indicalion lIal
lIe
veve inlended as
I?l?g?va.
IJ ve considev lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva lo Ie a lexl
used al BovoIuduv and Mendul and Ience avaiIaIIe
in
ninlI-cenluv Java,
lIe idea oJ
cvealing
BovoIuduv
ov FIaosan as a ceIesliaI
paIace
is
given
JuvlIev lexluaI
suppovl I
lIal s?lva, Jov in lIe
MaI?vivocana,
lIe
BuddIa MaI?vaivocana
pveacIes
lo a
Iavge
audience al
lIe cenlev oJ lIe nandaIa al lIe vasl
paIace
oJ
Vajva
dIavnadI?lu?
J.
C. de
Caspavis,
in Iis
anaIsis
and lvansIalion oJ lIe
inpovlanl pve-Nagavi inscviplion
Jvon Candi
FIaosan,
avgues
lIal lIe BuddIisl lenels Jound in lIe
inscvip
lion aIIude lo lIe
BasaII?niIa,
ov len-JoId IodIisallva
palI
incIuded in lIe AvalansaIa lexls,41 He
inlevpvels
lIe Jivsl
slvopIe
as a
descviplion
oJ lIe nain
inage
oJ
lIe
lenpIe Beaving
lIe Iuvden oJ consecvalion as lIe
Iovd oJ nen, Ie sIinelI
JovlI,
lIe BviIIianl
One,
as lIe
inconpavaIIe
sunvise in lIe Jovn oJ an
inage
adovned
vilI lIe
equipnenl
oJ BIavna.42
TIvougI
a
IenglI
anaIsis
oJ vavious
nelapIovs
lIal veJev lo lIe
inage,
de
Caspavis
concIudes lIal lIe nain
inage
al lIe
lenpIe
vas a IodIisallva and lIal lIis
speciJic
IodIisallva
na
veII Iave Ieen
Mailvea.43
An
inscviplion
Jvon Candi
Sevu vecovds an
enIavgenenl
oJ a
Ma?jus'vigvIa, sup
povl
Jov lIe
suggeslion
lIal
lenpIes
in lIe avea veve
dedicaled lo IodIisallvas. Il is aIso an indicalion lIal
Ma?jus'vi,
vIo
aIong
vilI
Mailvea
IeId
pvinav pIace
al
BovoIuduv,
vas
inpovlanl lIvougIoul
lIe
eigIlI
and
ninlI cenluvies.44
WIiIe ninov ceIesliaI
Ieings
enIeIIisI lIe exle
viov oJ lIe lvo nain FIaosan
lenpIes, eigIl
IodIisal
lvas ave
avvaed
in lIe inleviov oJ eacI oJ lIe
lenpIes.45
TIeiv individuaI idenliJicalions
na suppovl
lIe
sug
geslion idenliJing
lIe
lenpIes
as a
I?l?g?va, speciJi
caII Mailvea's paIace
oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
TIe
eigIl
IodIisallvas
|Jound
in eacI
lenpIe)
ave
paived,
lvo in
lIe
enlv va
and lvo in eacI oJ lIe ceIIs.
|No
cenlvaI
inages
ave exlanl in lIe
ceIIs:
one
nigIl
suvnise lIal
Ivonze
inages
veve
pIaced
Ielveen eacI oJ lIe lIvee
inleviov
paivs.)
In lIe cenlvaI ceII oJ eacI oJ lIe FIaosan
lenpIes,
Vajvap?ni
is
paived
vilI AvaIoIilesvava
|see
Jig.
13),
vIo,
as one oJ lIe IodIisallvas nenlioned in lIe
Oandav?Ia
and as lIe
vepvesenlalive
oJ lIe
padna JaniI
oJ lIe cen
lvaI
lviad,
JuIJiIIs a nuIlivaIenl voIe
47
Il is
possiIIe
lIal lIe
unInovn cenlvaI
inage,
suvvounded
I eigIl
IodIisall
vas, aIso indicales lIe OavIIadI?lu
nandaIa,
a nandaIa
vilI Vaivocana al lIe cenlev.
Vajvap?ni
is nol incIuded
in lIe
Oandav?Ia, aIlIougI
ve Iave
aIvead
seen Iin
paived
vilI AvaIoIiles'vava al Candi Mendul.48
One
paiv
oJ
IodIisallvas,
Manjusvi
and
Mailvea
|Jig.
14),
is oJ
pavlicuIav inpovlance
al lIe FIaosan
lenpIes,
as eacI is
depicled
lvice in lIe
gvoups
oJ
eigIl
IodIisallvas. In lIe
enlvva
one encounlevs
Mailvea
and
Ma?jusvi,
vIo ave
vepvesenled again
al lIe Jav
ends oJ lIe lIvee ceIIs. In lIeiv Jivsl
vepvesenlalion
in
lIe
enlvva, lIe
ave
dislinguisIed
Jvon lIe six olIev
IodIisallvas in lIeiv asana
|lIe
Iolus
posilion)
and
I
lIeiv snaIIev size.
TIe na
veII
pvovide
a cIue lo lIe
neaning
oJ lIese
lenpIes.
73
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Fig. i4a-I.
Candi FIaosan
Ma?jusn
and
Mailvea. Bepvoduced
Jvon
N.J.
Kvon,
InUiding
lol de
Hindoe-JavaanscIe
Kunsl
|TIe Hague, 1923)
TIe
dupIicalion
oJ lIe lvo IodIisallvas
na
aIIude
lo lIeiv cenlvaI voIe in lIe
Oandav?Ia,
as
lIe
ave IolI
incIuded in lIal lexl in lIe
Ieginning
and al lIe end.
TIeivs ave lIe
pvinav
voices in lIe
Oandav?Ia.
TIe
olIev IodIisallvas lIal one vouId
anlicipale Jinding
in
conneclion vilI lIe
Oandav?Ia
and BIadvacavi ave
SananlaIIadva,
vIose voIe in lIe BIadvacavi is
pve
eninenl IolI in lIal lexl and in lIe
iconogvapI
oJ
BovoIuduv: AvaIoIilesvava,
vIose voIe is
ninov: and
Ananag?nin,
vIo is lIe one olIev IodIisallva nen
lioned in lIe lexl,
aIlIougI
Ie Jinds IillIe nenlion eIse
vIeve in BuddIisl
scvipluve
and is aIsenl Jvon BuddIisl
avl. I vouId
suggesl
lIal lIese lIvee do Jind a
pIace
al
lIe Candis FIaosan and lIus
suppovl
lIe
suggeslion
lIal lIese
lenpIes
veve inlended as lIe
I?l?g?va
oJ
Mailvea.
TIe second
MaJijusvi
is
pIaced
in lIe
vigIl-Iand
ceII,
vIiIe lIe IodIisallva
acconpaning
Iin vas idenliJied
I N.J.
Kvon as SavvanivavanivisIanIIin on lIe Iasis
oJ Iis
allviIule,
a
JIaning lviangIe.49
TIis is an unusuaI
allviIule Jov a
IodIisallva:
lo
n InovIedge
lIe JIan
ing lviangIe
|in
Japanese
BuddIisn)
signiJies
BainicIi
novai
|Vaivocana),
nol a IodIisallva.
TIeve is an aIlevnale
idenliJicalion, Iovevev,
Jov lIis
IodIisallva. CouId lIis Ie
Ananag?nin,
lIe one olIev
IodIisallva naned in lIe
Oandav?Ia,
vIose allvi
Iule is neilIev descviIed in lIal lexl nov in lIe slandavd
iconogvapIie
lexls?50 In lIe
Oandav?Ia,
Ie is descviIed
as
Iaving
allained an
enIigIlening
IiIevalion,
'speed
ing
JovlI in aII diveclions/51
Appeaving
IeJove SudIana
and
AvaIoIilesvava,
lIe
Iod
oJ lIal
enIigIlening Ieing
gave
oJJ sucI a
IigIl
lIal lIe sun and noon veve ovev
vIeIned,
lIe
IigIls
oJ aII veaIns oJ
Ieing,
Jive,
jeveIs,
and slavs veve
oIscuved.52 In CIinese avl
Ananag?nin
is
povlvaed vadialing IigIl,
nucI as lIe
JIaning jeveI
cavvied
I
lIe IodIisallva vadiales.53
LoIesI
CIandva,
in Iis discussion oJ lIe OavI
IadI?lu
nandaIa,
discusses lIe n?ndaIas
quavlev
oJ
UnivevsaI
KnovIedge
and ils idenliJicalion vilI lIe
JIaning lviangIe.
74
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Fig.
15.
Candi
Jago
InnedialeI
IeIov is lIe
quavlev
oJ UnivevsaI
KnovIedge |SavvalalI?gala- j??na-j??na-nudva)
vilI lIe
lviangIe, j?ana-nudva
in ils cenlve. TIe lvi
angIe
is caIIed
dIavnodaa
|TiI.
cIosIIun),
lIal is,
lIe souvce oJ dIavna.
...
Il is in conlvadislinclion
lo lIe void oJ dIavnadI?lu.
. . .
FIanes oJ
LigIl
issue JovlI Jvon lIe
lviangIe.
TIese JIanes ave lIe
exlvaovdinav IigIl
lIal Iuvsls Jvon lIe uvna oJ Lovd
SaIanuni
in
sanadIi,
lo iIIunine
evev quavlev
oJ
lIis WovId and aII lIe vovIds
Ieond.
TIe iIIunined
lviangIe
Iecones lIe
ovigin
oJ lIe nev iIIuninalion
lIal is lIe enanale as MaI?vaivocana.54
TIis
descviplion
is nol so diJJevenl Jvon lIal oJ Anan
ag?nin,
vIo vadiales auvas oJ
IigIl,
and
pvoceeds
in
lIe
soulI, vesl, novlI, novlIeasl, soulIeasl, soulIvesl,
novlIvesl,
lIe nadiv and lIe zenilI.55
MigIl
lIe
scuIp
lovs oJ FIaosan Iave consideved a
jeveI vadialing IigIl
an
appvopviale
allviIule Jov a
Jiguve
descviIed in lIis nan
nev?56
SananlaIIadva,
lIe JiJlI
inpovlanl
IodIisallva in
lIe
Oandav?Ia, cavving
a
Iouquel
oJ lIvee
jeveI-IiIe
Iuds,
is
paived
vilI lIe second
Mailvea
in lIe IeJl-Iand
ceII.57
TIe
pvoIIens
vilI lIe idenliJicalion
|oJ
Anana
g?nin)
sIouId nol delvacl Jvon lIe
inpovlance
ascviIed
lo
Mailvea
and
MaJijusvi
al FIaosan and lIe associalion
oJ lIese lvo
Jiguves
vilI lIe
Oandav?Ia.
Kvon noled
lIe
Iavge
nunIev oJ
Ma?jusvi inages
al FIaosan.58 Boes
lIeiv
signiJicance
veIale lo lIe
Oandav?Ia,
a lexl vIose
inpovlance
in
Java
vas eslaIIisIed
I
lIe conslvuc
lion oJ BovoIuduv
jusl JiJl eavs
eavIiev?
MigIl
nol lIe
palvon
oJ FIaosan Iave IooIed lo BovoIuduv Jov
inspi
valion:
nigIl
nol lIe
pvaclilionev
oJ BuddIisn in
850
adIeve lo lIe sane lexls as lIe
pvaclilionev
in lIe Jivsl
quavlev
oJ lIe ninlI
cenluv?
Ov does lIeiv
inpovlance
poinl
lo olIev lexls in vIicI
Ma?jusvi
and
Mailvea
pIa
an
expanded
voIe?59 SuJJice il lo
sa
lIal
Mailvea,
SananlaIIadva,
MaJijusvi,
AvaIoIilesvava,
and
|as
a len
lalive
idenliJicalion)
Ananag?nin?lIe
Jive IodIisall
vas
speciJicaII
nenlioned in lIe
Oandav?Ia?appeav
al lIe
lenpIes.
TIe
iconogvapIie pvogvan
oJ Candi
Jago |Jig.
15),
IuiIl in 1268 ov
1280,
lIe
eav
lIal a svaddIa
cevenon
vas IeId Jov lIe
Singasavi Iing
VisnuvavdIana
I
Iis son
King Kvlanagava
|v. 1254-92),60
uliIizes IolI Hindu and
BuddIisl naleviaIs. TIe
lenpIes
cenlvaI
inage,
a
Iavge
eigIl-avned AnogIap?sa
|a
Jovn oJ
AvaIoIilesvava),
vas
inslaIIed
aIong
vilI snaIIev
inages
lIal veve
pIaced
avound Iin and olIev
Jiguves
lIal veve
pIaced
in nicIes
on lIe exleviov oJ lIe ceIIa. TIe
gvoup
vas inlended as a
nandaU.61
|TIe
piece
is
IadI danaged:
an
inage
nov
in lIe
JaIavla
Museun
[Jig.
16]
gives
a Iellev sense oJ
lIe
oviginaI appeavance
oJ lIe
AnogIap?sa
nandaIa)
TIese
Jiguves
incIuded
AnogIap?sas
usuaI
allendanls,
BIvIul?,
Haagv?va,
T?v?,
and
SudIanaIun?va,
aIso in
lIvee-dinensionaI
veIieJs,
as veII as
M?naIi, Locan?,
F?nduvavasin?,
AIsoIIa,
and BalnasanIIava. TIe Iasl
suggesl
lIal lIe sel incIuded lIe
jinas
and lIeiv
pvaj?ds.62
A
gvoup
oJ Ivonze
pIaques
oJ
AnogIap?sa
and allen
danls
|and
a
Iavge
slone
cop
senl lo Sunalva in
1286)
gives
JuvlIev
suppovl
lo lIe
suggeslion
lIal lIe
gvoup
vas inlended as lIe nandaIa.
Vavious aulIovs Iave
convincingI avgued
lIal
lIe
conpIex iconogvapIie pvogvan
oJ lIe
lenpIe
vas
inlended as an
AnogIap?sa
nandaIa,
.
BIallacIava
and
Janice
LeosIIo Iave
poinled
oul lIe
inpovlanl
veIalionsIip
oJ
AnogIap?sa
vilI svaddIa cevenonies.
LeosIIo
vecognized
lIe
pvevaIence
oJ
AnogIap?sa
inages
in lIe
Oaa
dislvicl oJ
BiIav,
India?an
inpov
lanl sile Jov svaddIa cevenonies?and noled lIe
pvesence
oJ an
inage
oJ AvaIoIilesvava valIev lIan a Hindu
inage
7$
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Fig.
i6.
AnogIap?sa, I3lI-i4lI cenluv,
NalionaI Museun, JaIavla
on FvelasiIa HiII in
Oaa.63
TIe Ovissan sile oJ
Balnagivi
Ias seven
Iavge
Jouv-avned
AnogIap?sa inages daling
Jvon lIe
eigIlI
lo lIe lenlI
cenluv.
TIe associalion oJ
lIese
AnogIap?sa inages
and lIe nunevous
veIiquavies
al lIal sile
na
veJIecl lIe
inpovlance
oJ
AnogIap?sa
in
svaddIa cevenonies.64
WIelIev Candi
Jago
vas associaled vilI svaddIa
cevenonies ov
onI
vilI one
speciJic |voaI) cevenon
is
nol cIeav. WIal is cIeav is lIe
inpovlance
oJ
AnogIap?sa
in lIal
lIivleenlI-cenluv selling. Accovding
lo lIe
AnogIap?saIvdaa,
iJ one veciles lIe Iallev seven lines
vilIoul
speaIing
anolIev vovd, lIen,
O Viclovious
One,
lIe
lvenl
BIavnas viII Ie von as
IIessings,
lo lIese
one sIouId
aspive.65
TIe
lvenl
dIavnas lIal ave Iisled
ave nol so dissiniIav lo lIose Iisled in lIe
Oandav?Ia,
vIicI
Ivings
us IacI lo BovoIuduv and lIe
inlevpvela
lion oJ AvaIoIilesvava al lIal nonunenl.666
Il is
possiIIe
lIal lIe BovoIuduv
inlevpvelalions
oJ
AvaIoIilesvava
|in
lIe second sevies oJ SudIanas
piI
gvinage)
ave lo Ie idenliJied vilI
AnogIap?sa.67
He is
sIovn in one Jouv-avned vevsion vilI lIe anIusa
genev
aII
IeId
I AnogIap?sa
and in lIe six-avned vevsion
vilI Jouv oJ lIe six allviIules
|lIe vosav
and lIe vavada
nudv? in lIe
vigIl,
and lIe IanandaIu and lIe
padna
in lIe
IeJl)
lIal Ie
connonI
IoIds in
conlenpovav
Ovissan and BiIav
inages.68 UnJovlunaleI,
lIe
pasa,
vIicI is Iis cIavaclevislic
allviIule,
is novIeve
appavenl
al
BovoIuduv,
lIougI
il
na
Iave Ieen IeId in one oJ
Iis IvoIen Iands.
A Jev exlanl
povlaIIe
venains indicale lIal Ano
gIap?sa
vas Inovn in
Java
Jvon a
veIaliveI eavI
peviod.69 Focusing
on lIis
poinl,
Iovevev,
vouId Ie lo
niss lIe
signiJicance
oJ lIe
inages
in lIeiv
vespeclive
conlexls.
NolIing
in lIe
Oandav?Ia inpIies
a Junev
av
voIe sucI as lIal Jound in lIe
AnogIap?saIvdaa
nov
associalions sucI as lIe inslaIIalion oJ lIe
AnogIap?sa
al
Jago
Jov a ivaddIa
cevenon.
TIis diJJevence is
cIeavI expvessed
in lIe
povlion
oJ
lIe
AnogIap?saIvdaa
lIal Iisls lIe
lvenl
dIavnas,
Iul
lIen,
in conlvasl lo lIe
Oandav?Ia,
incIudes an addi
lionaI
eigIl
dIavnas. TIe Jivsl slales Al lIe Iouv oJ
dealI,
lIe
BodIisallva, MaIasallva,
Sainl AvaIoIilesvava
viII
appeav
lo Iin in lIe
sIape
oJ a nonI. TIe lexl
goes
on lo
sa
He viII
IappiI
end Iis IiJe. His JailI viII nol Ie dis
luvIed. Al lIe Iouv oJ
dealI,
Ie viII neilIev
agilale
avns nov
Iegs
nov die
I JaIIing
oul oJ Ied and nol
[soiI
IinseIJ
vilI]
excvenenls and uvine. His nind
JuIness viII Ie veII
deveIoped.
He viII nol die vilI
lIe noulI luvned dovnvavds. Al lIe Iouv oJ
dealI,
Ie viII
possess
a
nevev-JaiIing
seIJ-conJidence. To
vIalevev BuddIaIselva Ie divecls Iis
pvaev,
lIeve
Ie viII Ie Iovn and nol Ie aIandoned Jvon
good
Jviends.70
TIe lIene oJ deIivevance is JuvlIev eIaIovaled in lIe
veIieJs oJ lIe nonunenl.71 TIus lIe
iconogvapIie pvo
gvan
oJ
Jago
Ias an
enliveI
diJJevenl
enpIasis
lIan lIal
oJ
BovoIuduv,
vIeve
piIgvinage
and
leacIing appeav
lo
Ie lIe nove
inpovlanl ideoIogicaI pvenises.72
I vouId
avgue
lIal lIe sane concevns vilI
piIgvinage
and leacI
ing
|as
loId in lIe
Oandav?Ia)
inJovned Candi
FIaosan,
and Ied lo lIe ninov voIe
pIaed I
AvaIoIilesvava.
Candi Mendul diJJevs Jvon lIe
aIove:
AvaIoIiles
vavas
Junclion is diclaled
I
lIe lexls. AvaIoIilesvava
is
vepvesenled
lIvee lines,
as one oJ lIe
eigIl
IodIisall
vas, in lIe cenlvaI
lviad,
and
JinaII
as MaI?Iavuna
LoIesvava. In eacI oJ lIese naniJeslalions Ie
pIas
a des
ignaled
voIe in lIe OavIIadI?lu nandaIa as descviIed in
lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva.
AvaIoIilesvavas voIe in lIe avcIilecluvaI icono
gvapIie pvogvans
in
ninlI-cenluv Javanese
BuddIisl
76
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pvaclice
vas civcunscviIed
I
lIe AvalansaIa lexls
and lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva,
aIlIougI
lIe
conpIex
iconogvapI
oJ Iis
vepvesenlalions
al
BovoIuduv
sug
gesls
a
videv
InovIedge
oJ lIese lexls, and lIe dedica
lion oJ a
nonaslev |no
Iongev
exlanl)
lo Iin indicales
Iis
popuIavil
as an
independenl
IodIisallva.
Buving
lIe Easlevn
Javanese
peviod,
lIe nuIlilude oJ
Junevav
scuIpluves suggesls
incveased allenlion lo anceslov vov
sIip,
lIe niIieu vilIin vIicI lIe
AnogIap?sa inage
vas
dedicaled al Candi
Jago.
In lIe
AnogIap?saIvddaa
naIaana
s?lva, lIe IodIisallva AvaIoIilesvava
vequesls
pevnission
lo vecile lIe
Ivdaa AnogIap?sa,
an acliv
il
lIal conJevs nevil and
nan
IeneJils. TIe navvalive
slales lIal aJlev
Jasling
and
veciling
[lIe
Ivdaa] onI
once,
[lIe eviIdoevs]
Iavnan sIaII Ie cIeansed aII suIIied
aclions Ie exIausled and
expeIIed.73
TIe
Javanese pvopensil
lo adIeve lo lexls
cIoseI
vequives
caveJuI considevalion. Nol
neveI
idenliJica
lion Iul
lIougIlJuI anaIsis
oJ lIe lexluaI cIoices nade
viII
uIlinaleI pvovide
us vilI cIues lo
pve-BuddIisl
indigenous
IeIieJs and cuIluve. TIe
signiJicance pIaced
on
leacIing
and
piIgvinage
in
ninlI-cenluv Java sug
gesls
a
vespecl
Jov and veIiance on leacIevs in
indigenous
veIigious pvaclice,
vIiIe in lIe lIivleenlI
cenluv,
lIe
cIoice oJ
AnogIap?sa
as lIe cenlvaI
inage
oJ
Jago
seens
an
inpovlanl
indicalov Jov
undevslanding
lIe voIe oJ
anceslov
vovsIip.
TIe IocaI
aJJinil
lo lIe
nandaIa,
lIe
I?l?g?va,
and
AnogIap?sa
viII
uIlinaleI
Ie JuvlIev
cIaviJied,
as ouv
InovIedge
oJ BuddIisl lexls Iecones
nove
conpIele.
Nanc TingIe |nanc.lingIeOsIcgIoIaI.nel)
is an inde
pendenl
scIoIav
speciaIizing
in SoulIeasl Asian avl.
NOTES
TIis is an
expanded
vevsion oJ a
papev given
al lIe conJevence TIe
AnIiguil
oJ AvaIoIilesvava and OlIev
Queslions
oJ BodIisallvas in BuddIisl
Tvadilions,
sponsoved I
lIe
Univevsil
oJ Texas al
Auslin, 25-27
OcloIev
1996.
I vouId IiIe lo lIanI NalasIa BeicIIe and Hivan W.
Woodvavd,
Jv.,
Jov
veading
an
eavI
dvaJl oJ lIis avlicIe.
TIe
ave nol
vesponsiIIe
Jov
venaining
evvovs ov inaccuvacies.
.
TIe KeIuvaI
inscviplion |782 ce.),
Jound on lIe FvanIanan
pIain
and
pvoIaII
associaled vilI Candi Sevu,
nenlions LoIesvava as eilIev an
epilIel
ov a naniJeslalion oJ
Ma?jugIosa. J.
E. van LoIuizen-de Leeuv,
TIe
Bv?vap?Ia
oJ
BavaIuduv,
in BavaIuduv
Hislov
and
SigniJicance
oJ
a BuddIisl Monunenl, ed. L.O. O?nez and H.W. Woodvavd, Jv.
|BevIeIe, 1981), 19.
I viII use lIe nove connon Jovn oJ AvaIoIilesvava
lIvougIoul
lIis
essa.
2. Il is oJlen diJJicuIl lo
idenliJ
a BuddIisl
scuIpluve
vilI a
lexluaII
descviIed
exanpIe, pavlicuIavI
vIen lIe lexls ve ave
consuIling
|sucI
as lIe S?dIanan?I? ov lIe
Nispannaog?vaIi)
ave oJ a Ialev
peviod
lIan
lIe
scuIpluve.
3?
Accovding
lo LoIesI CIandva,
lIe BaluIaIu
inscviplion
veJevs lo lIe
dedicalion oJ a
nonaslev
lo
Fadnap?ni,
a Jovn oJ AvaIoIilesvava. See
TIe Conlacls oJ
AIIaagivi
oJ Svi LanIa vilI
Indonesia, CuIluvaI
Hovizons
oJ
India, voI. 4 |Sala-FilaIa Sevies) |Nev BeIIi, 1990),
11 and
20.
UnJovlunaleI
lIis
nonaslev
is no
Iongev
exlanl. In a
papev
deIiv
eved al lIe conJevence TIe
AnIiguil
oJ AvaIoIilesIvava and OlIev
Queslions
oJ BodIisallvas in BuddIisl
Tvadilions,
Univevsil
oJ Texas
al
Auslin, 25-27
OcloIev
1996,
CIavIes
HaIIise suggesled
lIe
Javanese
veve veII avave oJ
LoIesvava,
as is evidenl in lIe
N?gavaIvl?gana
)Besavavnana).
HaIIise
aIso noled LoIesvava's
inpovlance
in lIe
Sang
Hang KanaI??niIan,
vIeve Ie is lIe cosnic cvealov.
4. Fov a
IiIIiogvapI
oJ
BovoIuduv,
see B.
SoeInono, J.O.
de
Caspavis,
and
J. Bunavca,
BovoIuduv
Fvaev
in Slone
|London, 1990).
Fov an
ovevviev oJ vecenl
scIoIavsIip
on
BovoIuduv,
see H. W.
Woodvavd, Jv.,
On BovoIuduv's
Uppev
Tevvaces, OvienlaIAvl
45,
no.
3 |1999) 41-42.
5.
Becenl vovIs on Easlevn
Javanese
avl incIude F.
WovsIe,
Navvalive
Bas-BeIieJs al Candi Suvavana,
in SoulIeasl Asia in lIe NinlI lo
FouvleenlI Cenluvies, ed. B.O. Mavv and A.C. MiInev
|Singapove,
1986): M.J. KIoIIe, Tanlvi
BeIieJ
on
Javanese
Candi
|Leiden, 1993):
M.J. KIoIIe, On lIe Ovienlalion oJ Ancienl
Javanese TenpIes
TIe
ExanpIe
oJ Candi Suvovono,
in InlevnalionaI Inslilule
Jov
Asian Sludies
YeavIooI
1994,
ed. F. van dev VeIde
|Leiden, 1995), 73-86:
A. B.
Kinne,
WovsIiping
Siva and BuddIa TIe
TenpIe
Avl
oJ
Easl
Java |HonoIuIu,
2003):
N.
BeicIIe, VioIence and
Sevenil
Lale BuddIisl
ScuIpluve oJ
Indonesia
|HonoIuIu, 2007).
6. Fov a
IiIIiogvapI
oJ lexluaI souvces, see L.O. O?nez and H.W.
Woodvavd, Jv.,
eds. BavaIuduv
Hislov
and
SigniJicance oJ
a BuddIisl
Monunenl
|BevIeIe, 1981), 209-14:
aIso in lIal
voIune,
L.B.
Lancaslev,
Lilevav
Souvces Jov a
Slud
oJ
BavaIuduv, 195-207.
TIe
voIune aIso incIudes an exlensive
IiIIiogvapI
oJ BovoIuduv,
as does
J.
C.
Hunlinglon
s
essa
TIe
IconogvapI
oJ BovoIuduv Bevisiled TIe
Concepls
oJ SIesa and
Savva[IuddIa]I?a,n
in
M.J.
KIoIIe and F.L.
ScIeuvIeev, eds., Ancienl Indonesian
ScuIpluve
|Leiden, 1994), 133-53.
Hunlinglon
slvesses lIe
inpovlance
oJ lIe MaI?vaivocana s?lva al
BovoIuduv.
7.
B.N.
LinvolIe, BulIIess
Conpassion WvalIJuI
Beilies in
EavI
Indo
TiIelan Esolevic BuddIisl Avl
|Boslon, 1999), 149.
He
goes
on lo
quole
F.
B.
Lessing
and A.
Wanan,
lvans., Inlvoduclion lo lIe BuddIisl Tanlvic
Sslens,
TvansIaled
Jvon MIIas-gvuI-vje's Bg
ud sde
spiIi
vnan
pav gzag
pa vgas pav Ivjod,
2nd ed.
|BeIIi, 1978), 205
CIieJ oJ aII Tanlvas oJ lIe
C?va
Tanlva cIass is lIe MaI?vaivocana-?IIisanIodIilanlva? TIis lexl
vas lvansIaled inlo CIinese
I 724 |LinvolIe,
BulIIess
Conpassion, 151)
and
suIsequenlI pIaed
a cenlvaI voIe in
SIingon
BuddIisn in
Japan.
8. OlIevs Iave
suggesled
lIal lIe civcuIav levvaces
vepvesenl
a
vajvadIalu
nandaIa,
aIlIougI
lvo vecenl aulIovs
convincingI avgue
lIis is nol
lIe case. M.
NiIon,
TIe MandaIa oJ Candi
Ounpung |Sunalva)
and
lIe Indo-TiIelan
VajvaseIIavalanlva,
Indo-Ivanian
JouvnaI 41 |1998)
245-54:
B. L.
SneIIgvove,
BovoIuduv
Sl?pa
ov MandaIa? Easl and Wesl
46,
nos.
3-4 |1996) 477-83?
9. Woodvavd, On BovoIuduv's
Uppev
Tevvaces, 34-43.
10.
J. Fonl?in, TIe
FiIgvinage oJ
SudIana A
Slud oJ Oandav?Ia
IIIuslvalions
in
CIina,
Japan,
and
Java |TIe
Hague, 1967).
See aIso
BusIo
HiIala,
Oandav?Ia
and lIe BeIieJs oJ BavaIuduv-OaIIevies,
in Sludies in
IndoIog andBuddIoIg
Fvesenled in Honouv
oJ FvoJessov
OisI? NaIano on
lIe Occasion
oJ
His SevenlielI
BivlIda [NaIanoI?
IoIi Iinen
vonIunsI?]
|Koasan, i960):
F. B. K.
BoscI, Une s?vie de Ias-veIieJs au
BavaIuduv,
Avls
Asialiques
6
|1959) 163-74: N.J.
Kvon and TI. van
Evp, BescIvijving
van
BavaIuduv,
2 voIs, lexl and
3
povlJoIios pIales |TIe
Hague,
1920
31) |1 N.J. Kvon,
AvcIaeoIogiscIe BescIvijving [1920]:
2 TI. van
Evp,
BouvIundige BescIvijving [1931]): Hudaa KandaIijaa,
A
Slud
on lIe
Ovigin
and
SigniJicance
oJ BovoIuduv
|FI.B. dissevlalion, Ovaduale
TIeoIogicaI
Union
[BevIeIe, CaIiJ.], 2004).
77
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
I.
Fonlein, TIe
FiIgvinage oJSudIana,
129.
Il Ias aIso Ieen
suggesled
lIal
lIis
dupIicalion
oJ lIe lexl
na
Iesl Ie undevslood as lIe duaI
aspecls
oJ
InovIedge )jn?na)
and
insigIl )pvajna).
See A.
Wanan,
BeJIeclions
on lIe
TIeov
oJ BavaIuduv as a
MandaIa?
in O?nez and Woodvavd,
BavaIuduv, 148.
12. AII veJevences lo lIe
Oandav?Ia
ave Jvon T.
CIeav,
lvans.,
Enlv
inlo lIe
BeaIn
oJ BeaIil.
|Boslon, 1987), 151.
13. CIeav, Enlv
inlo lIe BeaIn
oJ BeaIil,
151
CIinIing
lIe nounlain,
Ie IooIed avound Jov AvaIoIilesIvava and sav Iin on a
pIaleau
on lIe
vesl side oJ lIe nounlain, vIicI vas adovned vilI
spvings, ponds,
and
slveans,
silling vaIeJuII
on a dianond IouIdev in a
cIeaving
in a
Iavge
voods,
suvvounded
I
a
gvoup
oJ
enIigIlening Ieings
sealed on vavious
jeveI
vocIs,
lo vIon Ie vas
expounding
a doclvine caIIed
'IigIl
oJ lIe
nediun oJ
gveal
Iove and
conpassion,'
vIicI concevns lIe saIvalion oJ
aII senlienl
Ieings.
14.
AIlIougI
lIe lIunI and
JoveJingev
loucI in lIe JasIion
lpicaI
oJ lIe
vilavIa
nudv?,
lIe olIev lIvee
Jingevs
ave JoIded ovev lIe
paIn
oJ lIe
Iand.
15. CIeav, Enlv
inlo lIe BeaIn
oJ BeaIil,
152.
AvaIoIilesvava cIains lo Iave
voved lo Ie a
veJuge
Jov aII senlienl
Ieings,
lo Jvee lIen Jvon Jeavs oJ
caIanil,
lIveal, conJusion,
Iondage,
allacIs on lIeiv
Iives,
insuJJicienc
oJ neans lo
suppovl IiJe,
inaIiIil
lo naIe a
Iiving,
iII
vepule,
lIe
peviIs
oJ
IiJe,
elc.
16. A
sepavale
scene vilI
Ananaganin |Fonl?in,
TIe
FiIgvinage oJSudIana,
123)
is nol cavved in lIis sevies,
so Iis incIusion Ieve vouId naIe sense.
17.
TIe BIadvacavl
|lIe
conducl and vovs oJ lIe IodIisallva
SananlaIIadva)
is lIe Iasl
cIaplev
oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
|ov
lIe JovlielI
cIaplev
oJ lIe
AvalansaIa
s?lva),
lIougI
lIe lexl aIso is Jound aIone.
18. N.
CIulivongs,
An
Aspecl
oJ lIe BodIisallva AvaIoIilesvava in Ancienl
Indonesia,
in KIoIIe and
ScIeuvIeev, Ancienl Indonesian
ScuIpluve,
98-115, speciJicaII
100 and
pi.
7.
19.
C. Baulz-Ficvone, Le
gvoupe
des Iuil
gvands
IodIisalva en Inde
Oen?se el
d?veIoppenenl,
in N.
EiIenIevg,
M. C. SuIIadvadis BisIuI,
and B. L.
Bvovn, eds.,
Living
a
LiJe
in Accovd vilI BIanna
Fapevs
in
Honov
oJ FvoJessov Jean
BoisseIiev on His
EigIlielI BivlIda |BangIoI,
1997), 29: A.J.
Bevnel
Kenpevs,
Ancienl Indonesian Avl
|CanIvidge,
Mass., 1959).
20.
KandaIijaa, Ovigin
and
SigniJicance,
251-53.
21.
LinvolIe, BulIUss
Conpassion,
40.
22. See B.O. MeisezaII,
AnogIap?sa
Sone
NepaIese Bepvesenlalions
and TIeiv
Vajvaanic Aspecls,
Monunenla Sevica 26
|1967) 472-75,
Jov
exanpIes
oJ Jouv-avned
AnogIap?sa
vilI lIe
anIusa, Iul
again
vilI lIe
paia.
TIe associalion vilI lIal
Jiguve
is nade
gvealev I
lIe Jacl lIal eacI
is descviIed as sealed on Mounl FolaIaIa.
Accovding
lo Mavie-TI?v?se
de MaIInann
|Un poinl d'iconogvapIie indo-javanaise KIasavpana
el
AnogIap?sa,
AvliIus Asiae n
[1948] 176-88),
Svi-FolaIaIa LoIanalIa
is
vepvesenled
vilI lvo Iands in lIe
gesluve
oJ inslvuclion,
vIiIe lIe
slen oJ a Iolus
passes lIvougI
Iis one Iand.
Accovding
lo lIe sane
aulIov
)Inlvoduclion
?
I'iconogvapIie
du lanlvisne
IouddIique,
14),
BaIla
LoIes'vava is anolIev Jovn oJ lIe IodIisallva vIo IoIds an
anIusa,
lIougI
Iis olIev allviIules ave lIe Iov and avvov.
23.
H. W.
Woodvavd, Jv.,
BavaIuduv as a
Sl?pa,
in O?nez and
Woodvavd,
BavaIuduv, 121-38.
24.
Hivan W. Woodvavd Ias
IvougIl
lo
n
allenlion an avlicIe lIal idenliJies
lIe
eigIl-avned
JenaIe
genevaII
idenliJied as Cund? as
MaI?pvalisav?,
one oJ lIe Jive
pvoleclive goddesses
|FancavaIs?).
See
O.J.B. Mevissen,
Inages
oJ
MaI?pvalisav?
in
BengaI
TIeiv
IconogvapIie
LinIs vilI
Javanese,
CenlvaI Asian and Easl Asian
Inages, JouvnaI oJBengaI
Avl
4 |?999) 99-129.
TIis
Jiguve
is idenliJed in lIe S?dIanan?I? and lIe
Nispannaog?vaIi,
lvo Ialev coIIeclions oJ s?dIana. TIe
inpIicalions
oJ
lIis
Jiguve
Jov Mendul need lo Ie addvessed.
25.
S.B.
SingIaI,
Candi Mendul and lIe
MaI?vaivocana-s?lva,
in S.
Sulvisno, ed., BaIasa Saslva
Budaa
BalnaManiIan Unlaian FevsenIaIan
Kepada FvoJ
Bv.
F.J.
ZoelnuIdev
[Language,
Iilevaluve,
cuIluve A
slving
oJ
jeveIs
oJJeved lo FvoJ. Bv.
F.J. ZoelnuIdev]
|YogaIavla, 1985), 380,
pveviousI
idenliJied as Cund?
I
A.
FoucIev, ?lude
suv
I'iconogvapIie
IouddIique
de I'Inde,
2 voIs.
|Favis, 1900-5), 158.
Fov lIe
popuIavil
oJ
Cund? in SoulIeasl Asia,
see A. Le
BonIeuv, La
scuIpluve
indon?sienne au
Muse? Ouinel
|Favis, 1971), 203-12:
V. MoeIIev
JavaniscIe
Bvonzen
|BevIin,
1985):
B.
Heine-OeIdevn,
AIljavaniscIe
Bvonzen aus den Besilze dev elI
nogvapIiscIen SannIung
des NaluvIisloviscIen Museuns in Wien, Avlis
TIesauvus 1
|Vienna, 1925),
21-22. See aIso
J.
E. van
LoIuizen-Leeuv,
TIe
FalliIeva CIund? and Vavialions oJ Hev
Inage,
in A.
.
M.
HaIiIuIIaI,
ed., NaIini Kanla BIallasaIi Connenovalion VoIune
|Bacca, 1966),
120-43:
.
HocI
[TingIe],
BuddIisl
IdeoIog
and lIe
ScuIpluve
oJ
Balnagivi,
SevenlI
lIvougI
TIivleenlI Cenluvies
|FI.B. dissevlalion,
Univevsil
oJ
CaIiJovnia,
BevIeIe, 1987), 115-23.
26. S. B.
SingIaI,
Candi Mendul and lIe
MaI?vaivocana-s?lva,
in
Sulvisno,
BaIasa Saslva
Budaa,
702. JoIn Hunlinglon
Ias
avgued
lIal Cave 6 al
AuvangaIad,
India, vepvesenls
IolI lIe OavIIadI?lu and
VajvadIalu
n?ndaIas. See Iis Cave Six al
AuvangaIad
A
Tanlvaana
Monunenl?
inj. WiIIians, ed., KaI?davsanaM/vnVv? Sludies in lIe Avl
oJ
India
|Nev
BeIIi, 1981), 47-55:
and O. H.
MaIandv?,
EIIova TIe
AvcIaeoIog'
oJ a
MandaIa? Avs OvienlaIis
15 |1985) 67-94.
M?ndaIas vilI
eigIl
IodIisallvas occuv in nunevous lexls. See
MaIInann, Inlvoduclion ?
I'iconogvapIie
du lanlvisne
IouddIique,
43
and
124-25,
noling
lIal lIe
gvoup
oJ
eigIl
IodIisallvas avound a BuddIa ave
descviIed in lIe S?dIananaI 18,
Nispannaog?vaIi,
and FindlIvana
s?dIana. TIe
gvoup
oJ
eigIl
is aIso Jound in lIe
OuIasan?jalanlva
and
lIe FancaIvana oJ
Nagavjuna. FIIIis
OvanoJJ Iisls addilionaI lexls in
A FovlaIIe BuddIisl SIvine Jvon CenlvaI Asia, AvcIives
oJ
Asian Avl 22
|1968-69) 81-95, incIuding
lIe AslanandaIIa s?lva, lIe OavIIadI?lu
nandaJ?,
lIe
KongoIai-scIicIi-sIu,
MaIavaivocan?IIisanIodIi s?lva and
lIe ViIivnonisa nandaI. TIe nosl vecenl discussion is
Baulz-Ficvone,
Le
gvoupe
des Iuil
gvands
IodIisalva en Inde.
27.
TIe
Jivsl,
a
c?va
lanlva and lIe
second,
2.
oga
lanlva.
28.
NiIon, TIe MandaIa oJ Candi
Ounpung,
and
J.
B.
SundIevg,
A
BuddIisl Manlva Becoveved Jvon lIe Balu BaIa FIaleau A
FveIininav
Slud
oJ Ils
InpIicalions
Jov SaiIendva-eva
Java, Bijdvagen
lol de TaaI-,
Land- en VoIIenIunde
159 |2003) 163-88. KandaIijaa, Ovigin
and
SigniJicance
oJ
BovoIuduv, 96-100, gives
a
good sunnav
oJ lIe Iileva
luve on lIe
Sang Hang KanaI??niIan.
29.
TIis lenel oJ
MaIaana
BuddIisn,
as
pvacliced
in nainIand SoulIeasl
Asia,
is eIucidaled
I
Woodvavd in TIe
Baon-peviod
BuddIa
Inage
in lIe KinIeII Avl
Museun, AvcIives
oJ
Asian Avl
32 |1979) 72-83.
30.
SingIaI's
idenliJicalion oJ lIe
eigIl
IodIisallvas
|Candi Mendul, 379
80) covvesponds
lo lIe Iisl
given
in lIe
Japanese
vevsion oJ lIe nandaIa
valIev lIan vilI
pvevious
idenliJicalions.
31.
SingIaI,
Candi Mendul, 71.
SIe
goes
on lo
expIain
lIe
pvoninence
oJ
lIe
Fvajn?p?vanil? vepvesenling Favanilaana
and Cund?
covvesponding
lo
dIavnodaa.
32.
L.
CIandva, TIe Slvucluve oJ lIe OavIIadI?lu MandaIa?
in
Sulvisno,
BaIasa Saslva
Budaa,
547.
IdenliJicalion oJ lIis
Jiguve
as MaIaIavuna
LoIesvava
na
eIucidale lIe Jouv-avned
inage
oJ Iin al
BovoIuduv,
vIicI,
as I Iave
suggesled |p. 69), na
veJIecl lIe sane
iconogvapI.
78
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
33-
H. W.
Woodvavd, Jv.,
Esolevic BuddIisn in SoulIeasl Asia in lIe
LigIl
oJ Becenl
ScIoIavsIip, JouvnaI oJSoulIeasl
Asian Sludies 35,
no. 2
|June
2004) 337-38.
Woodvavd Ias dvavn Jvon A.
SludIoIne, TIe
Ovigins oJ
On
Manipadne
H?n A
Slud oJ
lIe
K?vandav?Ia
s?lva
|AIIan,
N.Y.,
2002).
He oIsevves in Iis
Joolnole,
ciling
B
FaI, Besive and Bevolion Avl
Jvon
India,
NepaI
and TiIel
|BaIlinove, 2001), 228-29 |no. 132),
lIal lIe
conposilion
oJ lIe Jouv-avned
goddess paneI
is ecIoed
I
a TiIelan
painling |ca. 1100)
depicling
SadaIsav? AvaIoIilesvava,
lIe
pevsoniJi
calion oJ lIe
six-sIIaIIe
nanlva
)on
nani
padne
I?n)
pvocIained
in
lIe s?lva. BolI Iave lvo
siniIavI pvopovlioned
allendanl
Jiguves
and
a Iolus
pond
IeIov.
34.
L. O. O?nez, OIsevvalions on lIe BoIe oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
in lIe
Besign
oJ BavaIuduv,
in O?nez and
Woodvavd, BavaIuduv, 173-94.
35.
KandaIijaa, Ovigin
and
SigniJicance
oJ
BovoIuduv, 149-62.
36. AIlevnaleI,
lIe levn
I?l?g?va
is used lo veJev lo lIe cenlvaI
lenpIe
ov
squaved-oJJ
avea oJ a
nandaIa,
in conlvasl lo lIe
Iavgev
civcuIav avea oJ lIe
nandaIa lIal
enconpasses
lIe univevse
|MeisezaII,
AnogIap?sa, 456).
TIe levn
I?l?g?va
is nol Jound in lIe
Iong
FIaosan
inscviplion:
inslead lIe
vovd Iosa
|neaning
lo
enveIop
ov
pvolecl)
is used.
J.
C. de
Caspavis,
TIe
Fve-Nagavi Inscviplion
Jvon
Tjandi
FIaosan,
in Iis SeIecled
Inscviplions
Jvon
lIe SevenlI lo lIe NinlI
Cenluv
A.B., Fvasasli Indonesia 2
|Bandung, 1956), 204
n.
132.
37. O?nez, OIsevvalions, 175,
and see Iis nole 6
|p. 188)
Jov a
suvve
oJ lIe
Iilevaluve.
38.
KandaIijaa, Ovigin
and
SigniJicance
oJ
BovoIuduv, 149-54,
addvesses
lIis
queslion
in sone
deplI.
39.
Fev
O?nez, OIsevvalions,
188 n. 6. See S. LeJnann, ed., LaIilavislava
LeIen undLeIve des
SIaaIa-IuddIa
|HaIIe, 1902), 63-66.
TIe LaIilavislava
vas Inovn in
Java
al lIis
peviod
and
depicled
on BovoIuduv a neve
lvenl-Jive
lo
JiJl eavs
eavIiev lIan lIe conslvuclion oJ FIaosan.
40.
Based on
LinvolIe, BalIIess
Conpassion,
148
n.
15 |TaisIo.i8.848.I)
LinvolIe slales, BolI lIis nev
spoIespevson
and lIe lvanscendenlaI sile
ave suIslanliaI
cIanges
Jvon
pvevious
s?lva
Iilevaluve,
even Jvon lIe
eavI
Esolevic BuddIisl lexls IiIe lIe
ManjusvinuIaIaIpa
and lIe MaI aI aIa
S?lva He
goes
on lo
sa
lIal
genevaII, SaIanuni |in MaIaana
Iileva
luve)
pveacIed
in
eavlII
Iocalions, vIiIe MaI?vaivocana veveaIs lexls in
a lvanscendenlaI
spIeve.
41.
Be
Caspavis,
TIe
Fve-Nagavi Inscviplion
Jvon
Tjandi
FIaosan, 175
206. As Woodvavd noles in Esolevic BuddIisn, 338,
FevJeclion FalI
BuddIisn vas lIe doninanl cuvvenl
[in
CenlvaI
Java].
42.
Be
Caspavis,
TIe
Fve-Nagavi Inscviplion
Jvon
Tjandi
FIaosan, 197.
43. IIid., 183.
44. J.
E. van LoIuizen-de Leeuv,
TIe
Bv?vap?Ia
oJ
BavaIuduv,
in O?nez
and
Woodvavd, BavaIuduv, 19.
45. Baulz-Ficvone, Le
gvoupe
des Iuil
gvands
IodIisalva en
Inde, 29-30.
46.
See
J.
W.
IJzevnan, BescIvijving
dev OudIeden
NaIij
de Ovens dev Besidenlie's
SoevIavla en
BjogdjaIavla
|Balavia, 1891), 39-107
and
125-27.
47.
TIougI
lIe
vajva
is
nissing,
lIe idenliJicalion oJ
Vajvap?ni
is Iased on lIe
pIacenenl
oJ lIe
vigIl
Iand lo lIe
cIesl:
il
conpaves
veII vilI lIe
Jiguve
al Candi Mendul.
48.
Fov a discussion oJ lIis
possiIiIil,
see N. FidIev
[TingIe], Tjandi
FIaosan A
Javanese TenpIe |naslev's lIesis,
Univevsil
oJ
CaIiJovnia,
1974),
Jov a discussion oJ IodIisallva
gvoupings.
TIe use oJ
inages
vilI
nuIlivaIenl
neanings na appI
in
Javanese
avl, lIus
aIIoving
us lo
inlevpvel
lIe
Jiguves
al Candi FIaosan in lIe
IigIl
oJ lIe
Oandav?Ia
as
veII as in a nandaIa. TIe slandavd Iisl oJ lIe
eigIl gveal
IodIisallvas?
Mailvea, Ma?jusvi,
AvaIoIilesvava,
Vajvap?ni, KsiligavIIa, AIasagavIIa,
SananlaIIadva,
and Savvan?vavanivis IanIIi?is oJlen aIleved in visuaI
vepvesenlalions.
In sone inslance lIe
Jiguves
ave
dupIicaled
|in
lIis case,
Ma?jusvi
and
Mailvea).
See OvanoJJ,
A FovlaIIe BuddIisl SIvine Jvon
CenlvaI Asia. Caves n and 12 al EIIova incIude
gvoups
oJ
eigIl
IodIisal
lvas, aII oJ vIicI incIude
dupIicalions.
49.
Kvon idenliJied one oJ lIe
eigIl
al Candi Mendul as Savvan?vavanivis
IanIIi on lIe Iasis oJ lIis sane allviIule. N.
J. Kvon, Be BoddIisallva's
van den Mendul, TaaI-Land-en VoIIenIunde van NedevIand-Indie
74
|1918) 418
JJ. Savvan?vavanivis IanIIi is descviIed in lIe
Nispannaog?vaIi
as
cavving
a svovd ov Iannev B.C.
BIallac?va,
TIe Indian BuddIisl
IconogvapI
|CaIculla, 1968), 93.
50.
CIinese
vepvesenlalions
oJ
Ananag?nin
sIov Iin
descending
Jvon
lIe
sI, vadialing IigIl.
In
Java
couId lIis Iave Ieen
inlevpveled I
neans oJ Iis allviIule?
51. CIeav, Enlv
inlo lIe BeaIn
oJ BeaIil,
756.
52. IIid., 155.
53.
See CIinese voodIIocI
pvinls
iIIuslvaled in
Fonl?in, TIe
FiIgvinage oJ
SudIana,
pis. 24I
and
25.
54. CIeav, Enlv
inlo lIe BeaIn
oJ BeaIil,
545 |cilalions onilled).
55. IIid., 157.
56. SingIaI
|Candi Mendul, 713)
noles lIal lIe Cund? on lIe exleviov oJ
Candi Mendul is Iocaled in lIe
quavlev
oJ UnivevsaI
KnovIedge
in lIe
OavIIadI?lu nandaU and is lIus associaled vilI
dIavnodaa
lIe
ovig
inalion oJ dIavna? TIis does nol
necessaviI
conlvadicl lIe idenliJica
lion oJ
Ananag?nin:
valIev il
poinls
lo lIe
inpovlance
oJ lIis
concepl
in lIese lvo nonunenls.
57. MaIInann, Inlvoduclion ?
I'iconogvapIie
du lanlvisne
IouddIique
|Favis,
1975), 333.
TIis is a connon allviIule Jov SananlaIIadva and lIe one lIal
Ie cavvies al BovoIuduv and al Candi Mendul.
58.
A CenlvaI
Javanese inscviplion
invoIes
Ma?jugIosa,
vIiIe one oJ lIe nosl
inpovlanl
Jinds oJ lIe vecenl venovalion oJ Candi Sevu on lIe FvanIanan
pIain
vas a
Iavge
and
pvisline inage
oJ
Ma?jusvi.
59. J. Hunlinglon,
TIe
IconogvapI
oJ BovoIuduv Bevisiled,
Ias
suggesled
lIal ve need lo IooI al lIe Vaivocana
ccIe
oJ s?lvas.
60. TIe IaIavin
I Fvapanca,
lIe
N?gavaIvl?gana
|canlo 414),
veJevs lo a
lenpIe, JajagIu,
IuiIl Jov lIis
puvpose.
61. Vavious
conJiguvalions
oJ lIis inslaIIalion Iave Ieen
suggesled.
See
J.L.A. Bvandes,
BescIvijving
van de vuine
Iij
de desa
Toenpang, gen
aand
Tjandi Bjago
In de vesidenlie Fasoevoean
|TIe Hague
and Balavia
[JaIavla], 1904): KIoIIe,
Tanlvi
BeIieJl
on
Javanese Candi:
K.F.
O'Bvien,
Means and Wisdon in Tanlvic BuddIisl
BuIevsIip
oJ lIe Easl
Javanese
Feviod
|FI.B. dissevlalion,
Univevsil
oJ
Sdne, 1993):
and Jov lIe
nosl vecenl discussion oJ lIis
Jiguve
and nonunenl, BeicIIe, VioIence
and
Sevenil, esp. cIap.
4.
TIe
AnogIap?sa
nandaIa
.
F. O'Bvien.
Candi
Jago
as a MandaIa
SnIoIisn
oJ Ils Navvalives, Beviev
oJ
Indonesian and
MaIaan AJJaivs
22,
no. 2
|1988) 1-61: and Candi
Jago
A
Javanese Inlevpvelalion
oJ lIe WIeeI oJ Exislence? Beviev
oJ
Indonesian
and
MaIaan AJJaivs
24 |1990) 23-85: J.A. ScIolevnan,
A
Suvviving
AnogIap?s'a
S?dIana Ils BeIalion lo lIe Five Main Slalues oJ Candi
Jago,
in KIoIIe and
ScIeuvIeev, Ancienl Indonesian
ScuIpluve,
154-77.
62. As Ias Ieen
poinled
oul
pveviousI,
JuvlIev
suppovl
is
given
lo lIis
sugges
lion
I
lIe connission in 1286
I King Kvilanagava
oJ a sleIe vilI aII oJ
lIese
inages
incIuded.
79
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
63. J. LeosIIo,
TIe
Appeavance
oJ
AnogIap?sa
in FaIa Feviod Avl,
in A. K.
Navain, ed., Sludies in BuddIisl Avl
oJ
SoulI Asia
|Nev BeIIi, 1985), 133.
In
Ovissa, neilIev
LaIilgivi
nov
Udaagivi
|neav
Balnagivi)
Ias lIe
Iavge
nun
Iev oJ
inages
oJ
AnogIap?sa,
nov do ve Jind lIe aIundance oJ
veIiquav
sl?pas
al lIose siles,
possiII suppovling
lIe
suggeslion
lIal
Balnagivi
aIso
pvovided
lIis
speciJic
viluaI voIe in lIis
vegion. Slupas
veve Jound in lIe
vecenl excavalion al
LaIilgivi, lIougI lIe
ave Jevev lIan al
Balnagivi.
See
aIso B.
BIallacIasa,
TIe Indian BuddIisl
IconogvapI,
2nd ed.
|CaIculla,
1958), 141-42.
64.
HocI
[TingIe], Balnagivi,
70.
65.
B. O. MeisezaeII,
TIe
AnogIap?saIvdaa-dI?vavn
TIe
EavI
SansIvil
Manuscvipl
oJ lIe
Beiunji CvilicaII
Ediled and TvansIaled, Monunenla
Nipponica
17 |1962) 293.
66.
IIcAnogIap?s'aIvdaa |naIaanadI?van?)
is a
Ivia
lanlva lvansIaled inlo
CIinese in
587 Ijn?nagupla.
Monunenls oJ lIe Easlevn
Javanese peviod
ave vieved as
esolevic,
el
one oJ lIe
pveeninenl
lanlvic nonunenls
|Jago)
appeavs
lo Ie Iased on a
Ivia
lanlva,
lexls associaled vilI
MaIaana
BuddIisn.
J.
A. ScIolevnan
|A Suvviving AnogIap?sa
S?dIana), sug
gesls
lIal lIe s?dIana vvillen
I SaIasviIIadva
in lIe lveIJlI-lIivleenlI
cenluv
vas lIe Iasis Jov lIe
AnogIap?sa scuIpluve
al
Jago.
TIe
scuIpluve
coincides
cIoseI,
Iul nol
exaclI,
lo lIe s?dIana.
67.
See F.
FaI,
TIe
IconogvapI
oJ
AnogIap?sa
LoIesvava, I, OvienlaI Avl
12, no.
4 |1966):
and
iden,
TIe
IconogvapI
oJ
AnogIap?sa
LoIesvava,
II, OvienlaI Avl
13,
no. 1
|1967).
Fov
inages
oJ
AnogIap?sa
eIsevIeve
in SoulIeasl Asia,
see A.
LanI,
MaIaana
BuddIisl Volive TaIIels in
FevIis, JouvnaI oJ MaIaan
BvancI
oJ
lIe
BoaI
Asialic
Sociel
37,
no. 2
|1964) 47-59.
TIese ave isoIaled
inages
valIev lIan exlensive
iconogvapIie
pvogvans.
68. See
LeosIIo,
TIe
Appeavance
oJ
AnogIap?sa
in FaIa Feviod Avl,
and
HocI
[TingIe], Balnagivi.
69.
See lvo
eigIl-avned
vevsions oJ
AnogIap?sa
daled lo lIe
eigIlI
and
ninlI-lenlI cenluvies in F. L. ScIeuvIeev and
M.J. KIoIIe, Bivine
Bvonze Ancienl Indonesian Bvonzes
Jvon
A.B. 600 lo 1600
|Leiden, 1988),
pis.
59
and
35.
70. MeisezaII,
AnogIap?saIvdaa-dI?vani,
294.
71.
See
O'Bvien, Candi
Jago
as a
MandaIa,
and M.A.
LulzIev,
TaIes oJ
BeIivevance on lIe Candis oJ Easl
Java,
Ovienlalions 22,
no. 12
|1991)
50-59.
72.
TIe
inpovlance
oJ
piIgvinage
and lIe voIe oJ lIe leacIev cannol Ie ovev
enpIasized
in SoulIeasl Asia. We aIso see il in a Hindu conlexl in
Java
vilI lIe
inpovlance
oJ BIallava Ouvu,
nol lo nenlion a CanIodian con
lexl vilI
Agasla.
73. MeisezaII,
AnogIap?saIvdaa-dI?vanl?
270-91.
pIologvapI cvedils AII
pIologvapIs
ave
I
lIe aulIov unIess olI
evvise noled.
8o
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