Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The TB bacterium, M. tuberculosis, is extremely slow- Fortunately, we now have a better understanding of how
growing compared to other bacteria. As a result, M. tuber- the organism causes disease and how the host immune
culosis is inaccessible or resistant to many of the powerful system responds to M. tuberculosis infection. The
antibiotics that are effective against other bacterial infec- sequencing of the M. tuberculosis genome has led to real
tions. Those few drugs that are effective are used in courses advances in vaccine development and accelerated the iden-
of combination treatment that can take more than six tification of novel antigens that are protective in animal
months. In recent years, multi-drug-resistant TB strains models.4 As a result, there are nearly a dozen vaccine
(MDR-TB) have arisen that are resistant to standard treat- candidates in the pipeline, with several promising candi-
ment and require extensive and costly treatment with new dates in late stages of pre-clinical development and three
cocktails of potent, toxic drugs. in human clinical trials.
2003 Incidence
Over 600K
500-599K
400-499K
300-399K
200-299K
100-199K
0-100K
Disease Burden However, the vaccine has had limited effect against the
Approximately 2 billion people have been infected with M. TB epidemic in the developing world. While reasons
tuberculosis. According to the World Health Organization for its variable efficacy are a matter of debate, there is an
(WHO), TB kills over 2 million people, and approximately emerging consensus that it has been effective at reducing
8 million new cases develop each year. the rate of severe pediatric TB (such as TB meningitis), but
its protection against pulmonary TB in infants is of limited
While the disease is present throughout the world, the duration. The vaccine given to infants does not appear to
burden is concentrated in a small number of developing protect adolescents and adults against pulmonary TB, the
nations. About 80 percent of the global burden is borne by most common form of active disease. In addition, because
just 22 countries. (See Figure 1.) The largest number of BCG is likely not effective in populations already sensitized
cases and deaths occur in South Asia, with one-third of the to mycobacterial antigens (whether by prior BCG vaccines,
world’s cases in India and China alone. Because TB latency environmental mycobacterial exposure, or latent TB infec-
requires an active immune system, the extremely high tion), it is targeted at infants.5
prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa has led to
an explosion of TB in those countries. As a result, the TREATMENT. Standard treatment for TB involves a six-
highest incidence and per-capita mortality from TB is to nine-month treatment regimen with a poorly tolerated
found in Sub-Saharan Africa. cocktail of three or four antibiotic drugs. Although these
drugs are reasonably effective against standard TB strains
Given its long latency period, the debilitating effects when the entire course of treatment is completed, low
of active disease often surface in the most productive patient compliance has led to the emergence of multidrug-
years of adult life—more than 60 percent of all cases resistant TB (MDR-TB) strains. DOTS (Directly Observed
occur in individuals between 25 and 54 years old. As a Therapy—Short course)—the internationally recom-
result, the disease exacts a vast economic toll not only mended TB treatment method—is generally viewed as an
in treatment costs but also in lost productivity (around effective means for control, but it is unlikely to have a
$16 billion). Epidemics of similar impact have been significant impact on incidence. While DOTS can have a
avoided in the developed world only by constant moni- 95 percent cure rate for drug-sensitive TB, when followed,
toring for infection and prompt, vigorous treatment of the lengthy treatment regimen requires regular observation
exposed individuals, including those with latent disease. by a health worker, which is often difficult in the devel-
Without an effective vaccine, populations worldwide oping world. It is also important to note that no new drug
remain unprotected from infection. to fight TB has been developed in the past 40 years.
Research Clinical
& Discovery Pre-clinical Ph I Ph II Ph III
Source: BVGH
The best hope of bringing TB under control—especially in The pipeline includes two distinct product profiles:
the face of HIV/TB co-infection and MDR-TB—lies in the ■ Vaccines that aim to replace the existing BCG
prospect of a new vaccine regimen. vaccine with improved duration of immunologic
memory (more than 20 years) for newborns
Current Research and Development (typically live attenuated strains); and
Renewed public interest in, and funding for, TB vaccine ■ Vaccines targeted toward children, adolescents,
development, combined with a revolution in vaccine-devel- and adults as a boost to the neonatal BCG
opment technology, have brought forth several new ap- vaccination (typically subunit vaccines or viral
proaches to TB vaccine design over the past decade. The vectored vaccines).
leading candidates fall into two categories: live mycobacterial Both are prophylactic vaccines to be given prior to
vaccines (genetically engineered TB or BCG) and subunit TB infection.
vaccines (genetically engineered TB proteins combined
with immunostimulants or viral vector vaccines using The live attenuated vaccine candidates intended to replace
genes for TB antigens expressed by viral carriers). BCG include genetically modified BCG vaccines (live atten-
uated M. bovis) and live attenuated M. tuberculosis. These
BVGH has identified at least eight TB vaccine candidates in vaccines are aimed at immunologically naïve recipients.
early stages of development, including three that have en- Given widespread use of BCG, a replacement vaccine
tered human clinical trials. (See Figure 2 and Appendix I.) would need to demonstrate superior efficacy to BCG
to be seriously considered.
NOTE: Estimates for potential analysis only; information not provided by industry.
Source: BVGH/BCG analysis
Our analysis tested three principal scenarios: dollars is necessary when the costs of manufacturing
■ BCG-replacement vaccine (prime): one dose admin- capacity are included. Depending on the amount of current
istered at birth (70 percent effective for ten years) manufacturing capacity that can be utilized for a new
■ Booster vaccine (which boosts the existing BCG vaccine, an additional investment of as much as $200
vaccine): administered to infants at 14 weeks and million may be necessary to meet global demand.
at ten-year intervals (70 percent effective against
primary infection with TB) Timing
■ Prime-boost strategy: a combination of the BCG- With most vaccine candidates in pre-clinical or Phase I
replacement vaccine administered at birth and trials, interviewees generally agreed that the first successful
booster vaccines administered to adolescents and product is unlikely to be licensed before 2013-2015. The
adults at ten-year intervals (80 percent effective). longest and most costly stage of clinical development is
Phase III trials. To demonstrate protection in a large sample
Development and Production Costs of at-risk individuals, Phase III trials are expected to take
For the purposes of this analysis, we assumed production three to four years. (See Appendix I.)
costs would be $0.50 to $2 a dose for a BCG-replacement
and $5 to $10 a dose for a subunit booster vaccine.8 In addi- Pricing and Market Penetration
tion, based on a wide range of interviews and current Ensuring developing world access to a TB vaccine will
industry benchmarks, we assumed that attrition-adjusted require different price levels by each market segment.
research and development costs to get one vaccine to market
(given a 35 percent chance that at least one candidate will PUBLIC-SECTOR MARKETS IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-
be successful) would be in the range of $600 million to INCOME COUNTRIES: In low- and middle-income coun-
$800 million, although opinions varied widely. Non-attri- tries, public officials are well aware of the costs of
tion-adjusted development costs (that is, the cost to bring a controlling TB. Therefore, we estimate that public officials
single, successful product to market) are estimated at $194 generally will be willing to pay for a new TB vaccine to
million for a BCG-replacement vaccine and $203 million for avoid the costs of treatment ($14 to $15 per regimen in
a booster vaccine. (See Table 1 and Appendix II.) From the middle-income countries and $3 per regimen in low-
perspective of a single, successful vaccine candidate, this income countries, respectively). For countries not
suggests that a total investment of several hundred million supported by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and
0
PRIVATE MARKETS IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
COUNTRIES: In low- and middle-income countries, our
interviews suggested that three factors primarily drive
vaccine uptake in private markets: unavailability of the
0
vaccine in the public market, perception that the product is
2
H
an improvement over existing products, and a willingness Booster Vaccine
by the middle- and high-income populations to pay out-of-
60
Annual doses sold (Millions)
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
program, and they may continue to pay the private-sector
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
price even after adoption by the public sector.9
15
17
19
21
25
27
29
2
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Optimistic Case
Market IRR (2005 dollars) 43% 40% —
Total doses delivered (2013-2030) 1,241 MM 1,233 MM —
Pessimistic Case
Market IRR (2005 dollars) 14% 26% —
Total doses delivered (2013-2030) 813 MM 509 MM —
NOTE: Estimates for potential analysis only; information not provided by industry.
Source: BVGH/BCG analysis
cally up to three doses of a vaccine before age one. Further The Business Case for Investment
boosts in late childhood or adolescence would not fit into
the existing EPI delivery system, which is geared only for Our objective is to define the market for TB vaccines and,
infants and children. School vaccination programs may if the market proves attractive, catalyze the entry of new
prove successful, and the ability to work through schools innovators—particularly the major pharmaceutical and
is being evaluated in adolescent epidemiology studies biotech companies that have extensive proven development
currently ongoing in South Africa and India. capabilities in vaccines. Our hope is to increase the
number of promising products in the pipeline through a
Market Demand data-driven, industry-standard analysis and discussion of
Applying our assumptions to the BVGH market-demand the estimated market for new TB vaccines. As this chapter
model, we derived the following global market-demand shows, our analysis revealed that, for each scenario
estimates for the three product profiles tested. (See Figure modeled, significant value exists within this market, with
3.) In the case of a BCG-replacement vaccine, the majority product net present values (NPVs) ranging from $35
of market demand is likely to come from developing coun- million to $125 million and internal rates of return (IRR)12
tries. In contrast, if a booster vaccine were available, the in excess of 20 percent between 2013 and 2030.
middle-income markets would demand the bulk of the
doses. If both vaccines were available—a prime-boost Our team examined a base (expected) case for each vaccine
strategy—countries would likely demand both vaccines, profile (the BCG-replacement vaccine, booster vaccine, and
although some markets might still choose to adopt only prime-boost strategy) and then ran sensitivity analysis to
one of the vaccines. See “The Business Case for Invest- outline both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios.
ment” for a more detailed discussion of these markets.
ROI calculations weigh development costs against expected
money earned from the perspective of one company
investing in TB vaccines. We calculated cash inflows (R&D
funding and product sales) and cash outflows (develop-
ment costs, manufacturing scale-up, cost of goods sold or
COGS, and sales and marketing expenses) for each year,
each product type, and each market scenario. We then
discounted these cash flows by the probability of occur-
rence and by the cost of capital (discounted value of all
BCG-REPLACEMENT VACCINE: We estimated that the Figure 4. Booster Vaccine Requires Large Additional Donor
global annual market for a BCG-replacement vaccine is Contributions to Meet Marginal Cost of Vaccine
about $450 million at market peak and almost 60 million
doses. At market peak, high-income markets would Low-income cohort covered as
function of additional donor contributions
generate about half of the global revenue. The remainder
would be generated from doses needed for low- and 40
middle-income markets (public and private). The public
market in low-income countries is expected to generate 35 Additional donor support of
$5.00 per dose needed in GAVI
nearly $90 million. (See Figure 5.) At a 20 percent countries, where willingness to
30
discount rate, a company could realize an NPV of pay limited to $2.50 per dose
Cohort coverage (%)
20
BOOSTER VACCINE: The estimated peak annual global
market for a booster vaccine (which boosts the existing 15
remainder of the revenues. Because of the high cost of the Source: BVGH/BCG analysis
($MM) ($MM)
1200 1200
1000
t
1000
en
d
an
Ev
em
e
tiv
D
c M nd
800 800
eti
kt
Pu ema
mp
nd
tD
Co
bli
ma
c M nd
Mk
De
600 600
a
nt
em
te
kt
ve
iva
tD
eE
Pr
Mk
tiv
bli
400 400
eti
Pu
te
mp
iva
Launch
Co
Pr
Launch
200 200
0 0
-762 -1042
2030
2030
2019
2020
2021
2024
2019
2020
2021
2024
2029
2029
2022
2023
2026
2028
2013
2014
2015
2016
2022
2023
2026
2028
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2025
2027
2017
2018
2025
2027
Prime-Boost Strategy
Estimated Total Market Peak over $900 MM (2013 – 2030) China COGS
Annual profit
1200
nt
em
ve
tiv
1000
eti
mp
ma Pu
Co
800
De
t
Mk
600
te
i va
Note: Facility infrastructure cost cash flows incurred over the previous year
Pr
400 are projected forward at 15% cost of capital and capitalized in vaccine launch
year; the value of R&D cost cash flows incurred over a period of 14 years,
Launch
projected forward at 15% cost of capital and capitalized in vaccine launch year
200
Source: BVGH/BCG analysis
-1686
2030
2019
2020
2021
2024
2029
2022
2023
2026
2028
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2025
2027
BCG-REPLACEMENT VACCINE: We modeled four possible BOOSTER VACCINE: We modeled three possible events
events that could raise the IRR to 43 percent from the base that could reduce IRR to 26 percent: (1) a one-year delay
case of 25 percent: (1) accelerating uptake by the devel- in FDA/EMEA approval could lower IRR by 2.3 percent;
oping world market by one year could increase IRR 2.2 (2) an additional delay in uptake by developing countries
percent; (2) delaying when the competitive event occurs could lower IRR by 1.1 percent; and (3) a competitive
(for example, when another vaccine comes on the market) event occurring three years earlier than expected could
by three years (to 2025) could raise IRR by 2.7 percent; lower IRR by 2.2 percent.
(3) reducing R&D costs to $350 million could raise IRR by
9.8 percent; and (4) assuming that public-market recogni- Figure 6. TB Vaccine Strategies Could Significantly Reduce
tion of lost productivity increases, country willingness to Projected Annual Deaths in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
pay for a new vaccine could raise IRR by 3.2 percent.
Deaths
(MM)
BOOSTER VACCINE: We modeled four possible scenarios 2.5
that could raise the IRR to 40 percent from the base case 2.2
2.1 2.0
of 32 percent: (1) accelerating uptake by the developing 2.0 -7%
2.0 1.8 -12%
world market by one year could increase IRR 1.5 percent; -19% 1.7
1.8 -17%
(2) reducing initial production costs to $3.50 per dose 1.5 -28% 1.4
-32%
1.5
1.2 -40%
could increase IRR by 2.9 percent; (3) increasing vaccine 1.1
-48%
efficacy to 85 percent could increase IRR by 1.3 percent; 1.0
0.8 -62%
and (4) delaying when the competitive event occurs to
2025 could raise IRR by 2.2 percent. 0.5
0.0
2015
2019
2029
2013
2021
2027
2025
2017
2023
Note: These estimates assume coverage rates of 85% for BCG-replacement and 66% for booster vaccines necessary to accrue full benefits.
Sources: Murray and Salomon; BVGH/BCG analysis.
The Social Case for Investment booster vaccine such as the one modeled here is cost effec-
tive in this region. Additional modeling may be necessary
TB vaccines could have a substantial impact on public to get a more targeted estimate. (See Figure 7.)
health, saving millions of lives each year. (See Figure 6.)
For example, in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, our model
shows that a BCG-replacement vaccine could lead to a 17 Challenges and Opportunities
percent reduction in TB deaths and a 20 percent reduction
in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by 2029.13 Booster Challenges
vaccines following initial prime with a BCG vaccine could There are several significant development and deployment
lead to a 40 percent reduction in TB deaths and a 22 hurdles for TB vaccines along the vaccine development and
percent reduction in DALYs. Combining both approaches supply chain. (See Figure 8.) Three in particular pose
together in a prime-boost strategy (the BCG-replacement major challenges for developers.
vaccine and booster vaccines), given existing infection
rates, could lead to a remarkable 62 percent reduction in LACK OF SURROGATE MARKERS THAT PREDICT CLIN-
TB deaths and 45 percent reduction in DALYs by 2029. ICAL EFFICACY OF A VACCINE: For many vaccines, the
presence of surrogate markers for protection (or
Our results also show that investments in TB vaccines can “biomarkers”) are used to predict the efficacy of the
be highly cost effective for public-sector donors. While vaccine. No such surrogate markers exist for TB vaccines.
there does not seem to be strong consensus in the public Without surrogate markers, clinical researchers can only
health community about the threshold for cost-effective- use evidence of disease over time to show the efficacy of
ness, the World Bank considers health interventions that a vaccine. Thus, they have no way to reliably predict
cost less than $100 per DALY in developing countries to whether a vaccine could offer protection against the
be cost-effective interventions.14 Under our analysis, the disease. As a result, Phase III clinical trials for TB vaccines
cost per DALY averted in Sub-Saharan Africa is $6 to $10 are anticipated to be long (three to four years) and will
for the BCG-replacement vaccine and $21 to $26 for the require large patient populations. The risk and cost of such
booster vaccine—well within the World Bank’s range. trials will, thus, be particularly high compared to those for
Investments in Asia are similarly cost effective. The cost other drugs and vaccines that are developed with shorter
per DALY averted in Asia ranges from $5 to $16 for the or smaller trials. Investment in new, highly predictive
BCG-replacement vaccine. The estimates for a booster biomarkers that correlate with protection from disease
vaccine in Asia ($18 to $235) show a much wider range, could have a dramatic impact in reducing the length of
however, and it is less clear whether a more expensive clinical trials and the risk to developers.
80
60
Boost Doses Administered in 2021 (MM)
17.8
0.1
13.3
50 6.5
17.7
4.3
0.8 6.8
40.4 3.5
40
13.1
30 Loss of 23.5 MM doses 23.5
from pre-screening
20
27.3
10
Decrease prod. cost Increase efficacy Widely available field
by 50% to $3.50/dose to 85% from 70% diagnostic – rapid, cost $1
0
Base Lower Cost Increased Efficacy Diagnostic
vaccines, the analysis estimated that an AMC of $360 million impact that diagnostics could have in improving the cost-
for a BCG-replacement vaccine15 and $3.8 billion for a effectiveness of a booster vaccine, additional investment in
booster vaccine would be needed.16 these new tools is imperative.
TB Vaccine Pipeline
BCG-Replacement Vaccines
Aeras 403 Aeras Pre-clinical Recombinant BCG which over expresses antigens 85A, 85B, and 10.4
with endosome escape
BCG::RD1 Institute Pasteur Pre-clinical BCG into which the RD1 locus was reintroduced, allowing secretion
of ESAT-6-CFP10
rBCG::4ureC-Hly Max Planck Institute Pre-clinical Urease-deficient BCG mutant expressing listeriolysin O gene from
L. monocytogenes
6020 and 6030 Albert Einstein Pre-clinical LysA, PanCD and RD-1, PanCD double deletion mutants of M. tuberculosis
attenuated Mtb College of Medicine
4phoP/R Institut Pasteur/ Pre-clinical phoP virulence factor inactivated by the insertion of an antibiotic gene
TB-Vac into M. tuberculosis
Booster Vaccines
MVA-85A Oxford University Phase II Recombinant, replication-deficient vaccinia virus expressing antigen 85A
from M. tuberculosis to boost BCG
72f (M72) Aeras/GSK Phase I Fusion molecule comprised of two proteins, with the PFE family member Rv1196
inserted into the middle of the putative serine protease Rv0125 to boost BCG
Hybrid 1 SSI/Intercell Phase I Recombinant Mtb antigens 85B and ESAT-6 combined with adjuvant IC31
to boost BCG
Aeras 402 Crucell/Aeras Pre-clinical Recombinant adenovirus35 which expresses antigens 85A, 85B,
and 10.4 to boost BCG
HyVac 4 SSI/Intercell and Aeras Pre-clinical Recombinant Mtb antigens 85B and 10.4 combined with adjuvant
IC31 to boost BCG
Shigella RNA capsids Aeras Pre-clinical Mtb antigens delivered by RNA capsid system to boost BCG
Source: BVGH
Target Population Product profile 1: BCG Replacement Product Profile 2: Booster Product Profile 3: Prime Boost
Low- and Middle-Income Effective neonatal vaccine Effective childhood boost Combination neonatal vaccine
Countries: Neonates/Children vaccine to BCG and childhood boost vaccine
Low- and Middle-Income Assumed not to be effective Effective adolescent and Effective adolescent and
Countries: All Ages adolescent and adult vaccine adult vaccine adult vaccine
High-Income Countries:
High-risk Individuals Effective primary vaccine in adults in developed nations — 1 dose every 10 years
Prime Boost Strategy $12 $11 $14 $312 $24 $24 = $397
product, and an estimate of additional cases avoided reduce a DALY. In other words, how much has to be
through vaccination. We calculated cost avoidance for invested in a TB vaccine to save one life, and how much to
public-sector markets in low- and middle-income countries add one year of useful life? To arrive at these measures, we
by using published WHO DOTS program costs (with leveraged two models—the BVGH demand model and the
appropriate proxies for countries with missing data). Murray/Salomon model.
We based high-income market willingness to pay for a
vaccine on the cost of treatment for high-risk individuals. The Murray/Salomon model was developed during the
1990s to calculate the relative DALY and mortality impact
For private markets in low- and middle-income countries, of a series of hypothetical interventions for TB for the 1998
we based costs on a risk-adjusted estimate of individual to 2030 time period. While it did not specifically address a
productivity lost from contracting TB. For cost-effective- vaccine with the product profiles we tested, we worked
ness analysis for individual companies, we derived an with Joshua Salomon at Harvard University to extrapolate
adoption price and estimated the portion of the population its results and apply them to our demand model.
willing to pay using the following key variables:
■ Risk of active TB (incidence per capita); Our study calculated the figures for the years 2013 to
■ Productivity lost through TB (~6.5 months); 2030 for two regions—Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa—
■ Health utility index for pulmonary TB (0.89); and for each of the three vaccine scenarios: BCG-replacement
■ Vaccine attributes (incremental benefit of 40 percent). vaccine (prime), booster vaccine, and the prime-boost
strategy. The formula is straightforward: total vaccination
We calculated the percentage of the high-risk U.S. popula- cost divided by number of TB deaths/DALYs averted.
tion for whom risk-adjusted wage loss exceeds vaccine price The total vaccination cost is made up of the sales price
based on a Lorenz curve distribution of income per capita in (production costs and margin) and the fees for admini-
the population. We then extrapolated an uptake rate based stration and distribution.
on proxies of EPI vaccine coverage rates, triangulated these
willingness-to-pay estimates and validated them through We limited our analysis to these two regions for two
interviews with public health officials, NGO representatives, reasons: they bear the bulk of the global TB burden (about
and global donors, as well as through proxies 78 percent) and their epidemiologic pattern has remained
and analogies of willingness to pay for other vaccines. fairly steady since the Murray/Salomon model was estab-
lished in the 1990s. In most of the other regions—Latin
Methodology Used to Calculate Social America, the former Soviet republics, and the Middle
Return on Investment East—the epidemiologic patterns have changed dramati-
To gauge social return on investment, we calculated two cally, with a great surge in incidence.
cost-effectiveness measures: the cost to avert a death and
Complex Coordination of Entities to Supply Vaccine through UNICEF for Low-Income Countries
B 2 1
2
Recommendation Proposals
C
3
D
3 4
E 4 $ 5
Negotiation
F
“ Tarmac to Tarmac ” 6
G 5 Supplies
Shipped 7
…
8
…
1 Qualifying countries submit proposals to be considered for funding
2 GAVI evaluates and submits recommendation to the Vaccine Fund
3 The Vaccine Fund approves purchase recommendation and provides funding through UNICEF
4 UNICEF supply division procures all vaccines after negotiating directly with suppliers
5 Suppliers ship directly to recipient countries or via UNICEF
KEY: WHO - World Health Organization. BMGF - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. WB - World Bank. GAVI - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
Source: GAVI, UNICEF, Vaccine Fund websites; BVGH/BCG interviews
Lewin Barker, Senior Medical Adviser, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Rodrigo Martinez, Consultant, The Boston Consulting Group
Foundation
Jerald Sadoff, President and CEO, Aeras Global TB Vaccine
Christopher Earl, President and CEO, BIO Ventures for Foundation
Global Health
Joerg Schneider, Vice President of Research and Co-Founder,
Carel Featherston, Director, Research Development, Worldwide Oxxon Therapeutics Ltd.
Commercial Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Peter Small, Senior Program Officer for TB, Bill & Melinda Gates
Alexander von Gabain, Chief Scientific Officer, Intercell Foundation
Larry Geiter, Senior Director, Epidemiology and Field Studies, Wendy Taylor, Founder and Vice President of Strategy and
Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation Operations, BIO Ventures for Global Health
Jaap Goudsmit, Chief Scientific Officer, Crucell Wendy Woods, Vice President and Director, The Boston
Consulting Group
Oscar Izeboud, Director, Business Development, Crucell
Michael Yeh, Project Leader, The Boston Consulting Group
Hannah Kettler, Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation