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1

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2
Computing of Lubricant Film Thickness in
Cold Rolling Process
Sadiq Muhsin Ihmood
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
sadiqmuhsin@yahoo.com
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the effect of the following parameters :reduction in
thickness , length of contact, rolling radius, viscosity of lubricant oil, and roll speed on the
lubricant film thickness which are pointed to as an independent variables. In order to illustrate
the effect of these parameters, three types of lubricants ,A( Commercial rolling oil, known as
Roll oil 981), B( Forming cutting oil called Exx cut 225, with additive ) and C (Forming
cutting oil called Exx cut 225 ). Were selected also three values for roll radius (55,65,and 75
mm), with three values for roll velocities (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s), and finally five values for
reduction in thickness (75, 80, 85, 90, and 95%) were examined to cover all inquires in this
work.
The study shown that an increase in roll radius leads to increase in lubricant film thickness
. At high reduction, the lubricant film thickness becomes very small, and requires the use of
high viscosity lubricant.
Keywords : Cold rolling ; lubricant film thickness.
3
Catalyzed Mechanism for Microwave Absorption in Composite
Barriers
Ahmed K. Abed S. S. Abdul Noor A. M. Jasim
Electrical and Electronic Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Applied Science Department
University of Technology
Research and Development
Department
Ministry of Sciences and
Technology
Abstract
A series of two-layered composite barriers filled with (10% carbon black) were
produced, with their second layers loaded with foreign dispersion acting in aid of the
microwave absorption process. Fixed weights of chopped copper wires with lengths (1,3,5)
mm were dispersed in the above mentioned barriers. The resulting behavior indicates that
these catalyst dispersion played a very useful role in enhancing the absorption of the barrier.
Moreover, certain wire lengths exhibited an optimum behavior at various frequencies,
suggesting that these wires act as short dipole antennas which convert the microwave signal
into a leaked current. Mixing various wire lengths yielded a (100% bandwidth covering the
whole of the X-band fore reflectivity level less than 11dB). Also various concentrations of
AL-powders were dispersed in these second layers and an optimum concentration exhibited a
low reflectivity level over the whole X-band. Intermixing of wires and powders produced a
rather poor behavior suggesting that this might be due to the metallic over exceeded presence
in the barrier.
4
Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Characteristics
of the Micro Irrigation Lateral
Mushtaq Ismael Hasan
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
In this paper , the analysis of the hydraulics of micro irrigation lateral is made and the
effect of the design parameters (ground slope, length of lateral and velocity of flow) on the
hydrodynamic performance of this lateral pipe is numerically studied. The numerical solution
for this model is made using the finite difference method which considered accurate and
simple compared with other analytical and numerical methods used in literature to study
micro irrigation systems.
The numerical model used in this paper is validated by comparing its results with results
of another numerical methods presented in literature .The results obtained show that, the
parameters studied in this paper play an important role on the hydrodynamic performance of
the micro irrigation systems.
5
Active Brazing of Tantalum to Tantalum
Nashwa A. A. Sa'ad
Baghdad Institute of
Technology
F. A. Hashim
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
R. K Salim
Welding Engineering Department
Technical College Baghdad .
Abstract
The aim of this study is to start a work about the bonding mechanism of tantalum -to-
tantalum brazed by active filler metal alloy which basely stand on using copper or silver with
active element such as titanium. Brazing will happen under inert gas (argon). Ag4Wt%
Ti,Cu8wt %Ti , and the eutectic Ag 26wt% Cu 4 wt % Ti are the active filler metal which are
used , and the bonding phases at the filler metal / tantalum interface line almost contain ( Ti
Ta
2
O
7
) and ( Ti
0.51
Ta
0.49
O
2
) . Which means that active element ( titanium ) shares oxygen
with tantalum to make this bond as a cheap filler .
6
Spectrum Analysis of The Gate of Dike Structure Under
Nonstationary Random Loading
Kadhim Karim Mohsen
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
This paper investigates the nonstationary random excitations with a constraint on mean
square value such that the response variance of a given linear system is minimized. It is also
possible to incorporate the dominant input frequency into the analysis. The excitation is taken
to be the product of a deterministic enveloping function and a zero mean Gaussian
nonstationary random process. The power spectral density function of this process is
determined such that the response variance is minimized. The numerical results are presented
for multi-degree freedom system and modeled to predict the behavior of the gate of dike
Structure under random water loading.
Keywords : Random loading seismic excitation, no stationary process .
7
Free Vibration of Axisymmetric Thin Oblate
Shells Containing Fluid
Talib H. Elaikh
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
A theoretical analysis for the free , axisymmetric, vibrations of an isotropic thin
oblate spheroid shell filled partially or completely with an incompressible, non-viscous,
irrotational fluid is considered. The Rayleigh Ritz's method is used to obtain an
approximate solution which coincides with the exact solution for the cases of an empty
or completely filled shell.
The vibration of the shell is examined using the non shallow shell theory. The
analysis is based on considering the oblate spheroid as a continuous system constructed
from two spherical shell elements matched at the continuous boundaries. Solutions are
presented to show the effect of the angle of filling fluid on the shell natural frequencies.
The effect of shell geometric parameters on the frequencies is also investigated. Natural
frequencies are calculated for the shell in both empty and filled cases. It was found that
their frequencies are decreased with the increase of fluid level in the shell. The
analytical solution is compared with available test results. Good agreement is shown
between test results found in the literature and predicted natural frequencies.
Keywords: Oblate spheroid, thin shells, axisymmetric spheroid, incompressible fluid.
8
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) Square-Butt Joint ( 2 5 7 5
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.
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. ENi-BG11 2 5 7
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9
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10
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11
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12
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Alaa.astm@gmail.com

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13
Using of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Suspension to
Enhance the Performance of Microchannel Heat Exchanger
Mushtaq I. Hasan Ahmad J. Shkarah Muhanned S. Ali Abdul Muhsin A. Rageb
Mech. Eng.Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Mech. Eng.Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Mech. Eng.Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Mech. Eng. Dept.
College of Engineering
Basrah University
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to improve thermal performance of a counter flow microchannel
heat exchanger (CFMCHE) by using microencapsulated phase change material slurry
(MEPCM suspension) as a cooling fluid instead of pure fluid. The MEPCM suspension used
in this paper consists of microcapsules constructed from n-octadecane as a phase change
material (PCM) and the shell material is Polymethylmethacrylat, these capsules are suspended
in water in a concentration of (0 20) %.
From the results, using of MEPCM suspensions as a cooling fluid leads to modify thermal
performance of a CFMCHE by increasing its effectiveness but it also leads to increase the
pressure drop. From heat transfer (thermal performance) point of view it is better to use this
type of fluid to increase cooling efficiency of a CFMCHE, but due to extra increase in
pressure drop it leads to reduce the overall performance compared with pure fluids. Therefore
its application depends on the conditions at which this heat exchanger is used.
14
Construction of Central Receiver -Type Field of Solar Power
Plant Model
Rafid Maallak Hannun Ayad K.Khulkhal Mushtaq I. Hasan
Elect. Eng.Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Elect. Eng.Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Mech. Eng.Dept.
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
The use of central receiver (or Power-Tower type) of heliostat as concentrators on absorber
plate (target), used practically as boiler, proved convenient and favorable both in performance
and cost.
In this work a model of solar thermal power plant field was designed, analyzed, fabricated
and studied in details using central receiver type. The model is constructed on flat, smooth,
rigid and strong plywood board used as a base for the model fixed on an inclined base at an
angle of 20. The field area was set on quarter circle to arrange the heliostats; and at the centre
of a circle the tower is carrying a copper plate target was fixed. Two sets of heliostat field
[(540) and (1097) mirror] were tested experimentally.
Experimental data and results obtained showed that the use of solar energy in power
generation is a very promising application .The temperatures achieved for target were in the
range of steam boilers operation temperatures (268- 578)C.
The number of heliostat has a major effect on the target temperature; the power
concentration factor and the overall efficiency of the system.
15
Reduction of Peak to Average Power Ratio in OFDMSystem
Using Discrete Cosine Transform Technique
Ahmed K. Abed
Electrical & Electronic Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multi-carrier
modulation technique with high spectral efficiency, robustness to channel fading and
immunity to impulse interference. Recently, it is being used for both wireless and wired high
data rate communications. Despite of its many advantages, OFDM has a main drawback,
namely high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).High PAPR causes saturation in power
amplifiers, and leads to inter-modulation products among the sub carriers and disturbing out
of band energy. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the PAPR. In this paper we used Inverse
Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT) technique in the transmitter side to reduce PAPR problem.
The use of this technique in the output of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) stage gave
good results toward reduction PAPR. The receiver side includes Discrete Cosine Transform to
achieve correct detection. Computer simulation tests have been applied on IEEE 802.11a
standard as OFDM practical system with the proposed method .The results exhibit the ability
of such techniques to reduce the PAPR with no major effect on the system performance as
compared with the conventional OFDM technique.
Keywords: OFDM, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) ,IEEE 802.11a, Rayleigh Fading
channel, Discrete Cosine Transform, Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
16
High Performance PCC-DMT System
Based on Hybrid Multi-Wavelet Functions
Hussein Abdel Mohicin Kazem
Electrical Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
hussien_elec@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this paper a scheme is proposed to improve the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance
for Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) system in wireless channel. The conventional DMT system is
based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The proposed system is based on Hybrid Multi-
Wavelet Transform (HMWT). The HMWT is mixed between FFT and Multi-Wavelet
Transform (MWT). The Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) in DMT system due to Doppler
spread is reduced by using Polynomial Cancellation Coding (PCC). Simulation results are
done in three different types of channels: Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel,
flat fading channel and selective fading channel. The results show that the PCC-DMT system
based on HMWT achieves better performance than the PCC-DMT system based on FFT and
the PCC-DMT system based on MWT in all channels types.
Keywords: DMT, FFT, Multi-Wavelet Transform (MWT), Hybrid Multi-Wavelet Transform
(HMWT), Polynomial Cancellation Coding (PCC).
17
Kinematic Analysis of Bicycle Pedaling
Haider J. Abed
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
haider_jabaur@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this study, the kinematic equations are derived to describe the angles, velocities, and
accelerations of the leg of bike rider when changing the height and angle of seat tube. These
equations are useful to get the optimum seat position, (in separated study), for best
performance and efficiency.
The pedaling motion model was simulated as four-bar mechanism (the foot was not
considered), and by using polar form of complex number notation to get the kinematic
equations. These equations are agreed with MATLAB/Simulink/SimMechanics/Four-Bar
Model, as well as, the graphical method. The derived equations (kinematic equations) can
describe the crossed and open four-bar mechanism.
Key Words: Bike Fit, Pedaling , Kinematic Equations, Four-Bar Mechanism.
18
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow a cross
Circular and Elliptical Tube Bank
Ghassan Adnan Abd
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Ghassan_adnan77@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this study, a numerical investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow a cross circular
and elliptical tube bank has been made then comparisons made between these two types.
The study focus on the effect of Reynolds number and ellipse eccentricity on the Nusselt
number and pressure drop through the tube bank for two arrangements (in-line and
staggered). The results are reported for air and for Reynolds number range of
20Re500. The results of the study shows that Nusselt number increased as Reynolds
number increased for all cases. The values of Nusselt number for elliptical tube are higher
than for circular tube for Reynolds number range of 100Re500.The pressure drop for
the two arrangements increased as the Reynolds number increases. The elliptical tube
array has batter thermal performance and lower pressure drop than circular tube array .
19
Using Geno-Iterative Approach to Identify Weiner and
Hammerstein Models
Ali H. Hasan
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method for identification of the Weiner and Hammerstein
models and the model's parameters by the application of genetic algorithm optimization
method and an iterative search through a lock up Table. The coefficient values of both linear
and nonlinear parts are estimated by the GA while the type of nonlinearity and degree of
delay of the linear part are determined by the iterative search through the lock up Table. The
simulation results show the effectiveness and ability of the proposed algorithm for
identification and realization of the Weiner and Hammerstein models that describe the real
system.
Keywords: Hammerstein model identification, Weiner model identification, linear and
nonlinear system identification , genetic algorithms, iterative method.
20
Performance of Sensitivity of Direct Detection
Optical Receiver Incorporating MOSFET-Based
Transimpedance-Type Amplifier
Abdulgaffar Swailim Muhawwis
Electrical & Electronic Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) offer many
advantages due to their low noise and high associated gain at microwave frequencies.
Therefore, they are well suited to the amplifier requirements of broadband light-wave
receivers, through providing a high dynamic range and wide bandwidths.
In this work, the performance of integrated optical receiver consisting of PIN-
photodiode and MOSFET-based transimpedence type amplifier is analyzed. The effect of
various device parameters on receiver performance is investigated in details. The simulation
results show that the sensitivity (P
sen
) of an optical receiver is approximately constant if it is
based on well-designed MOSFET.
Keywords : MOSFET, transimpedance amplifier, optical receiver, sensitivity, optical
receiver noise, transconductance.
21
Development of Computer Controlled Oxy Estelline Cutting
Machine
Sadiq Muhsin Salah Mahdi Haider Jabar
College of Engineering College of Engineering College of Engineering
Thi Qar University Thi Qar University Thi Qar University
Abstract
Occasionally, the state organizations and many private companies in Thi Qar
Governorate request some spare parts that must be manufactured locally because they are
unavailable in Iraq .Since these parts have complex shapes, and the Engineering College
Workshop's machines are unable to cut them, thus it was necessary to develop the existing
Oxy Estelline cutting machine to control its motion by computer.
The main idea of this research is to make the machine cutter movement in two
dimensions according to a path drawn by (Autodesk Land Desktop) program which
necessitates addition of an electric circuit (Interface) between the machine and the computer
to convert the path into two dimensional motions .This requires replacement of some
unnecessary parts from the machine by others. The major added parts are:
1. Servo Motors.
2. Controller.
3. Drive.
4. Power Supply.
5. Power Cables.
6. Data Cables.
7. Lead Screws.
8. Brackets.
9. Bases to fix the motors and brackets.
After welding processes of the bases and mounting the motors, brackets, and electric circuits,
the machine was tested by fixing a pen instead of the cutter and drawing many graphs such as
circle, rose, gear, and gasket on a paper .The drawings are completed successfully and
accurately, then the machine was used to cut rose and gasket by the flame .Satisfactory results
are obtained .Now, the user can use the machine easily to cut any complex shape.
22
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23
Q'=--' _-' -V;- --'----' ,-- -'-,)--' Q;--' ~'-;=--- =-,-' --'; -,)=--' ----'
Studying The Bonding Mechanismand Microstructure for Arc
Welding of Dissimiler Steel to Copper
,'~- ~--- = ---
4--'----' ;~-
----' -)--' -

- --+'' -=-'' '-


) SMAW .(
-'--'' --'' - ,=,- '-=--'- -`,-'' ECuSi ECuSn8 +=-'' =-'' -'=' +=-'' '-=--'-
,-- -,= -,-''
) Epitaxial ( ECuSn8
) Nonepitaxial (
ECuSi ECuSn8
.
24
Growth Types and Bonding Mechanisms for Copper / Steel
Interface by Fusion Welding
F. A. Hashim Q. J. H. Al-Hussnioy
Mechanical Engineering Department
Engineering College
University of Thi-Qar
Welding and Inspection Department
Electrical Ministry
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the possibility of joining copper ( ASTM , C1020100 )
to low carbon steel ( ASTM A36 ) using the shielded metal arc welding ( SMAW ) and the
gas tungsten arc welding ( GTAW ) processes by eight types of electrodes ; ERNiCrFe-5 ,
ERNiCu-7 , ECu , ECuSn-A, E309L, E 312, E7018 , and ENi-1. Joint is designed as single
V butt weld for 5 mm thickness plate . From the microstructure observation there were two
kinds of boundaries ; the first is homogenous weld , which happens when fillers with
chemical composition is similar to those of one of the parent metals . While the second type is
heterogenous nucleation , which happens when the chemical compositions of the fillers and
the parent metals are not similar . Three types of solidification were regonized ; the first is
epitaxial from the copper side , the second is nonepitaxial from the steel side , and the third
type is competitive which shown in the two sides . Solidification cracks on the steel side are
shown , and these cracks are filled by brazing process . All tested specimens in tension and
bending show the copper properties .
25
Controlling and Reducing Hazard Exposure to Hand Power
Tools Vibration
KadhimKarimMuhsin
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
This paper investigates the combination of hand arm response and the vibration of hand
power tools. The model of the hand power tools used in this paper to analyse cumulative
sequences from the excitation during the operation is the jack hammer. The user subjected to
many diseases during operation of the 'jack hammer such as (sever pain, numbness, pins,
needles, loss of sense, and touch, loss of grip strength and painful wrist) .These diseases
caused from the successive high amplitudes of vibration transferred from the jack hammer to
the hand arm of the user. Results are presented to study the relationship between the
excitation and the response of the system with the aid of Ansys program to give the
indications of Eigen values and Eigen vectors deformation, to predict the behavior of hand-
arm vibration, to control the risks from the vibration of the tool. This indicates that the high
amplitudes of the jack hammer can be minimized by adding the dynamic vibration absorber
which is a simply-spring mass system to the original mass system to make the system to two
degree of freedom system and the entire system will have two Eigen values one above the
excitation and the other under the excitation and this leads to eliminate the higher response
and will have very small amplitude instead of very large amplitude to protect the users from
the risks of hand arm vibration during the operation.
Keywords: Hand-transmitted vibration, risk-assessments, construction tools.
26
Estimation of Flow in Horizontal Elliptic Channels with Free
Overfall at the End of the Channel
Iqbal Khalaf Eraebee
Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
The aim of this work is to calculate the flow discharge in horizontal elliptic channels
with free overfall at the end of the channel. Two methods are used, the first one is Boussinesq
approximation to calculate the End- Depth Ratio ( EDR ) .The second one is a theoretical
procedure applied to compute the flow over a sharp crested weir.The available experimental
data are used to verify the proposed End Depth Discharge (EDD) relationship. The
calculated discharges, using the proposed EDD relationship, show excellent agreement with
the experimental values in subcritical flows. However, the agreement is not so good in
supercritical.
Keywords : Open channel flow ; Free overfall ; End depth.
27
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Mechanical Properties
of Composite Materials
Zainab Talib Abidzaid Al-Sharify
Environmental Engineering
College of Engineering
Al-Mustansiryia University
Iraq Baghdad / Bab-AL- Muthem / P.O. Box 14150
Zainab_talib2009@yahoo.com
Abstract
Resistible composites have been suggested to be used instead of carbon steel pipes to
overcome a number of common problems during commercial applications, especially the
problem of fixing dead-beat carbon steel pipes within these systems. The new composites
used are resistible materials of unsaturated polyester sponsored with glass fiber and aluminum
honeycomb. Mechanical properties of resistible composites have been studied using ASTM in
order to find the best conditions to create a system of pipes. It have been seen clearly that the
best concentration of aluminum powder is 35 % of the composite mixture, which represent
the most suitable mechanical properties. Also, it was found that aluminum honeycomb
samples were a very good mechanical properties suitable for certain applications.
Key Words: Composite Material, Carbon Steel Pipes, Polyester, Mechanical Properties,
ASTM.
28
Microstructural Investigation on Severe Cold work and Treated
Copper Drawn Wires
Adnan A.Ugla, Khalid A. M. ,Talib H. A. , Sadiq M. I. and Fadhil A.H.
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the microstructure of severe cold work copper wires,
which its already processed at Ur Foundation (Nasyeria) which in Ur are cold drawn from 10
mm to 2 mm in diameter, then at final process it will be treated automatically by treated box
by 200
o
C (semi treatment). Our work dealing with taken the final drown wire (2 mm in dia.)
and doing a laboratory treatment by 200
o
C, 300
o
C, 400
o
C, and 500
o
C, one hour at this
temperature and the furnace cooled. The result which concluded that the Ur treatment is hot
full treatment but a stress relief one with almost same wire property. While the treated wires
show a recrystallized structure with inclination by 45
0
angle for this structure. The high
treated temperature shows grain growth and demises the 45
0
angle structure.
29
Porosity Control During Preparation of Bronze Filter Materials
by Powder Metallurgy
Saleh K. Jabur Adnan S. Jabur
Engineering College Engineering College
University of Basrah University of Basrah
Abstract
The ability to achieve close control of porosity and pore size is the main reason that
filters are produced by powder metallurgy. This study was performed using bronze alloy
powder (Cu-7.5%Sn- 0.1%Fe-0.3%Pb-0.15%Zn). The samples were prepared by two
methods :(1) cold die compacting at different particle size, compacting pressure, sintering
time, and sintering temperature, and (2) loose powder sintering. The compacts were sintered
under controlled atmosphere. After surface preparation of the samples, the microstructure was
used to compute the apparent porosity. It was found that the(Loose Powder Sintering) method
is optimum method to produce highly porous materials with (~59%) porosity when selecting
the proper conditions. The porosities obtained using cold die compaction are ranging between
(5-41%) and sintered density ranging between (58.6-94.3%) of the theoretical mean density of
the starting materials.
Keywords: Powder Metallurgy,Porous Materials and Porosity.
30
Effect of Operating Conditions on Co
2
Absorption into Aqueous
Alkanol amine Solutions in Packed Column
Saleh E. Najim Adnan A. Ateik C. K. Haweel
Engineering College
University of Basrah
Basrah Technical College Engineering College
University of Baghdad
Abstract
This paper highlights the importance of operating parameters to mass-transfer in CO
2
absorption in columns with different packings. The study compares the performance of two
packings, Gempak 4A and Raschig ring. Mass-transfer efficiency of these packings was
determined by carrying out absorption experiments in a pilot-scale absorption unit with
aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA), Diethanolamine (DEA),2-amino-2-methyl-
1-propanol (AMP) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as test solvent.
The overall mass-transfer coefficient (K
G
a
v
) can be considered to be indicative of the CO
2
removal efficiency of the system and can be calculated from experimentally gas-phase CO
2
concentration profiles within the test columns. The results of this study indicate that mass-
transfer coefficient of these packings tested varies significantly not only with operating
parameters such as liquid load, liquid CO
2
loading, solvent concentration, solvent type and
feed CO
2
concentration but also with packing arrangement.
In absorption experiments the results show the typical behavior of liquid controlling
system. Gas flow rate has no influence on overall mass transfer coefficient (KGav), and an
increase in liquid flow rate yields a greater (KGav). CO2 loading lowers the (KGav) and an
increase in amine concentration induces a higher (KGav). Increasing the CO2 concentration
within the feed gas was found to reduce the value of (KGav) within the system.
Structured packing offers superior performance to random packings, structured packing
provides almost twice greater (KGav) than random packings.
Keywords: operating conditions; carbon dioxide; Amine solution, packed column.
31
Minimizing Power Consumption in Combinational Logic Circuits
by Reducing Switching Activity
Nahla D. Habeeb
Electrical Engineering dept.
College of Engineering
University of Mustansirya
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the minimization of the power
consumption in combinational circuits by reducing the switching activity. A synthesis
approach based on an iterative procedure that compares the minterms consequently, eliminate
the complementary variables, then ORing all the terms in one simplified equation is
introduced . The results show that about 10% reduction in switching activity has been
obtained by using this method if it is compared with the normal optimal solution obtained
from K-map method.
Key Word: switching activity, low-power consumption, combinational circuits,CMOS circuit
, K-map.
32
Laminar Fully Developed Forced Convection of Power Law Fluid
in a Circular Tube
Ahmed J. Shkarah
Mechanical Engineering Department
Collegeof Engineering
University of Thi-Qar
Abstract
Laminar forced convection heat transfer in a non-Newtonian fluid flow inside a pipe has
been investigated analytically. Fully developed laminar velocity distributions obtained by a
power-law fluid rheology model is used, and viscous dissipation was taken into account. The
theoretical analysis of the heat transfer is performed under a constant wall temp. case. An
important feature of this approach is that it permits an arbitrary distribution of the surrounding
medium temperature and an arbitrary velocity distribution of the fluid. These techniques were
verified by a comparison with the existing results. The effects of the Brinkman number and
rheological properties on the distribution of the local Nusselt number have been studied. It is
shown that the Nusselt number strongly depends on the value of power law index. The
Nusselt number sharply decreases in the range of 0 < n < 0.1. However, for n > 0.5, the
Nusselt number decreases monotonically with the increasing n, and for n > 1, the values of
Nusselt number approach a constant value.
Keywords: Heat transfer, forced convection, Non-Newtonian fluid, analytical solution,
viscous dissipation, Graetzs problem, laminar flow.
33
-~--)-' ;;--- ,'- - -'= -=- - -,;~---' ~;=--' ~>=

34
;'=- - =-,-' ~'--'
;~' Q'-- J~'- ,~ Q>- --=-
~--)-' --- -----' ----' -----' ----'

) Stranded steel ropes ( 10.3


. ) Stranded copper cables (
) Socket Butt Joint (
) Capillary gab ( ) 100 50 ,~,'- ( ) 2 ( .
,''= ,'~-, -,='' .-' _'= ='=-'' -,,'' - ,''= -~-- '=' '-, _'' .
,-= =-'-- -,-'' '=' ) Filler metal Alloy ( 7.5%
,---'' - -,~-- ---'' ,-='' =-'-- '--,- ,~,-~-,,`' '-'' .
I )
Bonding phase I ( ) Interface ( II ) Intermediate phase . (
=-'' -'-- ',`'-, '=''' '-, '+'='--, ,-='' ~,-- ~= -,= - -','`' ='- ,'-- .
35
-- ; --'~=7' -,=-~-' ~'=;- ;'-=-~' J-'- - --;--' -,=-~-' J'--' ,-;=- - -='--7' ~'----' -,-
-~--)-' ~'-'-~-- -'-' ,;' -,~ - ~';--'--'
--- Q-~=-' --- Q'---
----'----' ~--)-' ;~-
~--)-' --- /

,-'-=;' -=,-'' -,''-' '-=--' -'- -=-'' '- .,'--


- , =`-`' -- _'--' '----'' ,,---'' -'~-'' -'-' ,,-- .=' - ,---+'' -'='--''
.
,,--'`' , '=-'' . .

.
-','-'' --+' -,-='' -'-`' _'= .

) ,,'-,~'' -'-,=-'' '-,-= , .(
,=,-'' ,-=- ''-''-, -'-'' --- , -,-'' _'--;' .
36
Effect of an Impervious Core Constructed into a Large Earth
Dam on the Quantity of Seepage
Ressol R. Shakir
Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
Impervious core is used in zoned earth dam to reduce the quantity of seepage through
the body of the dam and to relief part of risk of piping and erosion in the downstream side.
This paper presents cases study of the effect of core permeability, thickness and location on
the flow through large earth dam. Finite element method was used to solve the problem of
flow of incompressible fluid which is governed by Laplace equation. A considerable range of
shell permeability to core permeability was used. The study has shown that quantity of
seepage was reduced as ratio of shell to core permeability increases. The reduction in seepage
continues to a limited value of core permeability after which the effect decreases. Doubling
the core base thickness reduces the quantity of seepage highly and inclination of core towards
upstream side slightly increases the quantity of seepage.
Keywords: Earth dam; Finite element; free surface; core; seepage.
37
New Method of Obtaining a Multilayer Anodized Film on 7075-
T6 Al-Alloy Surface
Smi I.J.AL-Rubaiey
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy,
University of Technology, Baghdad.
Abstract
It is well known that the anodized thin layer formed on Al-alloys surface are
characterized with porosity of nanometric dimensions whatever acid or alkaline solutions are
used. In this study, an attempt was made for the first time to develop a new method for
obtaining anodized multilayer film by reinforcing the anodized oxide coating with
incorporating nanosized graphite in the layer structure during anodizing process by means of
anodizing Al- Alloy type 7075 T-6 in an electrolyte composed of water solution of chromic
acid and graphite . This leads to obtain a multilayer anodized film having good thickness and
high micro hardness properties. Nanosized particles of graphite have been formed into anodic
oxide layer. The influence of anodizing process parameters (voltage and current density) on
the thickness micro hardness and chemical composition of a multilayer oxide film are
determined.
38
Analytical Study of Combined Convection Heat Transfer for Flow
in a Horizontal Annulus
Ahmed .J. Shkarah Mushtaq .I. Hasan Iqbal .K. Eraebee
Mechanical Eng. Dept. Mechanical Eng. Dept. Civil Eng. Dept.
College of Engineering College of Engineering College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University Thi-Qar University Thi-Qar University
Abstract
In this paper a numerical investigation is made to study the axially symmetric, laminar
air flow in the entrance region of an annulus by solving the two dimensional governing
equations of motion ( continuity, momentum & energy ) using implicit finite difference
method and the Gauss elimination technique. A STAR CCM + program is used. The results
obtained for velocity and temperature profile revealed that, the secondary flow created by
natural convection have a significant effect on the heat transfer process. A comparison has
been made for results which show a good agreement.
Keywords: numerical combined convection; thermally developing flow; finite difference;
horizontal annulus.
39
A New Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System
Ahmed K. Abed
Electrical & Electronic Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Algenaby1975@yahoo.com
Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive technique for
modern wireless communication. One major drawback of orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing schemes is the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the output signal.
Selecting mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequences (PTS) are two important techniques
for reducing PAPR, but they need to transmit side information to indicate how the transmitter
generates the signals. In this paper, we proposed an efficient technique to reduce PAPR in
OFDM system. For this technique, circular shifter used to produce K cyclic sequences from
the same information sequence. These sequences XOR with K randomly generated keys, the
same keys used in receiver side to detect data. The sequence with the lowest PAPR among K
sequences is chosen for transmission. Side Information (SI) is coded using Hamming code
and embedded into the information sequence. Computer simulation tests have been applied on
BPSK and N= 64 subcarriers OFDM system with the proposed method. Moreover, this
system will be evaluated under the effect of AWGN channel. The results exhibit the ability of
such technique to reduce the PAPR without major effect on the system performance as
compared with the conventional OFDM technique. The PAPR of OFDM signal is further
reduced by 45 dB by this technique.
Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM, Peak to Average power
ratio (PAPR), AWGN channel.
40
Finite Element Prediction of Temperature Rise Distribution
in Turning Process of AISI 1045 Carbon Steel
Assmaa A. Kawi Sana J.Yaseen Rana L.
Mechanical Engineering Dep. Mechanical Engineering Dep. Mechanical Engineering Dep.
College of Engineering College of Engineering College of Engineering
University of Basrh University of Basrh University of Basrh
Abstract
In this paper the code DEFORM-3D V6.1 was used to perform a finite element analysis
simulating the turning process of AISI 1045 carbon steel. A series of thermal simulations
have been performed, the value and location of maximum temperature have been determined.
The comparison of the simulations with earlier works gave promising trend for the presented
work with a maximum percentage of error 3.23%. The results of this work show that the
maximum temperature exists in the vicinity of the cutting edge. i.e. in the tool-chip contact
and then starts cooling immediately when the tool crosses this region. Besides the maximum
temperature in the tool-chip interface increases as the cutting time increases until the process
reaches the steady-state condition where the temperature is alternating around the mean
temperature. Finally the behavior of temperature differs in value and distribution for the same
location and time (same boundary conditions) in the cutting direction with the change in depth
of cut where the maximum temperature occurs at maximum depth of cut.
41
Temperature Rise in Al 7075 Cold Wire Drawing
Using Finite Element Method
Hassanein I. Khalaf Zainab K. Radhi Sanaa M. Shrama
Mechanical Engineering Dep. Mechanical Engineering Dep. Mechanical Engineering Dep.
College of Engineering College of Engineering College of Engineering
University of Basrah University of Basrah University of Basrah
Abstract
In this work the temperature rise in AL7075 wire drawing is predicted numerically using
a 3D finite element model. The commercial code Deform-3D was used to construct the model
and simulate the wire drawing process. Aluminum wire of 46.38mm was drawn at room
temperature through a conical die with semi-die angle =5

and percentage reduction in area


equal to 10%. This case was run for different values of friction coefficient (=0.05, 0.075,
0.1, 0.125, 0.15, 0.175, 0.2). The result shows that as the coefficient of friction increases, the
temperature rises in linear form. The behavior of temperature rise distribution is studied in
details for =0.1, for this case the temperature rise in wire during the drawing process is
(22.3C
o
) less than in die (28.7C
o
), also the location of maximum temperature in the die occurs
at the contact area before wire exit from the die.
42
Partial Transmission Sequence of Multi-Carrier Modulation
Abdulgaffar S. M.
Electrical & Electronic Department
College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University
Abstract
Partial Transmission Sequence (PTS) method proposed is one of the methods to reduce
the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) system. In which each symbol of OFDM in the frequency domain is divided into sub
blocks and each one, multiplied by a phase factor to rearrange the origin symbol to a version
with the lowest PAPR. This method is based on changing the phase of each sub blocks to
reduce the probability of occurrence high PAPR. The nonlinear behavior of the phase affect's
the accuracy of reduction which makes it different as compared with this method.
In this paper, a proposed method is suggested to reduce the complexity of such method .
Keywords :Partial Transmission Sequence, multi-carrier Modulation, Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system.
43
Prediction of Power Chimney Parameters Influenced the
Operation at Nassiriya City
Rafid M. Hannun Adnan A.U. Ghassan Adnan Abd
Elect. Eng. Dept. Mech. Eng. Dept. Mech. Eng. Dept.
College of Engineering College of Engineering College of Engineering
Thi-Qar University Thi-Qar University Thi-Qar University
Abstract
The power chimney tower is one of modern promised energy which may be developed by
low losses, simple and has high facilities.
In this paper, many parameters were studied for prediction of system operation. Velocity
distribution is the important parameter which gives the first prediction to put the position of
erection of power turbine, made or not. The numerical analysis was presented by using
GAMBIT and FLUENT 6.3 to predict that high velocity at the expansion of chimney near the
solar collector place. This position is very suitable for promoting and building the power
turbine since the velocity range was between (33 - 54 m/s) for different solar flux 200W/m
2
,
400W/m
2
, 600W/m
2
and 800W/m
2
. So, the other factors, temperature and pressure were
studied to coincide with previous papers in this field.
44
-~--)-' ;;--- ,'- - -'= -=- - -,;~---' ~;=--' ~>=

45
,V' _~'-- ,--'- =-'--' ,-' -'---
~-~- --=- ;~'- --,-'
-----' ~--)-' ;~- ~--)-' ---
~--)-' ---

.-='' ,='--' _'= '-'' '', '' . .


=--'' -'= , -'--='-, ,-,='' -,'' -' - )
(
--'`'' ''- '' -+=` . ' '+,'= ---, -'' ,-'-`' ,--'', -',`' -'-- , '' -'- =,'- - .~ ' _-,--'
--- --'' .,= -'-'' _,,- = = _-'-'' , -,-'' .`= -','' .~' --'` .
,,--- ,- -',- .-= -=,-, '-' '-'' '' -,=,- -~' ,~, _'--;' _'= _`-`' ,`'- ',
.
) LF ( ,`' -'-- =- ,-- _- -'-- ,-'' _-'' -'-'- ` -' .
: .
46
Performance Improvement of Multilevel Load Power System by
Using Two-Stages Fuzzy Controller
Baqer Turki Atiyah Al-lamey
Nasseriya Technical Institute
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to improve the performance of power system by
enhancing the voltage profile and reducing the real power losses based on two stages fuzzy
controller which is used to select the appropriate size and location of capacitor banks required
to minimize the power losses and maintain the voltage profile in permissible limits.
The first stage of fuzzy controller is used to specify the optimal location of capacitors
installation, while the optimal size is specified by the second stage . The proposed method is
tested on a 34-bus, 74-transmission lines from Iraqi Northern power system with multilevel of
loads. The load levels are represented by 50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of peak load and
satisfied results are obtained to show the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed method.
Keywords : Load flow , Fuzzy- logic , optimal ,location , optimal size .
47
Study of Natural Convection in a Horizontal Square Enclosure
with 4-Inner Heated Rods
Muneer A. Ismael Falah A. Abood Sana J. Yaseen
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Basra University
muneerismael@yahoo.com
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Basra University
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Basra University
Abstract
Laminar, natural convection heat transfer of air filling horizontal space between
isothermal (cold) square enclosure and four isothermal (hot) cylindrical rods has been
theoretically studied. Finite element method has been used to solve the conservation of
governing equations by using software package (FlexPDE).
Parametric study has been conducted for the range of Rayliegh number10
3
Ra10
5
,
Aspect ratio 0.11AR0.28. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms
contours and Nusselt numbers. Results showed that the overall heat transfer increases with
increasing of both Ra and AR. The values of mean Nusselt numbers are compared with data
reported in Ref.
[6]
and
[15]
, and good agreement has been achieved.
Keywords: Natural convection, square enclosure, penalty.
48
Novel Space Time Spreading Scheme
Ahmed Abdel Hadi Fadhel
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Thi_Qar
Abstract
In this paper two spreading schemes and their detection methods were proposed and
compared. The comparison depends on the performance of each scheme in Rayleigh flat
fading channel. Space Time Spreading (STS) codes are used with Layered Space Time Codes
(LST), with Vertical Bell Laboratories Space Time codes (V-BLAST) in particular. Also,
Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access system (DS-CDMA) was used as a multi-
user criterion. As a result of this spreading, a simple decoding algorithm was used. The
simulation shows that STS-LST-DS-CDMA system with 3TX-3RX (3 transmitting antennas-
3 receiving antennas) using all paths between transmitter and receiver was better than LST-
DS-CDMA system by about 4dB in SNR at BER of 10
-4
. More detailed results are shown in
Table 1. Also, the proposed scheme (may be partially) solves the problem of the code reuse.
Keywords: Space time spreading, Direct sequence code division multiple access, Layered
space time coding, Bit error rate, Flat fading.
49
Evaluation the Efficiency of Installing Stone Columns in
Ground Improvement of Al-NassiriyaCity Soil
Nesreen Kurdy Thabbah Al-Obaidy Esraa Abdulaemma Mandhour
Civil Engineering Dept.
College of Engineering
University of Thi_Qar
College of Science
University of Thi_Qar
Abstract
This paper investigates the performance of stone columns in soft soil of Al-Nassiriya
city (one of Iraqi cities in the south). A geotechnical study of physical and mechanical
properties of the soil has been carried out for a selected areas from Al-Nassiriya city. A finite
difference Matlab program has been employed in simulation of installing stone columns in the
aforementioned soil. Results of the study illustrate using stone columns reduces the
settlement of the soil for different values of the modular ratio and replacement ratio, thus
the Wmax maximum settlement ratio changes from 30% to 16% of the modular ratios (E
c-
/E
s
)=10 and 50 respectively. The effect of spacing and column width is taken into
consideration.
All results are reasonable and harmonic with most last studies.
Keywords : Geotechnical ,stone columns , finite difference .
50
Modeling of the Dissolved Oxygen Profile in Marsh Water by
Numerical Solution of ADE Using Finite Difference Method
Mohammed Dekheel Selman
Marshes Research Centre
Thi Qar University
Abstract
To evaluate the environmental impact of pollution, mathematical models play a major
role in predicting the pollution level in the regions under consideration. Computer models are
becoming increasingly important tools in every environmental management aspects.
A general one dimensional water quality model (Advection-diffusion Equation ADE) has
been developed the dissolved oxygen in Abu-Zirig marsh water. The general one-dimensional
model equation was solved using the numerical solution by finite difference discritization and
procedure was prepared by writing a computer program in MATLAB program (version 7.6).
Keywords : Finite difference , water pollution , dissolved oxygen.
51
Duplex Inhibition of CO2 Corrosion in Iraqi Oilfield
Sami I.J. Al-rubaiey
Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy
University of Technology Baghdad
Abstract
New method for inhibition CO2 corrosion in Iraqi oilfield was used in this work. This
new method included using combination of heat treatment of steel and added Aromatic
(Tetrahydronaphthalene) compounds as corrosion inhibitor in different concentration (0.05%,
0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1%). The results referred that the weight loss was reduced as inhibitor
concentration increased for all conditions of specimens whether, there were heat treated or
not. The combination of annealing heat treatment of samples and using Aromatic compounds
inhibitor offered a better corrosion resistance than the combination of quenching + tempering
(Q+T) samples. The presence of inhibitor improves the corrosion resistance for annealed
samples. For fully annealing, the weight loss was 5 times lesser than that for (Q+T) samples,
while the weight loss of steel (as received condition) was 3 times lesser than that for (Q+T)
samples.
Keywords :Inhibition, Oilfield, CO2 corrosion, heat treatment, Aromatic
(Tetrahydronaphthalene) , annealing, quenching , tempering weight loss, efficiency.
52
Study of the Condenser Performance in Al-Nassiriyah Thermal
Power Plant
Khalid N. Hassan Qais A. Rishack Ahmed K. Mohammed
Mechanical Engineering
Department
College of Engineering
University of Basrah
Mechanical Engineering
Department
College of Engineering
University of Basrah
Mechanical Engineering
Department
College of Engineering
University of Basrah
Abstract
This paper includes a study of the performance of Al-Nassiriyah thermal power plant
condenser. Which includes a calculations of the main variables of condenser (heat transfer,
condensation rate, overall heat transfer coefficient and vapour pressure) by applying two
dimensional mathematical model and depending on the empirical equations of heat transfer.
Comparison was made between the theoretical results for Al-Nassiriyah thermal power
plant condenser before operation it (standard power plant) with practical data which taken
from the plant for the second unit in year 2007. The comparison showed that there was a large
difference between theoretical results and the values taken from the plant as a result to the
effect of operation conditions.
Keywords : Thermal power plant , comparison, condensation.
53
Study of Mixed Convection Heat Transfer Inside a Vented Square
Cavity with Inner Heated Cylinder
Zainab K. Radhi Sana M. Shrama Falah A.Abood
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Basrah
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Basrah
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Basrah
Abstract
The problem of mixed convection heat transfer for laminar air flow in a square cavity with
inner heated cylinder is numerically analyzed by finite element method using software
package (FlexPDF) to solve the conservation of governing equations. The right vertical wall
is kept at constant temperature and the others are adiabatic. An external flow enters the cavity
through an opening in the left vertical wall and exits from another opening in the right vertical
wall. Results of streamlines, isotherms, average temperature and average Nusselt number of
the heated wall are presented for Ri = 0 to 12, 50 Re 200, Pr = 0.71 and inlet position hi =
0.2. From the present analysis it is found that with increases of Re and Ri numbers the
convective heat transfer becomes predominant over the conduction heat transfer. The results
of streamlines and isotherms are compared with available result of Rahman et al.[8], a good
agreement has been achieved.
Keywords : Heat transfer , mixed convection , fluid flow .

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