Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

POWER ELECTRONICS LAB

SUB CODE: 06ECL77

1. Static characteristics of SCR an DI!C" 2. Static characteristics of MOS#E$ an I%B$" 3. Controlle &'R an #'R usin( RC $ri((erin( circuit 4. SCR turn)off circuits usin( *i+ LC circuit *ii+ !u,iliar- Commutation" 5. U.$ firin( circuit for &'R an #'R circuits" 6. %eneration of firin( si(nals for $h-ristors/$riacs usin( i(ital Circuit/ Micro0rocessor" 7. !C 1olta(e controller usin( $riac 2 Diac combination" 8. Sin(le 0hase full- controlle bri (e con1erter #'R with R an RL loa s" 9. Volta(e *Im0ulse+ commutate cho00er 2 both constant fre3uenc- an 1ariable fre3uenc- o0erations" 10. S0ee control of a se0aratel- e,cite DC motor" 11. S0ee control of uni1ersal motor" 12. S0ee control of ste00er motor" 13. Parallel/ Series In1erters"

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Power Electronics Lab Manual SUB CODE:ECL48 Sl N! 4 6 7 PE LAB Cycl !" E#$ %&' () I* SE+ EC , TC: S./0 1%!.$ %4; %6 %7; %< DATE

VII Sem EC

N-' !" E#$ %&' () Static characteristics of SCR Static characteristics of a+ MOS#E$" b+ I%B$ a+ S-nchroni8e U.$ firin( circuit" OR *SCR turn)O9 circuit usin( U.$ rela,ation oscillator+ b+ Controlle &'R : #'R usin( R : RC $ri((erin( circuit" c+ Di(ital #irin( Circuit" + SCR turn off usin( LC Circuit"

C2CLE RE+AR3S

%=; %>

< = > ?

Static characteristics of $RI!C" %4; %6 Sin(le 0hase #'R usin( &alf : #ull- controlle with R : RL loa s" %7; %< Parallel/Series in1erter" %=; %> a+ DC .ones Cho00er" OR !u,iliar- commutation of SCR b+ S0ee control of ste00er motor a+ !C Volta(e controller usin( *i+ $RI!C)DI!C *ii+ U.$ firin( circuit" b+ S0ee control of uni1ersal / in uction motor S0ee control of a se0aratele,cite DC motor %4;%6

II

%7;% <

III

%=; %>

NOTE: -4 SUB 1ROUP: N!) '!% )5-( 3 6).7 ()681%!.$. /4 BATC9: +-#&'.' !" 18 6).7 ()68B-)c5.

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT01;-4

*0I C9ARACTERISTICS O< SCR

AI+: 4" $o obtain V)I characteristics an to fin on)state forwar resistance of (i1en SCR" 6" $o etermine hol in(B latchin( current an brea5 o1er 1olta(e of (i1en SCR" APPARATUS RE=UIRED: $rainer 5itB Patch car sB Multimeters" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

#i( 4"4*a+ Circuit ia(ram for VI characteristics of SCR" SCR S0ecifications: It *rms+ ) 4> ! It *rms+ ) 4C ! It *rms+ ) 4>C ! VBO D #orwar brea5 o1er 1olta(e VBR D Re1erse brea5 o1er 1olta(e I( D %ate current

C5-%-c) %&6)&c c.%> : De0t of EC 7 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

I!F

VBR VB
O

I%D I%4 V!F

#i( 4"6*a+ Static characteristic of SCR"

TABULAR COLU+N: %ate current I% D I%4 DE""m! V!F *Volts+ I! *m!+

PROCEDURE: Connections are ma e as shown in the circuit ia(ram"

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Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

Set R4 an R6 to mi 0osition an V4 an V6 to minimum" Set the (ate current I% D I%4 *such that forwar brea5 o1er 1olta(e is between 4= to 6C V+B b- 1ar-in( R6 an V6"

Slowl- 1ar- V4 in ste0s of 6V an note own V!F an I!5 at each ste0 till SCR con ucts" *9ote own ma,imum V!FB which is forwar brea5 o1er 1olta(e Gust before SCR con ucts+" FINDING LATCHING CURRENT: Ensure that the SCR is in the state of con uction"

Start re ucin( *V!F+ ano e 1olta(e in ste0s of 6V; simultaneousl- chec5 the state of SCR b- switchin( off (ate su00l- V6" If SCR switches off Gust b- remo1in( (ate terminalB an switches on b- connectin( (ate su00l-B then the corres0on in( ano e current I! is the latchin( current *IL+ for the SCR" FINDING HOLDING CURRENT: Ensure that the SCR is in the state of con uction" Switch off the (ate su00l- 0ermanentl-"

Start re ucin( *V!F+ ano e 1olta(e in ste0s of 6V; simultaneousl- chec5 the state of SCR" If SCR switches off" 9ote own the ano e current *I !+ Gust before it ro0s to 8eroB which will be I&" Re1erse the ano e 1olta(e 0olarit-" Var- V!F in ste0s of =V till 6=V an note own V!F an I! 1alues at each ste0 Plot forwar an re1erse characteristics usin( the abo1e)tabulate 1alues" #in the SCR forwar resistance usin( the (ra0h" Re0eat the abo1e 0roce ure for the forwar an re1erse characteristics of SCR for a (ate current I( D I(6" $he 1alues of V!F an I!F are note ownB 0lotte resistance is foun " $he 1alues obtaine are 1erifie " an SCR forwar

RESULT:

*&>- =. 6)&!(6: 1.What is a Thyristor? !ns+ $h-ristor is eri1e from the 0ro0erties of a $h-ratron tube an a $ransistor" It is use as another name for SCRHS" $he- are 0ower Semicon uctor e1ices use for 0ower control a00lications" 2.What are SCRs? SCRHs is Silicon controlle Rectifiers" $he- are basicall- use as De0t of EC = Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual Rectifiers" 3.Dra the str!"t!re o# a$ SCR? %.What are the &i##ere$t 'etho&s o# t!r$i$( o$ a$ SCR? I!no e to catho e 1olta(e is (reater than brea5 o1er 1olta(e" I%ate tri((erin( I'hen 1/ t e,cee s 0ermissible 1alue" I%ate catho e Gunction is e,0ose to li(ht"

VII Sem EC

).What is For ar& *rea+ o,er ,o-ta(e?

$he 1olta(e Va5 at which the SCR starts con uctin( is calle as #orwar Brea5 o1er 1olta(e Vbo" $his ha00ens when the Gunction .6 un er(oes !1alanche brea5 own ue to hi(h re1erse bias on Gunction .6"

..What is Re,erse *rea+ o,er ,o-ta(e?

If the re1erse 1olta(e is increase more than a critical 1alueB a1alanche Brea5 own will occur at .4 an .7 increasin( the current shar0l-" $his is Re1erse brea5 o1er 1olta(e VBO"

/.Why is 0*o (reater tha$ 01R?

In SCR the inner two 0)n re(ions are li(htl- o0e ue to which the thic5ness of the e0letion re(ion at Gunction .6 is hi(her urin( forwar bias than that of .4 an .7 un er re1erse bias"

2.What are 'o&es o# or+i$( o# a$ SCR?

Re1erse bloc5in( mo eB #orwar bloc5in( mo e an #orwar con uction mo e are the mo es of wor5in( of an SCR"

3.Dra the 04I "hara"teristi"s o# SCR.

!ns+ Refer fi(ure 4"4*a+

56.Why &oes hi(h 7o er &issi7atio$ o""!r i$ re,erse *-o"+i$( 'o&e?

&i(h 0ower issi0ation occurs because as 1olta(e increases be-on Vbr current increases ra0i l-"

55.Why sho!-&$t 7ositi,e (ate si($a- *e a77-ie& &!ri$( re,erse *-o"+i$(? 8o&e?
De0t of EC > Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

If we a00l- 0ositi1e (ate si(nal .7 becomes forwar biase " Re1erse lea5a(e current increases an $h-ristor (ets ama(e ue to lar(e 0ower issi0ation"

52.E97-ai$ re,erse "!rre$t Ire?

'hen catho e 1olta(e is 0ositi1eB .6 is forwar biase ; .4 an .7 are re1erse biase " $he th-ristors will be in re1erse bloc5in( state an re1erse lea5a(e current Ire flows"

53.What ha77e$s he$ (ate &ri,e is a77-ie&?

'hen (ate ri1e is a00lie a1alanche brea5 own occurs at .6 causin( e,cessi1e flow of char(es an hence current sur(e" $his turns the SCR into con uction state faster i"e" the $h-ristor turns on at lower an lower ano e to catho e 1olta(esB which are less than Vbo"

5%.Di##ere$tiate *et ee$ ho-&i$( a$& -at"hi$( "!rre$tsJ

&ol in( current is the minimum amount of current belowB which SCR oes not con uct" It is associate with the 0resence of (ate terminal an concerns turn off con ition" Latchin( current is the minimum amount of current re3uire for the SCR to con uct" It is associate with absence of (ate terminal an concerns turn on 0rocess" It is (reater than hol in( current"

5).Why is &,:&t te"h$i;!e $ot !se&?

!s this causes false tri((erin( e1en when (ate or 1olta(e Va5 is not a00lie B 1/ t techni3ue is not use " Snubbe circuitB which is combination of a CB a1oi s this an R "$he ca0acitor is 0lace in 0arallel with SCR"

5..What si&e&?
!t the time of turn onB ano e current increases ra0i l-" $his ra0i 1ariation is not s0rea across the Gunction area of the th-ristors" $his creates local hots0ots in the Gunction an increases the Gunction tem0erature an hence e1ice ma- be ama(e " $his is a1oi e bconnectin( an in uctor in series with an SCR"

5/.Why sho!-& the (ate si($a- *e re'o,e& a#ter t!r$ o$?

$his 0re1ents 0ower loss in the (ate Gunction"

52.Is a (ate si($a- re;!ire& he$ re,erse *iase&?

9oB otherwise SCR ma- fail ue to hi(h lea5a(e current"

53.What are &i##ere$t ty7es o# #iri$( "ir"!its to tri((er SCR?

IR firin( circuit" IRC firin( circuit" IU.$ firin( circuit" De0t of EC ? Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual IDi(ital firin( circuit"

VII Sem EC

26.What ty7e o# tri((eri$( is !se& i$ SCR?

Pulse tri((erin("

25.What is o##set "!rre$t?

'hen ano e 1olta(e is ma e 0ositi1eB .4 an .7 are forwar biase B .6 is re1erse biase " $he $h-ristor is in forwar bloc5in( or off state con ition an the lea5a(e current is 5nown as offset current Io"

22.What are the a&,a$ta(es o# SCR?

IVer- small amount of (ate ri1e is re3uire since SCR is re(enerati1e e1ice" ISCRHs with hi(h 1olta(e an current ratin(s are a1ailable" IOn state losses are re uce "

23.What are the &isa&,a$ta(es o# SCRs?

I%ate has no control once the SCR is turne on" IE,ternal circuits are re3uire to turn off the SCR" IO0eratin( fre3uencies are 1er- low" ISnubber *RC circuits+ is re3uire for 1/ t 0rotection"

2%.What are a77-i"atio$s o# SCR?

ISCRHs are best suitable for controlle rectifiers" I!C re(ulatorsB li(htin( an heatin( a00lications" IDC motor ri1esB lar(e 0ower su00lies an electronic circuit brea5ers"

2).What is the &i##ere$"e *et ee$ a$ IG1T a$& SCR?

I%B$ com0rises of a B.$ an a MOS#E$ where as an SCR com0rises of two B.$Hs"

2..Ca$ e re7-a"e a SCR *y a 'i"ro7ro"essor *y riti$( a 7ro(ra' to e9hi*it "hara"teristi"s o# SCR?

9oB we can 1erif- or test the wor5in( of SCR usin( micro0rocessor but we cannot re0lace it 0racticall-"

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT NO. 2;-4

C9ARACTERISTICS O< +OS<ET

AI+: $o raw static characteristic of MOS#E$ an resistance an $rans con uctance" hence to etermine the out0ut

APPARATUS RE=UIRED: MOS#E$ mo uleB MultimetersB 0atch chor s" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

6"=V)<=V

4"=V)4=V

I(4 I(6 I(7

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

#i( 6"6 *a+ Static Characteristics of MOS#E$"

VII Sem EC

PROCEDURE: ;-4 T%-(6" % C5-%-c) %&6)&c6: K K K K K Connect the circuit as shown in the fi( 6"4 *a+" Set VDS D 4CV b- 1ar-in( V4" Fee0 R4 sli(htl- more than L of the total 1alue" Var- V%S b- 1ar-in( V6 *5ee0 R6 to minimum 0osition+ an note own IDS for e1er- C"=V 1ariation of V%S till =V of V%S" Min V%S 1olta(e that is re3uire for con uction is M$hreshol 1olta(eN *V$&+" Re0eat the abo1e e,0eriment for ifferent 1alues of VDS6 D 4=V" T-/.l-% C!l.'(: *1@*DS1 @ 10* *1S * IDS ;'A4 0*

@V*Ma,+ *1 @ *DS2 @15* !% 12* *1S * IDS ;'A4 0*

@V*Ma,+

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Power Electronics Lab Manual ;/4 D%-&( C5-%-c) %&6)&c6: A A A K Ri( u0 the circuit as shown in the fi( 6"4*a+" ! Gust V% b- 1ar-in( V6 to *T9"

VII Sem EC

Var- VDS b- 1ar-in( V4 in ste0s of C"=1 an note own IDS *$ill IDS is constant+" Re0eat the abo1e 0roce ure for ifferent 1alues of V%S6 D *T9 C"4 V"

TABULAR COLU+N: *1S @ *1S1 @ *T9 *DS ;*4 IDS;'A4 *1S @ *1S2 @ *T9 C"4 V" *DS ;*4 IDS;'A4

RESULT: $he transfer characteristics : collector characteristics are obtaine an their res0ecti1e (ra0hs are 0lotte an out0ut resistance an $rans con uctance are foun "

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Power Electronics Lab Manual *I*A =UESTIONS:

VII Sem EC

5.What are 8OSFETs?

Metal o,i e silicon i)o,i e fiel effect transistor is a 1olta(e)controlle of MOS#E$ are (ateB rain an source" e1ice" $he 0arts

2.Dra the sy'*o- o# 8OSFET. 3.What is the &i##ere$"e *et ee$ 8OSFET a$& 1<T?
$he MOS#E$ is a 1olta(e controlle e1ice where as B.$ is a current controlle e1ice"

%.What is the &i##ere$"e *et ee$ <FET a$& 8OSFET?

$here is no irect contact between the (ate terminal an the n)t-0e channel of MOS#E$"

).Dra the str!"t!re o# 8OSFET.

..What are the t o ty7es o# 8OSFET?

IDe0letion MOS#E$ ) 9 channel in 0 substrate" )P channel in n substrate" IEnhancement mosfet 21irtual n channel in 0 substrate )Virtual 0 channel in n substrate

/. What is the &i##ere$"e *et ee$ &e7-etio$ a$& e$ha$"e'e$t 8OSFET?

$he channel in the center is absent for enhancement t-0e MOS#E$ but the channel is 0resent in e0letion t-0e MOS#E$" $he (ate 1olta(e can either be 0ositi1e or ne(ati1e in e0letion t-0e MOS#E$Hs but enhancement MOS#E$ res0on s onl- for 0ositi1e (ate 1olta(e"

2. Ho &oes $4&ri#t re(io$ a##e"t 8OSFET?

$he n) rift re(ion increases the onsta(e ro0 of MOS#E$ an also the thic5ness of this re(ion etermines the brea5 own 1olta(e of MOS#E$"

3. Ho are 8OSFETs s!ita*-e #or -o 7o er hi(h #re;!e$"y a77-i"atio$sJ

MOS#E$Hs ha1e hi(h on state resistances ue to which losses increase with the increase in the 0ower le1els" $heir switchin( time is low an hence suitable for low 0ower hi(h fre3uenc- a00lications"

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

56. What are the re;!ire'e$ts o# (ate &ri,e i$ 8OSFET?

I$he (ate to source in0ut ca0acitance shoul be char(e 3uic5l-" IMOS#E$ turns on when (ate source in0ut ca0acitance is char(e to sufficient le1el" I$he ne(ati1e current shoul be hi(h to turn off MOS#E$"

55. Dra the s it"hi$( 'o&e- o# 8OSFET. 52.What is rise ti'e a$& #a-- ti'e?
$he ca0acitor C(s char(es from threshol 1olta(e to full (ate 1olta(e V(s0" $he time re3uire for this char(in( is calle rise time" Durin( this 0erio B rain current rises to full 1alue" $he ca0acitor C(s 5ee0s on ischar(in( an its 1olta(e becomes e3ual to threshol 1olta(e Vt"$he time re3uire for this ischar(e C(s from V(s0 to Vt is calle fall time"

53. What is 7i$"h o## ,o-ta(e?

$he 1olta(e across (ate to source at which the rain to source current becomes 8ero is calle 0inch off 1olta(e"

5%. I$ hi"h re(io$ &oes the 8OSFET !se& as a s it"h?

In the linear re(ion"

5).Whi"h 7ara'eter &e#i$es the tra$s#er "hara"teristi"s?

$he $ran con uctance %mDI /V(s

5..Why are 8OSFETs 'ai$-y !se& #or -o 7o er a77-i"atio$s?

MOS#E$Hs ha1e hi(h on state resistance R s" &ence for hi(her currents; losses in the MOS#E$Hs are substantiall- increase " &ence MOS#E$Hs are substantiall- increase " &enceB MOS#E$Hs are mainl- use for low 0ower a00lications"

5/.Ho is 8OSFET t!r$e& o##?

$o turn off the MOS#E$ 3uic5l-B the ne(ati1e (ate current shoul be sufficientl- hi(h to ischar(e (ate source in0ut ca0acitance"

52.What are the a&,a$ta(es o# ,erti"a- str!"t!re o# 8OSFET?

IOn state resistance of MOS#E$ is re uce " I'i th of the (ate is ma,imi8e " &enceB (ain of the e1ice is increase "

53.What are the 'erits o# 8OSFET?

I MOS#E$Hs are maGorit- carrier e1ices" De0t of EC 47 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

IMOS#E$Hs ha1e 0ositi1e tem0erature coefficientB hence their 0arallelin( is eas-" IMOS#E$Hs ha1e 1er- sim0le ri1e circuits" IMOS#E$Hs ha1e short turn on an turn off times; hence the- o0erate at hi(h fre3uencies" IMOS#E$Hs o not re3uire commutation techni3ues" I%ate has full control o1er the o0eration of MOS#E$"

26.What are &e'erits o# 8OSFET?

IOn state losses in MOS#E$ are hi(h" IMOS#E$Hs are use onl- for low 0ower a00lications" IMOS#E$Hs suffer from static char(e"

25.What are the a77-i"atio$s o# 8OSFET?

I&i(h fre3uenc- an low 0ower in1erters" I&i(h fre3uenc- SMPS" I&i(h fre3uenc- in1erters an cho00ers" ILow 0ower !C an DC ri1es"

E:PERI+ENT 2;/4

*I 0C9ARACTERISTICS O< I1BT

AI+: $o 0lot the VI Characteristics of I%B$" APPARATUS RE=UIRED: CIRCUIT DIA1RA+: Characteristics Stu - UnitB C)=C V DC VoltmeterB C) 4=V DC VoltmeterB C)=CCm! DC !mmeter"

6"<V)<=V 4"=)4=V

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4<

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

T%-(6" % C5-%-c) %&6)&c6 C.%>

C!ll c)!% C5-%-c) %&6)&c6 C.%>

V%E 7 V%E 6
IC

V$&

V%E VCE

#i( 6"6*b+ V)I characteristics of I%B$"

TABULAR COLU+N: Tra$s#er Chara"teristi"s= VCE4 D A"@V V%E *V+ Ic*m!+ VCE6 D @V V%E *V+ Ic*m!+

Co--e"tor Chara"teristi"s= V%E4 *V+ D <"A V V%E *V+ D ="4 V V%E7 *V+ D = V

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4=

IC

V%E 4

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual VCE *V+ Ic *m!+ VCE *V+ Ic *m!+ VCE *V+

VII Sem EC Ic *m!+

PROCEDURE: Tra$s#er Chara"teristi"s= Connect the circuit as shown in fi(ure" Initiall- Fee0 V4 : V6 to minimum" Set V4DVCE4 D 4CV" Slowl- 1ar- V6 *V%E + an note own Ic an V%E rea in( for e1er- C"=V" *V*%E+M!O P @V+ $he minimum (ate Volta(e V%EB which is re3uire for con uction of I%B$ is calle threshol 1olta(e V $&" If V%E is less than V$&B 1er- small lea5a(e current flows from collector to emitter" If V%E is (reater than V$&B then collector current e0en s on VCE ma(nitu e" Re0eat the same for ifferent 1alues of V%E an raw the (ra0h of V%E V/S Ic"

Co--e"tor Chara"teristi"s= Initiall- set V6 to V%E4 D =V" * V$&+ Slowl- 1ar- V4 an note own Ic an V%E" #or a 0articular (ate 1olta(e there is a 0inch off 1olta(e *V0+ between collector an emitter" If Vce is less than V0 the e1ice wor5s in constant (ain re(ion an Ic is irectl0ro0ortional to Vce" If Vce is more than V0B constant Ic flows from the e1ice an this o0eratin( re(ion is calle as constant current re(ion" Re0eat the abo1e for ifferent 1alues of V%E an note own Ic 1/s Vce" Draw the (ra0h Ic 1/s V%E for ifferent 1alues of V%E" 4> Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

De0t of EC

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

RESULT: $he transfer characteristics : collector characteristics are obtaine an their res0ecti1e (ra0hs are 0lotte " $he 1alues of IcB V%EB VCE are note own in tabular columns an 1erifie " *I*A =UESTIONS:

5.What is IG1TJ
Insulate (ate bi0olar transistor is the latest e1ice in 0ower Electronics "It is obtaine b- combinin( the 0ro0erties of B.$ !n MOS#E$"

2. I$ hat ay IG1T is 'ore a&,a$ta(eo!s tha$ 1<T a$& 8OSFET?

IIt has hi(h in0ut im0e ance of the MOS#E$ an has low on)state 1olta(e ro0" I$he turn off time of an I%B$ is (reater than that of MOS#E$" IIt has low onsta(e con uction losses an there is no 0roblem of secon Brea5 own as in case of B.$" IIt is inherentl- faster than a B.$"

3. Dra the sy'*o- o# IG1T. %.Dra the e;!i,a-e$t "ir"!it o# IG1T. ).What are o$ state "o$&!"tio$ -osses? Ho is it -o i$ IG1T?
! hi(h current is re3uire to brea5 the Gunctions in B.$" $his results in On state con uction losses" $he con uction losses in I%B$ are 0ro0ortional $o ut- c-cle of the a00lie 1olta(e" B- re ucin( the ut- c-cle con uction losses can be re uce "

..What is se"o$& *rea+&o $ 7he$o'e$o$?

!s the collector 1olta(e ro0s in B.$ there is an increase in collector Current an this substantiall- increase the 0ower issi0ation" $his Dissi0ation is not uniforml- s0rea o1er the entire 1olume of the e1ice but is concentrate in hi(hl- locali8e re(ions where the local tem0erature ma- (row an forms the blac5 s0ots" $his causes the estruction of B.$" $his is secon brea5 own"

/.What is s it"hi$( s7ee&?

$he time ta5en to turn on or turn off a 0ower e1ice is calle switchin( De0t of EC 4? Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual S0ee "

VII Sem EC

2.Ca$ e o*ser,e the tra$s#er a$& "o--e"tor "hara"teristi"s o# IG1T o$ CRO?

9o" Because the wa1eform which is to be obser1e on the CRO shoul Var- with res0ect to time otherwise we can see onl- a strai(ht line on the CRO"

3.What is 7!$"h thro!(h IG1T?

$he I%B$Hs which ha1e nQ buffer la-er 0resent are calle 0unch throu(h I%B$"$he- ha1e as-mmetric 1olta(e bloc5in( ca0abilities an ha1e faster turn off times" &ence the- are use in cho00ers an in1erters"

56. What is $o$47!$"h thro!(h IG1T?

$he I%B$HS without nQ buffer la-er are calle non)0unch throu(h I%B$Hs" $he- ha1e s-mmetric 1olta(e bloc5in( ca0abilities an are use for rectifier a00lications"

55.What are 'erits o# IG1T?

I$he ri1e is sim0le" IOnsta(e losses are re uce " I9o commutation circuits are re3uire " I%ate has full control" ISwitchin( fre3uencies are hi(her" IIt has flat tem0erature coefficient"

52.What are &e'erits o# IG1T?

I$he- ha1e static char(e 0roblems" I$he- are 1er- costl-"

53.What are the a77-i"atio$s o# IG1Ts?

I!c motor ri1es" *In1erters+ IDc to Dc 0ower su00lies" *Cho00ers+ IUPS s-stems" I&armonic com0ensators"

5%.Why is si-i"o$ !se& i$ a-- 7o er se'i"o$&!"tor &e,i"es a$& hy $ot? Ger'a$i!'?

De0t of EC

4@

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual $he lea5a(e current in silicon is 1er- small com0are to (ermanium" $he (ermanium is also more sensiti1e com0are to silicon"

VII Sem EC

5).What is 7i$"h o## ,o-ta(e?

'hen V(e is ma e ne(ati1eB electrons in the n)channel (et re0elle Creatin( a e0letion re(ion resultin( in a narrower effecti1e channel" If V(e is ma e ne(ati1e enou(h so as to com0letel- eliminate the channel *&i(h resistanceB low current state+B that 1alue is calle the 0inch off Volta(e"

5..What is thresho-& ,o-ta(e?

$hreshol 1olta(e is the 1olta(e V(e at which I%B$ be(ins to con uct"

5/.Ho is IG1T t!r$e& o##?

!n I%B$ can turn off b- ischar(in( the (ate b- means of short circuitin( it to the emitter terminal"

52.What is the rati$( o# IG1T?

$he current ratin( can be u0 to <CC!B 46CCV with switchin( fre3uenc- of 6CF&8"

E#$ %&' () N!. 3

C!()%!ll 7 9WR ,<WR .6&(B R , RC T%&BB %&(B c&%c.&)

A&': 4" $o 0lot firin( an(le 1/s VDC usin( RB RCB firin( circuits" 6" $o 0lot in0utB tri((erB loa 1olta(e wa1eforms in an RB RC $ri((erin( circuit for half an full wa1e rectifier circuit" A$$-%-).6 R C.&% 7 : R : RC firin( circuit mo uleB rectifier mo uleB MultimetersB CROB 0atch chor s" C&c.&) D&-B%-':

De0t of EC

4A

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( 7"4 R)$ri((erin( &alf wa1e circuit"

InPut

OSP Loa Volt %ate Catho e Volt Volt !cross SCR

#i( 7"6 'a1eforms across SCR an Loa "

P%!c 7.% : 4" Connect the circuit ia(ram as shown fi( 7"4" 6" Connect the loa 1olta(e wa1eform to C"R"O" 7" Var- Resistance Rf an note own SCR firin( an(le Rf an VDC" <" 9ote own the wa1eform of loa 1oltB in0ut 1olta(e" =" Plot (ra0h of loa 1olt VDC : Rf *Rf 1/s VDC+" T-/.l-% C!l.'(: R0T%&BB %&(B : T&' ;' S c4

D" &( D B% 6

*DC

$able 7"4

RC T%&BB %&(B C&%c.&): C&%c.&) D&-B%-':

De0t of EC

6C

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( 7"7 RC $ri((erin( &alf wa1e rectifier Circuit"

P%!c 7.% : 4" Connect the circuit as shown in fi( 7"7" 6" #ollow the same 0roce ure as in R $ri((erin(" WA*E<OR+S:

In0ut Vm 1olta(e

)Vm Volta(e across ca0acitor

Loa Volta(e

Volta(e across #i( 7"< 'a1eforms across SCR an Loa " SCR De0t of EC 64 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual RC T%&BB %&(B: T-/.l-% C!l.'(: $m sec Rf VDC

VII Sem EC

RC <.ll W-> T%&BB %&(B C&%c.&):

!C #i( 7"=*b+ RC $ri((erin( full wa1e rectifier Circuit

In0ut Volta(e PROCEDURE: 4" Connect the circuit as shown in fi( 7"=" 6" Volta(e #ollow the same 0roce ure as in 0re1ious e,0eriment" across Ca0acitor WA*E<OR+S: Loa Volta(e SCR De0t ofVolta(e EC

66
T/6

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(Ma, f= T/6

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( 7">*b+ 'a1eforms across SCR an Loa "

RC <.ll W-> T%&BB %&(B: T-/.l-% C!l.'(: $m sec

Uf

VDC

R 6.l): 4" &alf an full wa1e R : RC tri((erin( circuit ha1e been ri((e u0 an out 0ut wa1eforms ha1e been 0lotte " 6" %ra0h of firin( an(le an V c for R : RC tri((erin( circuit ha1e been 0lotte " *&>- =. 6)&!(6: De0t of EC 67 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

5. What is the 'a9i'!' #iri$( a$(-e o# R4tri((eri$( "ir"!it a$& hy?

!ns+ $he ma,imum firin( an(le is AC" $his is because the source 1olta(e reaches ma,imum 1alue of AC 0oint an the (ate current has to reach I(*min+ some where between C)AC" $his limitation means that loa 1olta(e wa1eform can onl- be 1arie from D C to D AC"

2. What are the &isa&,a$ta(es o# R tri((eri$(?

!ns+ $ri((er an(le is (reatl- e0en ent on the SCRHs I(*min+ an this 1alue between SCRHs an it is also tem0erature e0en ent" Ma,imum tri((erin( an(le achie1able is AC" 1aries

3. I$ R4tri((eri$( "ir"!it resistor?

hy is R'i$ is "o$$e"te& i$ series

ith ,aria*-e

!ns+ $he limitin( resistor Rmin is 0lace between ano e an (ate so that the 0ea5 (ate current of the th-ristor I(m is not e,cee e "

%. What is the 'a9i'!' #iri$( a$(-e o# RC4tri((eri$( a$& hy?

!ns+ Ma,imum firin( an(le is 4@C" $his is because ca0acitor 1olta(e an !C line 1olta(e iffer in 0hase" B- a Gustin( the 1alue of R it is 0ossible to 1ar- the ela- in turnin( on the SCR from C to 4C msec an hence 1ar- the firin( an(le from C to 4@C"

De0t of EC

6<

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT NO. 5

UET "&%&(B c&%c.&) "!% 9WR -(7 <WR c&%c.&)6.

AI+: $o ri( u0 an 1erif- the o0eration of the SCR firin( circuit usin( U.$" APPARATUS RE=UIRED: C&%c.&) D&-B%-': CRO 0robesB Patch cor sB U.$ trainer 5itB Di(ital Multimeters"

De0t of EC

6=

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

#i(="4*a+ U.$ firin( circuit ia(ram for SCR"

VII Sem EC

SCR 2 $V9 >46B 46!/>CCV Loa D =C B 6= ' D 6&B(: VBB D DC su00l- 1olta(e V0 D Pea5 1olta(e of U.$ V1 D Valle- 1olta(e of U.$ $ D $ime of tri((erin( 0ulse RB D Internal resistance of U.$ *=5W+ X D Intrinsic stan off ratio X D C">=

!ssume C an fin RC 'here R '&# @ ;*BB F *P4 8 I'$ R'&( @ ;*BB F *>4 8 I> R1 @ 0.7RBB 8 G*BB

T-/.l-% c!l.'(: T+S H" *7c

W-> "!%'6:

De0t of EC

6>

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( ="6*a+ 'a1eforms of U.$ rela,ation an wa1eforms across SCR an loa "

PROCEDURE: $he trainer 5it is switche on with an !C su00l- 1olta(e of 67CV an =C&8" ! 0robe is connecte to the CRO an one 0oint is connecte to the (roun of the 0ulse transformer 0rimar-" $he rectifie o/0 across the io e is measure at 0oint Y!H an is is0la-e on the CRO" $he 1olta(e across the sneer io e an the ca0acitor is foun out at 0oint B 9ote own the wa1eforms across the ca0acitor at 0oint YCH" 9ote own the tri((er wa1eform across the 0rimar- of 0ulse transformer" 9ow the (roun is remo1e an it is connecte to the (roun of the secon ar- an note own V c" $he wa1eform across the SCR an at 0oint YDH is foun an 0lotte "

9O$E: Isolation of 0rimar- an secon ar- si es of 0ulse transformer is to be strictlmaintaine while measurements are carrie out" RESULT: $he wa1eforms are 1erifie an 0lotte "

*I*A =UESTIONS:

5.What is a$ U<T a$& &ra its e;!i,a-e$t "ir"!it?

U.$)uni Gunction transistor" It has onl- one t-0e of char(e carriers" It has three terminals emitterB base 4 an base 6" *YDuo baseH as it has 6 bases+

2.Why is a$ U<T !se& i$ SCR #iri$( "ir"!it?

$he 1olta(e at base 4 of U.$ is smaller than the 1olta(e nee e to tri((er the Scrim the 1olta(e is hi(hB then it will tri((er the SCR as soon as the ac su00l- is on" De0t of EC 6? Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

3.Why is the iso-atio$ $ee&e& *et ee$ Thyristor a$& #iri$( "ir"!it?
$he tri((er circuit o0erates at low 0ower le1els *=)6C 1olts+ whereas th-ristors o0erate at hi(h 1olta(e le1els *6=C 1olts+" &ence if the $h-ristor acts as a short the entire 6=C1olts (et a00lie across the firin( circuit causin( ama(e" &ence isolation is nee e "

%.Ho is a 7!-se tra$s#or'er &i##ere$t #ro' other tra$s#or'er?

! 0ulse transformer is one in which the in0ut at the 0rimar- is current which is transforme into a 0ulse at the secon ar-" $hus it oes not ste0)u0 an ste0) own as other transformers"

).What are the #eat!res o# 7!-se tra$s#or'er?

$he 0rimar- ma(neti8in( in uctance is hi(hB cou0lin( efficienc- is hi(hB an interwin in( ca0acitance is low an has (reater insulation"

..What are the a&,a$ta(es o# !si$( 7!-se tra$s#or'er?

IMulti0le secon ar- win in(s allow simultaneous (atin( si(nals to series an 0arallel) connecte th-ristors" IControl circuit an 0ower circuit can be isolate "

/.Why is U<T !se& i$ SCR #iri$( "ir"!it?

!s the U.$ wor5s in a mo e calle as a rela,ation oscillator i"e" U.$ turns on or off e0en in( on the char(in( an ischar(in( of the ca0acitor" $ime constant can be 1arie with Chance ela- an(le can be 1arie "$he U.$ thus (i1es a firin( an(le ran(e of C) 4@C"V8 is su00l- to U.$B the ischar(in( current when 0asse throu(h the 0ulse transformer tri((ers SCR with 0ulses"

2.Why is the s$eer &io&e !se&?

$he sneer io e 0ro1i es a constant su00l- 1olta(e for U.$" It enables s-nchroni8ation with 8ero crossin(s" Sneer io e acts as a re(ulator" $he sneer clam0s the rectifie 1olta(e to 1s" to 0re1ent erratic firin(" $his sneer 1olta(e acts as a su00l- for U.$ rela,ation oscillator"

3.What is 'ea$t *y ra'7 "o$tro-> o7e$ -oo7 "o$tro- or 'a$!a- "o$tro- ith res7e"t to U<T #iri$( "ir"!it?
Ram0 control)$he (ra0h of time 0erio in millisecon s with the firin( an(le in e(rees is a ram0" $he ram0 slo0e can be controlle b- the 0otentiometer" Manual control)$he 0otentiometer in the 5it can be use to (et 1arious firin( an(les" $his is manual control"

56.What is a #iri$( "ir"!it?

It is a circuitB which is use to tri((er a e1ice at 1arious instants of time"

55.Why a *ri&(e re"ti#ier is !se&?

De0t of EC 6@ Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

$he bri (e rectifier (i1es a full wa1e rectifie out0utB which is hi(h in efficienc- an least ri00le factor"

52.What is the -oa& !se&?

Loa is hi(h 0ower issi0ation resistor"

53.What is ti'e "o$sta$t o# a "ir"!it?

$ime constant of a circuitDRC where RDresistance CDca0acitance It (i1es the time of char(in( an ischar(in( of a ca0acitor"

5%.What are the 'erits o# U<T #iri$( "ir"!it o,er RC tri((eri$( "ir"!it?
I #irin( an(le remains stable" I! 1anta(es of 0ulse transformer"

5).What are the a&,a$ta(es o# U<T 7!-se tri((er "ir"!it?

$he resistorsB ca0acitors e0en hea1il- on the tri((er characteristics of the $h-ristor use " $he 0ower issi0ation is hi(h ue to 0rolon(e 0ulse" But the 0ulse tri((erin( can accommo ate wi e tolerances in tri((erin( characteristics b- instantaneousl- o1er ri1in( the (ate" $he 0ower le1el in such circuits is lower as the tri((erin( ener(- can be store slowl- an ischar(e ra0i l- when the tri((erin( is re3uire "

5..Why is U<T !se& as re-a9atio$ os"i--ator?

$he U.$ is use as a rela,ation oscillator to obtain shar0B re0etiti1e 0ulses with (oo rise time" !lso it has (oo fre3uenc- stabilit- a(ainst 1ariation in the su00l- 1olta(e an tem0erature"

5/.What are the a77-i"atio$s o# U<T tri((er "ir"!its?

IUse to tri((er SCRHs in sin(le)0hase con1ertersB sin(le)0hase ac re(ulators" IUse in oscillators IUse in timin( circuits

52.What is ,a--ey ,o-ta(eJ

It is the 1olta(e at which the U.$ turns off an the ca0acitor starts char(in( a(ain"

53.What is the &is"har(i$( 7ath i# the "a7a"itor?

$he ca0acitor ischar(es throu(h emitterB base an 0rimar- of the 0ulse transformer"

26.What is re-a9atio$ os"i--ator?

'hen the ca0acitor ischar(es to a 1alle- 1olta(eB the U.$ turns off an ca0acitor starts char(in( a(ain" $his mo e of wor5in( of U.$ is calle rela,ation oscillator"

25.Dra the stati" "hara"teristi"s o# U<T. 22.What is $e(ati,e resista$"e?

De0t of EC 6A Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

!fter the ca0acitor char(es to V0 it starts ischar(in(" Durin( this 0erio the 1olta(e V ecreases with increase in currentB hence this 0ortion of V)I characteristics is calle ne(ati1e resistance"

23.What is i$terri$( *ase resista$"e?

Inter base resistance is the resistance between 6 bases"

2%.What is i$tri$si" sta$& o## ratio?

Intrinsic stan off ratioDRb4/*Rb4QRb6+" Its 1alue ran(es between "=6 to "@4"

2).What is the i&th o# the tri((eri$( 7!-se?

$%DRb4"C

2..Why are the "a7a"itors CIF a$& C !se&?

Ca0acitor CI# is use to minimi8e the ri00les an C is use for char(in( an so that the tri((er is e1entuall- forme " ischar(in(

E:PERI+ENT N! 6

1 ( %-)&!( !" "&%&(B 6&B(-l6 "!% T5y%&6)!%68T%&-c6 .6&(B 7&B&)-lC&%c.&)8 +&c%!$%!c 66!%.
AI+: $o control firin( an(le / ut- c-cle usin( i(ital tri((erin(" APPARATUS RE=UIRED: Di(ital firin( circuitB SCRHs *Sin(le or ancombination+ loa sB C"R"OB Probes" Preset *9 no of countin( bits+ BLOC3 DIA1RA+: Di(ital #re3uencOscillator 9)bit Counter CLFM Ma, Min S En Reset S-nc Si(nal*[@V+ DC =V Su00lDe0t of EC ZCD 7C Loa #c R Reset #li0)#lo0 *#/#+ B B Lo(ic c5t Q mo ! ulator ! Q Dri1er Sta(e $P $9

$M $! Dr #re3uenc!mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(Carrier Oscillator *[=5&8+

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

Bl!cI D&-B%-' !" D<C

!C Ref

D&B&)-l <&%&(B C&%c.&) 0D<C 4@CC \ 4CC] #C OCILL!$OR

<RONT PANEL DIA1RA+: ZCD ! %9D \ R CLOCF %E9ER!$OR COO9IER C #!/DCV

$P LO%IC CIRCUI$ $9

O N \ O F

TM

4 I9PU$ 6

PULSE $R!9S#ORMER ISOL!$IO9

$RI%%ER O/PHs

$4 \ M!I9S De0t of EC

$44

74

$6 \ \ \ \ $64 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

$!BLE:

PROCEDURE: 4" 6" 7" <" Switch on the mains su00l- unit" Obser1e !C reference si(nal an com0are it with ZCD o/0 ! an reset out0ut C" Obser1e the carrier fre3uenc- oscillator o/0 =F&8" 9ow set the 4@Co*con1erter+ mo e" Obser1e the counter o/0 5ee0 the firin( an(le at 4?Ao" =" ! Gust the 0otentiometer R in such a wa- that 1er- small 0ulse at the counter O/0 is obtaine " >" 9ow 1ar- the firin( an(le from 4@Co to Co ste0 b- ste0 an obser1e the 1ariation in tri((er o/0Hs $0 an $n" ?" Connect $0 an $n to 4 an 6 in0ut of 0ulse transformer isolation circuit an we will (et the 0ulse transformer isolate an am0lifie out0uts at P4 : P4 $6 an $6 res0ecti1el-" @" Connect these tri((er o/0Hs to (ate an catho e of SCRHs for ifferent 0ower circuitHs as (i1en in the table" A" 9ow set the 4@Co 24CCo switch to 4CC] mo e *cho00er+ 5ee0 the ut- c-cle at AA]" 4C" ! Gust the 0otentiometer YRH in such a wa- that a 1er- small 0ulse out0ut is obtaine " 44" 9ow 1ar- the ut- c-cle in ste0s from AA] to 4] an obser1e the counter o/0 !n also obser1e the time 1ariation between main 0ulse Pm an au,iliar- 0ulse Pa" 46" Connect Pm an Pa to in0ut 4 an 6 of 0ulse transformer isolator" TABLE:

De0t of EC

76

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

RESULT : Control of firin( an(le / ut- c-cle usin( i(ital tri((erin( is foun "

E:PERI+ENT 7

AC *OLTA1E CONTROLLER USIN1 TRIAC0DIAC CO+BINATION

AI+: i+ $o obser1e 1ariation of intensit- of li(ht with reference to firin( an(le" ii+ $o 0lot ela- an(le V/S VL Loa 1olta(e an Con uction an(le V/S IL Loa current" CO+PONENTS RE=UIRED: Patch cor sB MultimetersB Isolation $ransformerB 4C:4 0robesB lam0B $riac Mo ule" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+: ;D&-c C&%c.&)4 E,0eriment $P 4+Sin(le Ph)half wa1e con1erter 6+4)Ph)full wa1e con1erter" 7+4)Ph) half controlle bri (e" <+ 4)Ph)#ull- controlle bri (e" =+4)Ph"!C 0hase control" >+ $riac *short $4)$6 Q1e)1e+ ?+ Com0limentar- commutation" @+ !u,illar- commutation" $RI%%ER I/PHS $9 $M $! $4 $RI%%ER O/PHS $44 $6 $66

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( ?"4 Circuit ia(ram for !C 1olta(e controller

+ODULE !C in0ut throu(h $ransformer DIAC0 DB03 B% -I7!J( *!l)-B 032* TRIAC F BT 139 Use isolation transformer with 67CV !C 0rimar-B <C)C)<C secon ar-" WA*E<OR+S: !C In0ut V

$ri((er V

!C Out0ut V ^ D #irin( !n(le

De0t of EC

7<

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual #i( "?"6 E,0ecte in0ut out0ut wa1eform PROCEDURE:

VII Sem EC

Connect circuit as shown in fi( ?"4" Connect iac)firin( circuit as the tri((erin( source" Var- firin( an(le an note own the wa1eform; VacB IL Use 4C:4 0robeB which is connecte to oscillosco0e for measurement" 9ote the chan(e in bri(htness of lam0 an 0lot the rele1ant characteristics" Re0eat the e,0eriment with U.$ firin( circuit"

TABULAR COLU+N: DIAC <IRIN1 CIRCUIT: Rmin to ma," *firin( an(le+ VL *V+ IL *!+ ) *Con uction an(le +

UET <IRIN1 CIRCUIT: $his firin( circuit is base on U.$ rela,ation oscillator" It (enerates 0ulses in s-nchroni8ation with the !C su00l-" ! 0ulse transformer is use to isolate the firin( 0ulses" PROCEDURE: Connect circuit as shown in ia(ram" Var- firin( an(le an note own the wa1eform; VacB IL Use 4C:4 0robeB which is connecte to oscillosco0e for measurement" 9ote the chan(e in bri(htness of lam0 an 0lot the rele1ant characteristics"

TABULAR COLU+N: UET <IRIN1 CIRCUIT: Rmin to ma," *firin( an(le+ VL * V+ IL *m!+ ) *Con uction an(le+

De0t of EC

7=

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

RESULT: $he 1alues of loa 1olta(eB firin( an(leB loa current an con uction an(le are foun an 1erifie for both Diac firin( circuit an U.$ firin( circuit" Re3uire (ra0hs are 0lotte " *I*A =UESTIONS:

5.What is a" ,o-ta(e "o$tro--er?

If a $h-ristor switch is connecte between ac su00l- an loa B the 0ower flow can be controlle b- 1ar-in( the rms 1alue of ac 1olta(e a00lie to the loa an this t-0e of 0ower circuit is 5nown as an ac 1olta(e re(ulator

2.What are the a77-i"atio$s o# a" ,o-ta(e "o$tro--ers?

$he most common a00lications of ac 1olta(e controllers are: in ustrial heatin(B on)loa transformer ta0 chan(in(B li(ht controlsB s0ee control of 0ol-0hase in uction motors an ac ma(net controls"

3.What &o yo! 'ea$ *y se;!e$"e "o$tro-?

$he use of two or more sta(es 1olta(es controllers in 0arallel for the re(ulation of out0ut 1olta(e" <"%i1e the classification of ac 1olta(e re(ulators" $he- are classifie as: 4"sin(le 0hase controllers 6"three 0hase controllers Each t-0e can be sub i1i e into uni irectional an bi) irectional control"

). What are the t o ty7es o# "o$tro-?

Ion off control: &ere $h-ristor switches connect the loa to the ac source for a few c-cles of in0ut 1olta(e an then isconnect it for another few c-cles" I0hase an(le control: &ere $h-ristor switches connect the loa to the ac source for a 0ortion of each c-cle of in0ut 1olta(e"

.. Why are e9tra "o''!tatio$ "o'7o$e$ts $ot re;!ire&?

De0t of EC 7> Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

$he ac 1olta(e controllers ha1e main su00l- as in0ut" $he SCRHs in these controllers are turne off b- natural commutation" &ence e,tra commutation com0onents are not re3uire " $herefore ac 1olta(e controllers are sim0le an eas- to im0lement if SCRHs are use "

/. What is the &i##ere$"e *et ee$ "y"-o"o$,erters a$& a" ,o-ta(e "o$tro--ers?
In c-clocon1erters *ac to 1ariable ac+ fre3uenc- of out0ut can be 1arie " In ac 1olta(e controllerHs fre3uenc- of out0ut is 5e0t constantB Gust the out0ut a1era(e 1alue is controlle *on an off times 1arie +"

2. What is &ia" #iri$( "ir"!it?

! iac firin( circuit consists of a iac that is use to (enerate tri((er 0ulses for the $h-ristor iac can con uct in both irections an it oes not ha1e an- control terminal in the form of a (ate"

3. What are the 'erits a$& &e'erits o# ,o-ta(e "o$tro--ers?

$he merits are that the- are sim0le without commutation circuitsB hi(h efficienc- an less maintenance" $he emerits are that the loa current is as-mmetric *0hase control+ an hence harmonics are 0resent an intermittent su00l- of 0ower in on)off control"

56. Why is the tri((er so!r"e #or the t o Thyristor iso-ate& #ro' ea"h other i$ a si$(-e47hase ,o-ta(e "o$tro--er?
'hen one $h-ristor is onB the other shoul be off" Both the $h-ristor shoul not con uct at a time"

E:PERI+ENT NO. 8

SIN1LE P9ASE <ULL CONTROLLED BRID1E RECTI<IER <OR R , R0L LOAD

AI+: 4" $o 0lot V c 1/s firin( an(le for R loa " 6" $o 0lot V c 1/s con uction an(le * ) + R)L loa " 7" $o obser1e loa 1olta(e on CRO" APPARATUS RE=UIRED: $rainer mo uleB MultimetersB CRO BPatch cor s RheostatB in uctor"

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

VII Sem EC

#i( @"4*a+ circuit ia(ram for full controlle B full wa1e rectifier

PROCEDURE: Ri( u0 the circuit an connect the tri((erin( circuit as shown in the fi( @"4*a+" #irst connect the circuit for <CV !C ta00in( as shown in fi(@"4 *a+ ! Gust the tri((erin( an(le usin( 1ariable resistance on tri((erin( circuit to obser1e the wa1eform on the CRO" Connect C)7CC rheostats as loa resistance" Re0eat the e,0eriment for 1arious con itions of the loa with ifferent ta00in( of V0 !C 1olta(e *ma, 46CV+" Pure R loa " R)L loa *R loa in series with L loa +" R)L loa s with free wheelin( Dio e" De0t of EC 7@ Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual Plot V c 1/s B I c 1/s con uctin( an(le" E:PECTED WA*E <OR+S:

VII Sem EC

#i( @"6*a+

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( @"6*b+ Out0ut wa1eforms across R)L loa without freewheelin( io e"

#i( @"7*a+ Out0ut wa1eforms across R)L loa with freewheelin( io e"

TABULAR COLU+N: !c Vin D 7CV *!C+B R D 47=

$ *ms+

$&

V c *V+

I c *!+

*0rac+

V c $& *V+

I c $& *!+

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

R0L l!-7: R)L LO!D without Dm ^*th+ $ _*P+ V c I c R)L LO!D with Dm V c I c

C-lc.l-)&!(6: V c D *Vm/ + I *4 Q cos + I c D *Vm/ R+ I *4 Q cos + *Vm*4 Q cos ++ / D V c Vm D *V cI + /*4 Q cos + RESULT: $he 1alues of V cB I c : are foun outB 0lotte an 1erifie with e,0ecte wa1eforms" *&>- C. 6)&!(6:

5.What is a #!-- "o$tro--e& re"ti#ier?

De0t of EC <4 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

It is a two)3ua rant ac to c con1erter" It has < th-ristors an hence all of them can be controlle for rectification 0ur0ose" In a full con1erter the 0olarit- of the out0ut 1olta(e can be either 0ositi1e or ne(ati1e but the out0ut current has onl- one 0olarit-"

2.What is a se'i "o$,erter?

! semi con1erter is a one)3ua rant con1erter an it has onl- one 0olarit- of out0ut 1olta(e an current"

3.What is a &!a- "o$,erter?

! ual con1erter can o0erate in all < 3ua rants an both out0ut 1olta(e an current can be either 0ositi1e or ne(ati1e"

%.Ho "a$ e "o$tro- the o!t7!t ,o-ta(e o# a si$(-e47hase #!-- "o$,erterJ

B- 1ar-in( the tri((er an(le"

).What is 8C1?
MCB)Miniature circuit brea5er" $his is use as switchB which o0ens or switches off when the 1olta(e or current is abo1e the rate 1alue of that of MCB"

..Ho 'a$y -i$es are there i$ si$(-e47hase syste'?

$wo lines) 4line 4neutral

/.What is the ty7e o# "o''!tatio$ !se&?

Line commutation"

2.What is re"ti#i"atio$ 'o&e a$& i$,ersio$ 'o&e?

Durin( the 0erio al0ha to 4@C* + the in0ut 1olta(e Vs an in0ut current Is are 0ositi1e an the 0ower flows from su00l- to the loa " $he con1erter is sai to be o0eratin( in rectification mo e" Durin( the 0erio 4@C to 4@CQal0ha* +the in0ut 1olta(e Vs an the in0ut current Is 0ositi1e an there will be re1erse 0ower flow from loa to su00l-" $he con1erter is sai to be o0eratin( in in1ersion mo e"

3.Where is #!-- *ri&(e "o$,erter !se&?

It is mainl- use for s0ee control of c motors"

56.What is the e##e"t o# a&&i$( #ree hee-i$( &io&e?

#ree wheelin( action oes not ta5es 0lace in sin(le)0hase full con1erter inherentl- as there are < th-ristors an no io es" #rom 4@C to 4@CQal0ha* + free wheelin( io e starts con uctin(" It is more forwar biase com0are to $4 an $6"&ence freewheelin( io e con ucts" $he freewheelin( io e is connecte across the out0ut Vo" &ence VoDC urin( freewheelin(" $he ener(- store in the loa in uctance is circulate bac5 to the loa itself" De0t of EC <6 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT 9

DC C5!$$ %
AI+: 4" $o ri( u0 DC .ones cho00er an to measure the 1alue of loa 1olta(e*VLDC+" 6" $o 0lot the (ra0hs of #re3uenc- V/S VLDC an Dut- C-cle V/S VLDC" APPARATUS RE=UIRED: DC cho00er 0ower mo ule)SDCPB $ri((erin( circuit *DC cho00er+B Loa =CW rheostatB DMM" CIRCUI$ DI!%R!M: .ones cho00er

#i( A"4*a+ Circuit ia(ram of .ones Cho00er

PROCEDURE: -4 <!% R F L!-7: 4" Connections are ma e as shown in the fi(ure A"4*a+" Use =Ca Rheostat for R) Loa *#reewheelin( io e *DM+ is to be connecte onl- for RL loa +" 6" ! Gust VRPS out0ut to 4C1 an connect to DC cho00er mo ule" 7" Switch on DC to((le switch of cho00er mo ule" De0t of EC <7 Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

$4B $6 2 $V9 >4> D4 2 BV` 6@6CC C 2 Commutation Ca0acitor 4C # / 4CCV L4) C 2L6 ) Commutation In uctor =CC)C)=CC & / 6!"

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

<" Switch on the tri((er in0ut b- 0ushin() in 0ulsar switch" =" Obser1e the out 0ut wa1eform across loa on CRO" >" Fee0 the ut- c-cle at mi 0osition an 1ar- the fre3uenc- from minimum to ma,imum an recor the out0ut 1olta(e VLDC rea in(s" ?" Fee0 the fre3uenc- at mi 0ositionB 1ar- ut- c-cle from minimum to ma,imum an out0ut 1olta(e VLDC rea in(s" @" 9ote own the out0ut wa1eform for mi 1alue of fre3uenc- an ut- c-cle" /4 R0L L!-7: 4" Connections are ma e as shown in fi( A"4 *a+" Loa is =Ca Rheostat in series with in uctor L D6=m& or =Cm&" 6" #ollow the same 0roce ure as liste in ste0s 6 to @ abo1e" 7" Rea in(s an out0ut wa1eform is to be recor e with an without free wheelin( io e" 9O$E: In both switchin( on / switchin( off of the e3ui0ment" #irst use DC to((le switch an then the 0ulsar" T-/.l-% c!l.'(6: C!(6)-() D.)y cycl D.)y cycl : 50KL *IN@ 10 )! 15* Slin5 #re3 *&8+

VO *1olts+

C!(6)-() <% C. (cyL "% C c!()%!l -) '&7 $!6&) *IN @ 10* )! 15* Slin5 $O9 *sec+ $O## *sec+

Dut- c-cle

VO *1olts+

De0t of EC

<<

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PECTED PLOTS: Constant #re3uencConstant Dut- c-cle

VLDC

#re3uenc-

VLDC

Dut- C-cle

#i( A"6*a+ Showin( the 0lots of Loa 1olta(e 1s fre3uenc- an Loa 1olta(e 1s" ut- c-cle"

E#$ c) 7 W-> "!%'6:

VDC

One C-cle D$
4 T

#re3 D $ O9 $IME $ O## $IME

TON 4CC ] Dut- C-cle D TON + TOFF

De0t of EC

$ime

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( ?"7*a+ E,0ecte theoretical wa1eforms"

RESULT:

$he wa1eforms are 0lotte an 1erifie "

N!) : $he free wheelin( io e DM cli0s the 1olta(eB which occurs urin( $O## state"

*I*A =UESTIONS:

5. What are "ho77ers?

! c cho00er con1erts irectl- from c to c an is also 5nown as c) c con1erter"

2. What &oes a "ho77er "o$sist o#?

It can be a 0ower transistorB SCRB %$OB 0ower MOS#E$B I%B$ or a switchin( e1ice"

3. O$ hat *asis "ho77ers are "-assi#ie& i$ ;!a&ra$t "o$#i(!ratio$s?

$he cho00ers are classifie e0en in( u0on the irections of current an 1olta(e flows" $hese cho00ers o0erate in ifferent 3ua rants of V)I 0lane" $here are broa l- followin( t-0es of cho00ers: class a cho00er *first 3ua rant+; class B *secon 3ua rant+ Class C an class D *two 3ua rant cho00ers+B class C in II 3ua rant an I whereas class D in IV 3ua rantsB an I class E is four 3ua rant o0erator"

%.What are &i##ere$t "o$tro- strate(ies #o!$& i$ "ho77ers?

$he ifferent control strate(ies are 0ulse wi th mo ulationB fre3uenc- mo ulation an current limit controlB 1ariable 0ulse wi th an fre3uenc-"

).E97-ai$ the 7ri$"i7-e o# o7eratio$ o# a "ho77er?

! cho00er acts as a switchB which connects an 1ariable 1olta(e" isconnects the loa B hence 0ro ucin(

..What are the a&,a$ta(es o# DC "ho77ers?

I &i(h ri00le fre3uenc-B so small filters are re3uire " IPower factor is better" IEfficienc- is better" ISmall an com0act" I$he -namic res0onse of cho00ers is fast ue to switchin( nature of the e1ice" De0t of EC <> Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

/.De#i$e &!ty "y"-e.

$he ut- c-cle of cho00er controls its out0ut 1olta(e" $he 1alue of ut- c-cle lies between C an 4 an is (i1en b- $on/*$onQ$off+"

2.Ho "a$ ri77-e "!rre$t *e "o$tro--e&?

Ri00le current is in1ersel- 0ro0ortional to the fre3uenc- an hence can be controlle bha1in( hi(her fre3uenc-"

3.What is ste7 !7 "ho77er?

If the out0ut a1era(e 1olta(e is (reater than the su00l- 1olta(eB then the cho00er is calle ste0 u0 cho00er"

56.O$ hat &oes the "o''!tati$( "a7a"itor ,a-!e &e7e$& o$?

It e0en s on the loa current"

55.What are the &isa&,a$ta(es o# "ho77ers?

I$he- can o0erate onl- at low fre3uencies" I$he commutation time e0en s on the loa current" I$he out0ut 1olta(e is limite to a minimum an ma,imum 1alue be-on which we cannot (et the out0ut 1olta(e"

52.Ho &o they ha,e hi(h e##i"ie$"y?

DC cho00ers uses switchin( 0rinci0leB hence the- ha1e hi(h efficienc-"

53.What are the a77-i"atio$s o# &" "ho77ers?

Batter- o0erate 1ehiclesB switche mo e 0ower su00liesB traction e1icesB li(htin( an lam0 controlsB trolle- carsB marine hoistsB an for5lift truc5s" Mine haulers etc"

De0t of EC

<?

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT NO. 10

S$ 7 c!()%!l !" S $-%-) ly E#c&) 7 DC +!)!%

AI+: 4+ $o control the s0ee of a se0aratel- e,cite DC motor" 6+ *i+ $o 0lot VDC 1/s S0ee for #iel control" *ii+ $o 0lot VDC 1/s S0ee for !rmature control" *iii+ $o 0lot Rf 1/s VDC 1/s S0ee in !rmature control" CO+PONENTS RE=UIRED: DC MotorB $achometer *9on Contact+B Rheostat =CW =!BS0ee Control unitB Isolation $ransformerB 4C:4 Probe" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

#i( 4C"4 Circuit ia(ram for s0ee control of a se0aratel- e,cite DC Motor

De0t of EC

<@

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

PROCEDURE: 4" Connect the circuit as shown in fi( 4C"4 6" ! Gust fiel su00l- to mi 1alue" 7" Var- the firin( an(le for SCR rectifier an note own the firin( an(leB !rmature 1olta(eB current an s0ee of the DC motor" #irin( an(le to be rea from the oscillosco0e" <" Fee0 the firin( an(le at mi 1alue *i"e" fi, the armature 1olta(e to a constant 1alue+" =" Var- the fiel 1olta(e b- the 0ot meter an note own the 1alues of fiel 1olta(es an s0ee " >" Plot the rele1ant (ra0h" *!+ !rmature control: Rf 1/s VDC 1/s S0ee " *B+ #iel control: #iel 1olta(e *VDC+ 1/s S0ee " TABULAR COLU+N: ;A4 AR+ATURE CONTROL Sl 9o #iel Volta(e *const+ #irin( !n(le Rf VDC 1olts IO !m0s S0ee

;B4 <IELD CONTROL: Sl 9o !rmature 1olt *const+ #iel 1olta(e VDC S0ee Current

De0t of EC

<A

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual RESULT: 4+ S0ee of a se0aratel- e,cite DC motor is controlle " 6+ %ra0h of *i+ VDC 1/s S0ee for #iel control" *ii+ VDC 1/s S0ee for !rmature control" *iii+ Rf 1/s VDC 1/s S0ee in !rmature control" is 0lotte " *I*A =UESTIONS:

VII Sem EC

5.What is 7ri$"i7-e o# &" 'otor?

!n electric motor is a machineB which con1erts electrical ener(- into mechanical ener(-" Its action is base on the 0rinci0le that when a current carr-in( con uctor is 0lace in a ma(netic fiel it e,0eriences a mechanical force whose irection is (i1en b- flemin(s left han rule an whose ma(nitu e is (i1en b- #DBIL 9"'hen the fiel ma(nets of a multi0olar c motor are e,cite an its armature con uctors are su00lie with current from su00l- mains the- e,0erience a force ten in( to rotate the armature "B- #lemin(Hs left han rule it is note that each con uctor e,0eriences a force which ten s to rotates the armature in anticloc5wise irection" $hese forces collecti1el- 0ro uce a ri1in( tor3ue *or twistin( moment+B which sets the armature rotatin("

2.Ho "a$ the s7ee& o# the series 'otor "o$tro--e&?

Iflu, control metho )fiel i1ertors )!rmature i1ertor I1ariable resistance in series with the motor"

3.What are the a&,a$ta(es o# #ie-& 'etho&?

IeconomicalBmore efficient IIt (i1es s0ee s more /abo1e the normal s0ee "

%.What arethe &isa&,a$ta(es o# #ie-& 'etho&?

Commutation becomes unsatisfactor-"

).What are the #a"tors "o$tro--i$( s7ee&?

S0ee can be controlle b- controllin( flu,BresistanceB1olta(e"

..What is the si($i#i"a$"e o# *a"+ e'#?

De0t of EC

=C

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

'hen the motor armature rotates the con uctors also rotates an hence cut flu," $herefore emf is in uce an irection is in o00osition with the a00lie 1olta(e *#lemin(Hs ri(ht han rule+" Because of its o00osin( irection it is referre to as bac5 emf Eb" V has to ri1e Ia a(ainst the o00osition of Eb"$he 0ower re3uire to o1ercome this o00osition is EbIa"

/.What is tor;!e?
$or3ue is twistin( or turnin( moment of a force about an a,is"$he tor3ue e1elo0e bthe armature of a motor is armature tor3ue" $he tor3ue a1ailable for useful wor5 is 5nown as shaft tor3ue *a1ailable at the shaft+"

2. Ho "a$ &" 'otors *e "-assi#ie&?

Ise0eratel- e,cite Iself e,cite "

3. What are the 'ai$ -osses i$ 'otors?

Istator losses Irotor losses Imechanical losses

56. Why are starter !se& i$ &" 'otor?

Initiall- Eb DC an R is usualll- 1er- smallBtherefore the armature current is 1er- hi(h which coul ama(e the motor"&ence starters which is basicall- a resistance connecte in series with the motor"

55. What is the 7ara'eter that is *ei$( ,arie& *y ,aryi$( the #iri$( a$(-e?
$he armature 1olta(e is 1arie which inturn 1aries the s0ee of the motor b- 1ar-in( the firin( an(le"

52. What are the o7erati$( 'o&es o# &" 'otor?

Motorin(B re(enerati1e bra5in(B -namic bra5in(B 0lu((in("

De0t of EC

=4

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT NO. 11

SPEED CONTROL O< UNI*ERSAL +OTOR;AC8DC +OTOR4

AI+: 4" $o control the s0ee of uni1ersal motor" 6" $o 0lot o/0 1olta(e V c V/S s0ee APPARATUS RE=UIRED: CIRCUIT DIA1RA+: $rainer FitB CROB CRO ProbesB Multi metersB Patch cor sB ste0 own $ransformerB $acho meter

PROCEDURE: Ri( u0 the circuit as shown in fi( !00l- !C 1olta(e an switch on MCB"

Var- firin( an(le an note own the o/0 1olta(e an s0ee "

De0t of EC

=6

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual Plot V c 1/s *firin( an(le+ an V c 1/s s0ee "

VII Sem EC

TABULAR COLU+N: in e(ree V c *V+ S0ee in RPM

C-lc.l-)&!(6: V c D *Vm/ + I *4 Q cos + I c D *Vm/ R+ I *4 Q cos + *Vm*4 Q cos ++ / D V c Vm D *V cI + /*4 Q cos + Com0are the theoretical : Practical Values of V c : I c" * R D >C +B Vm D @C V"

PLOTS:

Vc

De0t of EC

#irin( !n(le

=7

Vc
S0ee Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( 44*b+ Plots of V c 1s firin( an(le an V c 1s S0ee "

RESULT: $he theoretical 1alues of currentB 1olta(e an firin( an(le are com0ute an com0are with their 0ractical counter0arts" $he results are 0lotte an 1erifie "

UNI*ERSAL +OTOR CONTROL USIN1 TRIAC;AC4

CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

PROCEDURE: 4" Connect the circuit as shown in the fi(ure" 6" Switch on the mains 67CV to Isolation $ransformer an $riac firin( circuit" 7" Switch on the tri((er on 0ush button switch *9O$E: $riac firin( circuit 0otentiometer to be at a00ro,imatel- ACo"+ <" Var- the firin( an(leB note own the an(le an s0ee of the in uction motor" =" Shut own the e3ui0ment b- switchin( off the 0ower su00lies" >" Plot the rele1ant (ra0hs"

De0t of EC

=<

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

TABULAR COLU+N: S0ee in RPM

in e(ree

V c *V+

RESULT: 4" $he s0ee of in uction motor is controlle usin( triac" 6" %ra0h of firin( an(le 1ersus s0ee of in uction motor is 0lotte " *&>- =. 6)&!(6:

5. Why is it "a--e& TRIAC a$& hat are its a77-i"atio$s?

$he wor $RI!C is abbre1iate from $RI from $rio e an !C" $he $RI!C is the best e1ice for !C 0hase control" $he in0ut an loa is !C" $he 0ower is to be controlle in 0ositi1e as well as ne(ati1e half c-cles" $he $RI!C is tri((ere in e1er- half c-cle" $husB the necessit- of anti 0arallel SCRHs is eliminate b- $RI!C" $husB it is use mainl- in !C 0ower controllersB heaterB fanB tri((erin( e1ice for SCRHs"

2. Ho 'a$y ter'i$a-s &oes a TRIAC ha,e?

! $RI!C has three terminalsB main terminal *M$ 4+B an main terminal *M$ 6+B (ate *%+"

3. What are the t o 'o&es o# o7eratio$ o# a TRIAC?

I.unction (ate o0eration IRemote (ate o0eration

%. What are 'erits o# TRIAC?

4" $RI!C is a bi) irectional e1ice that is it con ucts in both irections" De0t of EC == Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual 6" $RI!C turns)off when 1olta(e is re1erse " 7" Sin(le (ate controls con uction in both irections" <" $RI!CHs with hi(h 1olta(es an current ratin(s are a1ailable"

VII Sem EC

). What are &e4'erits o# TRIAC?

I$RI!CHs are latchin( e1ices li5e SCR; hence the- are not suitable for DC 0ower a00lications" I%ate has no control o1er the con uction once $riac is turne on" I$RI!CHs ha1e 1er- small switchin( fre3uencies"

.. S+et"h the 0I "hara"teristi"s o# TRIAC.

Refer fi(ure <"6"

/. Whe$ is the se$siti,ity o# TRIAC (reatest?

$he sensiti1it- of $RI!C is (reatest in I 3ua rant *mo e 4+ when M$6 an (ate are 0ositi1e with res0ect to M$ 4 an it tri((ers for a low 1alue of latchin( current"

2. Whe$ is the se$siti,ity o# TRIAC -o ?

$he sensiti1it- is less in mo e III *7r 3ua rant+ when M$ 6 is ne(ati1e an 0ositi1e (ate current an it re3uires lar(er 1alue of latchin( current to tri((er"

3. Why sho!-& e !se TRIAC #or *i4&ire"tio$a- #-o o# "!rre$t> i$stea& e "a$ !se a or&i$ary "o$&!"tor ? ire@?
$he or inar- con uctor oes not 0ro1i e the facilit- to switch on or off that isB we cannot control the flow of current" 'e ha1e to manuall- switch on or off the su00l-"

56. Ho is the TRIAC &i##ere$t #ro' RCT?

$he $RI!C is e3ui1alent to two SCRHs connecte in anti0arallel where as the RC$ is a SCR an a io e in anti0arallel irection"

What ha77e$s he$ (ate ,o-ta(e is i$"rease&?

$he forwar brea5 o1er 1olta(e starts ecreasin("

De0t of EC

=>

Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT. 12 SPEED CONTROL O< STEPPER +OTOR

AI+: $o ri( u0 an 1erif- o0eration of Ste00er Motor" CO+PONENTS RE=UIRED: Ste00er Motor Controller *SMC+B Ste00er Motor Mo ule" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

#i( 46"4*b+ Circuit ia(ram for controllin( the ste00er motor. PROCEDURE: 4"Connect the controller o/0 !4B !6B B4B B6 to !4 !6 B4 B6 i/0s *res0ecti1el-+ of the Ste00er Motor Mo ule" 6"Connect Q1e common terminal to Q1e su00l-" 7"Switch on the 0ower su00l- to the unit" It is0la-s S)CC" <"Press SE$ on SMC" ="Dis0la- shows Mr0mN*Re1 Per Sec+" De0t of EC =? Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual >"Press E9$ for MS0ee MODEN" ?"Dis0la- MCCN" @"Press I9C 5e- to set r0m" A"Press E9$ 4C" Dis0la-s DR #R *Direction of rotation+" 44" Press I9C/DEC to chan(e irection of rotation" 46"Press E9$" 47"Dis0la-s &# S$ or #L S$EP"*Ste0 si8e &alf or #ull+ 4<"Use I9C/DEC to select ste0 si8e" 4="Press E9$" 4>"$hen it is0la-s nEE"" R0m set for s0ee mo e" 4?"Press Run/Sto0 for runnin( or sto00in( the motor" STEP +ODE: 1"Switch on the 0ower su00l-" 6"Dis0la- shows S CC 7"Press SE$" <"Dis0la- shows r0m" = "Press I9C/DEC to chan(e to ste0 mo e >" #ollow similar ste0s as abo1e from ste0 ? for settin( the 0arameters for ste0 mo e" ?"In the last is0la- shows SEE" Ste0s set" @"Run/Sto0 will ma5e the motor to run b- res0ecti1e ste0s" TABULAR COLU+N : S$ 7 +!7 . Sl 9o RPM set $ime for full rotation 9o of Rotations

VII Sem EC

Practical RPM

TABULAR C OLU+N: Ste0 Mo ebSte0 Lle D4"@ Q C"4c*9on cumulati1e+ Sl 9o 9o of Ste0s $-0e of Ste0 &alf or #ull $heoritical De(rees

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

NOTE: Ste0 Lle D4"@ Q C"4 * 9on cumulati1e+ Ste0s/ re1olution D6CC SWITC9IN1 LO1IC SE=UENCE: <.ll 6) $ !4 *RED+ C C 4 4 !6 *%REE9+ 4 4 C C B4 *BLUE+ C 4 C 4 B6 *BL!CF+ 4 C C 4

&alf ste0 !4 *RED+ !6 *%REE9+ B4 *BLUE+ B6 *BL!CF+

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual C C 4 4 4 C C C 4 C C C C C 4 4 C C C C 4 4 4 C

VII Sem EC 4 4 4 C C C C C

1RAP9ICS: Photo Printin( an De1elo0in(B Photo $-0e Settin(B Printin( PressesB #ilm ProGectors an CamerasB etc PROCESS CONTROLL AND INSTRU+ENTATION: $e,tile web controlB Val1e ControlsB material &an lin( S-stemsB !ssembl- LinesB Carburetor ! Gustin(B In 0rocess %au(in(B chart Recor ersB Ser1o MechanismB Electronic %ear bo,B Precise RPM ControlB RPM ControlB RPM meter calibration" +EDICAL INSTRU+ENTS: Infusion 0um0sB O)ra- an Ra ioacti1e Machiner-B Bloo !nal-sis etc" O<<ICE AUTO+ATION E=UIP+ENTS: PrintersB PlottersB &ar an flo00- iscB $ele0rinterHs an $-0e writersB Co0-in( Machines an !ccountin( Machines"

<ULL STEP !4 *RED+ !6 *%REE9+ B4 *BLUE+ B6 *BL!CF+

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual C C 4 4 `4 4 4 C C `6 C 4 C 4 `7

VII Sem EC 4 C C 4 `<

RESULT:

*I*A =UESTIONS: 4"'hat is ste00er motorJ ! ste00er motor is one in which the motor rotates ste0 b- ste0 in ste0s of 4"@ e(ree" 6"'h- is ste00er motor also calle i(ital motorJ

! ste00er motor is ri1en b- s3uare 0ulses an hence oes not re3uire 0ulse wi th mo ulation techni3ue"It can be ri1en b- sim0le i(ital circuits an hence is calle i(ital motor" 7"&ow man- ste0s are co1ere in one re1olutionJ 6CC ste0s with ste0 an(le of 4"@ e(ree" <"'hat are merits of ste00er motorJ It is eas- to interface with i(ital controller Blow cost solution for 0osition control an also 8ero fee bac5 error in ser1o s-stem" ="'hat are its a00licationsJ $ele0rintersBt-0ewritersB0lottersBO ra- machiner-B1al1e controlBser1o mechanismB0hoto 0rintin( an e1elo0in(Bfilm 0roGectors Bcameras Bcarburettor a Gustin(Belectronic (ear bo,Bbloo anal-sers etc >"'hat is the a 1anta(e of ste00er motorJ

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

$he maGoe a 1anta(e is that its s0ee can be 1arie b- the i(ital in0ut"'e can use a micro0rocesssor to control the s0ee "It can also be rotate in ste0s"$he- can be use for 0recision control of s0ee without usin( close loo0 fee bac5" ?"'hat is ste0 an(leJ $he an(le throu(h which the motor shaft rotates for each comman 0ulse is calle the ste0 an(le"It can be 4"@B6"=B?"= e(rees" @"'hat is ste00in( fre3uenc-J # is the ste00in( fre3uenc- in 0ulses 0er secon " A"'hat are the mo1in( 0arts in ste00er motor J $he onl- mo1in( 0art in ste00er motor is rotor which has no win in(BcommutatorBbrushes" 4C"'hat are t-0es of ste00er motorJ I0ermanent ma(net motor" I1ariable reluctance motor)when stator is e,cite Bthe rotor is 0ulle into the nearest minimum reluctance 0osition" 44"'hat oes ste00in( motor consist ofJ I It consists of three basic elements often combine with some t-0e of user interface *host com0uterBPLC+ I$he in e,er is a micro0rocessor ca0able of (eneratin( ste0 0ulses an irection si(nals for the ri1er" I$he ri1er*am0lifier+ con1erts the in e,er comman si(nals into the 0ower necessar- to ener(ise the motor win in(s"

46"'hat are its a 1anta(esJ $he ste0 motor is an electromechanical e1ice that con1erts i(ital 0ulses into mechanical shaft rotation"! 1anta(es are low costBhi(h reliabilit-Bhi(h tor3ue at low s0ee s an a sim0leBru((e construction that o0erates almost in an- en1ironment" 47"'hat are its isa 1anta(esJ $he main isa 1anta(e in usin( ste00er motor is the resonance effect often e,hibite at low s0ee s an ecreasin( tor3ue with increasin( s0ee "

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT.13;-4

PARALLEL IN*ERTER
AI+: $o ri( u0 an 1erif- the o0eration of 0arallel in1erter usin( SCR" APPARATUS RE=UIRED : $rainer 5itB ProbesB Patch cor sB RheostatB CRO" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( 47"4*a+ Circuit ia(ram of Parallel in1erter"

RL D4CC /=C Rheostat SCRHs 2 4C!/>CCV" Dio es 2 I9 <CC?B 4C!/>CCV" WA*E<OR+S: C-6 : 9-l" ;<% C. (cy !" "&%&(B c&%c.&)4

Vo

$IME

PULSE TRI11ERIN1:

*O LT

$IME

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

#i( 47"6*a+ E,0ecte out0ut wa1eforms"

VII Sem EC

PROCEDURE: Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit ia(ram" Ensure followin( switchin( on 0roce ure is strictl- followe so that commutation failure is a1oi e " Switch on the DC in0ut 1olta(e an a Gust it to 4CV)4=V usin( e,ternal VRPS" *S0ecific to in1erter+ Switch on the 0arallel in1erter main 0ower su00l-" Switch on the DC switchB an then 0ulsar 0ush button switch to be 0ushe in" Obser1e the wa1eforms *S3uare wa1e o/0 across the loa + Set Rc 0otentiometer for ifferent 1alues an note the out0ut fre3uenc-" #ollow the followin( switch off 0roce ure" Switch off DC *E3ui0ment+B 0ulsarB an e3ui0ment 0ower su00l-" Disconnect (ate connection of $P an $9" Monitor onl- 0ulsar out0ut wa1eforms" Plot all the wa1eforms"

TABULAR COLU+N: #re3uenc- #irin( Circuit !m0litu e $ime *msec+ #re3uenc- *&8+

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

RESULT: Parallel in1erter circuit is ri((e u0 an out0ut wa1eforms is 0lotte an 1erifie with e,0ecte wa1eforms" *I*A =UESTIONS: 4"'hat are in1erters an what are its a00licationsJ DC to !C con1erters is 5nown as in1erters" $he function of an in1erter is to chan(e a DC in0ut 1olta(e into !C out0ut 1olta(e of esire ma(nitu e an fre3uenc-" In1erters are wi el- use in in ustrial a00lications li5e 1ariable s0ee !C motor ri1esB in uction heatin(B stan )b- 0ower su00lies an uninterru0te 0ower su00lies" 6" 'h- is the circuit calle 0arallel in1erterJ $he circuit is calle 0arallel in1erter because the commutatin( ca0acitor is in 0arallel with the 0rimar- win in( of the out0ut transformer whose secon ar- is fe to the loa " 7"'hat is the main classification of in1ertersJ In1erters can be broa l- classifie into two t-0es namel-B Sin(le)0hase in1erters an three 0hase in1erters" Each t-0e can use controlle turn)on an controlle turn)off e1ices *e(" B.$Hs an MOS#E$Hs etc+ or force commutation th-risters e0en in( on a00lication" <"'hat is V#I an C#IJ !n in1erter is calle a Volta(e #e In1erter *V#I+ if the in0ut 1olta(e remains constantB a Current #e In1erter *C#I+ if the in0ut current is maintaine constant"

="'hat is 1ariable DC lin5e in1erterJ !n in1erter is calle 1ariable DC lin5e in1erter if the in0ut 1olta(e is controllable" >"'hat is in1erter (ainJ $he in1erter (ain ma- be efine as the ratio of the !C out0ut to DC in0ut 1olta(e" 'h- the out0ut 1olta(e of an in1erter is to be controlle J $he out0ut 1olta(e of the in1erter is to be 1arie as 0er the loa re3uirement" 'hen e1er the in0ut DC 1aries the out0ut 1olta(e can chan(e" &enceB these 1ariations nee to be com0ensate " $he out0ut 1olta(e an fre3uenc- of an in1erter is a Guste to 5ee0 1olta(e an fre3uenc- constant" $husB the out0ut 1olta(e of an in1erter is to be controlle " ?"'hat are the a 1anta(es an ! 1anta(es: De0t of EC >> Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(isa 1anta(es of 1ariable DC lin5e in1erterJ

Power Electronics Lab Manual 4" &armonic content oes not chan(e with out0ut 1olta(e" 6" Control circuit of an in1erter is sim0le" Disa 1anta(es: 4" ! itional cho00er or control rectifier is re3uire " 6" Efficienc- of a circuit is re uce ue to ouble con1ersion" 7" $ransistors ha1e to han le 1ariable in0ut 1olta(es" @"Com0are between Volta(e source an Current source in1erters Volta(e source in1erters 4" In0ut is constant 1olta(e" 6" Short circuit can ama(e the circuit" 7" Pea5 current of 0ower) e1ice e0en s on loa " <" Current wa1e forms e0en on loa " =" #ree wheelin( io es are re3uire in case of in ucte loa "

VII Sem EC

Current source in1erters 4" In0ut is constant current" 6" Short circuit cannot ama(e the circuit" 7" Pea5 current of 0ower) e1ice is limite " <" Volta(e wa1e forms e0en on loa " =" #ree wheelin( io es are not re3uire "

A"E,0lain the 0rinci0le of 1ariable DC lin5e in1erterJ &armonic content of the si(nal also chan(es if 0ulse wi th is 1arie " $his 0roblem is ta5en care b- DC lin5 in1erter" Instea of 1ar-in( the 0ulses of in1erterB an in0ut DC 1olta(e is 1arie " $herefore rms 1alue of out0ut 1olta(e is 1arie " 4C"'hat is the commutation techni3ue use in the 0arallel in1erterJ Com0lementar- commutation techni3ue"

44"'hat is the role of the io es D4 an D6J Dio es D4 an D6 act as free wheelin( io esB the- con uct when both SCRHs turn off" $he- also 0ro1i e a 0ath for con uction" 46"'h- is the in uctor use J $he in uctor oes not allow rastic chan(es in current an hence 0ro1i e i/ t 0rotection" 47"#rom where oes the in1erter eri1e its c 0ower in0utJ It eri1es the c 0ower in0ut from the in1erter s0ecific e,ternal VRPS"

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

E:PERI+ENT 13;/4

SERIES IN*ERTER
AI+: 4+ $o ri( u0 a Series In1erter usin( SCR an note own the wa1eforms" 6+ $o recor the fre3uenc- of o0eration" CIRCUIT DIA1RA+:

De0t of EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

#i( 47"4*b+ Circuit ia(ram of a Series in1erter"

WA*E <OR+S: $4 $6 Ec ec4 E <CV C ?=mS ec6 6CV

C C

C 4= V C @V

eC

#i( 47"6*b+ E,0ecte out0ut wa1eforms"

TI+E

PROCEDURE: 4"Connect the circuit ia(ram as shown in the fi(ure >"4*b+" 6"Connect L : C 1alues as 0er the followin( etails" USE LM L4 One Set L44d L6 Secon Set #D4/6 **4/LC+)*Re6/<Le6++ 4"Connect C4 : C4H; L4 : L4H for one set of rea in(s" De0t of EC >A Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(L46 $6 !no e $6 !no e $4 Catho e LO!DS $4 Catho e

Power Electronics Lab Manual 6"Connect C6 : C6H; L6 : L6H for secon set of rea in(s" 7"9ote the out0ut wa1eforms" <"9ote the wa1eforms across ca0acitors" TABULAR COLU+N T%&BB % $!) P!6&)&!( +&(&'.' N O +-#&'.' L1 L1M C1 C1M

VII Sem EC

O8P <RE=UENC2

T%&BB % $!) P!6&)&!( +&(&'.' N O +-#&'.'

L2

L2M

C2

C2M

O8P <RE=UENC2

RESULT: 4+ Series In1erter usin( SCR is ri((e u0 an out0ut wa1eforms is note " 6+ $he fre3uenc- of o0eration is ffffffff"

*I*A =UESTIONS: 4"'hat are series in1ertersJ In1erters in which the commutatin( elements are 0ermanentl- connecte in series with the loa resistance" 6"'hat are the commutatin( elements in the abo1e circuitJ L an C are the commutatin( elements" 7"'hat is the con ition for selectin( commutatin( elementJ $he- are selecte in such a wa- that the current flow throu(h series connecte elements RB LB C is un er am0e <"'hat are the rawbac5s of a basic series in1erterJ De0t of EC ?C Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-

Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

IIf the in1erter fre3uenc- e,cee s the circuit rin(in( fre3uenc- the c source will be short)circuite " I#or out0ut fre3uencies much smaller than the circuit rin(in( fre3uenc-B the loa 1olta(e is i starte " I$he source current flows onl- urin( the 0erio when the $h-ristor $4 is con uctin(" $his results in lar(e ri00le in the source current an 0ea5 current ratin( of the source in1erters" ="'hat are the a00lications of series in1ertersJ IIn uction heatin( I#luorescent li(htin( IVariable s0ee ac motor ri1es I!ircraft 0ower su00lies IUPS I&i(h 1olta(e c transmission lines >"'h- are the in uctors L4B L6 an wh- are two ca0acitors nee e J I$he resonant fre3uenc-B which isB if it is near b- in1erter out0ut fre3uenc-B commutation failure will ta5e 0lace" &ence it shoul be ensure that the ca0acitor an in uctor are so chosen that it be not near to resonant fre3uenc-"

IE3ual 1alues of L4B L4H or C4B C4H to be chosen so that the uniform in1erter out0ut is maintaine " ?"'hat are the wa1eforms *out0ut+ obtaine in in1erterJ $he out0ut 1olta(e wa1eforms of i eal in1erters are sinusoi al" But for 0ractical in1erters the- are non sinusoi al an contain harmonics ue to which the wa1eforms ma- be s3uare wa1e or 3uassi s3uare wa1e" @"'h- canHt we see current wa1eforms on CROJ $he resistance of CRO is 1er- hi(h" $herefore the current measurement is incorrect" !n attem0t to re uce the resistance of CRO re uces the in0ut im0e anceB which raws hea1current from the source"

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Power Electronics Lab Manual

VII Sem EC

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Dr !mbe 5ar Institute of $echnolo(-