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Li Ng,
Knh tha ch v thin hu tri thc,
Hin tai v cha c Tai liu Vit -Tang nn chng con mao mui phat tm nghin cu, bin soan,dch B T in nay ra Vit ng nguyn t nhiu gip ch cho nhng
huynh hc Tang Ng c Tai liu i chiu. Tuy nhin chng con v tai hn tr km nn rt mong qu Thy, C va ch huynh , cng ng tm ng gp- xy dng hoan
chnh mt cach c th cho t in Vit-Tang nay, ng hu cho tt c ngi con Pht sau nay thm nhp giao l Kim Cang Tha mt cach thun duyn nht.
Thanh knh tri n s ch giao ca ch v va thanh tm sam hi v tt c sai st v t in Vit Tang nay. ng thi khng qun hi hng nhng my may cng c c
c t tp tai liu nay n tt c huynh , ang va s hc Tang ng chng thm nhp mt ngha ca Ch Pht. Nguyn ch Pht gia tr bo h cho tt c ch v an lanh va
chng thanh tu.
Knh tri n ai c Tr Khng, . Vin nh, Mc, Ni Nht Hanh, ao Hu Quang Nhn, .H Tnh Thin nhit tnh ng vin, ch im, gp , cng hiu
nh hoan thin v ni dung va trnh bay tac phm nh nay.
Kathmandu-ngy 20 thang 09 nm 2013
Con,
Hc tr nh : Thch Chc Kh
Page 1
Dict 4 languages
VIETNAMESE
TIBETAN
CHINESE
ENGLISH
[]
an instant
[]
[]
meditative stabilization of
single arrangement
single vehicle
[]
1
2
[]
non-shame
Page 2
non-embarrassment
2 stages of tantric practice
Dict 4 languages
generation stage
NH TR = 2 tr
1
2
[]
1 []
2 []
1
2
NH V NG
2 selflessnesses
1 []
selflessness of persons
2.Php v ng
selflessness of phenomena
1
2
NH NGHIP = 2 nghip
1.nh nghip
2.Bt nh nghip
NH NGHIP = 2 nghip
2 kinds of karma
Page 3
completion stage
2 purposes
purpose of self
others' purpose; altruism
2 nirvanas
nirvana with remainder
nirvana without remainder
2 kinds of knowledge
contaminated action
Dict 4 languages
1.Bat nh tha
( )
2 []
1[]
supreme attainments
2[]
common attainments
NH CHNG NH = 2 loai nh
[]
2 types of meditative
( Nh chng ng ch )
1
2
1
2
uncontaminated action
Page 4
2 kinds of karma
actions of intention
intended actions
2 types of meritorious collections
accumulation of merits
accumulation of wisdom
2 great vehicles
perfection vehicle
absorptions
Dict 4 languages
1.Dit tn nh
absorption of cessation
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 wisdoms of meditative
[]
equipoise
uninterrupted path
1
2
path of release
causal consciousness
resultant consciousness
2.V tng nh
NH CHNG S TRI = 2 i tng nhn bit
1.Tng = chung
2.Bit = ring
NH CHNG S TRI = 2 i tng nhn bit
1.Cng tng
2.T tng
NH CHNG S TRI= 2 i tng nhn bit
1.Thng
2.V thng
NH CHNG PHT TM= 2 loai phat tm
1.Th tc phat tm = phat tm tng i
2.Thng ngha phat tm = phat tm tuyt i
NH CHNG NG DN TR = 2 loai ng
dn tr = tr dn vao s qun bnh = chanh nh
( Cn bn tr )
1.V gian ao = con ng khng chng ngai
khng t qung ( lin tc)
2.Gii thoat ao= con ng gii thoat
NH CHNG B TM =2 loai phat tm B
1. Phat khi b tm
2.Thc hanh b tm
Page 5
2 kinds of bodhicitta
wishing bodhicitta
committed bodhicitta
2 types of consciousness
Dict 4 languages
NH CHNG = 2 chng
2 obstructions
1
2.
1
2
extreme of eternalism
extreme of nihilism
1
2
1
2
3
2 extremes
3 types of person
Page 6
afflictive obstructions
obstructions to knowledge of objects
2 truths
ultimate truth
conventional truth
2 extremes
extreme of existence
extreme of non-existence
3 meditative stabilizations
emptiness meditative stabilization
signless meditative stabilization
desireless meditative stabilization
3 meditative stabilizations
Dict 4 languages
beginner
intermediate
advanced
[]
1
2
3
[]
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
thesis; proposition
Page 7
sign; reason
example
3 periods; 3 times
past
present
future
3 states of birth
death state
intermediate state
birth state
3-fold place of existence
places of desire
places of form
places of formless
3 types of karma formation
meritorious actions
non-meritorious actions
unfluctuating actions; invariable actions
3-fold compilation of form
Dict 4 languages
3 bodies of a buddha
1.Php thn
nature body
2.Bo thn
3.Ho thn
emanation body
1
2
3
1
2
3 destructions
3[]
neutral feeling
3 insights
Page 8
truth body
Dict 4 languages
nirva insight
3
[]
1
2
3
1
2
3
[]
1
2[]
3[]
[]
nirvana is peace
imputed phenomena
Page 9
Dict 4 languages
dependent phenomena
ultimate phenomena
[]
[]
2
a []
b []
c []
d []
3
a
b
c
d []
1
2
3
1
2
3
Page 10
desire realm
form realm
first concentration
second concentration
third concentration
fourth concentration
formless realm
infinite space
infinite consciousness
nothingness
peak of cyclic existence
3 poisons
desire
hatred; anger
ignorance
3 types of vows
vows of individual liberation
bodhisattva vows
secret mantra vows
3 sufferings
Dict 4 languages
1.Kh kh
suffering of pain
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3 pure stages
2.Hoai kh
3.Hanh kh
TAM THA = 3 tha ( c xe )
1.Thanh vn tha
2.c giac tha
3.B tat tha
TAM S = 3 bc thy
1.Gii hoa thng=bc thy ca Sa Di
2.Yt ma s =bc thy nghi l
3.Giao th s = bc thy day tu mt
TAM CN = 3 cp tr nng
1.n cn = tr nng km
2.Trung cn =tr nng trung bnh
3.Li cn = tr nng nhay bn
TAM THI NGHIP = 3 loai nghip
Page 11
suffering of change
pervasive suffering
3 vehicles
hearer's vehicle
solitary realizer's vehicle
bodhisattva's vehicle
3 teachers
preceptor
announcing-preceptor
instructor
3 levels of intelligence
poor intellect
moderate intellect
sharp intellect
3 kinds of karma
eighth stage
ninth stage
tenth stage
3 kinds of knowledge
knowledge of bases
knowledge of paths
Dict 4 languages
3.Nht thit tr
omniscient mind
1
2
TAM KT
3 constant fetters
2.Gii cm th
3.Nghi
1
2
3
1
2
3
doubt
3 nirvanas
TAM V T TNH
1.Tng v t tanh tanh
2.Sanh v t tanh tanh
3.Thng ngha v t tanh tanh
TAM V VI PHP
1.H khng
2.Trach dit = hoai dit c phn tch
3.Phi trach dit = hoai dit khng phn tch
TAM V LU CN = 3 nng lc v lu
Page 12
3 awarenesses
direct valid cognizer
inferential valid cognizer
3 identityless phenomena
identitylessness of characteristics
identitylessness of production
identitylessness of ultimate phenomena
3 uncompounded phenomena
space
analytical cessation
non-analytical cessation
3 uncontaminated sense powers
Dict 4 languages
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
[]
1
2
3
1
2
[]
1
2
3 []
Page 13
hell beings
hungry ghosts
animals
3 actions
Dict 4 languages
1.Thin nghip
2.c nghip
3.V k nghip
TAM NGHIP = 3 nghip
1.Thn nghip
2.Ng nghip
3. nghip
TAM NGHIP = 3 nghip
1.Phc nghip
2.Phi phc nghip
3.Bt ng nghip
TAM NGHIP QU
1.D thc qu = qu chn mui
2.ng lu qu = qu tng ng nhn
3.Tng thng qu = qu vt tri
TAM GiI THOT MN = 3 ca gii thoat
1.Khng gii thoat mn
2.V tng gii thoat mn
3.V nguyn gii thoat mn
TAM T (tam phm )
1.Knh l
2.Hi qua
3.Tu h
(Hi hng )
TAM T TNH GII = 3 gii lut
1.Lut nghi gii = gii ng x
2.Nhip thin phap gii=gii thu nhip cng c
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
[]
1
2
3
[]
1
2
Page 14
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
3 times
3 correct reasons
1
2
3 []
1
2
3
1
2
3
3 wrong reasons
Page 15
past time
future time
present time
3 emanation bodies of a buddha
artisan emanation
miscellaneous emanation
supreme emanation
3 kinds of miracle
miracle of body
miracle of mind
miracle of speech
unestablished reason
contradictory reason
uncertain reason
3 meditative stabilizations
meditative stabilization going like a hero
meditative stabilization like an illusion
meditative stabilization like a vajra
Dict 4 languages
3 objects of knowledge
1
2
manifest phenomena
TAM CHNG T BI
3 types of compassion
2.Phap duyn t
1
2
3
1
2
3
1 []
2
[]
3
1
2
3
Page 16
obscure phenomena
commitment being
wisdom being
concentration being
3 types of wisdom
wisdom acquired through hearing
wisdom acquired through contemplation
wisdom acquired through meditation
3 trainings
training in higher discipline; ethics
training in higher meditative
stabilization
training in higher wisdom
3 scriptural collections
sets of discourses
sets of discipline
sets of manifest knowledge
Dict 4 languages
1 []
2 []
3 []
1
2
3
1
2
3
1.Y (tha ) ch lc
[]
[]
[]
2.i tr lc
3.Nng pha lc
3
4
1[]
2
a
b
3
a
b
force of repentance
4.Phng h lc
T (I) TNG PHI
1.( Thuyt phn bit b ) Ba Sa b
2.Kinh lng b
a.Tu giao (tn ) hanh kinh lng b
b.Tu l (phap) hanh kinh lng b
3.Duy thc tng
a.Tu giao (tn) hanh duy thc tng
b.Tu l (phap) hanh duy thc tng
TRUNG QUN TNG
a.Trung quan tng t tc phai= TQT y t khi
Page 17
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 continents
3.V cu tam ma a
T BT NH = 4 bt nh
[]
[]
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
[]
[]
1
2
3
T (I) CHU
1.ng Thng Thn Chu
2.Nam Thim B Chu
3.Ty Ngu Hoa Chu
4.Bc Cu L Chu
T TAM MA A= 4 thin nh
1.Kin hanh tam ma a
2.H khng kh tam ma a
1.Thu min = ng
2.c tac = hi tic
3.Tm = truy cu
4.T = phn tch
T SANH = 4 loai sanh
1.Non sanh = sanh t trng
2.Thai sanh = sanh t thai
3.Thp sanh = sanh t ch m thp
4.Hoa sanh = t sanh
T GIA HNH V (T thun quyt trach phn)
(T thin cn) = 4 gia hanh ao
1.Non = nhit
2.nh = nh
3.Nhn
Page 18
sleep
regret
investigation
analysis
4 types of birth
birth from an egg
birth from a womb
birth from heat and moisture
miraculous birth
4 levels of the path of preparation
[4 good roots]
heat
peak
forbearance
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
1 []
2 []
3
[]
4 []
5 []
6 []
7
8
[]
1
2
3
4 states of birth
(T a ham hng )
4.Nht lai qu (T a ham qu )
5.Bt hoan hng ( A na ham hng)
6.Bt hoan qu (A na ham qu )
7.A la han hng
8.A la han qu
T KIP( t trung kip )
1.Thanh kip
2.Tr kip
3.Hoai kip
Page 19
4 thorough abandonings
intermediate state
birth state
live state
death state
4 enterers and 4 abiders
enterer into the fruit of a stream-winner
stream-winner
enterer into the fruit of a
once-returner
abider in the fruit of a once-returner
enterer into the fruit of a never returner
abider in the fruit of a never returner
enterer into the fruit of a foe-destroyer
abider in the fruit of a foe-destroyer
4 intermediate aeons
aeons of the formation
aeons of its persistence
aeons of its dissolution
Dict 4 languages
4.Khng kip
aeons of vacuity
4 vedas of brahmins
1
2
3
science of poetry
science of administration
4 mental engagements
interrupted engagement
uninterrupted engagement
spontaneous engagement
1
2
3
4 emptinesses
emptiness of other-nature
1 []
2 []
3 []
4 []
T Y
1.Y ngha bt y ng
T KHNG= 4 khng
1.Hu tanh khng = tanh khng ca phap
2.V tanh khng= tanh khng ca khng phap
3.Bn / t tanh khng= tanh khng t nhin
4.Tha tanh khng= tanh khng chnh yu ca
php khc
T TNH = 4 loai
1.Ba la mn ( tnh hanh ) = tu s ( Hindu )
2.Sat li (vng chng ) = vua cha
3.Ph xa ( thng gi ) =lnh cha nh
4.Th a la (nng lip nhn) = n l, a v thp
Page 20
science of sacrifice
science of aphorisms
forcible engagement
emptiness of a thing
emptiness of non-things
emptiness of nature
priest caste
warrior caste
merchant caste
labourer caste
4 reliances
Dict 4 languages
3.Y tr bt y thc
1
2
relying on definitive
2.Kin th
3.Gii cm th
4.Ng ng th
1
2
a
4
1
2
3
4
T PHP N
1.Ch hanh v thng
2.Ch lu giai kh
3.Ch phap v ng
4.Nit ban tch tnh
T NIM TR= 4 nim x
1.Thn nim tr/ x
2.Th nim tr/ x
3.Tm nim tr/ x
4.Phap nim tr/ x
T PHP TC SA MN = 4 phap tu kh hanh
Page 21
Dict 4 languages
T S NGHIP
1.Tc tai = hanh thin nghip= tch tnh nghip
2.Tng ch= tng trng s li ch
3.Hoai ai= uy quyn nghip
4.Hang phc/ hung mnh nghip
T THC = 4 loai thc phm
1.oan thc =thc phm th
2.Xc thc = thc phm xc cham
3. t thc = thc phm cho tm
4.Thc thc = thc phm cho thc
T THN TC= 4 nh tc
1.Dc thn tc
2.Cn thn tc
3.Tm thn tc
4.Quan thn tc
T UY NGHI
1.Hanh = i
2.Tr = ng
3.Toa = ngi
4.Ngoa = nm
T K VN = 4 cach tr li
1.Nht hng k= tr li trc tip
2.Phn bit k =tr li phn bit
3.Phn vn k = tr li bng cu hi
4.Mc tr k = lng thinh
T HIN LNG =4 nhn thc hiu qu trc
tip
1.Cn hin lng = nhn thc hiu qu trc tip
ca 5 giac quan
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Page 22
activity of peace
activity of increase
activity of power
activity of force
4 types of food
coarse food
food of touch
food of mental thought
food of consciousness
4 legs of manifestation; 4 legs of emanation
leg of manifestation of aspiration
leg of manifestation of effort
leg of manifestation of thought
leg of manifestation of analysis
4 activities
walking
standing
sitting
sleeping
4 methods of dealing with questions
direct answer
discriminating answer
questioning in return
silence
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4 classes of tantra
T MT TC = 4 cp mt in
1.Tac tc = mt in hanh ng
2.Hanh tc = mt in thc thi
3.Du gia tc = mt in thc hanh
4.V thng du gia tc = mt in thc hanh cao
cp nht
T CHNG
action tantra
performance tantra
yoga tantra
1.Khng v bin x
1 []
2 []
3[,]
4[,]
1
2
3
4
[]
1
2.Thc v bin x
3.V s hu x
3
4
1.Bt s (T khu )
2.Bt s ni (T khu ni )
3.(u ba tc,cn s nam) ba sach ca =nam pt
4.(u ba di,cn s n) ba t ca= n pt
T TR
1.ai vin cnh tr= tr ta gng
2.Bnh ng tanh tr= tr v song
3.Diu quan sat tr = tr phn bit
4.Thanh s tac tr = tr vin mn
T V SC NH
(T v sc ng ch)
Page 23
monk
nun
layman
laywoman
4 wisdoms
mirror-like wisdom
wisdom of equality
wisdom of discrimination
wisdom of accomplishment
4 formless meditative
absorptions
meditative absorption of infinite space
meditative absorption of
Dict 4 languages
(hu nh )
[]
T V S U= 4 khng s hi
4 fearlessnesses
1.Chanh ng giac v u
2.Lu vnh tn v u
4.Thuyt xut ao v u
T V VI PHP
4 uncompounded phenomena
non-analytical cessation
analytical cessation
1
2
3
4
suchness
1.H khng
4.Chn nh (v vi)
T V LNG
1.T v lng
2.Bi v lng
3.H v lng
4.X ( bnh ng ) v lng
T V NGI GII
Page 24
space
4 immeasurables
immeasurable love
immeasurable compassion
immeasurable joy
immeasurable equanimity
4 perfect specific understandings
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
[]
1 a
2
4 joys
T H
1.S h
2.Thng h
3.Cc h
4.C sanh h
T THNH
1.Kh thanh
2.Tp thanh
3.Dit thanh
4.ao thanh
T NGHIP ( cu xa )
1.Hc hc d thc nghip
2.Bach bach d thc nghip
Page 25
joy
great joy
exalted joy
innate joy
4 noble truths
true sufferings
true origins of suffering
true cessations of suffering
true paths out of suffering
4 actions
black result due to black actions
white result due to white actions
4 conceptions
conceptions of grasping at objects
Dict 4 languages
4 thought transformations
1
2
3 []
4
[]
4 doors of retention
3 []
analytical image
T CHNG DIU LA NI MN
1.Nhn a la ni mn
2.Ch a la ni mn
3.T a la ni mn (phap )
4.Ngha a la ni mn
T CHNG NH(gia hanh ao)= 4 loai nh
T CHNG S DUYN
1.Bin mn s duyn = i tng thm thu
a.Hu phn bit nh tng s duyn= phn tch
nh hng
Page 26
retention of patience
retention of secret speech
formula for retaining words
formula for retaining meaning
4 meditative stabilizations
Dict 4 languages
non-analytical image
limits of phenomena
[desire] [ugliness]
[hatred] [love]
[obscuration]
[dependent-arising]
[pride][division of constituents]
[discursiveness]
skilful objects
a.Un thin xo
a
b
c
d
e
aggregates
1
2
4 initiations
b.Gii thin xo
c.X thin xo
c.Duyn khi thin xo
d.X phi x thin xo = ni hp va khng hp
4.Tnh hoc s duyn= i tng cho vic tnh hoa
phin no
T CHNG QUN NH
1.Bnh quan nh
2.Mt quan nh
Page 27
constituents
sources
dependent-arising
appropriate and inappropriate
vase initiation
secret initiation
Dict 4 languages
3.Tr tu quan nh
4.Danh t quan nh
T C ( ( nit ban )
1.Thng
2.Lac
3.Ng
4.Tnh
T DUYN
1.Nhn duyn
2.ng v gian duyn
3.S duyn duyn
4.Tng thng duyn
T TNH L = t thin
1.S tnh l = s thin
a.Tm (truy cu )
b.T ( phn tch ,phn bit)
c.H
d.Lac
e.Tm nht cnh tanh= tm chuyn ch 1 im
2. nh tnh l = nh thin
a.Ni ng tnh = thu r bn trong
b.H
c.Lac
d.Tm nht cnh tanh=tm chuyn ch 1 im
3. tam tnh l= tam thin
a.X = bnh ng
b.Nim
c.Chnh tri
3
4
[]
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
a
b
c
d
e
2
a
b
c
d
3
a
b
c
Page 28
wisdom initiation
word initiation
4 qualities
permanence
joy; bliss
personality
purity
4 conditions
causal condition
immediate condition
objective condition
fundamental condition
4 concentrations
first concentration
investigation
analysis
joy
bliss
mental one-pointedness
second concentration
internal clarity
joy
bliss
mental one-pointedness
third concentration
equanimity
mindfulness
introspection
Dict 4 languages
d
e
4
a
b
c
d
[]
1
2
3
4
bliss
T IN O
4.Ng= v ng ma chp la c ng
T MA
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 devils
d.Lac
e.Tm nht cnh tanh= tm chuyn ch 1 im
4. t tnh l = t thin
a.X thanh tnh
b.Nim thanh tnh
c.Bt kh bt lac th= khng kh cng khng vui
d.Tm nht cnh tanh=tm chuyn ch 1 im
T BIN ( t sanh )
1.T sanh
2.Tha sanh
3.Cng sanh
4.V nhn sanh
1.Un ma
2.Phin no ma
3.T ma
4.Thin t ma
T NHIP S = 4 phap nhip phc
1.B th nhip s
2.i ng nhip s
3.Li hanh nhip s
Page 29
mental one-pointedness
fourth concentraion
thoroughly pure equanimity
thoroughly pure mindfulness
neutral feeling
mental one-pointedness
4 extremes
production from self
production from others
production from both
production without causes
4 wrong thoughts
evil of aggregates
evil of afflictions
evil of death
evil of the son of a god
4 qualities making for amicable association
giving
affectionate speech
conduct profitable to others
Dict 4 languages
4.ng s nhip s
NG LC
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
5 forces
3.D =v d
4
5
1 []
2
3
4 []
5
[]
1
2
3
4
5
1 []
application
1.Tn lc
2.Tinh tn lc
3.Nim lc
4.nh lc
5.Tu lc
NG CHI TC PHP
1.Tng = lun , kin ngh, li ha nguyn
[]
Page 30
force of faith
force of enthusiastic perseverance
force of mindfulness
force of concentration
force of wisdom
5-membered proof; 5 parts of a syllogism
thesis; proposition
sign; reason
summary; conclusion
5 buddha families
vairocana
akshobhya
ratnasambhava
amitbha
amoghasiddhi
5 stages of mantra vehicle
isolation of speech
isolation of mind
illusory body
clear light
unification
5 ethics; 5 precepts
not killing
Dict 4 languages
a
3 []
4 []
5
not stealing
[]
5 periods in womb
1
2
3
4
5
[]
1
2
3
4
5
viscous foetus
[]
[]
[]
5 qualities of desires
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4 []
Page 31
oval-shaped foetus
hard fleshy foetus
soft fleshy foetus
5 protuberances
5 certainties of Sambhogakaya
definite abode
definite body
definite time
definite doctrine
definite retinue
Dict 4 languages
1
2 []
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
[]
1
2
3
4
5
knowledge
[]
5 uncontaminated aggregates
1
2
3
4
moral discipline
Gii thoat un
NG TT S (5 T KHU )= 5 v t kheo
t u tin ca Pht Thch Ca
[]
5 good disciples
5/ Tu
NG MINH
1/ Thanh minh = ngn ng hc
2/ Cng ngh minh (cng xo minh) = ngh thut
3/ Y phng minh = y hc
4/ Nhn minh = lun l hc va nhn thc lun
5/ Ni minh
NG Qu = 5 qu
1/ ng lu qu= qu tng ng vi nhn
2/Tng thng qu = qu ca chnh n
3/ S dng qu= qu do con ngi tao tac
4/ D thc qu = qu chn mui
5/ Li h qu = qu t do
NG PHP (DUY THC )
1/ Danh
2/ Tng
3/ Phn bit / t duy
4/ Chanh tr/ v phn bit tr
5/ Nh nh/chn nh/ tanh khng
NG PHP UN (V LU)= 5 hp th thanh
tnh
1/ Gii un
nh un
Tu un
Page 32
5 sciences
linguistics
arts
medicine
logic and epistemology
inner science
5 effects
causally concordant effect
owned effect
effect caused by persons
fruitional effect
cessational effect
5 phenomena
name
signs
conceptualization
non-conceptual wisdom
reality
concentration
wisdom
thorough liberation
Dict 4 languages
1
2 []
3
4 []
5 []
ajnytakauinya
5/ A Thuyt Th (M Thng)
NG THN THNG
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
knowledge of miracles
1/ A Nh Kiu Trn Nh
2/ Thp Lc Ca Dip (Ba Sa Ba)
3/ Bat
4/ Ma Ha Nam ( ai Danh)
Page 33
dasabala-ksyapa [vpas]
bhadrika
mahnmas
ashvajit
Dict 4 languages
4/Php nhn
5/Pht nhn
NG O (V ) = 5 con ng
1/ T lng ao =con ng tch lu
2/ Gia hanh ao
3/ Kin ao
4/ Tu ao
5/(V hc ao) Cu canh ao
NG QU THT= 5 li lm
1/Gii i = li bing
2/ Vng thanh ngn = qun giao hun ca bc
thnh
3/Hn trm, trao c
4/Bt tac hanh = khng dng cng
5/Tac hanh = dng cng
NG BIN HNH
1/Th
2/Tng
3/ T
4/ Tc
5/ Xc
NG NH TM QUN
(Ng chng tnh hanh s duyn )
1/ Bt tnh quan (v d: bach ct quan = quan b
xng trng)
2/T bi quan
3/Duyn khi quan
4/ Gii phn bit quan
5/ Tr tc nim
4
5
[]
1
2
3
4
5[]
dharma eye
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
[]
1 []
ugliness
2
3
4
5
love
Page 34
buddha's eye
5 paths
path of accumulation
path of preparation
path of seeing
path of meditation
path of no more learning
5 faults
laziness
non-application
[over]application
5 omnipresent mental factors
feeling
discrimination
intention
mental engagement
contact
5 meditations; 5 objects for
purifying behaviour
dependent-arising
division of constituents
inhalation and exhalation of
Dict 4 languages
[]
[]
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
the breath
[ ]
1
2
3
4
5
1/ Sc tham
2/ V sc tham
3/ V minh
4/ Man
5/ Trao c
Page 35
Dict 4 languages
1
2
desire
3 []
anger
4/ Gii cm th
5/ Nghi
1
2
3
4
5
doubt
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
NG B C GI LA= 5 qu v chng c
1/ D lu qu
2/ Nht lai qu
3/ Bt hoan qu
4/ A La Han qu
5/c giac qu
NG CHNG PHP THC UN = (NG
CHNG TH T TM)
1/ Bat thp phn bit tm= 80 tm phn bit
2/ Bach hin chi tm=tm trnh hin phat quang
trng
3/ Hng tng chi tm= tm phat quang
4/ Hc c chi tm=tm cn c phat quang en
5/ T quang minh tm=tm tnh quan khi cht
NG CHNG TNH
1/Thanh vn tha chng tanh
2/ c giac tha chng tanh
3/Nh lai tha chng tanh
4/Bt nh chng tanh
5/ Quyt nh chng tanh
NG CI (HP )= 5 s ngn che
Page 36
Dict 4 languages
1/ Tham dc cai
2/ Sn nhu cai
3/ Hn trm thu min cai
4/ Trao c, ac tac cai ( hi hn)
5/ Nghi ci
NG THIN TI = 5 ti
1/ Ba la di= thua bai
2/Tng tan= dnh mc
3/X oa = pham gii
4/ xa ni (hng b hi )= hi tic
5/ t kit la (ac tac )= sai lac
NG TH (ng ao )= 5 loai chng sanh
1/ Thin th= tri
2/ Nhn th= ngi
3/ a ngc th
4/ Nga qu th
5/ Bng sanh th (Sc sanh th)= sc sanh
NG TRC (5 trc )= 5 suy thoai
1/ Kin trc= cai nhn suy thoai
2/Phin no trc= phin no nng n
3/ Chng sanh trc= chng sanh suy thoai
4/ Mnh trc= th mang suy thoai
5/ Kip trc= thi ai suy thoai
NG UN
1/ Sc un
2/ Th un
3/ Tng un
4/ Hanh un
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4 []
5 []
[]
1
2
3
a
5 []
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Page 37
Dict 4 languages
5/Thc un
LC LC = 6 nng lc
1/ Thnh vn lc = nng lc nghe
2/T duy lc=nng lc tuy duy
3/ c nim lc=nng lc nim
4/ Chanh tri lc
5/ Tinh tn lc
6/ Xuyn tp lc = thun thc,nhun nhuyn
LC I PHIN NO A PHP= 6 cn bn
phin no ln
1/ Si =s ngu dt
2/Phng dt = s l la/ khng ch
3/ Gii i= li bing
4/Bt tn = khng tin
5/ Hn trm
6/ Trao c
LC CHI (THI LUN)= 6 phn hanh tr
trong Vin Mn Th Thi Lun
1/Bit nhip= nhip tm
2/ Tnh l= an tr/ thin
3/ Trung thin = iu kh
4/ Nhn tr =tr gi
5/ Tu nim= chanh nim
6/Tam ma a = nh
LC C NGHA (thng lun phai)
1/Tht c ngha
2/ c c ngha
3/Nghip c ngha
1
2
3
4
5
6
consciousness
1
2
3
4
5
6
ignorance
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
[]
a
2
3
collection
Page 38
6 forces
hearing
thinking
mindfulness
introspection
effort
familiarity
non-conscientiousness
laziness
non-faith
lethargy
excitement
absorption
wind control
retention
mindfulness
meditative stabilization
6 principles of the particularists
substance
quality
action
Dict 4 languages
4
5
6
generality
acting cause
2
3
4
5
6
1 []
2 []
3 []
4 []
5 []
6 []
LC TH THN= 6 cm th ca thn
4/ ng c ngha
5/D c ngha
6/Hoa hp c ngha
LC NHN
1/ Nng tac nhn= nhn hanh vi/ nhn ch th hanh
ng
2/ Cu hu nhn = nhn cng xut hin
3/ D thc nhn = nhn chn mui
4/ Tng ng nhn
5/ Bin hanh nhn =nhn hin din khp ni
6/ ng loai nhn
LC HP THCH
1/Bt tn thch (ln cn thch)
2/B s thch (Y s thch )
3/Phn hp thch (tng vi thch )
4/a cc thch (a tai thch )
5/ Tr nghip thch (ng y thch)
6/ Song phn thch (ai s thch )
Page 39
particularity
composition
6 types of causes
ripening cause
concomitant cause
omnipresent cause
equal-state cause
6 methods of compounding
adverbial compounds
dependent determinate compounds
copulative or aggregative compounds
relative or attributive compounds
descriptive determinate compounds
numeral determinate compounds
6 aggregates of feeling
olfactory contact
feeling produced through
aural contact
feeling produced through
gustatory contact
feeling produced through
Dict 4 languages
1
2
a
4
5
6
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
[]
1
2
3
Page 40
physical contact
feeling produced through
mental contact
6 types of taste
bitter
sour
sweet
hot
salty
astringent
6 doctrines of Naropa
yoga of psychic heat
yoga of illusory body
yoga of clear light
yoga of consciousness transference
yoga of dreams
yoga of intermediate rebirth
6 perfections
giving
ethics
patience
effort
concentration
wisdom
6 elements
earth
water
fire
Dict 4 languages
4
5
6
wind
[]
rjagha
2 []
vaishli
3 []
shrvast
[]
4
5
6
[]
1 []
a
a
3 []
4 []
5 []
6 []
champaka
4/ Phong gii = gi
5/ Khng gii= h khng
6/ Thc gii = thc
Page 41
space
consciousness
sketa
varaasi
6 ancient Hindu schools of the non-buddhists
lokyatas
followers of B.rhaspati
hedonist
followers of Jains
nirgrantha
digambara
shvetmbara
sakhya
follower of kapila
analyser
particularist
follower of kada
logician
follower of akipda
other schools
Dict 4 languages
Ph an a phai
vedantins
[]
[]
6/ xc s sanh t =.
1
2
3
4
5
LC S (NGOI O )
[]
1
2
3
Du gi phi
Bin nhp phai ( t nu thin )
T tai thin phai ( khi )
Ta mnh lun
Bt kh tr lun
Pham thin phai
LC T UN
1/Nhn xc s sanh t= ch tm sinh khi t tip
xc ca mt
2/Nh xc s sanh t=ch tm sinh khi t tip
xc ca tai
LC THN THNG
1/ Thn cnh tr chng thng
2/ Thin nhn tr chng thng
3/ Thin nh tr chng thng
4/ Tha tm tr chng thng
1/A K a S Xa Khm Ba La
2/Ni Kin T Nhc T
3/Ph Lu Na Ca Dip
Page 42
yogacara
vaishava
ishvara
jvaka
agnosticism
brhmaas
6 aggregates of intention
6 extraordinary knowledges
knowledge of miracles
knowledge of the divine eye
knowledge of the divine ear
knowledge of others' thoughts
knowledge of recollecting past lives
Dict 4 languages
4/ Mat Gia L Cu Xa L T
5/Ca Cu a Ca Chin Din
6/Tan Nh Di T La T
LC CN
1/ Nhn cn
2/ Nh cn
3/T cn
4/ Thit cn
5/Thn cn
6/ cn
LC CN BN PHIN NO
1/ Tham
2/Sn
3/Man
4/V minh
5/Kin (Bt chanh kin )
6/ Nghi
LC DC THIN= 6 ci tri dc gii
1/T ai Vng Chng Thin= t ai thin
vng
2/Tam Thp Tam Thin=tri 33
3/Da Ma Thin= tri da ma
4/ S a Thin= tri ao li
5/Lac Bin Hoa Thin=tri vui sng bin hoa
6/Tha Hoa T Tai Thin
LC TRANG NGHIM
1/ Ngai Long Th
2/Ngai Ba ( Thanh Thin)
3/ Ngai V Trc
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5 []
6
2
3
4
5
6
1
2 []
3
Page 43
gods of non-combat
gods of Tushita
gods enjoying emanations
gods controlling other's emanations
6 ornaments
ngarjna
ryadeva
asanga
Dict 4 languages
4
a
6
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
vasubandhu
6 aggregates of discriminations
4/Ngai Th Thn
5/Ngai Trn Na/ Vc Long
6/Ngai Phap Xng
LC V VI PHP (BCH PHP )
1/ H khng v vi
2/ Trach dit v vi
3/ Phi trach dit v vi
4/Bt ng dit v vi
5/Tng th dit v vi
6/ Chn nh v vi
LC TNG= 6 nhn thc
1/ V thng tng
2/Kh tng
3/V ng tng
4/Bt tnh tng
5/T tng
Page 44
dignga
dharmakrt
6 uncompounded phenomena
space
analytical cessation
non-analytical cessation
state of being unmoved by pleasure or pain
state without discrimination and feeling
suchness
6 discriminations
discrimination of impermanence
discrimination of suffering
discrimination of selflessness
discrimination of ugliness
discrimination of death
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
5
6
6 objects
6 recollections
1
2
3
4
5
6
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6 []
1
2
3
4
recollection of buddha
Page 45
visible form
sound
odor
taste
tangible object
phenomena
recollection of dharma
recollection of sangha
recollection of moral-discipline
recollection of giving
recollection of the deity
6 migrators
gods
human beings
demigods
hell beings
hungry ghosts
animals
6 consciousnesses
eye consciousness
ear consciousness
nose consciousness
tongue consciousness
Dict 4 languages
5/Thn thc
6/ thc
LC XC
1/Nhn xc
2/Nh xc
3/T xc
4/Thit xc
5/hn xc
6/ xc
THT CHI ( PH HIN )= 7 phn
1/Kinh l ch Pht = knh l
2/Qung tu cng dng= cng dng
3/Sam hi nghip chng= sam hi
4/Tu h cng c
5/Thnh chuyn phap lun= li thnh cu
6/Thnh Pht tr th= li thnh cu
7/Ph giai hi hng= hi hng
THT CHI HO HP= 7 phn hoa hp
1/ Th dng vin mn
2/Hoa hp
3/ai lac
4/V t tanh
5/ai bi chu bin= tm bi bin khp
6/Li sanh v gian= dng tng tc khng gian
oan
7/V dit= khng hoai dit
THT NHN QU KHU QUYT= 7 phn nhn
qu li giao hun luyn tm b
1/Tri mu= bit tt c chng sanh tng la cha m
mnh
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[]
1
2
3
4
5
body consciousness
uninterrupted continuity
non-cessation
Page 46
mental consciousness
6 contacts
contact through association with eye
contact through association with ear
contact through association with nose
contact through association with tongue
contact through association with body
contact through association with mind
7 branch practices
prostration
offering
confession
rejoicing
requesting
supplication
dedication
7 features of complete enjoyment body
complete enjoyment
embracing each other
great bliss
non-inherent existence
completely pervaded by compassion
Dict 4 languages
2/Nim n= nh n c
3/Bao n = n n
4/T = t t thng yu
5/Bi
6/ Tng thng lac= ng c v tha hn
7/B tm
THT S (TNG NG GIO)
1/Un
2/X
3/Gii
4/Duyn khi
5/Thc
6/Thanh
7/B phn
THT CHNG = 7 chng
1/T khu
2/T khu ni
3/Thc xoa ma na (hc phap n)
4/Sa di (cn sach nam)
5/Sa di ni (Cn sach n )
6/(u ba tc,cn s nam) ba sach ca= c s
nam
7/(u ba di,cn s n) ba t ca= c s n
THT NG GIC CHI= 7 phn giac ng
1/Nim -ng giac chi
2/Trach phap- ng giac chi = phn tch ng
n
3/Tinh tn -ng giac chi
4/H -ng giac chi
2
3
4
5
6
7
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 []
2 []
3 []
4 []
5 []
6[,]
layman
7[,]
laywoman
wisdom
3
4
effort
Page 47
7 branches of enlightenment
mindfulness
joy
Dict 4 languages
5
a
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
suppleness
2
3
4
5
Page 48
concentration
equanimity
7 jewels of the Aryas
faith
moral discipline
shame
embarrassment
effort
hearing
generosity
knowledge; wisdom
7 prides
pride
exalted pride
exaggerated pride
egotistic pride
presumptuous pride
modest pride
perverted pride
7 mental contemplations
Dict 4 languages
1
2
a
4
7 awarenesses
6
7
1
2
3
4 []
5
6
7
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
doubting
7 []
precious general
8 close disciples
Page 49
direct perceivers
inferential cognizers
subsequent cognizers
correctly assuming consciousnesses
wrong consciousnesses
7 treasures
gold
silver
lapis lazuli
crystal
agate
rubies
cornelian
7 precious objects
precious wheel
precious jewel
precious queen
precious minister
precious elephant
precious horse
Dict 4 languages
6/ thc = thc th 6
7 []
8 []
[]
8 worldly concerns
1 []
2
3 []
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[]
1
2
a
4
5
6
manjushr
Page 50
vajrapi
avalokiteshvara
kitigarbha
sarvanivaraavis kambini
kshagarbha
maitreya
samantabhadra
8 changeable mental factors
investigation
analysis
regret
sleep
desire
anger
pride
doubt
8 consciousnesses
eye consciousness
ear consciousness
nose consciousness
tongue consciousness
body consciousness
mental consciousness
Dict 4 languages
1/ c = c
2/ Bt c = khng c/ mt
3/Hu = b ri lam nhc
4/ D (danh d ) = danh ting
5/ Xng= khen= c tng bc
6/ C =ch= b tha
7/Lac= h
8/ Kh
BT S ( NHN MINH )
1/ Hin lng = cm nhn trc tip ng
2/ T hin lng = cm nhn trc tip sai
3/ T lng= nhn thc suy lun ng
4/T t lng = nhn thc suy lun sai
5/ Nng lp= lun im ng
6/ T nng lp= lun im sai
7/ Nng pha= bac b ng
8/ T nng pha= bac b sai
BT S (BT NH KINH )= trch t Thin
quan trang nghim lun ca ngai Di Lc
1/ Nht thit tng tr
2/ao tng tr
3/ Nht thit tr= nn tng tr/ c (bn ) tr
4/Vin mn gia hanh=tu tp vin mn v mi kha
canh
5/ nh gia hanh= tu tp tt nh
6/ Cu canh gia hanh= tu tp gii thoat
7/ Sat na gia hanh = tu tp trong khong khc
8/ Qu phap thn
BT KH
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
gain
[]
1
2
3
omniscient mind
5
6
7
8
peak training
Page 51
loss
disgrace
fame
praise
blame
happiness
suffering
8 topics of the logicians
correct direct perception
wrong direct perception
correct inferential perception
wrong inferential perception
correct argument
wrong argument
correct refutation
wrong refutation
knowledge of paths
knowledge of bases
serial training
momentary training
resultant truth body
8 kinds of suffering
Dict 4 languages
1/ Sanh kh
1
2
3
4
birth
4/T kh
BT TNG THNH O
8 deeds
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
2/Lo kh
3/Bnh kh
2/ Nhp thai
3/Xut sanh/ n sanh
4/ Xut gia
5/ Hng ( ging) ma
6/ Thanh ao
7/ Chuyn phap lun
8/ Nhp nit ban
BT B CHNG
1/ Thin
2/ Long
3/Dc Xoa
Page 52
old age
disease; sickness
death
taking birth
renunciation and ordination as a monk
defeating the host of demons
attaining full enlightenment
turning the wheel of doctrine
passing into the state of peace
8 groups of gods and serpents
gods
serpents
demons
Dict 4 languages
4
5 []
6 []
7 []
8 []
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 []
2 []
3 []
4
5
6 []
7 []
8 []
1
2
3
4
Page 53
celestial musicians
demigods
mythical birds
mythical beings
large-bellied demons
8 clear realizations
omniscient mind
knowledge of paths
knowledge of bases
complete training of all aspects
peak training
serial training
momentary training
wisdom truth body
8 cold hells
blistering
bursting blisters
chattering
ahoo hell
moaning
split like an utpala
split like a lotus
split like a great lotus
8 uncompounded phenomena
suchness of virtuous phenomena
suchness of non-virtuous phenomena
suchness of un-recordable phenomena
space
Dict 4 languages
5
6
7
8
non-analytical cessation
BT THNG X
Page 54
analytical cessation
state of being unmoved by pleasure or pain
state without discrimination and feeling
8 surpassing concentrations
Dict 4 languages
BT V H (BT NN )
[]
1
2
3
4
8 non-conducive factors
6
7 []
8 liberations; 8 emancipations
liberation of nothingness
1/ a ngc
2/ Bng sanh/ sc sanh
3/ Nga qu
Page 55
Dict 4 languages
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
correct view
[]
8 hot hells
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
reviving
Page 56
correct realization
correct speech
correct aims of actions
correct livelihood
correct effort; correct exertion
correct mindfulness
correct meditative stabilization
black line
crushed together
crying
great crying
hot
very hot
most torturous
8 antidotes
aspiration
Dict 4 languages
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
effort; exertion
[]
6 []
8 cases in grammar
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
nominative case
2/ Cn= tinh tn
3/Tn
4/An = khinh an
5/ Nim
6/ Chnh tri
7/ T= nh, mc ch
8/ X= bnh ng
BT QUAN TRAI GII
1/Ly sat sanh= khng git sanh mang
2/ Ly bt d th= khng c khng cho ma ly
3/Ly phi pham hanh= khng ta dm
4/ Ly h cung ng= khng ni di
Page 57
faith
pliancy
mindfulness
introspection
intention
equanimity
8 precepts of a one day vow holder
not killing
not stealing
not indulging in sexual misconduct
not lying
not taking intoxicating drinks
accusative case
instrumental case
dative case
ablative case
genitive case
locative case
vocative case
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9 mental abidings
[]
9 serial absorptions
4 concentrations
6
7
8
9
CU TM TR
1/ Ni tr= tr tm
2/ ng tr= lin tc tr
3/An tr
4/Cn tr
5/ iu thun
6/ Tch tnh
7/Ti cc tch tnh
8/ Chuyn ch nht th
9/ ng tr= an tr bnh ng
CU TH NH ( CU NG CH )= 9
cp nh
1/T tnh l= t thin (s,nh,tam,t thin thuc
ci sc )
2/ T v sc nh (khng va thc v bin x nh,
v s hu x & phi tng phi phi tng x nh)
3/Dit tng th nh= dit tn nh
CU TNG=9 quan tng bt tnh
Page 58
9 discriminations
discrimination of the bloated corpse
Dict 4 languages
[]
1 []
2 []
3 []
4 []
5 []
6 []
7 []
8 []
inherent existence
9 []
10 forces of a buddha
Page 59
Dict 4 languages
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
THP I A PHP=10 yu t c bn ca Tm
1/ Th= cm nhn
2/Tng= nhn thc- phn bit
3/ T
4/Xc= xc cham
5/Dc
6/ Tu
7/Nim
8/Tc
9/ Thng gii= c tin/ lng tin tng
10/ Tam ma a = thin nh
THP I T= 10 t ln ca Pht
1/ Xa Li Pht
2/Mc Kin Lin
3/ai Ca Dip
4/ A Na Lut
5/ Tu B
6/ Ph Lu Na
7/ Ca Chin Din
8/ u Ba Li
9/ La H La
10/A Nan a
Page 60
feeling
discrimination
intention
contact
aspiration
knowledge
mindfulness
mental engagement
belief
stabilization
10 principal disciples
shriputra
mudgalyyana
kshyapa
a-niruddha
subhti
pramityya
mahktyyana
upli
rhula
nanda
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
faith
Page 61
conscientiousness
pliancy
equanimity
shame
embarrassment
non-attachment
non-hatred
non-harmfulness
effort
10 bases of small afflictions
belligerence
concealment
miserliness
jealousy
spite
harmfulness
resentment
dissimulation
deceit
haughtiness
10 directions
east
south
west
north
south-east
Dict 4 languages
south-west
6
7
8
9
10
1
2 []
3 []
4 []
5 []
6 []
7 []
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6/ Ty Nam
7/ Ty Bc
8/ ng Bc
9/ Ha = di
10/ Thng= trn
THP BT THIN O=10 nghip ac
1/ St sanh
2/Bt d th (thu ao )
3/ Dc ta hanh (ta dm )
4/ H cung ng (vng ng)
5/Th ac ng ( ac khu )
6/ Ly gian ng (lng thit )
7/ Tap u ng ( ng )= ni li v ch
8/Tham
9/Sn
10/ Ta kin
THP BNH NG TNH
1/V thng bnh ng tanh
2/V th bnh ng tanh
3/ V sanh bnh ng tanh
4/V khi bnh ng tanh
5/Vin ly bnh ng tanh
Page 62
north-west
north-east
downward direction
upward direction
10 non-virtues
killing
stealing
indulging in sexual misconduct
lying
harsh speech
divisive speech
senseless talk
covetousness
harmful intent
wrong view
10 samenesses
lacking truly existence features
lacking truly existence signs and marks
lacking production from four extremes
being unproduced
being empty
Dict 4 languages
[]
1/ Tnh quan a
2/Chng tnh a
3/ bat a
4/Kin a
5/Bac a
6/ Ly dc a
7/T bin a
8/ c giac a
9/ B tat a
10/ Pht a
THP A ( I THA )
1/Cc h a
2/Ly cu a
3/Phat quang a
4/Dim tu a
5/Cc nan thng a
6/ Hin tin a
7/Vin hanh a
8/ Bt ng a
9/Thin tu a
10/ Phap vn a
THP PHP HNH
[]
9
being like a dream, hallucination, shadow,
moon in the water, reflection and emanation
10
[] a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Page 63
Dict 4 languages
1/Th t= vit ch
2/Cng dng
3/ B th
4/ Thnh vn= nghe phap
5/Phi c= c tng
6/ Th tr= nh
7/ Khai din
8/ Phng tng
9/T duy= quan chiu
10/ Tu tp
THP PHP GII
1/Pht gii
2/B tat gii
3/c giac gii (duyn giac gii)
4/Thanh vn gii
5/ Thin gii
6/Nhn gii
7/A Tu La gii= khng phi tri
8/a ngc gii
9/Nga qu gii
10/ Sc sanh gii= bang sanh
THP BA LA MT A= 10 s hoan ho
1/B th ba la mt a
2/Tr gii ba la mt a
3/An nhn ba la mt a
4/Tinh tin ba la mt a
5/Tnh l ba la mt a
6/Bat nh ba la mt a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3 []
4
5
6
7 []
a
9
10 []
1
2
3
4
5
6
Page 64
writing
worshipping
generosity
hearing dharma
reading
memorizing
preaching
recitation
contemplation
meditation
10 spheres of dharma
buddha
bodhisattva
solitary realizer
hearer
gods
human beings
demigods
hell beings
hungry ghosts
animals
10 perfections
giving
morality
patience
effort
concentration
wisdom
Dict 4 languages
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6 [] []
7
8
10/Ta kin
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
perverse view
THP BiN X
1/a bin x
2/Thu bin x
3/Ho bin x
4/Phong bin x
5/Thanh bin x
6/Hoang bin x
7/Xch bin x
8/Bach bin x
9/Khng bin x
10/Thc bin x
THP TR
Page 65
means
aspirational
power
primordial wisdom
10 root afflictions
desire
anger
pride
ignorance
doubt
view of the transitory collection as real I and
mine
view holding to an extreme
conception of a [bad] view as supreme
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 []
2 []
3
4 []
5
6 []
7
knowledge of sufferings
8 []
city of smell-eaters
9 []
a magic play
10
1
2
3
4
space of reality
1/Kh tr
2/Tp tr
3/Dit tr
4/ao tr
5/Tn tr
6/V sanh tr
7/Php tr
8/Loai tr
9/Th tc tr
10/ Tha tm tr
THP D= 10 th d v bn cht o tng
1/Huyn s (Huyn )
2/Mng cnh (Mng)
3/Phng dim = o nh
4/Quang nh (nh)= bng rm
5/Khng hoa= hoa m trong h khng
6/Cnh tng (tng)
7/Hng= ting vng
1/Phap gii
2/Php tnh
3/Bt h vng tanh
4/Bt bin d tanh
Page 66
thatness
non-fallacy
unchangeability
Dict 4 languages
5/Bnh ng tanh
6/Khng tnh
7/Phap tr tanh
8/Tht t= cc bin ti hu
9/Chn nh
10/Bt t ngh gii= khng th ngh ban gii
THP THIN NGHIP O
1/Ly sat sanh (bt sat sanh)
2/Ly bt d th (bt thu ao)
3/Ly dc ta hanh (bt ta dm)
4/Ly h cung ng(bt vng ng)
5/Ly th ac ng(bt ac ng)
6/Ly ly gian ng(bt trng thit)
7/Ly tap u ng (bt ng )
8/Ly tham
9/Ly sn
10/Ly ta kin
THP V HC PHP
1/V hc chanh kin
2/V hc chanh t duy
3/V hc chanh ng
4/V hc chanh nghip
5/V hc chanh mnh
6/V hc chanh cn
7/V hc chanh nim
8/V hc chanh nh
9/V hc chanh gii thoat
10/V hc chanh tr
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 []
2 []
3 []
4 []
5 []
6 []
7 []
8
9
10 []
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Page 67
sameness
emptiness
dharma continuity
ultimate extreme
suchness
unthinkable space; inconceivable space
10 virtues
not killing
not stealing
not indulging in sexual misconduct
not lying
not using harsh words
not slandering
not indulging in idle gossip
not being covetous
not harming others
not holding wrong view
10 qualities belonging to the adepts
right understanding as held by the adepts
right thought as held by the adepts
right speech as held by the adepts
right activities as held by the adepts
right livelihood as held by the adepts
right effort as held by the adepts
right mindfulness as held by the adepts
right meditative stabilization as held by the
adepts
right emancipation as held by the adepts
right insight as held by the adepts
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
5
10 discriminations
8
9
10
[]
1
2
3 []
4 []
5
6
7 []
8 []
9
10
[]
discrimination of elimination
Page 68
discrimination of impermanence
discrimination of suffering
discrimination of selflessness
discrimination of ugliness
discrimination of death
discriminaiton of dispassionateness
discrimination of cessation
10 synonyms of tathgata
tathgata
arhat
perfect in enlightenment
perfect in knowledge and behaviour
well-gone
knower of the worlds
the surpassed
supreme trainer
teachers of gods and men
the fully enlightened one
bhagavan
the winner
lord of the world
10 recollections
recollection of Buddha
Dict 4 languages
2/Phap tu nim
3/Tng tu nim
4/Gii tu nim
5/X tu nim
5/Thin tu nim
7/Nhp xut tc tu nim=tng nh hi th ra v
8/Ym tu nim (sanh tu nim)
9/T tu nim
10/Thn tu nim
11 SC PHP (CU X)
1/Nhn cn = giac quan mt
2.Nh cn= tai
3/T cn= mi
4/Thit cn= li
5/Thn cn= thn
6/Sc
7/Thanh
8/Hng
9/V
10/xc
11/V biu sc
THP NHT THIN
1/Tn
2/Tam= mc c
3/Qu= xu h
4/V tham
5/V sn
2
3
4
5
6
recollection of Dharma
8 []
9
10
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
recollection of birth
Page 69
recollection of Sangha
recollection of moral-discipline
recollection of giving
recollection of the deity
recollection of death
recollection of the form of the body
11 forms
eye sense
ear sense
nose sense
tongue sense
body sense
visible form
sound
odor
taste
tangible object
non-revelatory forms
11 virtuous mental factors
faith
shame
embarrassment
non-attachment
non-hatred
Dict 4 languages
6
7 []
8 []
9
10
11
[]
1
2[] []
3 []
4[] []
5 []
6[] []
7[] []
8[] []
9[] []
10 []
11 []
12 [] []
non-ignorance
[]
12 deeds
2
3
4
5
6
7
6/V si
7/Cn (tinh tn)
8/An (khinh an)
9/Bt phng dt
10/X
11/Bt hai
12 PHN GIO (12 B KINH )
1/Kh kinh
2/(M m kinh)ng tng (ch da)
3/Th k (k bit )
4/(K c kinh ) phng tng( k kinh)
5/T thuyt ( phap c)
6/(Ni a na) nhn duyn (duyn khi)
7/(A ba a na) th d (soan lc)
8/(Nh th ng) bn s (bn khi)
9/(Sanh x ) Bn sanh (bn duyn)
10/ Phng qung ( qung kinh)
11/Hi phap (V tng hu)
Page 70
effort
pliancy
conscientiousness
equanimity
non-harmfulness
12 scriptural categories
discourses
intermediate verses
prophetic teachings
verses; songs
specific teachings; purposeful statements
introductory teachings
parables; hagiography
legends
life stories; birth stories
grand scriptural teachings; vast texts
marvellous teachings; miraculous qualities
finalized teachings; delineations
taking birth
displaying his skill in the worldly arts
enjoyments with the women of the harem
renunciation and ordination as a monk
practising arduous discipline
Dict 4 languages
8
9
10
11
12
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a
b
c
d
e
1 []
2 []
3
4 []
Page 71
Dict 4 languages
5 []
6
7 []
8 []
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
a reflection in a mirror
2
3
4
Page 72
an echo
city of smell-eaters
a magic play
a reflection of the moon in the water
a rainbow
a bolt of lightning
a water bubble
12 branches of dependent-arising
ignorance
action
consciousness
name and form
6 sources
contact
feeling
attachment
grasping
existence
birth
aging and death
12 ascetic practices
Dict 4 languages
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 ? /
10
11
12
13
dwelling in a hermitage
[]
1
2
3
4
acquisition
Page 73
non-acquisition
similarity of type
one having no discrimination
Dict 4 languages
5/V tng nh
6/Dit tn nh
7/Mnh cn
8/Sanh
9/Lo
10/Tr
11/V thng
12/Danh thn/ danh t
13/C thn= tp hp t
14/ Vn thn= tpj hp vn
14 TM BT TNG NG HNH PHP ( NG
UN LUN)
1/ c
2/ V tng ng ch= an tr khng phn bit
3/ Dit tn ng ch= an tr ca dit
4/ V tng s hu=khng s hu phn bit
5/ Mnh cn
6/ Chng ng phn= tng t
7/Sanh
8/Lo
9/Tr
10/V thng
11/ Danh thn
12/ C thn
13/Vn thn
14/D sanh tanh
14 V K CN
1/ Th thng= th gian thng hng
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
acquisition
Page 74
absorption of cessation
life faculty
birth
aging
duration
impermanence
group of stems
group of words
group of letters
Dict 4 languages
an impermanent world
5
6
10
11
a Buddha who is both existent and nonexistent after passing into peace
12
a Buddha who is neither existent nor nonexistent after passing into peace
13
14
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
15 forms
Page 75
element of earth
element of water
element of fire
element of wind
eye sense
ear sense
Dict 4 languages
7
8
9
10
a
b
11
nose sense
12
a
b
13 []
14
a
b
c
d
e
f
15
odor
15/Phap x s nhip sc
a/Cc lc sc
b/ Cc hunh sc
b
c []
d
space-form
7/T cn
8/Thit cn
9/Thn cn
10/ Sc
a/ Hin sc = mau sc
b/ Hnh sc= hnh tng
11/ Thanh
12/ Hng
a/ Ho hng= mi thm
b/c hng= mi thi
13/V (Lc v)
14/S xc nht phn= 1 phn ca s xc cham
a/ Hoat= mm mai
b/Sp= th nhm
c/ Trng= nng n
d/ Lnh= lanh
e/ C = i
f/ Kht
c/ Th s dn sc (V biu sc )
d/Bin k s khi sc
Page 76
tongue sense
body sense
visible form
color
shape
sound
fragrant odor
unfragrant odor
taste
a branch of tangible object
smoothness
roughness
heaviness
cold
hunger
thirst
form for the mental consciousness
Dict 4 languages
16 LC I QuC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
16 great states
[]
[]
1/ ng Gia
2/Ma Kit a
3/ Ca Thi
4/C Tat La
5/ Bat K
6/Mat La
7/ Chi
8/Bat Sa
9/C Lu
10/Bat La
11/A Thp Ba
12/ A Ba
13/B Tha
14/ T La Sa
15/Kin a La
Page 77
aga
magadha
ksh
koshala
vriji
malla
ce
vatsa
kuru
panycla
ashvaka
avant
matsya
shrasena
gandhra
kamboja
Dict 4 languages
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8/ V vi khng
10/ V t khng
10
14/ ao phap tr
15/ ao loai tr nhn
16/ao loai tr
16 KHNG
1/ Ni khng
2/Ngoai khng
3/Ni ngoai khng
4/ Khng khng
5/ ai khng
6/Thng ngha khng
7/Hu vi khng
Page 78
Dict 4 languages
11
12
13
14
15
15/ Bt kh c khng
16
16 HNH TNG
A
1 []
2
3
4 []
4/Phi ng (v ng )
B TP T HNH TNG
5/Nhn
5
6
7
8
C
9
10
11
12
D
13
14
15
16
cause
11/ V tn khng
12/ Bn tanh khng
13/ Nht thit phap khng
14/ T tng khng
A KH T HNH TNG
1/ Phi thng (v thng)
2/Kh
3/Khng
6/ Tp
7/Sanh
8/Duyn
C DIT T HNH TNG
9/ Dit
10/ Tnh
11/ Diu
12/ Ly
D O T HNH TNG
13/ ao
14/ Nh
15/ Hnh
16/ Xut
Page 79
emptiness of nature
emptiness of all phenomena
emptiness of definitions
emptiness of the unapprehendable
origin of all
production
condition
4 attributes of the noble truth of cessation
cessation
pacification
excellence
renunciation; definite emergence
4 features of the noble truth of path
path
suitability
achievement
deliverance
Dict 4 languages
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
16 elder rhats
1/Thn v ng tht
possessing unmistaken
bodily qualities
2/ V tt bao m
[]
2
4/ V bt nh tm
6/ V bt trach x
16 LA HN
1/ Tn La Bat La Noa
2/Ca Nc Ca Phat Tha
3/Ca Nc Ca Bat Li Noa
4/ T Tn a
5/Nc C La
6/Bat a La
7/Ca L Ca
8/ Phat La Pht a La
9/Tut Bat Ca
10/Bn Thc Ca
11/La H La
12/Na Gi T Na
13/ Nhn Yt a
14/Phat Na Ba T
15/A Th a
16/Ch Ban Thac Ca
(V ng tht nghip )
Page 80
piolabhradvja
kanakavatsa
kanakabhradvja
supia
nakula
bhadra
krika
vajraputra
supka
panthaka
rhula
ngasena
ingata
vanavs
ajita
capanthaka
18 unshared qualities of a buddha
Dict 4 languages
7/ Ch dc v thoai
9/ c nim v thoai
10/nh v thoai
10
11/Bt nh v thoi
11
12
13
14
15
16
16/ qua kh th s khi tr kin v trc v ngai
17
18
18 HU HC
[]
18 saghas
1/ Tu tn hanh
a follower by faith
Page 81
Dict 4 languages
2
3
4
a follower of reason
4/Kin ch
5/ Thn chng
6/ Gia gia
6
7
8 []
9 []
10 []
11 []
12 []
13 []
14
15
16
17
7/ Nht gian
8/ D lu hng ( Tu a Hoan hng)
9/ D lu qu ( Tu a Hoan qu )
10/ Nht lai hng (T a ham hng )
11/ Nht lai qu (T a ham qu )
12/ Bt hoan hng (A Na Ham hng)
18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Page 82
a devotee by faith
one who has attained the correct view
18 emptinesses
emptiness of the internal
emptiness of the external
emptiness of the internal and the external
emptiness of emptiness
emptiness of the great
emptiness of the ultimate
emptiness of compounded phenomena
emptiness of uncompounded phenomena
Dict 4 languages
9/ Tt canh khng
10/ V t khng
10
11/ V tn khng
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18 B PHI
A
1
2
3
4
B
5
6
7
8
9
18 schools
A -THNH THNG TO B
1/Hoa a b
phn bit thuyt b
2/ Phap tang b
3/ Tuyt sn b
cn bn thng toa b
4/ ng dip b
B- THNH I CHNG B
5/ Cn bn ai chng b
nht thuyt b
6/ Thuyt xut th b
7/K dn b
ngu tr b
8/a vn b
9/ Thuyt gi b
Page 83
emptiness of nature
emptiness of all phenomena
emptiness of definitions
emptiness of the unapprehendable
emptiness of non-things
emptiness of its own entityness
rya-sthavira-vdinas
mahshsakavdinas
vibhajyavdinas
dharmaguptavdinas
haimavatavdinas
mla-sthaviravdinas
tmrashtyavdinas
rya-mahsghikavdinas
mla-mahsghikavdinas
ekavyvahrikavdinas
lokottarvdinas
kukkuikavdinas
gokulikavdinas
bahushrutiyavdinas
prajnyaptivdinas
Dict 4 languages
10/ Ch a sn b
C- THNH C T B
11/ Cn bn c t b
12/ Phap thng b
13/Hin tr b
14/Lc thanh b
15/ Chanh lng b
Cu l cu la b
Tuyn a b
Bt kh kh b
D- THNH THUYT (NHT THIT) HU
B
16/ Cn bn thuyt nht thit hu b
17/ m quang b
18/ Thuyt chuyn b
E- K THA HU K B PHI
1/ai t tr b
2/ K a lm tr b
3/V u sn tr b
4/ng sn tr b
5/ Ty sn tr b
6/ Bc sn tr b
7/ Vng sn tr b
8/ Ngha thanh b
9/Kinh lng b
18 GiI
1/ Nhn gii
2/Nh gii
3/T gii
10
C
11
12
13
14
15
caitikavdinas
ryasarvsti vdinas
16
17
18
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
mla-sarvstivdinas
Page 84
rya-vtsputryavdinas
mla-vtsputryavdinas
dharmottaryavdinas
bhadryanyavdinas
shagarikavdinas
samatyavdinas
kurukullakavdinas
kurukullakavdinas
avantakavdinas
kshyapyavdinas
sakrntivdinas
other later schools
mahvihravdinas
jetavanyavdinas
abhayagirivdinas
prvashailavdinas
aparashailavdinas
uttarashailavdinas
rjagirikavdinas
siddhrthavdinas
sautrntikavdinas
18 constituents
eye sense power
ear sense power
nose sense power
Dict 4 languages
4/ Thit gii
5/ Thn gii
6/ gii
7/ Sc gii
8/ Thanh gii
9/ Hng gii
10/ V gii
11/ Xc gii
12/ Phap gii
13/ Nhn thc gii
14/ Nh thc gii
15/ T thc gii
16/ Thit thc gii
17/ Thn thc gii
18/ thc gii
20 TY PHIN NO
1/ Phn
2/ Hn
3/ Phc
4/No
5/ Tt
6/ San
7/ Cung
8/Sim
9/Kiu
10/ Hai
11/ V tm
12/ V qu
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Page 85
Dict 4 languages
13/ Hn trm
4/ Trao c
15/ Bt tn
16/ Gii i
17/ Phng dt
18/ Vng nim
19/ Bt chanh tri
20/ Tan loan
22 CN
1/ Nhn cn
2/ Nh cn
3/T cn
4/ Thit cn
5/ Thn cn
6/ cn
7/ N cn
8/ Nam cn
9/ Mnh cn
10/ Kh cn
11/ Lac cn
12/ u cn
13/ H cn
14/ X cn
15/ Tn cn
16/ Tinh tn cn
17/ Nim cn
18/ nh cn
19/ Tu cn
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Page 86
lethargy
excitement
non-faith
laziness
non-conscientiousness
forgetfulness
non-introspection
distraction
22 powers
eye sense power
ear sense power
nose sense power
tongue sense power
body sense power
mental sense power
female faculty
male faculty
faculty of life
faculty of suffering
faculty of joy
faculty of mental sorrow
faculty of mental happiness
faculty of equanimity
power of faith
power of effort
power of mindfulness
power of meditative stabilization
power of wisdom
Dict 4 languages
20
21
22
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
acquisition
1/ c
2/ V tng nh
3/ Dit tn nh
4/V tng d thc= khng bit phn bit
5/ Mnh cn= nng lc mang sng
6/ Chng ng phn= loai tng t
7/ Sanh
8/ Lo
9/ Tr
10/V thng
11/ Danh thn =nhm tn
12/ C thn= nhm t
13/ Vn thn= nhm ch
14/ D sanh tanh
15/ Lu chuyn
16/ nh d
17/ Tng ng
18/ Th tc
19/ Th
20/ Thi
21/Phng
Page 87
Dict 4 languages
22/ S
23/ Hoa hp= tp hp
24 TM BT TNG NG HNH PHP (100
PHP)
1/ c
2/ Mnh cn
3/ Chng ng phn
4/ D sanh tanh
5/V tng nh
6/ Dit tn nh
7/ V tng bao
8/ Danh thn
9/ C thn
10/Vn thn
11/ Sanh
12/ Lo
13/ Tr
14/ V thng
15/ Lu chuyn
16/ nh d
17/ Tng ng
18/Th tc
19/ Th
20/Phng
21/ Thi
22/ S
23/ Hoa hp tanh
22
23
number
[]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
acquisition
Page 88
collection
life faculty
similarity of type
state of an ordinary being
absorption without discrimination
absorption of cessation
one having no discrimination
group of stems
group of words
group of letters
birth
aging
duration
impermanence
continuity
distinction
relatedness
rapidity
order
area
time
number
collection of same kind; composition
Dict 4 languages
24
[]
A
1
a
b
c
d
2
3
4
5
6
B
7
8
9
C
10
11
12
D
13
14
15
E
16
17
28 gods
Page 89
Dict 4 languages
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
F
25
26
27
28 []
great fruit
32 I S TNG=32 ho tng
[]
5 []
6
7
8
9
10
11
Page 90
a god of no discrimination
not great
without pain
excellent appearance
excellent perception
not low
4 gods of formless realm
infinite space
infinite consciousness
nothingness
peak of cyclic existence
32 major marks of a buddha
Dict 4 languages
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 []
19
20 []
21 []
22
23
24
Page 91
Dict 4 languages
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
37 B PHN PHP
1/ T nim sanh
2/ T chanh oan
3/ T thn tc
4/ Ng cn
5/ Ng lc
6/ Tht ng giac chi
7/ Bat thanh ao chi
46 TM S HU PHP
1/ 10 ai a phap
2/ 10 ai thin a phap
3/ 6 ai phin no a phap
4/ 2 ai bt thin a phap
25 []
Page 92
4 establishments in mindfulness
4 thorough abandonings
4 legs of manifestation
5 powers
5 forces
7 branches of enlightenment
8-fold path
46 mental factors
10 main bases of mental factors
10 bases of big virtuous mental factors
6 bases of big afflictions
2 bases of big unvirtuous mental factors
Dict 4 languages
[]
[]
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
[]
1 [11]
2 [1]
3 [46]
4 [14]
5 [3]
[]
1 [15]
2 [51]
3 [14]
Page 93
Dict 4 languages
4/Tm php
5/V vi php
100 PHP
1/Tm php
2/Tm s hu phap
3/Sc phap
4/Tm bt ng ng hanh phap
5/V vi php
100 LINH BT PHP LOI
(BT NH KINH )
(100 LINH CU PHP TP LuN)
1/Sc phap
2/Tm s hu phap
3/Tm bt tng ng hanh phap
4/Tm php
5/V vi php
250 GiI
1/ T ba la di
2/ 13 Tng tan
3/ 2 bt nh phap
4/ 30 x oa
5/ 90 ba dt (thin oa)
6/ 4 xa ni hng b hi
7/ 100 chng hc phap
8/ 7 dit tranh phap
253 HC X
1/ t ba la di (t tha thng )
2/ 13 tng tan
[]
4 [8]
5 [4]
1 [8]
2 [51]
3 [11]
4 [24]
5 [6]
[]
[]
1 [15]
2 [55]
3 [23]
4 [8]
5 [8]
1
2
3
4
5 []
6 []
7
8
1 []
2
Page 94
mind
uncompounded phenomenon
100 phenomena
mind
mental factor
form
non-associated compositional factor
uncompounded phenomenon
108 groups of phenomena
109 phenomena
form
mental factor
non-associated compositional factor
mind
uncompounded phenomenon
250 precepts
4 defeats
13 remainders
2 uncertain commandments
30 propelling downfalls
90 pryashcittika
4 pratideshanya
100 shikkaraya
7 kinds of vinaya for ending disputes
253 precepts
4 defeats
13 remainders
Dict 4 languages
3/ 30 x oa
4/ 90 ba dt (90 thin oa )
5/ 4 xa ni (4 hng b hi )
6/ 112 c tc
8 VN 4 NGN PHP UN
3
4 []
5 []
6
30 propelling downfalls
90 pryashcittika
4 pratideshanya
112 wrong conducts
84000 heaps of doctrine
Page 95
Dict 4 languages