PRINCIPLES OF ACTIVE NETWORK SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN Bell Telephone Laboratori JOHN WILEY & SONS, New York + Chichester + Brisbane Toronto + Singapore‘Copyright © 1976, by Bell Laboratories, Ine. All rights reserved, Published simaltancously in Canada, Reproduction or translation of any pat ofthis work beyond that permed by Section {07 or 108 of he 1976 United States Copy Tight Act without the permission ofthe copyright owner uns fal, Requests for permission oF further information should be ‘sressed tothe Pernissions Department John Wiley & Sons, In, Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Daryanani, Gobind. ‘Principles of active network synthesis and design Includes bibliographies and index. 1 Blectic networks. 2, Electronic et 3. Bletrie filters. 1. Title TK4562.D27 6213192 76.20659 Printed in Singapore 7019 18 17 To CarolPREFACE Integrated circuit technology profoundly influences the design of networks for voice and data communication systems. Integration allows the realization of these networks with small-size and low-cost resistors, capacitors, and active elements; thereby eliminating the need for inductors, which are relatively bulky and expensive. Furthermore, active RC networks provide advantages their passive counterparts do not, such as standardization and modularity of design, switchability, and ease of manufacture. These features have revolutionized the design of modern voice and data communication systems. More and more, the engineer is being faced with the challenges and problems of active-RC network design. The purpose of this book is to provide the knowledge to meet these challenges. The approach used in the book is to develop the fundamental principles of active and passive network synthesis in the light of practical design considera- tions. Active Network Synthesis is a particularly good vehicle for introducing ‘many general design concepts, such as performance versus cost trade-offs, technological limitations, and computer aids. These ideas are presented in a simple way to allow assimilation by the undergraduate electrical engineer, and are closely related to the practical world of engineering. The book is suitable for a basic course on network synthesis or an inter- ‘mediate course on circuits. The first two chapters describe some simple analysis. tools and basic properties of active and passive networks. In Chapter Three the student is introduced to the world of filters: active, passive, electrome- chanical, and digital. Examples from voice communication systems are used to illustrate the applications of the basic filter types. In Chapter Four, the filter approximation problem is discussed, with stress on the use of the standard approximation functions rather than on their theoretical development. ‘An important criterion in a practical design is the sensitivity of the resulting circuit to deviations in elements caused by manufacturing tolerances and environmental changes (i.e., temperature, humidity, and aging). In keeping with the practical orientation of the book, sensitivity is treated in Chapter Five, prior to discussing the synthesis of circuits. This permits the synthesis steps to be closely linked with this all-important figure of merit and also allows alternate circuit realizations to be compared on the basis of their The synthesis of passive RLC networks is considered in Chapter Six with emphasis on the synthesis of the double-terminated ladder filter, a structure