A Review of Synchronous Generator Stator Protection

Johnny Simms Basler Electric Suparat Pavavicharn Basler Electric

Topics Synchronous generator principles Generator grounding systems Generator stator protection

Synchronous Generator
Armature Magnetic flux Winding slot

Field Windings Rotor Shaft Winding insulation Winding slot

Armature Winding N Turn Coil

Magnetic flux

Single-phase generator, cross-section view

Generator Windings1 Circuit

C c

A a

B b

Three-phase generatorone circuit, six bushings, direct resistance grounding

Generator Windings2 Circuits

C c

A a

B b

Three-phase generatortwo circuits per phase, six bushings, resistance grounding through distribution transformer

Generator Windings12 Bushings

C2 C1 c1 c2

a1 A1 A2 a2

b1 b2 B1 B2

Three phase generator, two generator circuits per phase, twelve bushings, reactance grounding

Generator WindingsDelta
A

Three-phase generatordelta connection, three bushings

Generator Faults and Design

Stator temperature Winding insulation 3rd-harmonic voltage Frequency variations

Generator Grounding Systems

Low-impedance (solid) Medium-impedance High-impedance Hybrid

Common Generator Faults Stator phase Turn-to-turn (phase-to-phase) Stator ground

Stator Phase-Fault Protection

Differential (87)

Percentage Flux-balance High-impedance

Percentage Differential
Generator
Circuit Breaker A 52 B C

R R R

OP R OP R

OPR

2006 IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection, IEEE Power Engineering Society, Sponsored by the Power Systems protection Committee, IEEE Std C37.102-2006.

Flux-Balance Differential
Generator

Flux Summation CTs

50

50

50

2006 IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection, IEEE Power Engineering Society, Sponsored by the Power Systems protection Committee, IEEE Std C37.102-2006.

Turn-to-Turn FaultsSplit Phase

I1 I2 50/ 51 IOC = I1-I2

50/ 51

50/ 51

Split-phase protection
2011, Tutorial on the Protection of Synchronous Generators, Special Publication of the IEEE PSRC, 2nd edition

Turn-to-Turn: Neutral Overvoltage (59N)

VTs

unbalance voltage

59N

59N element detects turn-to-turn faults

2011, Tutorial on the Protection of Synchronous Generators, Special Publication of the IEEE PSRC, 2nd edition

Stator Ground-Fault Protection

Solid / low-impedance ground Medium-impedance ground High-impedance ground Subharmonic voltage injection

Solid / Low-Z Ground: Differential

G

51N

LOW

87G

87N

Sensitivity to 10 percent of generator winding

Solid / Low-Z Ground: Neutral Currents

Generator winding Vfault I1 I2 67N Zn Internal Generator fault to ground 87G Grounded Generator External terminal Source

51N

87GN

Sum the currents flowing to ground.

Medium-Z Ground: Phase Differential

Phase Relays Medium

Tap

87N relay

Tap

OP

Limited sensitivity for ground faults

Medium-Z Ground: Diff w/ Aux CT

Phase Relays Medium

R Tap

87N Relay

OP

Auxiliary CT increases sensitivity 10 percent

High-Z Ground: 59N and 27-3N

Generator winding Grounded External Source Vfault I1 I2 Generator terminal

Internal Generator fault to ground

Corner ground

51GN

87G

59P

59N

273N

High-Z Ground: 51GN Backup

Generator winding Grounded External Source Vfault I1 I2 Generator terminal

Internal Generator fault to ground

Corner ground

51GN

87G

59P

59N

273N

Voltage and Subharmonic Injection

2006 IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection, IEEE Power Engineering Society, Sponsored by the Power Systems protection Committee, IEEE Std C37.101-2006.

Thank you