Communications The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band name E treme!y !o" #requency Super !o" #requency '!tra !o" #requency (ery !o" #requency $o" #requency .edium #requency Hi0h #requency (ery hi0h #requency '!tra hi0h #requency Super hi0h #requency E treme!y hi0h #requency
Tremendou4!y hi0h #requency

ABBR E$F S$F '$F ($F $F .F HF (HF 'HF SHF EHF THF

ITU band 1 & 3 ) / 1 2 3 10 11

frequency < 3 Hz 3%30 Hz 30%300 Hz 300%3000 Hz 3%30 kHz 30%300 kHz 300%3000 kHz 3%30 .Hz 30%300 .Hz 300%3000 .Hz 3%30 *Hz 30%300 *Hz 300 *Hz 3000*H5

wavelength > 100,000 km 100,000 km % 10,000 km 10,000 km % 1000 km 1000 km % 100 km 100 km % 10 km 10 km % 1 km 1 km % 100 m 100 m % 10 m 10 m % 1 m 1 m % 100 mm 100 mm % 10 mm 10 mm % 1 mm < 1 mm

propagation mode *round +a,e *round +a,e *round +a,e Sky +a,e Space +a,e Space +a,e Space +a,e Space +a,e

Sate!!ite4
$o" Earth 6r7it ( !"# 6r7it Hei0ht 6r7ita! ,e!ocity 6r7ita! time 9period: Sate!!ite <,ai!a7i!ity 6peratin0 Frequency 100 - 300 mi 11,-00 mph 1;- hour4 1- min per or7it 1;0 *Hz to &;- *Hz
.otoro!a=4 >ridium Sate!!ite 4y4tem 9//4ate!!ite con4te!!ation #or mo7i!e phone 4y4tem:

.edium Earth 6r7it ($!"# /,000 - 1&,000 mi 3-20 mph --1& mph & - ) hour4 per or7it 1;& *Hz - 1;// *Hz *?S, @<(ST<R

*eo4tationary 8 *eo4ynchronou4 (%!"# &&,300 mi /213 mph &) hour4 &) hour4 per or7it & *Hz - 12 *Hz

Sate!!ite c!a44i#ication to 4ize

&i'e $ar0e Sate!!ite Sma!! Sate!!ite .ini Sate!!ite .icro Sate!!ite @ano Sate!!ite $ass > 1,000 k0 -00 - 1,000 k0 100 - -00 k0 10 - 100 k0 < 10 k0 Cost > A 100 . A -0 - 100 . A - - &0 . A&-3. <A1.

$oudne44 !e,e!
0 - 1- dB 1- - 30 dB 30 - /0 dB /0 - 20 dB 20 - 130 dB 130 dB ,ery #aint #aint moderate !oud ,ery !oud dea#enin0

.icro"a,e #requency 7and4

Band $ S C D Eu E Ea .i!!imeter Su7-mi!!imeter (requency in %)' 1-& &-) )-2 2-1& 1&-12 12-&1 &1-)0 )0-300 >300

10 6cta,e4 o# human hearin0

14t octa,e &nd octa,e 3rd octa,e )th octa,e -th octa,e /th octa,e 1th octa,e 2th octa,e 3th octa,e
10th octa,e

&0 - )0 Hz )0 - 20 Hz 20 - 1/0 Hz 1/0 - 3&0 Hz 3&0 - /)0 Hz /)0 - 1&20 Hz 1&20 - &-/0 Hz &-/0 - -1&0 Hz -1&0 - 10&)0 Hz
10&)0 - &0)20 Hz

ower Bass Upper Base ower $idrange Upper midrange Treble

6ptimum ,o!ume per per4on #or ,ariou4 type4 o# ha!!

Type of )all concert ha!!4 >ta!ian-type opera hou4e4 churche4 cinema4 Room4 #or 4peech "ptimum *olume +person (m,# 1;1 );& - -;& 1;1 - 3;3 3;1 &;2

Sound ?re44ure $e,e!4

&ource #ainte4t audi7!e 4ound "hi4per Fuiet re4idence So#t 4tereo in re4idence Speech ran0e ca#eteria ?neumatic Gack hammer $oud cro"d noi4e <cce!eratin0 motorcyc!e Rock concert Het En0ine 91- #eet a"ay: &- (dB# 0 &0 30 )0 -0-10 30 30 100 100 1&0 1)0

6ptimum re,er7eration 9I-00 to 1kHz:

Room (unction Recordin0 and 7roadca4tin0 4tudio4 E!ementary c!a44room4 ?!ayhou4e4, intimate drama production $ecture and con#erence room4 Cinema 4ma!! theater4 Hi0h 4choo! auditorium4 *enera! purpo4e auditorium4 Churche4 Reverberation time (s# 0;)- - 0;-0;/ - 0;2 0;3 - 1;1 0;3 0;2 1;& 1;1;1 1;& 1;) 1;/

Super *roup Carrier Frequency

.// $astergroup
&upergroup Carrier frequency (0)'#

U.// $astergroup
&upergroup Carrier frequency (0)'#

1;- - 1;/ 1;) - 3;)

1 & 3 ) / 1 2 3 10

/1& Jirect 111/ 13/) 1/1& 12/0 &102 &3-/ &1&) 3100

13 1) 11/ 11 12 J&J&/ J&1 J&2

111/ 13/) 1/1& 12/0 &102 &3-/ &/-& &300 31)2 333/

<TKTL4 FJ. Hierarchy

%roup supergroup mastergroup 2umbogroup &uper1umbogroup *B channels 1& /0 /00 3/00 10200 %roups -0 300 300 supergroups 10 /0 120 mastergroups / 12 1umbogroups 3

CC>TTL4 FJ. Hierarchy

%roup supergroup mastergroup 2umbogroup *B channels 1& /0 300 300 %roups &1supergroups 1mastergroups 3

Ji0ita! .u!tip!e in0 Hierarchy 9@orth <merican:

ine Type T1 T1C T& T3 T). 3igital &ignal JS0 JS1 JS1c JS& JS3 JS) Bit rate ($bps# /)E7p4 1;-)) 3;1-& /;31& ));13/ &1);11/ Channel Capacity 18&) o# T-1 &) )2 3/ /1& )03& 4 of T5 1 & ) &2 1/2 &ervices "ffered (B te!ephone (B te!ephone (B te!, picture phone (B te!, picture phone, T(
4ame a4 T3 7ut more capacity

$edium t"i4ted pair t"i4ted pair t"i4ted pair, micro"a,e Coa , micro"are Coa , #i7er optic4 #i7er optic4

Hapane4e .u!tip!e in0 Hierarchy

evel 1 & 3 ) 3ata Rate ($bps# 1;-)) /;31& 3&;0/) 31;1&2 -/-;1)2 Channel Capacity &) 3& )20 11)0 1/20

T( channe! Frequency a!!ocation

channel 4 & 3 ) / 1 2 3 10 11 1& 13 1)-23 (requency band ($)'# => - /0 /0 - // // - ?8 ?. - 2& 2& - 22 22 - 102 5?> - 120 120 - 12/ 12/ - 13& 13& - 132 132 - &0) &0) - &10 &10 - &1/ )10-230

$o" (HF Channe!4

F. 7and

European 4tandard
evel E-1 E-& E-3 E-) E-3ata Rate ($bps# &;0)2 2;))2 3);3/2 133;&/) -/-;33& Channel Capacity 30 1&0 )20 13&0 1/20 time slots 3& 1&2 -1& &0)2 213&

Hi0h Band (HF Channe!4

'HF

! !CTR"7IC& Summary #or a!! &-input 0ate4

Inputs A B 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 "utput of each gate
A73 7A73 "R 7"R !:;"R !:;7"R

Re4onant % Circuit Feed7ack 64ci!!ator4

"scillator Type Hart!ey Co!pitt4 C!app ?ierce Cry4ta! :5 $ C C C :8 $ C C C :, C $ Serie4 $C 9net $: Cry4ta! 9net $:

0 0 0 1

1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1

Typica! Characteri4tic4 o# >C $o0ic Fami!ie4

IC ogic (amily Standard TT$ Schottky TT$ $o" po"er Schottky TT$ EC$ C.6S (an "ut 10 10 &0 &-0
-ower 3issipation (m9# -ropagation 3elay (ns# 7oise margin (*#

10 && & &0;1

10 3 10 & &-

0;) 0;) 0;) 0;& 3

$e,e! o# >nte0ration
evel "f Integration Sma!! Sca!e >nte0ration 9SS>: .edium Sca!e >nte0ration 9.S>: $ar0e Sca!e >nte0ration 9$S>: (ery $ar0e Sca!e >nte0ration 9($S>: '!tra $ar0e Sca!e >nte0ration 9'$S>: 7o< of gates per chip !e44 than 1& 1&-33 100-3,333 10,000-33,333 100,000 or more

.otor4
$otor class < B F H ma6 temperature (/C# 10130 1-120

<mp!i#ier
Amplifier class < <B B C efficiency -0N -1-33N 12N 2-N conduction angle 3/0O 121O to 3-3O 120O 0O to 113O input signal used 100N > -0N < 100N -0N -0N

.ode identi#ication #or .u!ti,i7rator

C75 Re4i4tor Re4i4tor Capacitor C78 Re4i4tor Capacitor Capacitor $ode Bi4ta7!e .ono4ta7!e <4ta7!e

E!ectron Capacity M 8n8 (e!ocity o# Sound

9ater &teel 9ood

Ji4tre44 Frequency
aeronautical $aritime 9radiote!e0raphy: CB 9)0 channe!4, 2Em: 1&1;- .Hz &12& kHz &/;3/--&1;)1- .Hz

-000 #t84ec -1-0 m84 3300 m84

!nergy evel
(-rincipal Auantum 7umber#

&hell etter E $ .

!lectron Capacity 8 @ 5@

1 & 3

Jata rate4

) @ 6 / ? 1 F &pecifications 10Ba4eT 10Ba4e& 10Ba4e10Ba4eF 100Ba4eT 100Ba4eTD B5 )-0-)10 -

%-R& 110 k7p4 !3%! 32) k7p4 ,8 ,% & .7p4 12 Bluetooth 1&0 E7p4 2 (iber & 10 *7p4 "ptics Cable Type $a6 ength (m# 'n4hie!ded T"i4ted ?air 100 Thin Coa Ca7!e 120 Thick Coa Ca7!e -00 Fi7er optic ca7!e &000 'n4hie!ded T"i4ted ?air 100 'n4hie!ded T"i4ted ?air &&0 8;, &)00-&)23 &-00-&100 ,@> 0bps 5>> 0bps 0;01 Q( to 0;&Q( 0;1Q( to &Q( 0;0-Q(-3T( 0;0&Q(-0;&Q( 1/ dB &2 dB )0 dB /0 dB 20 dB -/0 dB 1 dB 3/ dB ,;= 3)00-3/00 -

modulation technique F<. - ?SE *FSE *.SE 2?SE B?SE P8)-JF?SE

Application Ji0ita! .icro"a,e 9JECT:Cord!e44 phone *?RS EJ*E CJ.< J-<.?S

9?reci4e K Standard ?o4itionin0 Ser,ice: %-& --& &-& horizonta! && m 100 m ,ertica! &1;1 m 1-/ m Time inter,a! &00 n4ec 3)0 n4ec !quator 7orth -ole transistor resistor diodes

.a0netic Fie!d >nten4ity

3&,000 nT /),000 nT &0 1& / 30 10 1-

Broad7and "ire!e44 acce44 #or #i ed, nomadic, mo7i!eR 9.Hz:

5;8 1300-1310 1320-1330 =;5/ -1-0--3-0 -)10--2-0 C 5/ 101-0-10/-0 -

.ono!ithic >C 9Qm:

>.T &000 ma imum data rate

S!o" mo,in0 ,ehic!e4S Hi0h 4peed ,ehic!eS 9ire;wound resistorD Carbon;compositionD carbon film metallic film (wire#

Common!y ma0netized a!!oy4

-ermalloy )iperni0 -erminvar Constantan 7ichrome Class I Class II Class III Class I* &&N iron and 12N nicke! )0N Fe and /0N @i @i )3N, >ron 3)N, Co7a!t &3N )0-/0N copper 8 thermocoup!e4
1--&0N chromium and ha4 hi0h e!ectrica! re4i4tance T( Channe!8Station-- o##-the-air channe!4, JBS #eed4

F!icker noi4e (o!ta0e

C<T(

Ca7!e T(R
matchin0 9RF: termina! i4o!ation 4ound carrier i4o!ator 4puriou4 radiation reGection cro44 modu!ation adGacent channe! i4o!ation audio 4i0na! !e,e! ,ideo S@R #or modu!ator

"8o au i!iary equipment % 4cram7!in0 "8 au i!iary equipment pro,ide4 4i0na!in0 path C<T(, ??(

$-!% $-!% $-!% $-!% $-!% $-!%

7/7 'n-.od carrier, @o in#o A5A Te!e0raphy C,( (SB T #or T( 4i0na! (5B FSE (@! F. 4tereo .u 4i0na! A,C <. Fa (,C F. Fa A,! <. Te!ephony, JSB 5 CJ8internet (,! F. Te!ephony 8 9JCT: - J(J - S(CJ ripper %,! ?. Te!ephony , HJT( SSB FC > ),! Ji,D .u!timedia content >nter#ace SSB Je4cription SC ? 2,! R,! SSB RC 85 .u!timedia Frame"ork

.ooreL4 $a" 97p4:

8/5= 1 Bi!!ion 8/=/ -00 Tri!!ion 1130 110 3-2 1/

Curie temperature 90C:

Cobalt Iron 7ic0el %ondolinium

.o7i!e ?hone4 9+:

; Class I Class II Class III Analog 0;/ 1;/ 3 3igital ) 1;/ 0;/

@ame4 and <ccomp!i4hment

Abraham Abesamis 7eil Bhor !rnest Rutherford Christian )ulsmeyer Theodor $aiman Bac0ham K LA" $arc Anderseen 7orio Taniguchi Burell &mith Bob Lhan K *inton Cerf Ted )off %ilbert )yatt Isaac Asimov Larel Mape0 Tim Bernes; ee Tomas 9atson 9illiam %ibson 3ouglas !ngelbart Bob $etcalfe arry Robert 2ohn Barger Brattain and Bardeen 2ohn -ierce *inton Cerf 2ac0 st< Claire Lilby Ted 7elson 2ac0 Ras0in &eymour Roger Cray Bob 7oyce K %ordon $oore %iovanni Caselli Antonio $eucci *ic )ayce Agusta Ada Bryon &teve 2obsN &teven 9o'nia0 !dwin Armstron $ar0 Tilden )arry 7yquist Carl Beredic0s 3r Carl Oener 3r eo !sa0i Randall and Boot Richard (eynman Chairman @TC Ca!cu!ated the radiu4 and ,e!ocity o# e!ectron .ea4ure atomic radiu4 Radar Je,e!oped $<SER C!ad 0!a44 #i7er .6S<>C @anotech .<C .other Board Je4i0ned TC?8>? Je4i0ned .icroproce44or >n,ented .icroproce44or 3 !a" o# URo7otic4V, 13/3 coined Ro7ot, 13&0

secondary cell battery !ead-acid nicke! cadmium 4i!,er-zinc 4i!,er-cadmium

Brain wavesE F % < 3 Hz G % ) to 2 Hz H % 2 to 1& Hz I % 13 to 30 Hz

?ho4phor
-5 -> -88 -,5 *reen +hite R*B *reen 64ci!!o4cope .onochrome co!ored 64ci!!o4cope

designed HTTP
>B. #ounder Cy7er4pace .ou4e Ethernet <rpanet +e7-!o0 >n,entor Tran4i4tor Coined Wtran4i4torW FT?8Father o# internet >C Coined UHyper te tV Founder o# .acinto4h Super Computer >nte! #air chi!d ?ante!e0raph 14t >n,entor o# the te!ephone Father o# +i-Fi +or!d 14t Computer ?ro0rammer <pp!e computer Superheterodyne 9radio: Ro7o4apien @e0ati,e Feed7ack <mp!i#ier di4co,ered 0ermanium in 131de,e!opment o# zener diode in,ented tunne! diode >n,entor o# .a0netron
4u7atomic to atom manipu!ation

6? <.?S
$ 5/5 $ ?>5C "- 5??A *enera! purpo4e 6?-<mp >ndu4trie4 Standard '!tra ?reci4ion <mp

Commercia!4 9minute4:
-rogram duration /0 30 1$ A 11;3;1-4ec "UT;$ A 11 2;) 1;-

AC (mA# at ./ )' 3C (mA# -erception 0 to 1 0 to ) S'F #or 3* 9.Hz8mi!!ion:R B!ackout &urprise 1 to ) ) to 1(requency paired unpaired I&;>5 Roamin0 R5 +eak 7!ack out Refle6 action ) to &1 IC 1- to 20 - .Hz ? -. ? pac0aging 3. IC types I&;=> R8 10 min4 J-<.?S $ascular inhibition &1 to )0 20 to 1/0 I&;J= CJ.< 6ne --10 2. /. < 14ec hour T6 (i!m /000, in spi0e R, Respiratory failureTJ.<, @orth )0<merican to 100 Ji0ita! Ce!!phone 1/0 to 300 I&;5,. 10-110. 2. R> 1-& hour4 F!atpack )y7rid surge 110N (atal 6,er 1/00 300m< I&;5,.<8 roamin0, P8)-JF?SE >1- 20N 1-. 1&. R= more than J>? $ono!ithic dip + sag - 2N & hour4

?acka0in0
evel evel evel evel evel / 5 8 , >
Re4i4tor, diode4 9non repaira7!e part4: Su7-modu!e4 attached to circuit card4 circuit card4, mother 7oard4 etc; Jra"er4 Ca7inet4

Type4 o# Ro7ot4
&emi;Autonomous Autonomous Tele;"perated Androids Cyborgs Automatons ; &atellites "rbital -lanes &atellites + -lanes -lane &eparation &atellite &eparation Inclination "rbital -eriod Altitude @eed4 4ome human inter,ention @eed4 no human inter,ention Remote contro!!ed Re4em7!e human4 .i ture o# human and machine part4 <utomatica!!y #o!!o" pro0rammed in4truction4 %-& &) / ) /00 /00 --0 1& Hour4 &0,&00 km % "7A&& &1 93 4pare: 3 2 1&00 )-0 /);20 11 Hour4 K 1-min4 13,100 km A&I$" ARI" )UB" Robosapien Bang;bang Robot Honda Sony Eorea toy !ike ro7ot $imit 4top
tapped capacitor tapped inductor .a0netic Coup!in0 4erie4 $C

.icrophone4
ow O dynamic car7on ri77on )igh O cry4ta! conden4er e!ectret

Colpitts )artley Armstrong Clapp *<,8 *<,>bis *<J/ .edium F Hi0h F

3/00 7p4 33;/ k7p4 -/ k7p4

$a6well Bridge )ay Bridge

.echanica! Con#i0uration4 o# >ndu4tria! Ro7ot4

Articulated &pherical configurations Cylindrical configuration Cartesian or rectilinear &CARA 9Se!ecti,e Comp!iance
<44em7!y Ro7ot <rm:

(e!ocity Factor
Coa6 Twin lead "pen wire -roton 7eutron 0;// 8 0;/-0;2 0;2 0;3 & up quark4 1 do"n quark & do"n quark4 1 up quark

arm or Goined- arm con#i0uration up, do"n, !e#t, ri0ht, pi,ot at certain an0!e 3/0 up8do"n8!e#t8 ri0ht ) a i4 ro7ot "ith rotatin0 e!ement4 that mo,e in 4in0!e p!ane

RF>J #requency 7and4

13;--3 .Hz 312 .Hz &))/ .Hz 13;-/1 .Hz 3&0 .Hz &)-) .Hz &CR 3iac Triac @?@ X ?@? t"o )-!ayer SCR t"o SCR 7ack-to-7ack

!rlang B !rlang C -oisson

do not reappear durin0 te4t period He!d in the 4y4tem unti! 4ati4#ied 4ati4#ied or a7andoned

F<D
.in4 8 pa0e 4can !ine4 8 inch %roup 5 / 30 %roup 8 3
&tandard

%roup , /-1- 4ec 8 pa0e

(ine &uperfine

100

100

or

32

&00

or

13/

)00

or

33&

I- version >?,) >?,/

Addresses &3& &1&2

B!uetooth
class class 5 class 8 class , $a6imum -ermitted dB -ower (m9+dBm# 100 m+ 9&0dBm: &;- m+ 9)dBm: 1 m+ 90dBm: Range Y100m Y10m Y1m

Turn4 Ratio o# Tran4#ormer

step up step down !e44 than unity 0reater than unity

+e!din0 Type
Carbon Arc 9elding !lectron Beam 9elding &pot 9elding $I% (metal inert gas# TI% (tungsten inert gas# -lasma arc 9elding -ressure 9elding !lectric Resistance &eam 9elding 6ccurrence o# 7!o" ho!e4 (acuum tu7e8 hi0h ,e!ocity e!ectron4 app!ied in the materia!4 a type o# re4i4tance "e!din0 hi0h depo4it rate8u4e4 con4uma7!e "ire e!ectrode4 '4e4 non-con4uma7!e "ire e!ectrode4 "ine 0!a44 8 4hie!din0 0a4 atom-atom 7ond u4e4 di4c e!ectrode4