Archive Report 2013

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Compiled by Burcu Tung
Cover: The wall painting found within B.121. Photography Jason Quinlan

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1ab|e of Contents ........................................................................................................................... |
1. 2013 Season kev|ew ............................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Field Team 2012 .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2. Lxcavat|ons |n the North Area, 2013 ....................................................................................... 8
Building 52 ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Building 77 ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
Building 102 ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Building 114 (Space 87) ................................................................................................................................. 27
Building 112 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Building 119 ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Space 511, Space 518, Space 488, Space 489, Space 490 and Space 84 (B.108) .......................................... 35
Trench GT1 .................................................................................................................................................... 42
Trench GT2 .................................................................................................................................................... 43
3. Lxcavat|ons |n the South Area, 2013 ...................................................................................... 4S
Building 43 (Spaces 235 & 236) ..................................................................................................................... 45
Building 80 (Spaces 135 & 373) ..................................................................................................................... 51
Building 89 (Space 379) ................................................................................................................................. 59
Building 96 (Space 370) ................................................................................................................................. 63
Building 97 (Spaces 503 & 160) ..................................................................................................................... 65
Building 118 (Space 510) ............................................................................................................................... 66
4. 1he excavat|ons of the 1C Area |n the 2013 season .............................................................. 74
Results of the excavations in Trenches 1 & 2 ................................................................................................ 76
Results of the excavations in Trench 3 .......................................................................................................... 85
Final remarks ................................................................................................................................................. 91
S. Lxcavat|ons |n 1rench S, West Mound ................................................................................... 94
Building 98 ..................................................................................................................................................... 95
Building 125 ................................................................................................................................................... 97
Space 446 ...................................................................................................................................................... 99
Building 127 with some updates on Space 447 .......................................................................................... 99
Building 107 ................................................................................................................................................. 101
Building 126 with remarks on buildings at the southern edge of the trench ........................................... 102
Building 106 ................................................................................................................................................. 103
Building 105 ................................................................................................................................................. 105
Trench closing works ................................................................................................................................... 109
6. ata|hyk numan kema|ns 1eam Arch|ve keport 2013 ...................................................... 111
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 111
North Area Neolithic burials ........................................................................................................................ 113
South Area Neolithic burials ........................................................................................................................ 127
TPC (Team Poznan Connection) Post Chalcolithic burials ........................................................................... 131
7. Last Mound Iauna| kema|ns, 2013 ...................................................................................... 134
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Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 134
South Area ................................................................................................................................................... 138
TPC .............................................................................................................................................................. 139
KOPAL Analyses Done in 2013 ..................................................................................................................... 142
Pilot tudy n tatistical pproaches o idden nit ariation ................................................................... 146
8. West Mound Iauna| and Worked 8one keport, 2013 .......................................................... 1S0
Faunal Report .............................................................................................................................................. 150
Worked Bones ............................................................................................................................................. 152
9. ata|hyk Anthraco|ogy Arch|ve keport 2013 .................................................................... 1S8
10. 1he Archaeobotany keport, West Mound .......................................................................... 160
11. ata|hyk I|gur|ne keport 2013 ....................................................................................... 170
12. Last Mound Ground Stone, 2013. ...................................................................................... 182
13. West Mound Ground Stone, 2013 ...................................................................................... 189
14. Last Mound ottery, 2013 ................................................................................................. 193
1S. West Mound ottery, 2013 ................................................................................................ 198
16. Conservat|on ..................................................................................................................... 204
17. neavy kes|due Arch|ve keport 2013 .................................................................................. 209
18. 3D D|gg|ng ro[ects - Season 2013 ..................................................................................... 212
19. 8ack 1o Me||aart A Area: Survey Cn Late Neo||th|c Arch|tecture ........................................ 220
20. Mode|||ng Chrono|ogy ....................................................................................................... 23S
21. Use-wear ana|ys|s, 2013 .................................................................................................... 237
22. re||m|nary resu|ts of kkI ana|yses conducted |n 2013 ...................................................... 240
23. Cn-s|te tab|et record|ng ..................................................................................................... 2S6
24. 1he Cvens and nearths of ata|hyk: Neo||th|c and Cha|co||th|c Cook|ng and
yrotechno|ogy .......................................................................................................................... 260
2S. nouseho|ds |n context: A m|crostrat|graph|ca| |nvest|gat|on of resource use and s|te
networks .................................................................................................................................... 262
26. Survey and f|e|dwa|k|ng |n the |mmed|ate env|rons of ata|hyk 2013 ............................ 26S
27. kef|ex|ve Methodo|ogy ...................................................................................................... 272
28. D|ar|es, 2013 ...................................................................................................................... 27S
29. ersona| and ref|ex|ve v|deo record|ng |n archaeo|og|ca| research ..................................... 280
30. S|te V|sua||sat|on and resentat|on 2013 ........................................................................... 289
31. In|t|a| Interv|ews: I|rst Steps 1oward Assemb||ng an Cra| n|story of Lxcavat|on at ata|hyk
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lan Podder, SLanford unlverslLy
AfLer Lhe euphorla of Lhe unLSCC lnscrlpLlon of aLalhyuk onLo Lhe World PerlLage llsL ln 2012, we
seemed Lo be llvlng Lhrough a severe headache ln Lhe 2013 season. ln many ways Lhe lmpacL of Lhe
lnscrlpLlon was very poslLlve. 1he guards aL Lhe slLe counL Lhe number of forelgn and 1urklsh vlslLors
every day. Slnce !anuary 2013 Lhe numbers of vlslLors lncreased dramaLlcally. 8us loads arrlved dally
durlng Lhe 2013 season, broughL by companles adverLlslng Lhemselves wlLh names llke 'World
PerlLage Academy'. Clearly unLSCC lnscrlpLlon has made a blg dlfference and local and reglonal
communlLles wlll beneflL. lnscrlpLlon has also meanL Lhe slLe has aLLracLed greaLer lnvesLmenL by
naLlonal and reglonal herlLage organlzaLlons. lor example, OP onya Cvasi ro[esl) has provlded
fundlng for four new experlmenLal houses LhaL wlll Lhemselves aLLracL more LourlsLs when Lhey are
consLrucLed nexL year. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe lncreaslng numbers of LourlsLs creaLe Lhelr own
headaches, puLLlng pressure on Lhe parklng faclllLles and causlng fasLer eroslon on Lhe paLhs across
Lhe mound. 8uL Lhe greaLesL lmpacL has Lo do wlLh regulaLlon regardlng healLh and safeLy. lor
example, SLanford unlverslLy has become concerned abouL lLs llablllLy ln relaLlon Lo Lhe LourlsL
numbers and has requesLed 30 lmprovemenLs - everyLhlng from wooden caps on survey pegs Lo
beLLer medlcal Lralnlng for sLaff.
Lucklly we have had a wonderful new managemenL Leam wendlng lLs ways beLween Lhe lncreaslng
demands of bureaucracles and admlnlsLraLlons. ?ildiz ulrmlL has Laken over as a very effecLlve
pro[ecL manager, supporLed ln Lhe fleld by Lhe wlsdom of LevenL Czer and by Lhe help of our
AsslsLanL ulrecLor Serap Czdl. Cur Lemsllcl was lahrl Ayln from konya museum.
Lucklly Loo Lhe archaeology has been very rewardlng and we made a number of remarkable w
flnds. 1hese kepL Lhe Leam ln good form, even when our numbers goL up Lo 120, from 22 dlfferenL
counLrles. aLalhyuk ls locaLed near umra, onya ln cenLral 1urkey. 1he LasL Mound was
lnhablLed beLween 7400 8CL and 6000 8CL by up Lo 8000 people who llved ln a large neolithic
town. 1here were no sLreeLs and people moved around on Lhe roof Lops and enLered Lhelr houses
Lhrough holes ln Lhe roofs. lnslde Lhelr houses people made wonderful arL - palnLlngs, rellefs and
sculpLures - whlch have survlved across Lhe mlllennla. 1he arL was flrsL excavaLed ln Lhe 1960s. new
work aL Lhe slLe sLarLed ln 1993 and ls planned Lo conLlnue Lo 2018, under Lhe ausplces of Lhe 8rlLlsh
lnsLlLuLe aL Ankara and wlLh permlsslon from Lhe 1urklsh MlnlsLry of CulLure and 1ourlsm. 8ecause
aLalhyuk ls a large slLe (13.3 ha) aL an early daLe and wlLh good preservaLlon, lLs excavaLlon ls
slow and dlfflculL: lL needs a blg Leam.
1hls season excavaLlons were conducLed ln Lhe norLh and SouLh ShelLers, ln Lhe 1C area, wlLhln
Lwo small LesL Lrenches ln Lhe norLhern sklrL of Lhe LasL mound, and flnally wlLhln 1rench 3 ln Lhe
WesL Mound (Fig. .1).
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Fig. 1.1. Areas of investigation conducted by the atalhyk Research Project in 2013. Plan: Camilla Mazzucato
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lL ls Lhe good
preservaLlon aL Lhe
slLe LhaL led Lo Lhe
mosL remarkable of
our dlscoveries ln
2013. ilding 32 ln
the orLh shelLer
had been burned by
its eolithic
lnhablLanLs when lL
was abandoned.
1hls conflagraLlon
had baked Lhrough
the floors and
plaLforms of Lhe
building; ln dolng so
lL had lnadverLenLly
preserved cloLh LhaL
had been placed
beLween Lhe skeleLons of Lhose burled beneaLh Lhe
floors. 1hls cloLh (Fig. 1.2) has been analysed aL Lhe
laboraLorles aL atalhyk and lL has been identified
as llnen, made from flax. 1hls ls one of Lhe earllesL
flnds of cloLh ln Lhe world, and ls cerLalnly one of
Lhe besL preserved. lL seems LhaL Lhe llnen, whlch ls
very flnely woven, was Lraded from Lhe LevanL all
Lhe way Lo cenLral AnaLolla. ArchaeologlsLs have
long known of Lhe long dlsLance Lrade of obsldlan
and shells aL Lhls Llme perlod ln Lhe Mlddle LasL, buL
Lhls ls Lhe flrsL lndlcaLlon LhaL cloLh or LexLlle may
have been parL of Lhe Lrade, perhaps exchanged for
Lhe obsldlan from Cappadocla.

ln Lhe same grave a wooden bowl or some sorL of
head cover made of wood was placed over Lhe skull
of a chlld (Fig. 1.3). 1he dead aL atalhyk were
someLlmes LreaLed ln very dlfferenL and remarkable
ways. Cver Lhe years we have found many unusual
burials, such as bodles burled wlLh a lamb, or
covered ln Lhe scaL of a small carnlvore, or qulLe
frequenLly wlLh Lhe head removed. lL ls LempLlng Lo
lnLerpreL Lhe wooden head cover as a mask, slnce
Lhe laLLer have been found ln Lhe neollLhlc of Lhe
Levant, buL ln Lhls case Lhe mosL llkely explanaLlon ls
LhaL Lhe decayed wooden ob[ecL ls a bowl.
Figure 1.2. Neolithic linen preserved in a burial in Building 52. Photography: Jason Quinlan.
Figure 1.3. Wooden bowl placed on the skull in a burial in
Building 52. Photography: Jason Quinlan
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8oLh Lhe cloLh and
wooden owl were
found ln graves ln Lhe
norLh parL of Lhe maln
roomin Building 52 in
the orLh Area of Lhe
slLe. 1hls bulldlng had ln
prevlous excavaLlon
seasons proved Lo be
very lnLeresLlng and
unusual, wlLh a bull's
skull and horns seL lnLo
Lhe wesL wall and wlLh a
bench wlLh bull horns
afflxed Lo lLs slde. lL was
obvlously an especlally
large and complex
buildlng. ln mosL
buildings, lnsLallaLlons
such as bull horns on
walls were removed when Lhe bulldlng was abandoned. 8uL 8ulldlng 32 was burned, and we ofLen
flnd LhaL burned bulldlngs reLalned Lhelr lnsLallaLlons. So lL ls dlfflculL Lo work ouL wheLher some
bulldlngs llke 8ulldlng 32 look more elaboraLe because of Lhe way Lhey were abandoned, or
wheLher Lhey were burned on abandonmenL because Lhey were speclal and elaboraLe a classlc
chicken and egg problem. Cne posslble lndlcaLlon LhaL 8ulldlng 32 had long been speclal and
lmporLanL was LhaL when ln 2013 we dlsmanLled Lhe bench LhaL had held bull horns, we dlscovered
a Lhlnner smaller bench beneaLh lL, Lhls Llme afflxed wlLh wlld sheep horns (Fig. 1.4). lL seems
lncreaslngly llkely LhaL more lmporLanL bulldlngs were abandoned by lnLenLlonal burnlngs.

ln 2013 we also sLarLed excavaLlng neollLhlc bulldlngs ln an area we are calllng 1C ln Lhe souLhern
parL of Lhe slLe. 1he alm here ls Lo undersLand how Lhe slLe changed ln lLs laLesL phases of
occupaLlon and Lo llnk up some of our prevlously separaLed excavaLlon areas (1 and SouLh). Pere
we found bulldlngs LhaL lndeed dld dlffer very much from earller bulldlngs (wlLh, for example very
Lhlck walls bullL wlLh large flaL brlcks) and whlch had noL been burned on abandonmenL. Cne of Lhe
bulldlngs aL Lhls laLe phase had walls palnLed wlLh deslgns noL seen before (see cover). ormally Lhe
painLlngs aL atalhyk are made uslng dark palnL (red or black mosLly) on a whlLe background, buL
ln Lhls case very regular whlLe llnes had been palnLed on a darker background. 1hls palnLlng
conLlnued along aL leasL Lhe easL and norLh walls of Lhe maln room: lL musL have been a very brlghL
and vlbranL space.

Normally archaeologlsLs record everyLhlng, lncludlng wall palnLlngs, uslng paper and pencll and
phoLography. lndeed, archaeologlcal recordlng has become lncreaslngly a maLLer of fllllng ln forms
and drawlng plans on permaLrace. 1hls ls slow and laborlous and afLerwards, back ln Lhe dlg house,
all Lhe daLa have Lo be enLered lnLo Lhe daLabase, Lhe plans scanned and dlglLlzed and Lhe
Quinlan.
Figure 1.4. Wild sheep horns arranged along a thin bench in Building 52. Photography: Jason
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phoLographs uploaded. ln 2013 we sLarLed maklng use of new dlglLal Lechnologles Lo speed up Lhls
process and make lL more flexlble. uslng compuLer LableLs (Fig. 1.5), lmages are Laken of whaL ls
belng excavaLed and Lhese lmages are converLed lnLo 3u models LhaL can be orLhogonally recLlfled
and placed lnLo Lhe ClS daLabase for Lhe slLe. SLlll ln Lhe Lrench, Lhe excavaLed feaLures or skeleLons
can be drawn over and annoLaLed and uploaded as shape flles lnLo Lhe ClS. So all Lhe plannlng and
recordlng can be done wlLhouL paper. 1hls sysLem was used successfully ln 2013 ln a few excavation
areas, we hope Lo expand Lhe use of LableLs across Lhe whole slLe nexL year.

lor many years, Leams have also been worklng on Lhe ChalcollLhlc WesL Mound aL atalhyk. ln
2013 Lhe Lrenches Lhere were flnally fllled ln and closed down. So Lhls was Lhe lasL year of
excavaLlons by Lhe Leam led by eLer 8lehl, Lva 8osensLock and !ana 8ogasch. Members of Lhe Leam
wlll be reLurnlng Lo work on posL excavation, buL we are sorry Lo see Lhem leave Lhe fleld. Much has
been accompllshed and we now have for Lhe flrsL Llme a good plcLure of how Lhe atalhyk
communlLy changed as lL moved lnLo Lhe 6
th
millennium 8CL.
Acknow|edgements
We would llke Lo Lhank Lhe ulrecLoraLe Ceneral ln Ankara for Lhelr supporL and Lhe 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe
aL Ankara under whose ausplces Lhe pro[ecL works ln 1urkey. We would also llke Lo exLend our
thanks ur Lemsllcl lahrl Ayln. An lnLernaLlonal Leam now based ln SLanford unlverslLy (uSA) has
underLaken archaeologlcal research aL aLalhyuk slnce 1993, wlLh a permlL granLed by Lhe MlnlsLry
of CulLure and 1ourlsm, and under Lhe ausplces of Lhe 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe aL Ankara. We are especlally
graLeful Lo Lhe Ceneral ulrecLor of MonumenLs and Museums.

1he maln sponsors of Lhe pro[ecL are ?api kredi, 8oelng and koLa;. CLher sponsors are Shell, 1Av,
and onya 5eker. lundlng for Lhe pro[ecL ln 2013 has also been recelved from Lhe 1empleLon
Foundation, 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology, lmlLaLlo (1he 1hlel loundaLlon), Lhe uS Lmbassy ln
Ankara, Lhe 8rlLlsh Lmbassy ln Ankara, 1urklsh CulLural loundaLlon, loundaLlon for ollsh Sclence,
SUN? 8uffalo, SLanford unlverslLy and Lhe SLanford Archaeology CenLer.

1he lnsLlLuLlonal parLners of Lhe pro[ecL are Seluk unlverslLy, SLanford unlverslLy, unlverslLy of
London, Cxford unlverslLy, lsLanbul unlverslLy, SouLhampLon unlverslLy, ?ork unlverslLy, Mlddle
Figure 1.5. Jus-- ne Issavi (le44) and Katarzyna Harabasz (right) recording using a tablet in Building 80. Photography: Jason Quinlan
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LasLern 1echnlcal university, Lge unlverslLy, Sun? 8uffalo, uuke unlverslLy, Cardlff unlverslLy, and
NewcasLle unlverslLy
I|e|d 1eam 2012

ro[ect D|rector Ian odder
ro[ect Coord|nator Yldz Dirmit
Ass|stant D|rector Serap zdl
Government kepresentat|ve Fahri Ayin
Camp Manager Levent zer
S|te Ass|stant Hakan zer
S|te Custod|ans brahim ken, ustafa okyasun, asan okyasun
I|e|d Superv|sors James Taylor & Burcu Tung
Reflexive Methodology sa Berggren
Last Mound Lxcavat|ons Renata Araujo, Numan Arslan, Malwina E. Brachmanska, Johanna M.
Bergkvist, Maciej Chylenski, Agata Czeszewska, Mateusz Dembowiak,
Sophie Ekstrand, Patrycia Filipowicz, Remi Hadad, Katarzyna W. Harabasz,
Braxton M. Hood, Jedrzej Hordecki, Susan Hyden, Justine Issavi, Erik
Johansson, Kristina Jonsson, Arek Klimowicz, Stella Macheridis, Arek
Marciniak, Allison Mickel, Alexandra Neumann,
Weronika Stosik, Onur Yksel
West 1rench S Lxcavat|ons Daniela A. Barrantes, Peter F. Biehl, Patrick Boll, Jacob Brady, Caitlin L.
Curtis, David Ebner, Naumov Goce, Tuukka Kaikkonen, Till S. Kappus,
Jacquelyn Kyle, Asl Oflaz, Camile Pilliougine, Jana Rogasch, Nolwen M. Rol
Talu Emre Tnta, Patrick T. Willett
3D D|gg|ng ro[ect Elisa Biancifiori, Nicolo DellUnto, Maurizio Forte, Nicola Lercari, Chiara
Mottolese, Matteo Pilati
Stanford I|e|d Schoo| Nikita Bogdanov, Lucia Herrero, Kierstyn Smith, Bright Zhou
Se|uk Un|vers|ty I|e|d Students Selma Efeler, Kerim E. Ergen, Uurcan O. Seluk, Recep Yunus Serin
Lge Un|vers|ty I|e|d Students Mert Atalar, Inan Aydoan, zettin Elalm, Sevim Kurtuldu
Survey Marek Baranski
GIS Camilla Mazzucato, iraye acgzeller
Conservat|on Sophie Alcock, Elif S. plak, LeylaE. plak, Christopher Cleere, Cassy
Cutulle, Filiz Diri, Aye . Diner, Duygu Ergen, Emilie Dingler, Neriman
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Sahin Ghan, Laurie King, Ashley M. Lingle, Mehmet Mertek, Philip Parker,
Johanna Thunberg
I1 Systems Ahmet Bozgeyik
Database Deve|opment Claudia Engel
Image and Med|a Jason Quinlan
I||ustrat|on Katy Killackey
I|nds Kyle Crosset, Lisa Guerre
neavy kes|due Dragana Filipovic, Jovana Tripkovic, Milena Vasi
Iauna| 1eam Hannah J. Bowden, Julie Hamilton, Jennifer Jones, David Orton, Richard D.
W. Madgwich, Jacqui Mulville, Kamilla Pawowska, Adrienne Powell,
Kathryn Twiss
numan kema|ns Barbara Betz, Bonnie A. Glencross, Scott D. Haddow, Christopher Knsel,
Cansu Kurt, Clark Larson, Selin E. Nugent, Jessica Pearson, Joshua W.
Sadvari
a|aeoethnobotany Eleni Asouti, Amy Bogaard, Mike Charles, Emma Devereux, Charlotte Diffey,
Dorian Fuller, Laura Green, Ceren Kabuku, Xuelei Li, Philippa Ryan,
Elizabeth A. Stroud, Amy Styring, Petra Vaiglova, Alice Williams
Ch|pped Stone Deanna Aubert, Tristan Carter, Davide Derrico, Sean Doyle, Triantafyllia E.
Dogiama, Adam Nazaroff, Christina Lemoniri, Anda Petrovic
Groundstone George Kambouroglou, Judre Sapranauskaite, Marketa Stovickova, Christina
Tsoraki
ottery Marta Bartkowiak, Nuriye Gke, Ramazan Gndz, Ingmar Franz, Serap
zdl, Duygu Tarkan
I|gur|nes and C|ay Cb[ects Carolyn Nakamura Aldrich, Lindsay Der, Lynn Meskell
nearths Sheena Ketchum
Dat|ng Alex Bayliss
S|te V|sua||zat|on Angeliki Chrysanthi, Erica Emond, Katrina Foxton, Tom Frankland, Emily
Johnson, Sian Jones, Ian Kirkpatrick, Florence Laino, Gamze Mee, Hembo
Pagi, Sara Perry
Archaeo|ogy Workshop Umut Bayram, Cumhur Ertzn, Glay Sert, Hatice Tokyasun
I|e|d Wa|k|ng Eniko Budak, Michelle Gamble, Sophie Moore, Tom Stucliffe
Commun|ty Archaeo|ogy Sonya Atalay, Sema Bac Kaya, Donna Rae Gould
nouse Staff Mehmet Altnay, Glsm Eken, Nevriye ener, Mavili Tokyasun, Keziban
Sivas
S|te Workers Hasan Akay, Mustafa Akyurt, sa Bilgi, smail Bl, Mahmut elik, Haim
Ferahkaya, Orhan Kuuolu, Muhammet Sken, Hasan Yal, Hseyin Yal,
Metin Yal, MustafaYal, Osman Yal, Lokman Yal
kes|due Sorters Hatice elik, Kpra Gven, Ebru Sivas, Saliha Sivas, Hatice Yal, enay Yal

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+? 3DE6A6=B:<> B< =F9 G:H=F #H96I +,-.
Burcu ng, unlverslLy of Callfornla, Merced

The 013 excavaLlon season aL aLalhyuk marked Lhe second year of a four year excavaLlon phase
of Lhe norLh ShelLer. uurlng Lhls four year phase of research, we will focus on revealing eviously
unexcavaLed occupaLlon areas wlLhln Lhe shelLer Lo undersLand Lhe sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlps of Lhe
currenLly exposed bulldlngs and bulldlng compounds. Ultimately, our alm ls Lo reveal a
contemporaneous eollLhlc nelghborhood for publlc dlsplay. 1hls season, excavaLlon Look place
within six maln areas LhaL conLalned a number of spaces and bulldlngs (Fig. 2.1): Lhe parLlally
exposed 8.102 ln Lhe norLheasL corner of Lhe shelLer, 8.112 and lLs predecessor 8.119 lmmedlaLely
wesL of 8.102, 8.77, 8.114 locaLed Lo Lhe easL of 8.77, 8.108 souLh of 8.77, and flnally, 8.32. lurLher,
Lwo small LesL Lrenches, C11 and C12, were excavaLed furLher down Lhe slope on Lhe norLhern end
of Lhe easLern mound Lo ground LruLh some of Lhe resulLs presenLed Lhrough Lhe geophyslcal survey
conducLed ln 2012.

An lmporLanL accompllshmenL Lhls season was reveallng 8.119 aL Lhe norLhern end of Lhe shelLer.
Further, Lhrough Lhls season's work lL became apparenL 8.102, unllke mosL bulldlngs aL aLalhyuk
whlch usually do noL conLaln Loo much maLerlal culLure relaLlng Lo bulldlng occupaLlon, was an
exLenslvely occupled bulldlng LhaL gave lmporLanL lnslghL Lo Lhe on Lhe use of space and bulldlng
acLlvlLles Lhrough arLlfacL and feaLure dlsLrlbuLlon wlLhln Lhe bulldlng. Work wlLhln 8.77 focused on
Lhe norLheasLern plaLform from where a number of lndlvlduals were excavaLed. 8enewed work
wlLhln 8.32 uncovered a burlal conLalnlng a flax cloLh LhaL was wrapped around an lnfanL was
actually preserved due Lo lLs parLlal carbonlzaLlon.
8u||d|ng S2
Building 32 was excavaLed ln Lhe prevlous seasons and lefL for dlsplay for a number of years. As the
unfavorable condlLlons of Lhe norLh ShelLer have caused substantial erosion on many of Lhe
features wlLhln Lhe bulldlng, excavations were resumed Lhls year. Work LhaL Look place Lhls season
Lherefore focused on Lhe exLenslve recordlng of Lhe bulldlng's archlLecLural feaLures before Lhelr
lmmlnenL degradaLlon and wlll evenLually lead Lo Lhe exposure of Lhe bulldlng's predecessors.

8.32 has a raLher lnLeresLlng and unusual llfe hlsLory, ln LhaL lL was consLrucLed as a resulL of Lhe
[olnlng of Lwo lndependenL bulldlngs by Lhe removal of Lhelr abuLLlng walls cenLrally for Lhe creaLlon
of a slngle bulldlng. 1he Lwo predecessors of bulldlng 32 have been named space 147 and space 146
and remaln unexcavaLed. Cne of Lhe alms of Lhe currenL excavaLlons also focuses on formallzlng the
relaLlonshlp of Lhese sLrucLures Lo 8.32. 1hrough lLs llfe history, 8ulldlng 32 underwenL a number of
sLrucLural changes wlLh Lhe addlLlons of slde rooms Lo lLs norLhwesL and lLs souLheasL. AL one polnL,
Lhe bulldlng suffered a masslve conflagraLlon, whlch rendered mosL of lL lnhablLable. 1he resldenLs
then bullL a smaller bulldlng wlLhln 8.32's maln space, Sp.94, bulldlng upon many of 8.32's
feaLures such as Lhe norLhern plaLforms and Lhe hearLh.

8
9

Figure 2.1. Excavation areas within the North Shelter in 2013. Plan: Camilla Mazzucato
9
10

B.52s mosL promlnenL feaLure, oLher Lhan lLs raLher masslve maln space, ls a bucranlum nesLled
into Lhe wesLern wall of Sp.94 lmmedlaLely nexL Lo a bench LhaL has bulls horns seL lnLo lL (see llg.
2.2). 1hls season, work ln Lhe bulldlng focused on Lhe cleanlng and excavaLlon of Lhe bench l.2021
wlLh Lhe bull's horns. ExcavaLlons here revealed an earller parLlLlon / bench feaLure LhaL was afflxed
wlLh wlld sheep horns. lurLher work was conducLed on Lhe norLhern plaLforms of Lhe maln room,
platform 3694 Lo Lhe wesL and plaLform l.3693 Lo Lhe easL were. laLform l.3694 conLalned burlal
F.7127, ln which L leasL 7 individuals (buL posslbly nlne, e below and Puman 8emalns, Ch. 6); one
older male and six lnfanLs of dlfferenL ages were burled LogeLher. 1he preservaLlon of Lhe burlal was
raLher unlque due Lo Lhe burnlng of Lhe bulldlng lmmedlaLely afLer Lhe lnLermenL acLlvlLles. Cne
wooden owl and a llnen cloLh made from flax were the promlnenL flnds ln Lhls burlal. 1wo separaLe
burlals were also removed from plaLform l.3693. llnally, Lhe blns wlLhln Space 94, whlch were
heavlly eroded desplLe conservaLlon efforLs, were compleLely excavaLed.
$F9 <:H=F9H< J86=;:HK> :; @J6E9 LM
LxcavaLlons ln 2006 removed Lhe occupaLlon sequences above Lhe plaLforms of 8.32 LhaL belonged
Lo 8.31. As such Lhls season, Lhe Lwo plaLforms were glven new feaLure numbers: l.3694 ls Lhe
norLheasLern plaLform whlle l.3693 ls Lhe norLhwesLern plaLform. 1he Lwo plaLforms had boLh
undergone a number of re plasLerlng and re furbishing pisodes. laLform l.3694 conLalned one
burlal wlLh nine individuals, aL leasL seven of Lhem burled aL Lhe same Llme, whlle plaLform l.3693
conLalned Lwo separaLe burlals wlLh Lhree lndlvlduals burled wlLhln Lhem ln LoLal. laLform l.3694,
abouL 1.4 by 1.4 covers a larger area Lhan plaLform l.3693 whlch ls approxlmaLely 1.30 by 1.1m.
However, Lhe laLLer plaLform ls Lhe hlgher of Lhe Lwo. 1hrough Llme, Lhe surface area use changed
on boLh plaLforms wlLh Lhe addlLlon of kerb l.3693 above plaLform l.3693 LhaL acLs a dlvlslon
beLween Lhe Lwo abouL half way Lhrough Lhelr known sequences.
Figure 2.2. B.52 at the beginning of the season. Facing west. Photography: Jason Quinlan
10
11

1he earllesL deposlL reached ln Lhls are ls beneaLh plaLform l.3694, a red palnLed surface (30328)
LruncaLed Lo Lhe easL. 1hls deposlL remalns lo slto. Seallng Lhls were four consecuLlve layers of white
plasLer wlLh Lhlck grey make up excavaLed as a slnge unlL (30323). 1he upper mosL plasLer layer
slumped Lowards Lhe norLhern end of Lhe plaLform, lnLo Lhe norLhern wall. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe
here LhaL some of Lhese layers mosL llkely exLend furLher Lo Lhe wesL, abuLLlng plaLform l.3693
under kerb l.3693. WlLhouL Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe kerb, whlch sLlll remalns lo slto, lL wlll be
lmposslble Lo posLulaLe Lhe enLlre exLenL of Lhese surfaces. no flnds were assoclaLed wlLh Lhese
raLher well deflned and unlformly lald surfaces LhaL neverLheless had been affecLed by Lhe
conflagraLlon of Lhe bulldlng.

1hese malnLenance layers were conLemporary wlLh a number evenLs LhaL Look place on plaLform
l.3693. 1he earllesL deposlL revealed here ls plasLered surface (30316). 1hls surface was cuL lnLo by
burlal l.7120 (cuL 30317, flll 30318). An adulL (30322) was burled ln a LlghLly flexed poslLlon, head Lo
Lhe wesL, laylng on lLs back, arms Lo lLs sldes, and hands by lLs feeL (see llg. 6.2). An lnfanL (30323)
was placed lmmedlaLely above lLs legs and pelvls area (see llg. 6.3). 1he lnfanL was flexed lylng on
lLs rlghL, lLs llmbs dlsLurbed due Lo laLer burlal acLlvlLles. 1here were numerous beads assoclaLed
wlLh Lhe lnfanL found boLh wlLhln Lhe flll and assoclaLed wlLh Lhe skeleLon. 30323.x1 4 are rows of
beads Fig. 2.4) found around Lhe ankles of Lhe lnfanL, are made from a sofL plnk and yellowlsh
brown sedlmenLary rock. lurLher, Lwo green beads, 30318.x4 and 30318.x3, were found ln Lhe
abdomlnal reglon of Lhe lnfanL, very slmllar Lo Lhose found wlLhln burlal l.7120 assoclaLed wlLh
lnfanL (30311) (see below). 1he remalns of Lwo oLher lndlvlduals (20661, 30321) were found wlLhln
Lhe flll of l.7120 (see Human mains, Ch. 6). 1he flll of Lhe burlal (30318) also conLalned a slngle
shell, slmllar Lo Lhose found oLher burlal conLexLs.
Figure 2.3. The northern platforms of B.52. Platform F.3695 to the left and platform F.3694 to the right. Red plastered
surface (20634). Notice the undercutting of the walls and the base of the platforms caused by erosion in the past
years. Photography: Jason Quinlan
11
12

8urlal l.7120 was sealed by a plasLered
surface supporLed by a make up layer,
excavaLed as a slngle unlL (30307). 1he
preparaLlon of Lhe plasLer was done wlLh
Lhe use of Lwo dlfferenL make up deposlL:
a Lhe predomlnanLly greylsh brown sllLy
clay LhaL was lmmedlaLely under Lhe
plasLer and a brown sandy loam LhaL was
used Lo flll ln Lhe slumplng observed ln Lhe
norLhern end of plaLform l.3693. 1hese
deposits, ln Lurn, were covered by anoLher
plasLer / make up deposlL (30304) LhaL
was palnLed ln red. Slmllar Lo Lhe earller
consLrucLlonal surface, Lhls surface also
had Lwo dlfferenL make ups as a
preparation, Lhe lower layer havlng wlLhln
its trix mote kloJs of loclosloos,
locloJloq smoll tocks, cbotcool, ooJ
clomps of cloy" (LP, 20/07). ?eL anoLher
plasLer / make up quence, 0634),
overlald (30304). Agaln, Lwo separaLe
make up layers were used Lo ln
preparaLlon for a plasLer surface LhaL was
palnLed red. 1he lower make up was a blL
more loose wlLh a hlgher sand componenL
ln comparlson Lo Lhe upper make up.
unforLunaLely Lhe deposlL was heavlly
affecLed by Lhe flre ln Lhe bulldlng, maklng
lL lmposslble Lo dlsLlngulsh amongsL Lhe
different nsLrucLlonal layers ln Lhe
souLhwesL corner. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe
here LhaL Lhe surface of Lhe plaLform, aL
Lhls sLage had a very sharp slump Lowards Lhe norLhern wall ln lLs flnal 10 cm surface. 1he slump ls
probably caused due Lo Lhe archlLecLural lnsLablllLy of Lhe walls.

AL some polnL durlng Lhe dlfferenL malnLenance eplsodes on plaLform l.3694, buL deflnlLely above
deposlL (30307), a pedesLal llke feaLure was cenLrally seL on Lhe plaLform, by lLs wesLern edge (see
Fig. 2.5). edesLal l.7121, was Lhen laLer removed, as evldenced by a cuL, (20941) LhaL ouLllnes lLs
shape, appearlng wlLhln (20634). lLs lnflll (20674), havlng been affecLed by Lhe conflagraLlon of Lhe
building, was frlable.

8ed surface (20634) was also cenLrally cuL by burlal l.7112. 1he burlal conLalned of a very LlghLly
flexed adulL female (20633) laylng on lLs lefL, head Lo Lhe wesL. PhyLollLhs were found around its
femurs, pelvls, ankles and lllum, very llkely belng Lhe remnanLs of a cord LhaL was used Lo keep Lhe
body flexed. 1he cuL (20648) was raLher deep (0.36m), wlLh Lhe skeleLon placed aL Lhe very bottom
Figure 2.4.. Beads found by infant (30523) in burial F.7120. Photography:
Scott Haddow
Photography: Jason Quinlan
Figure 2.5. Pedestal scar F.7121 and surface (30504) on pla==orm F.3695.
12
13

of Lhe cuL. An lnLeresLlng feaLure wlLhln Lhe burlal ls Lhe placemenL of Lhe feeL, rlghL by Lhe ledge
where LhaL was creaLed Lhrough Lhe sLepplng ln of Lhe cuL (see llg. 6.1). 1he lnflll of Lhe burlal was
excavaLed ln Lhree arblLrary unlLs due Lo lLs depLh: (20631, 29632, 20634). 1wo shells, one LhaL held
red ochre wlLhln lL 20634.x2, were noLable arLlfacLs found wlLh Lhe skeleLon. 1he lnflll was sealed
wlLh a Lhlck (0.07m) layer of plasLer (20646) wlLhln Lhe boundarles of Lhe cuL. 1hese deposlLs ln Lurn
were covered wlLh (20613), Lhe flrsL excavaLed deposlL on Lhe plaLform slnce 2006. 1hls was a mlxed
deposlL whlch lncluded a loL of eroded plaLform maLerlal, buL also, a renovaLlon aLLempL Lo flx Lhe
slumplng of Lhe plaLform surface Lowards Lhe norLhern wall: cracked ground sLone were place
wlLhln Lhe slump and padded over wlLh makeup for Lhe preparaLlon of undoubLedly sLralghLer
surfaces.

8efore Lhe ma[or renovaLlon aLLempL wlLh Lhe placemenL of Lhe ground sLone, as lf Lhe pedesLal was
noL an enough of a vlsual marker, a kerb (l.3693) was formed Lo accenLuaLe Lhe separaLlon beLween
plaLform l.3694 and plaLform l.3693. 1he subsequenL plasLerlng and malnLenance evenLs on
platform l.3694 afLer (30323) all abuL Lhe kerb. Above (30323), was plasLer surface and make up
(30308). 1hls deposlL was comprlsed by flnely layered plasLer surfaces slLLlng upon a very Lhln layer
of make up. 1he norLheasLern end of Lhe deposlL, where Lhe slumplng occurred, was fllled wlLh
broken ground sLone pleces and Lhen covered wlLh make up and subsequenLly plasLered. lL very
llkely LhaL Lhls renovaLlon eplsode Lherefore colncldes wlLh Lhe renovaLlon LhaL ls evldenL ln
(20615).

(30308) was cuL by burlal l.7127. Pere one male adulL (30314) was burled wlLh aL leasL slx (30324,
30313, 30311, 30310, 30312, 30313) buL acLually more llkely elghL (see Figs. .4, .5 & 6.6, Human
Remains, Ch. 6) sub adulLs ages ranglng from 6 monLhs Lo 3 years old. 1he human remalns reporL
glve a Lhorough descrlpLlon of Lhe lndlvlduals and Lhe sLaLes of whlch Lhey may have been buried ln,
whlch seem Lo lnclude dlfferenL phases of decomposlLlon. 1here are a number of Lhlngs LhaL are
exLremely unlque wlLh Lhls conLexL. llrsL of all, all of Lhe lndlvlduals were burled ln a slngle evenL:
1be loJlvlJools wete botleJ toqetbet ot tbe some momeot. loJeeJ, oo Jlstotbooce wblcb coolJ
loJlcote sevetol eplsoJes of Jlqqloq, Jeposloq of oew boJles ls obsetveJ. 1be posltloo of tbe
Jlffeteot boJles, vety lottlcote ooJ ofteo lo Jltect cootoct ls lmposslble to teollze lo sevetol botlol
(eplsoJes) wltboot Jlstotbooces" (8P,
28/7). 1hls ls cerLalnly noL a common
lncldence found on slLe. Second, Lhe
conflagraLlon of Lhe bulldlng llLerally
baked Lhe skeleLons and Lhe arLlfacLs
burled wlLh Lhem, allowlng for Lhe
recovery of many organlc lLems: 1be
motetlols wltblo tbe qtove, ptotecteJ
by sevetol loyets of cloy/plostet, lo oo
oooetoblc mllleo, wete oot Jltectly
offecteJ by tbe flte. 1bey wete
bokeJ, ot steom cookeJ (ooe
colssoo l'tooffe). 5ome otqoolc
temolos wete tbos ptesetveJ. textlle
jbetweeo (J051J) & (J0511)], wooJ
Figure 2.6. Close ups of some of cord and tex99le recovered from burial F.7127.
13
14

jboot-sbopeJ bowl covetloq ctoolom of (J051J) ooJ smoll ottlfoct jost obove lts feet], otqoolc tlssoes
jvlsceto ooJ flesb ftom boby (J0511), btolo ftom oll tbe ptesetveJ ctoolo wltblo tbe cot], ooJ
flbets/toots (lo teJ-poloteJ sbells). 5peclollsts wete oble to lJeotlfy lloeo/flox fot tbe fltst tlme oo tbe
slte. 8ecoose seeJs of flox ote obseot ot otolboyok, tbe bypotbesls of oo lmpotteJ textlle ftom tbe
levoot ls plooslble yet bos to be testeJ. coocetoloq tbe wooJ, tbe speclollsts lJeotlfy mople wblcb ls
vety tote oo slte ooJ ptobobly exoqeooos. (RH, 28/7)

1he burlal flll (30303) a large number of arLlfacLs, some of whlch could be assoclaLed wlLh skeleLons.
A number of shells were found wlLhln Lhe burlals, four of whlch were clearly dellberaLely placed
wlLh Lhe burlals. Shell 30303.x6 and 30303.x7 were mosL llkely assoclaLed wlLh Lhe adulL and boLh
conLalned some brown sedlmenL wlLh whaL seems Lo be colour plgmenLs mlxed wlLh flbres and
rooLs. 1wo green beads, 30303.x1 and 30303.x2 were found on boLh sldes of Lhe head of lnfanL
(30511), and may very have llkely been lLs earrlngs. Slmllar beads were also found ln burlal l.7120,
dlscussed above. A compleLe marble braceleL, 30303.x8 (see llg. 12.1, LasL Mound Cround SLone
report), s found aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe flll. Whlle lLs lmposslble Lo assoclaLe lL wlLh any one of Lhe
skeleLons due Lo Lhe dlsLurbance LhaL was caused by anlmal burrowlng, lL mosL llkely belonged Lo
one of Lhe lnfanLs wlLh lLs relaLlvely small clrcumference. A shlny meLalllc Lrlangular pendanL LhaL
had a Lrlangular crysLal sLrucLure on lLs one slde was found underneaLh Lhe cranlum of Lhe adulL.
Also, a bone spaLula was found aL Lhe very boLLom of Lhe flll. 1he LexLlle was found beLween lnfanL
(30311) and chlld (30310). lL ls noL posslble yeL Lo assoclaLe Lhe LexLlle, 30303.x9, wlLh any one of
Lhe lndlvlduals. lurLher work ls necessary Lo undersLand Lhe naLure of Lhe plece, whlch ls deflnlLely
Lhe besL preserved sample found on slLe so far.

1hls burlal was sealed by a number of plasLerlng evenLs, whlch were largely eroded and dlsLurbed
due Lo Lhelr burnL fraglle sLaLe and furLher exposure Lo elemenLs slnce 2006. 1hese deposlLs were
excavaLed as a slngle unlL, (20614).
486=;:HK N?+-OO 6
laLform l.2177 sLood
almost .3m hlgh from Lhe
cenLral floor area ln Sp.94.
lL ls deflned Lo Lhe wesL by
wall l.2106 and access hole
F.2109, Lo Lhe souLh by wall
F.2012, Lo Lhe wesL
parLlally by wall l.2013
where lL doglegs ln Lowards
Lhe cenLral wesLern area of
Lhe space. osL l.2179 was
aL Lhe souLhwesLern corner
of Lhe plaLform. 1he
plaLform sLands hlgher
Lhan lLs nelghborlng
platform, l.2174 Lo Lhe
norLh. 1hls season's
partition, F.7118 and later partition addition F.7315. Facing west. Photography: Jason Quinlan
Figure 2.7. Earliest features uncovered by pla99orm F.2177, including the wild sheep horned
14
15

excavaLlons revealed lLs raLher complex hlsLory, where dlfferenL parLlLlons were creaLed Lo
dellneaLe speclflc areas on Lhe plaLform, lncludlng one LhaL resLed lmmedlaLely under Lhe horned
bench, l.2021.

1he earllesL horn adorned feaLure on plaLform l.7122, was ln facL a narrow parLlLlon feaLure,
F.7118, whlch exLended from Lhe wesLern wall of Sp. 94, above Lhe norLhern edge of Lhe plaLform
easLward some 1.2 m. Cblong ln shape, lL was 0.3m Lhlck aL lLs easLern end 0.16m Lhlck aL lLs
wesLern end, sLandlng 0.2m above Lhe floor surface lL was bullL upon (30319). 1he parLlLlon had aL
leasL 3 seLs of wlld male sheep horns seL lnLo Lhe parLlLlon. 1he flrsL palr was sLlll aLLached Lo a
cranium, whlch was cuL and placed wlLhln Lhe feaLure (see Fig. 1.4). 1hls palr was placed above a
slxLh palr of horn. As Lhe feaLure ls noL excavaLed, lL ls noL enLlrely clear how Lhe resL of Lhe horns
were placed, alLhough lL seems as Lhough Lhey were placed lndlvldually, buL sLlll mlmlcklng Lhelr
anaLomlcal poslLlon. 1he feaLure ls raLher unlque ln lLs expresslon, and, as a predecessor Lo a
horned bench, cerLalnly puLs lnLo quesLlon Lhe use of Lhe Lerm bench" ln dlscusslng Lhese
archlLecLural forms.

A ma[or modlflcaLlon Lo Lhe plaLform occurred wlLh anoLher consLrucLlon eplsode LhaL lncorporaLed
Lhe horned parLlLlon l.7118. 1hls was Lhe consLrucLlon of l.7313, a feaLure LhaL dellneaLed a space
above Lhe plaLform, abouL 1.3 x 1.1m Lhrough consLrucLlon of parLlLlon walls are abouL 0.2m Lall and
0.1m Lhlck, bullL wlLh a plse llke maLerlal (see llg. 2.6). 1hls parLlLlon abuLLed wall l.2106 aL lLs
souLhwesLern end and Lhe horned bench aL lLs norLheasLern end. 1he core of Lhe parLlLlon was
made from a dark greylsh brown sandy clay maLerlal LhaL (30327), and seems Lo have been a bullL
wlLhouL any wooden planks Lo supporL Lhe maLerlal whlle lL was weL. 1hls ls evldenced my Lhrough
lLs lnner walls Lhat wete coocove wltb cloy opplleJ lo oo ettotlc woy wltboot poyloq otteotloo to
cteotloq smootb sotfoces, wblcb left booJ ooJ floqet ptlots." (MC 6/8). lLs ouLer walls, whlle
plastered, were also noL smooLh as Lo have been supporLed by a wooden plank durlng consLrucLlon.
1he whole feaLure was plasLered by a llghL grey plasLer (30326). 1he norLhern parL of Lhe rldge,
whlch aLLached Lo Lhe horned parLlLlon was excavaLed due Lo lLs raLher bad condlLlon, havlng been
heavlly lnundaLed by anlmal and lnsecL acLlvlLy. 1hls made lL clear LhaL Lhe feaLure was consLrucLed
above floor surface (30319), whlch has noL been excavaLed. norLhern face of Lhe horned rldge was
heavlly plasLered (20673). AL one polnL, a plasLerlng evenL LhaL also covered plaLform 2174 llpped
up agalnsL Lhls rldge (20672).

osslbly conLemporary wlLh Lhe consLrucLlon of l.7113, buL more llkely earller, ls Lhe consLrucLlon of
anoLher plasLered feaLure abuLLlng Lhe souLhern wall l.2012 lmmedlaLely wesL of Lhe access hole
lnLo Sp.290, l.7316, whlch was noL excavaLed Lhls season. AL one polnL, Lhls feaLure was exLended
and aLLached Lo l.7113, creaLlng anoLher parLlLloned area on Lhe plaLform.

AfLer some use, Lhese feaLures were fllled by heLerogeneous deposlLs (30306, 30309, 20637) and
Lhen unlformly plasLered over wlLh mulLlple layers of plasLer whlch were excavaLed as slngle unlL
(20636). Powever, before Lhe flrsL plasLerlng evenL, lmmedlaLe above Lhe [uncLlon of l.7313 and
l.7316 afLer Lhey were ln fllled, a shallow basln llke feaLure was cuL (29660) lnLo flll (30306). 1he
0.5m long and 0.3m wlde 0.04m deep basln was formed wlLh Lhe compacLlon of a sllLy clay llghL
brown maLerlal. 1hls area was Lhen consequenLly used as flre spoL (20638), a slngular burnlng evenL.
1hls evenL may be Lhe polnL ln whlch Lhe plaLform, whlch now sLood aL leasL 20cm above lLs lnlLlal
15
16

height, was cuL aL lLs norLheasLern corner for Lhe formaLlon of a sLep. 1hls cuL (30303), whlch would
have orlglnally have dellneaLed a sLep abouL 0.7m long and 0.4m wlde was abouL 0.2m deep, and
exposed earller floors (30320) LhaL have noL been excavaLed. 1hls sLep was damaged by Lhe flre and
heavlly eroded.

AfLer Lhe execuLlon of a number of plasLerlng evenLs on Lhe plaLform, Lhe core of Lhe bench l.2021
was consLrucLed above l.7118. 1he sandy clay core, whlch was badly damaged by Lhe flre of Lhe
bulldlng conLalned aL leasL Lhree large caLLle horns on lLs norLhern face, creaLlng an lmpresslve
albelL asymmeLrlcal feaLure on Lop of a masslve plaLform, l.2177. AL Lhe Llme of excavaLlon, Lhe
horn cores were compleLely dlsarLlculaLed from Lhe bench, whlch was also eroded due Lo lLs
exposure Lo elemenLs slnce 2003. Cnce Lhe bench was consLrucLed plaLform l.2177 was Lhen
plasLered mulLlple Llmes. 1hese plasLerlng evenLs were excavaLed as a slngle unlL, (10300) ldenLlfled
in 003. 8efore Lhe removal of Lhe bench, Lhe remalnlng of bench collapse (11940) and bulldlng
collapse (11937), whlch were lefL ln slLu Lo sLablllze Lhe bucranlum, as well as Lhe bench lLself, were
excavaLed Lo lLs norLh.

As menLloned ln Lhe lnLroducLlon, a bucranlum (11963) was seL lnLo Lhe wesLern wall of space 94,
lmmdlaLly norLh of l.2021. 1he bucranlum had survlved Lhe bulldlng's flre wlLhouL any damage,
oLher Lhan belng scorched by Lhe heaL. lLs proLecLlon has been lnLerpreLed as dellberaLlon and ls
used Lo supporL Lhe ldea LhaL 8.32 was burned down lnLenLlonally. 13 horn cores were found plled
neaLly above Lhe bucranlum, all rlghL slde horns, whlch apparenLly seemed Lo have been burnL
elsewhere and lnLenLlonally placed above Lhe bucranlum (Farid lo ptess). 1hls season, afLer Lhe
removal of Lhe bulldlng's rubble LhaL was supporLlng Lhe bucranlum, Lhe conservaLlon Leam llfLed
Lhe feaLure whole for preservaLlon and sLudy. As such, lL was removed ouL of sLraLlgraphlc sequence
and lLs consLrucLlon has noL yeL been Lled Lo Lhe bulldlng's general sLaLlgraphy. 1he bucranlum was
placed lnLo cuL (10162) wlLhln wall l.2106. A relaLlvely loose flll (20649) supporLed lLs posLerlor and
conLalned one anLler 20649.x1 and a worked sLone 20649.x2. Whlle lL ls posslble LhaL Lhe arLlfacLs
were placed lnLenLlonally, lL should be noLed LhaL Lhey could also been a parL of Lhe posL
conflagraLlon lnfllllng process, falllng behlnd Lhe bucranlum due Lo posL deposlLlonal processes.
@J6E9 L.
Sp. 93 ls slLuaLed near Lhe norLhwesL corner of 8.32. lL was accessed Lhrough Lhe wesLern space of
Lhe bulldlng, Sp.91, from lLs wesLern slde. lL measures abouL 2m easL wesL and 2.4m norLh souLh
and conLalns four relaLlvely large and well deflned blns LhaL flank Lhe norLhern and easLern walls.
During excavaLlons LhaL Look place ln Lhe room ln 2003, a very large number of dlfferenL Lypes of
artifacts, arLlfacL groups, faunal, and floral remalns were found. 1he dlscusslon of Lhe conLexLs can
be seen aL larld lo ptess. 1o grossly sum up Lhe lnLrlcaLe and raLher exclLlng flndlngs, space 93 was
acLlvely belng used for Lhe sLorage of dlfferenL Lypes of graln, raLher large quanLlLles of meaL, as
well as sLone and bone assemblages, one recognlzed as a bone worklng klL. 8urnL rodenL bones and
pelleLs found ln one of Lhe blns polnL LhaL Lhe room was lnfesLed before lLs conflagraLlon. Lxposure
Lo Lhe elemenLs wlLhln Lhe norLh ShelLer, desplLe Lhe consLanL conservaLlon efforLs, have caused
some eroslon on Lhe blns walls, parLlcularly by Lhe lower secLlons.

The excavaLlons Lhls season revealed Lhe consLrucLlon sequence of Lhe blns. 1he flrsL bln LhaL was
bullL wlLhln Sp.94 was also Lhe largesL one, l.2003 LhaL sLood aL Lhe norLheasL corner of Lhe space.
16
17

1he bln was consLrucLed on a
grey make up layer (11920)
LhaL fllled a slump Lowards Lhe
norLhern wall of Lhe space,
l.2008. Where Lhe slump was
Lhls base was aL leasL 13cm
deep. 1he make up ouLllned
Lhe foundaLlon of Lhe bln
whlch was abouL 0.7`m wlde
and 1.84m long. 1he bln walls,
whlch were excavaLed as a
slngle unlL, were made from
Lwo consLrucLlonal elemenLs:
and lnner core of grey make
up and an ouLer lylng oranglsh
brown brlck llke layer. 1he
grey core acLually abuLLed a
plasLered surface on walls
F.2008 and l.2007 whlch presumably belonged Lo Lhe flnal plasLerlng of Space 147. 1he ouLer
yellowlsh brlck layer abuLLed Lhe upper reaches of Lhe walls LhaL dld noL conLaln any plasLer.

8ln l.2003 and l.2004 were bullL aL Lhe same Llme and share a wall and measure 0.33m
2
and 0.63m
2

respecLlvely. 1he consLrucLlon of l.2003 (11960) abuLLed Lhe souLhern wall of bln l.2003. AfLer
Lhese squarlsh blns were consLrucLed, all Lhree blns were covered wlLh a mulLlple layers of plasLer
(11921, 11961), presumably accumulaLed Lhrough Llme. ?eL Lhe flrsL plasLerlng evenL for Lhe Lhree
blns was synchronous. 1he laLesL addlLlon Lo Lhe bln complex wlLhln Lhe space was bln l.2002.
ueflned Lo lLs wesL, norLh and easL by walls (lncludlng Lhe wall of bln l.2003), lLs sole consLruction
was a slngle wall LhaL was abouL 0.84m long and aL mosL 0.11m Lhlck. 1he wall acLually abuLLed Lhe
plasLer coverlng l. 2003 (11921). lLs easLern and wesLern ends showed slgns of repalr. lL was Lhen
plasLered by a llghL grey sllLy clay plasLer (20624), whlch was hardly eserved Lhe me of
excavation.
8u||d|ng 77
Whlle we hoped Lo compleLely excavaLe 8.77 Lhls year, Lhe number of burlals found wlLhln Lhe
norLheasLern plaLform (l.6031) and norLhern plaLform (l.6062) deferred our plans for followlng
year. CLher work focused on Lhe norLhwesLern corner of bulldlng as well as Lhe souLhern end of Lhe
house. ln Lhe norLhwesLern corner, a serles of floor deposlLs, bln and basln remnanLs belonglng Lo
Lhe earllesL phase of Lhe bulldlng were excavaLed. 1he souLhern end of Lhe bulldlng provlded an
lnLeresLlng lnslghL and a puzzle on Lhe hlsLory of Lhe bulldlng lLself. 1hls season's excavaLlons
revealed LhaL Lhe souLhern wall of 8.77, deflned as l.3096, was ln facL a laLer consLrucLlon LhaL only
exLends wlLhln space 336. 1he earller wall, l.7303, musL have become unsLable aL one polnL and
Lherefore dlsmanLled for Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe newer souLhern wall. 8elow ls a more deLalled
descrlpLlon of Lhe work LhaL was compleLed ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season.
Maciej Chylenski
Figure 2.8. Space 93. From le44 to right, bins F. 2004, F.2005, and F.2003. Photography:
17
18

486=;:HK N?R,S-
1hls season, four dlfferenL burlals were excavaLed from Lhe plaLform whlle one lndlvldual was lefL
for excavaLlon ln Lhe nexL season. 1hrough ouL Lhe season, conslderable efforL was made ln
con[uncLlon wlLh Lhe human remalns Leam Lo clarlfy Lhe sequence of burlal and plaLform
consLrucLlon evenLs. 1he summary of Lhe burlal sequence ls as follows: 8urlal l.7309, ls Lhe earllesL
known burlal. 1hls was followed by burlal evenL l.3616, whlch was Lhen cuL by l.7133. AfLer Lhls
burlal evenL, Lhe plaLform saw some malnLenance wlLh make up and floors (30102). 8urlal l.7137 aL
Lhe easLern end of Lhe plaLform was cuL lnLo Lhese deposlLs and sealed by floor and makeup
(30339). MosL llkely, around Lhe same Llme, burlal l.7132 was lnLerred. All of Lhese burlals are
primary, buL dlsLurbed burlals. lL ls hlghly probable LhaL Lhe skeleLons reLrleved ln 2011 wlLhln
secondary burlal feaLures l.3620 and l.3619 were also lnlLlally burled wlLhln Lhe plaLform aL Lhls
Llme. rlmary burlal l.3697 (see below) cuL boLh l.7132 and l.7133. 1hls burlal was placed wlLhln
Lhe plaLform afLer Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe pedesLals. 1he closure of Lhls burlal was followed by Lhe
re placemenL of bones seen Lhrough secondary burlal feaLures l.3619 and l.3620, excavaLed ln
2011. ln sum, Lhe plaLform conLalns aL leasL 8 skeleLons and Lwo cranla.

1he earllesL burlal, lefL lo slto, ls mosL llkely Lhe flrsL burlal LhaL was placed wlLhln plaLform l.6031.
1he lndlvldual, whose cranlum ls currenLly exposed, cuL lnLo cuL Lhe make up of Lhe plaLform,
(F.7309, sk.30331) whlch ls also lefL lo slto. 1hls deposlL seems Lo be Lhe earllesL consLrucLlon of Lhe
plaLform. rlmary dlsLurbed burlal l.3616, whlch was mosLly excavaLed ln 2011 (see Lddlsford 2011,
Pager & 8oz 2011) was Lhe nexL burlal lnLerred Lo Lhe plaLform. 1hls burial longed Lo a maLure
female adulL (sk.19329), LhaL was dlsLurbed by Lhe lnLermenL of skeleLon (20683), l.7133. Cnly lLs
lefL wrlsL and hand remalned lo slto, LlghLly flexed and llLerally wedged Lo Lhe wesLern slde of Lhe
platform. he remalnlng dlsLurbed bones were acLually collecLed ln 2011, as loose bones LhaL were
placed above skeleLon (20683). A braceleL, made from numerous denLallum shell beads, was found
surroundlng Lhe wrlsL.

8urlal l.7133, of prlmary dlsLurbed skeleLon (20685), was of an adulL laylng on lLs lefL slde ln a
flexed poslLlon wlLh lLs head Lo Lhe souLh. 1he cranlum was covered ln clnnabar as deLermlned by
Lhe porLable x8l readlngs of hlgh mercury ln Lhe surroundlng maLrlx. A number of x flnds were
recorded wlLhln Lhe flll of Lhls burlal, some of Lhem mosL llkely assoclaLed wlLh burlal l.3697 (such
as Lhe boar's Lusk pendanL x1.20989), some of Lhe mosL llkely assoclaLed wlLh Lhe burlal below
(such as Lhe denLallum beads x8. 20989). Cf parLlcular lnLeresL, were Lhe boar Lusk pendanLs LhaL
were by Lhe skeleLon's rlghL shoulder (x1.20989 and x4.20989), one pendanL on each slde of Lhe
scapula, suggesLlng ln facL LhaL Lhe Lusks could have been lncorporaLed lnLo cloLhlng (Meskell,
petsoool commeot). 1he pelvls of Lhe lndlvldual was acLually cuL by burlal l.3697.

8urlal l.7137 seemed Lo have been wedged lnLo Lhe easLern end of Lhe plaLform wlLhln an oval cuL
LhaL had a norLh souLh orlenLaLlon. 1he prlmary dlsLurbed skeleLon of (mosL llkely) an adulL male
was laylng on lLs left, wlLh lLs legs flexed and knee level wlLh Lhe pelvls. Cf Lhe upper body, some
vertebra, rlbs and Lhe lefL scapula remalned. 1he cranlum of Lhe lndlvldual was mosL llkely
excavaLed ln 2011 as cranlum (19300), and ls reporLed Lo conLaln preserved braln tissue Pager and
8oz 2011). 1he cuL (30374) for Lhls burlal cuL lnLo Lhe early floors and makeup (30102), whlle Lhe flll
(30348) was sealed by floors and make up (30339) flrmly placlng Lhls burlal as an early burlal evenL
wlLhln Lhe plaLform.
18
19

8urlal l.7132 unforLunaLely was noL sLraLlgraphlcally llnked wlLh oLher consLrucLlon evenLs wlLhln
Lhe plaLform due Lo lLs laLer dlsLurbance by burlal l.3697. 1he burlal ls level wlLh l.7137, cuLLlng Lhe
early makeup floors and make up (30102), and could have been sealed by floors (30339). 1hls
prlmary dlsLurbed [uvenlle was laylng ln lLs rlghL, wlLh lLs head Lo Lhe wesL faclng souLh. lLs lower
body was cuL by l.3697. no burlal lLems were found ln assoclaLlon wlLh Lhls skeleLon.

8urlal l.3697, a prlmary adult burial (skeleton 20683), lald on lLs back ln a flexed poslLlon wlLh lLs
hands on lLs chesL (see llg 6.9) wlLh lLs head Lo Lhe norLhwesL, faclng souLheasL, was Lhe flnal burlal
lnLerred Lo Lhe plaLform. 1he lndlvldual was burled wlLh Lhe cranlum of anoLher lndlvldual (20684)
placed on lLs hlps. 1he cranlum was lylng on lLs rlghL slde, head Lo Lhe souLh and faclng wesL, wlLh
no assoclaLed mandlble or cervlcal verLebrae. lurLher, lL was ctosbeJ by tbe welqbt of tbe qtove flll
wblcb mlqbt loJlcote lt wos olteoJy skeletoolzeJ wbeo lt wos ploceJ lo tbe qtove cot" (SuP, 13/7).
Several beads were found, parLlcularly ln Lhe cenLer of Lhe burlal made from dlfferenL maLerlals
(copper, sLone, bone and shell) and shapes, 26 of whlch were recorded as x flnds. A small
speleoLhem 20686.x7 wlLh a cavlLy ln lLs mlddle was also placed wlLh Lhe lndlvldual. ln facL, Lhe
speleothem and Lhe beads may have even been wlLhln a leaLher pouch as a flne brown sllLy maLerlal
surrounded Lhe clusLer of arLifacts. Also within the grave, Lhe lmprlnLs of a wooden bowl were
preserved lmmedlaLely by head of Lhe lndlvldual. 1he skeleLon resLed upon sedlmenL sLalned
orange, whlch ls LhoughL Lo be Lhe remnanLs of
burnL Llssue. A slmllar resldues were found ln burlal
F.7136 wlLhln plaLform l.2617 (see low) and ln
8.32 wlLhln burlal l.7127 also heavlly lnfluenced by
a conflagraLlon. 1he Llssue of Lhls skeleLon would
have been burned durlng Lhe conflagraLlon of 8.77.
1he upper boundary of Lhe cuL assoclaLed wlLh Lhls
burlal (20922) was unforLunaLely dlsLurbed,
parLlcularly by Lhe acLlvlLles LhaL represenL l.3620
and l.3619. 1he preserved boLLom half of Lhe cuL
was clrcular.

A number of lnLeresLlng observaLlons were made ln Lhe consLrucLlon of plaLform l.6031 by Lhe
excavaLlon of Lhe dlfferenL phases of consLrucLlon Lhrough ouL Lhe season. 1he core of Lhe plaLform,
make up (30331) was mosL llkely fashloned Lhrough Lhe use of Lwo planks shaplng Lhe exLenL of Lhe
plaLform. 1he sedlmenL used ln Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhls core musL have been somewhaL plasLlc.
Cnce Lhls core was consLrucLed, plaLform l.6062 was made, as evldenced by Lhe abuLLlng of Lhe
make up of Lhls plaLform Lo (30331). 1hen serles of floors and make up whlch overlay Lhe make up
of l.6062, were excavaLed as slngle unlL (30102): 1be lowet moke-op cooslsts of oboot o 1 to 2 cm
tblck floe sooJy cloy loom wblcb bos o lotqe oombet of ploot loclosloos wltblo lt. lo foct tbe ploot
temolos ote lo qooJ cooJltloo Joe to tbe pottlol cotboolzotloo cooseJ by tbe flte lo tbe bollJloq.
Mote lotetestloqly tbe floots obove tbe moke-op slmply peel-off to floqet lmptlots. 1be lmptessloos
soqqest tbot tbe moke-op wos totbet wet ooJ poJJeJ Jowo wblle polte molleoble. 1be vety cleoo
eJqe of tbe plotfotm soqqests tbot tbete moy bove beeo o ftome bolJloq tbe moke-op lo ploce. T,
27/8)

Figure 2.9. 20686.x24, wooden bowl imprint.
19
20

1hese deposlLs slumped Lowards Lhe norLhern wall, ulLlmaLely creaLlng an uneven surface for Lhe
NeollLhlc lnhablLanLs. WhaL ls lnLeresLlng ls Lhe placemenL of a number of broken clay ball pleces Lo
Lhe slumped reglon, ln Lhe norLheasL corner of Lhe plaLform lLself, before Lhe nexL remodellng phase
of Lhe plaLform (30339). 1hls composlLe unlL, whlch ls Lhe same as (20498) deflned ln 2012,
conslsLed of a make up LhaL lncorporaLed Lhe clay balls wlLhln lLs maLrlx and perhaps up Lo flve flne
layers of plasLered surfaces above. 1he placemenL of Lhe broken clay balls whlle can easlly be
interpreLed as funcLlonal response Lo Lhe slumplng of Lhe plaLform, may acLually represenL an
lnLenLlonal symbollc placemenL, as Lhe same effecL could also be achleved Lhrough Lhe use of make
up. lurLher, slmllar deposlLs wlLhln Lhe same conLexLs are observed ln 8.32, buL wlLh Lhe placemenL
of broken ground sLone lnsLead of clay balls (see dlscusslon above, plaLforms l.3694 and l.3693).
$F9 <:H=FC9>=9H< TQ6PH6<= UJ86=;:HK N?.R-O 6>:EB6=9P ;96=QH9>V
laLform l.3617 was ldenLlfled ln 2011 exLendlng almosL 2.8m easL wesL and 1.6 norLh souLh,
abuLLlng Lhe wesLern and norLhern walls of space 336 as well as plaLform l.6031.1he souLhern edge
of Lhe plaLform dog legs abouL 0.20 souLh afLer lL hlLs Lhe second sLrucLural posL (17341) some
0.73m before lL hlLs Lhe wesLern wall (l.3098) of space 336. 1hls season, Lhe make up of Lhe
plaLform was parLlally excavaLed as (30390), (30397), and (20930). 1hese deposlLs were sllghLly
dlfferenL ln colour and LexLure from anoLher, lnlLlally LhoughL Lo belong Lo dlfferenL burlal fills.
However, upon excavaLlon lL became obvlous LhaL Lhe deposlLs slmply were parL of Lhe plaLform's
make up. 1he very sllghL colour and LexLure change of Lhese oranglsh brown Lo brown clay loam and
sandy clay loam deposlLs can be explalned Lhrough Lhe consLrucLlon Lechnlque of Lhe plaLform. lL
seems as Lhough weL 'buckets of earLh were dumped wlLhln an area framed by wooden planks, and
Lhen leL slL Lo dry. 1hls consLrucLlonal make up has noL been enLlrely excavaLed.

8emnanLs of Lhe earllesL bln LhaL belongs Lo Lhls norLhwesLern quadranL, deflned as unlL (30174)
has been lefL ln slLu. 1hls bln wall was consLrucLed above Lhe make up of plaLform (l.3617),
exLendlng 0.7m on an easL wesL allgnmenL abouL 0.3m from Lhe norLhen wall formlng Lhe souLhern
edge of a squarlsh bln/basln deflned by walls Lo lLs norLh and WesL, and sLrucLural posL F.6069 Lo lLs
easL. lmmedlaLely Lo Lhe souLh, was bln l.7148, deflned Lo Lhe wesL by wall l.3098, Lhe souLh by Lhe
edge of plaLform l.3617, and Lo Lhe easL by sLrucLural posL (17341). 1hls shallow bln/basln feaLure
conLalned a serles of paLchy floors excavaLed as (30133). 1hese floors were conLemporary wlLh
(30173) and (30133), paLchy floors deflned ln Lhe cenLral area of Lhe plaLform. lloor (30173) was a
slngle Lhlck layer of llghL brown plasLer LhaL Lhe wldLh of Lhe plaLform, buL only some 1m L W.
lmmedlaLely above lL exLendlng Lhe same slze was aL leasL four flne sequences of floors and make
up were excavaLed as a slngle unlL, (30133).

(30133) was sealed parLlally aL lLs souLhwesLern exLenL by (30134), burnL make up and floor
deposlLs LhaL are mosL llkely Lhe remalns of bln l.6061. 1hls deposlL ls mosL llkely conLemporary
wlLh deposlL (30163), Lhree serles of paLchy floors ln Lhe norLhwesLern corner of Sp.336 LhaL
partially sealed Lhe earllesL bln consLrucLlon, and floors (30111) and (20934) LhaL were lmmedlaLely
under Lhe consLrucLlon of bln l.3613. AL Lhls polnL, for a shorL Llme, plaLform l.3617 seems Lo have
been devold of any feaLures oLher Lhan Lhe already exlsLlng sLrucLural posLs. 1hls mlghL be polnL ln
whlch Lhe lnclsed geomeLrlc paLLern placed (19049) on Lhe norLhern wall, whlch may even be llnked
Lo Lhe lnfanL and chlldren burlals found wlLhln l.3617 (see below).

20
21

However, soon afLer, bln l.3613 was
consLrucLed on plaLform l.3617.
Defined ln 2011, l.3613 was looked
llke a posL scar, however, was
repeaLedly plasLered wlLh whlLe marl
on Lhe lnslde and ouLslde . conLalned
degraded chalky llmesLone or marl"
(Lddlsford 2011:36). lL was bullL
abuLLlng Lhe wesLern end of Lhe
lnclsed panel. ?ears of exposure Lo Lhe
elemenLs unforLunaLely degraded
much of Lhe upper parLs of Lhe bln.
1hls season, we removed Lhe parLlally
excavaLed marl deposlL (19270) as
well as Lhe remalnlng plasLer (20910)
surroundlng Lhe bln. A pollshed
worked bone ob[ecL, 20910.x1 was found by Lhe norLhwesL corner of Lhe bln, alLhough Lhe ob[ecL
way also be assoclaLed wlLh the post hole of l.6069, a more common conLexL for Lhe placemenL of
such ob[ecLs, and moved due Lo anlmal burrowlng. 1he excavaLlon of sLrucLure of Lhe bln lLself
revealed more lnformaLlon on consLrucLlon Lechnlques:
1be coosttoctloo (20921) cooslsts of 2 sepotote motetlols lolJ lo tbe some tlme. 1be looet-
most cote wos o qteylsb btowo sllty cloy wblle tbe ootet cote wos oo otooqlsb btowo sllty
cloy. lt olmost lookeJ llke tbe qteylsb btowo cote coolJ bove beeo o te-oseJ btlck os lt olso
boJ o vety floe loyet of plostet oo lts sootb focloq slJe. 1bls plostet coolJ olso bove beeo oseJ
os o bloJloq oqeot. lt teolly ls botJ to soy. 1be coosttoctloo wos boJly ptesetveJ oo lts
oottbeto, eosteto ooJ westeto slJes. (81, 09/07)

1hls season Lwo lnfanLs were excavaLed from easLern end of plaLform l.3617. 8urlal l.7130
conLalned a number of dlsarLlculaLe bones wlLhln lLs clrcular cuL (20987), abouL 0.3m ln dlameLer.
An anlmal burrow LhaL ran Lhrough Lhls feaLure connecLlng Lo platform .6031 Lo Lhe easL mosL
llkely caused mosL of Lhe dlsLurbance seen ln Lhe burlal and explalns Lhe occaslonal adulL bones
found wlLhln Lhe flll. Cnly Lhe cranlum for skeleLon (20983) was preserved ln slLu Lowards Lhe
souLhern end of Lhe cuL. 1hls cranlum belonged Lo a [uvenlle. AnoLher badly dlsLurbed cranlum of a
dlfferenL [uvenlle was found wlLhln Lhe flll (20930) along slde a number of dlsarLlculaLe bones. 8urlal
l.7130 was cuL by prlmary burlal l.7136, whlch belonged Lo anoLher [uvenlle (30343), burled ln a
flexed poslLlon on lLs rlghL wlLh lLs feeL Lo Lhe norLh and head Lo Lhe souLh, faclng norLh. 1hls burlal
musL have also been one of Lhe flnal burlals placed wlLhln Lhe bulldlng before Lhe conflagraLlon as
wlLhln Lhe cranlum was carbonlzed braln Llssue as well as some orange resldue surroundlng Lhe
maLrlx of some of Lhe bones. lL ls clear LhaL aL leasL four lnfanLs and [uvenlles were burled wlLhln
plaLform l.3617, lncludlng Lhe baskeL burlal uncovered lasL year (l.3642).

$F9 >:Q=F9H< C688 UN?.,LRV 6B=>
1hls season, excavaLlons ln Lhe souLhern area of space 336 revealed a ma[or modlflcaLlon LhaL Look
place durlng Lhe llfe hlsLory of Lhe bulldlng: Lhe re bulldlng of Lhe enLlre souLhern wall of Sp.336.
belongs to neonate burial F.3642. Facing north. Photography: Renata Araujo
Figure 2.10. Base of bin F.3613 abu555 ng post F.6069. The pit on the right is
21
22

Whlle noL enLlrely exposed by Lhe end of Lhe season, 7303 was Lhe orlglnal souLhern wall of 8.77,
observed under oven l.7108. 1he laLer wall l.3096 was bullL sLepplng abouL 0.20m furLher lnward,
sllghLly decreaslng Lhe acLlvlLy area of Sp.336. A serles of LruncaLed neollLhlc floors (30176) seen on
Lhe secLlon of Lhe souLhern faade of Sp.336 musL be floor sequences Lled Lo Lhls earller wall, as
Lhey conLlnue under wall. l.3096, and Lherefore were noL compleLely excavaLed Lhls season. 1he
currenL excavaLlons show LhaL wall l.7303 was compleLely dlsmanLled aL Lhe Lop of lLs preserved
height, and sLepped ln for Lhe flnal 4 3 courses for Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe newer wall l.3096. 1he
laLLer wall was bullL uslng a very slmllar mud brlck (20610) observed ln Lhe resL of Lhe bulldlng.
However, Lhe morLar (20611) used ln l.3096 exhlblLs a sllLy clay loam LexLure wlLh more lncluslons
Lhan Lhe morLar observed ln
Lhe resL of Lhe bulldlng, LhaL
seems Lo have been composed
of a clay rlch sedlmenL evldenL
Lhrough lLs blocky sLrucLure,
hence maklng lL more reslsLanL
Lo heaL.

lL ls unclear why Lhe resldenLs
of 8.77 saw Lhe need Lo
dlsmanLle and Lhen re build
Lhe souLhern wall of Sp.336.
lnlLlal LhoughLs regardlng Lhe
desLablllzaLlon of Lhe wall's
lnLegrlLy surrounds Lhe
placemenL of Lhe masslve flre
installation, oven l.7108 and
Lhe heaL lL probably produced.
lL ls also posslble LhaL Lhe orlglnal wall became unsLable as lL was consLrucLed on lnflll (see
dlscusslons surroundlng Sp.311). ArchlLecLural lnsLablllLy ls a common occurrence across Lhe mound
ln dlfferenL levels, due Lo Lhe dlfferenL welghLs dlfferenL surfaces carry. CfLen Llmes, response Lo
such lnsLablllLy by Lhe neolithic resldenLs has been Lo bulld second abuLLlng walls, unlnLenLlonally
exacerbaLlng Lhe resLraln on Lhe carrylng capaclLy of a surface as seen ln Lhe souLhern walls of Lhe
buildings 5 36 sequence ln Lhe SouLh area. 8egardless of Lhe reason, whlch should be become clear
upon Lhe compleLlon of excavaLlon of 8.77 ln Lhe followlng season, Lhe dlsmanLllng of wall l.7303
and Lhe bulldlng of wall l.3096 ln lLs place represenLs a unlque response for such a case.

A niche llke feaLure, lmmedlaLely wesL of oven l.7108 LhaL exLends abouL a meLer and ls 20 cm
wide, was excavaLed and proved Lo be serles of acLlvlLy deposlLs assoclaLed wlLh Lhe earllesL wall
consLrucLlon LhaL were truncated durlng Lhe neollLhlc mosL llkely due Lo Lhe re bulld of Lhe
souLhern wall and oLher flre lnsLallaLlons. 1he earllesL deposlL excavaLed here, (30167) was Lhe
LruncaLed remnanLs of Lhe base of Lhe earllesL yeL ldenLlfled flre lnsLallaLlon, l.7308. LxLendlng
abouL 60cm easL wesL and only some 20cm ln wldLh, Lhls layered burnL surface remains lo slto for
excavaLlon ln Lhe followlng season. 1hls surface was sealed wlLh a llghL brown sandy clay loam
make up (30166) whlch was prepared for llghL grey, relaLlvely clean, Lhree consecuLlvely plasLered
surfaces excavaLed (30160) as a slngle unlL. lL ls noL clear whlch acLlvlLy areas Lhese LruncaLed
Jason Quinlan
Figure 2.11. Renata Araujo and Sophie Ekstrand dismantling wall F.3096. Photography:
22
23

surfaces are relaLed Lo, however, lL ls almosL cerLaln
LhaL Lhey were LruncaLed Lo Lhe norLh by re
furnlshlng acLlvlLles Laklng place wlLhln Lhe bulldlng,
[usL as Lhelr easLern exLenL was LruncaLed by Lhe
consLrucLlon cuL (30163) for oven l.7108.

lmmedlaLely above Lhe plasLered surfaces was a
burnL make up layer (30139) whlch was LruncaLed as
Lhe prevlous acLlvlLles Lo lLs norLh and easL. not
havlng a surface, lL ls unclear whaL Lhls deposlL ls
assoclaLed wlLh buL lL could well be Lhe remnanLs of
a hearLh. 1hls deposlL was sealed by lnflll (30133),
whlch ln Lurn was sealed by anoLher burnL deposlL
(30133) LhaL had a surface. 1hese deposlLs were
abutted Lhe wesL by an lnflll (30132) whlch mosL
llkely ls a deposlL assoclaLed wlLh Lhe laLer plaLform,
F.6058, locaLed ln Lhe souLhwesL corner of Sp. 336,
excavaLed ln 2011 (Eddisford 011). 1hese deposlLs
were sealed on Lhe easLern slde by mulLlple layers of
plasLer and make up LhaL seemed Lo form an oblong
nlche 0.63m wlde, 0.10m Lall and 0.23m deep, wlLh
lLs base aL Lhe same level of Lhe earllesL LruncaLed
floors (30176, see above) slLLlng lmmedlaLely easL of
oven l.7108. 1he nlche lLself abuLs oven l.7108 Lo
Lhe wesL. lL ls unclear whaL Lhls nlche acLually
represenLs. lL may have orlglnally supporLed a
wooden plank ln lLs laLer use. nevertheless, lL orlglnally was repeaLedly plasLered, aL leasL 13 Lo 20
layers wlLh a grey sllLy sand loam make up.

Oven l.7108 was cuL lnLo Lhe orlglnal souLhern wall of space 336. 1he consLrucLlon cuL dlscussed
above, (30163), was also clearly evldenL upon Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe supersLrucLure (30170, 30171)
of Lhe oven. 1hls consLrucLlon cuL (l.7307), also cuLs lnflll (30168), mosL llkely Lhe lnflll of Lhe
predecessor of 8.77. A llghL brown sandy clay loam heLerogeneous lnflll (30164) was uLlllzed before
Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe oven's supersLrucLure. 1he oven, whlch conLalned 4 maln serles of oven
floors, ls dlscussed ln deLall ln lasL year's reporL (Tung 012:17 18). 1he oven musL have fallen ouL of
use wlLh Lhe declslon Lo acLually renovaLe Lhe enLlre souLhern wall ln 8.77. As Lhe wall was
dismantled, some secLlons of lL musL have been used Lo lnflll Lhe large oven. 1hls evldenL Lhrough
Lhe naLure of Lhe lncluslons found wlLhln Lhe lnflll of Lhe oven (20448), parLlcularly Lhe large chunks
of plasLer. AfLer Lhe lnfllllng of Lhe oven, lL was sealed by a number of blocklngs, Lhe flnal one
(20424) belng Lhe same LexLure as Lhe mud brlck uslng ln wall l.3096.
8u||d|ng 102
8ulldlng102 was flrsL ldenLlfled durlng Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe foundaLlon cuLs for Lhe norLh shelLer ln
2007. 1he norLhern and norLheasLern Lhlrd of Lhe bulldlng remalns covered, beneaLh Lhe foundaLlon
Lrenches. Work wlLhln Lhe 2012 season focused on uncoverlng Lhe occupaLlon sequence ln Lhe
Figure 2.12. Base of oven F.7308. Facing south.
Photography: Arkadiusz Klimowicz
oven F.7108. Photogrpahy: Arkadiusz Klimowicz
Figure 2.13. The trace of the construc55on cut (30165) for
23
24

wesLern and souLhern porLlons of Lhe bulldlng, coverlng an area of 5 by 2.5m. 1he exposed porLlon
of 8.102 ls deflned Lo Lhe norLh and easL by Lhe exLenL of excavaLlon. 1o Lhe wesL, lL ls deflned by
wall l.3632, whlch dog legs furLher wesL before lL [olns wlLh wall l.3633, Lhe souLhern wall of Lhe
bulldlng. 1he souLhern wall runs over 5.5m before lL hlLs Lhe excavaLlon Lrench Lo Lhe easL.

1he lnLernal space ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo areas, Sp.17 and Sp.18 by l.3688, a free sLandlng wall/bench
llke feaLure locaLed Lowards Lhe wesLern end of 8.102.

1he exposed areas of 8.102 conLaln a complex hlsLory of use and refusal, wlLh lnLense modlflcaLlon
of dlfferenL domesLlc feaLures as well as Lhe dlscard of numerous arLlfacLs and seems Lo be an
unusual bulldlng ln Lhls sense.
5A9< 69TQ9<E9> B< @J6E9 -O
Space 17 ls Lhe larger llvlng space of Lhe bulldlng, alLhough only lLs souLhwesLern end is exposed.
Befitting general conflguraLlon of houses aL aLalhyuk, Lhe souLheasLern corner of Lhe space
conLalns a sequence of ovens and hearLhs.

1he earllesL oven exposed, l.7303, parLlally cuLs lnLo Lhe souLhern wall l.3633, and remalns
unexcavaLed. lL ls conLemporary wlLh clrcular hearLh l.7133 (20994), locaLed Lo lLs norLhwesL
Lowards Lhe cenLer of Lhe room, whlch also remalns unexcavaLed. 1hls hearLh was also
conLemporary wlLh anoLher flre lnsLallaLlon LhaL was abuLLlng lLs easLern end. 1he parLlally exposed
secLlon of l.7124 ls Lrapezold ln shape, 0.63m wlde and 0.43m long and has gone Lhrough aL leasL 3
re floorlng evenLs. Curlously, afLer Lhe second re plasLerlng evenL (20974), a small recLangular
basin llke feaLure (l.7131) was consLrucLed ln lLs cenLer rlghL by Lhe excavaLlon Lrench. 1he parLlally
exposed feaLure measures 0.18 x 0.18m and sLands 0.03m Lall. CuL (30381) was plasLered (30373)
Figure 2.14. Overview of B.102. Photography: Jason Quinlan
24
25

wlLh a llghL grey marl based clay
(30573), whlch was consequenLly
sealed wlLh a homogenous
orange clay loam. 1he whole
feaLure was consequenLly burled
by preparaLlon layer (30973) for
hearLh base (20962). 1he use for
Lhls curlous basln feaLure wlLhln
hearLh l.7124 remalns a mysLery.

8oLh l.7124 and l.7133 were
sealed by make up (20931) and
(20979), whlch was ln
preparaLlon for relaLlvely Lhlck
(4cm) plasLer layer (20949) LhaL
formed a plaLform l.7117.
AbuLLlng laLer oven l.7101, Lhe
exposed porLlon of Lhe plaLform
exLends 2.3m and ls 1.4m wlde. laLform l.7117
was cuL (20693) for Lhe consLrucLlon of hearLh
l.3692. Squarlsh ln plan wlLh rounded corners,
hearLh l.3692 was abouL 0.8 x 0.8m ln slze, and
placed lmmedlaLely above earller hearLh l.7133.
AfLer heavlly plasLered use surfaces (20993,
20692), Lhe hearLh was remodeled Lhrough Lhe
consLrucLlon of a shallow walls respecLlng lLs
prevlous boundary made from a greylsh brown
make up (20639) sLablllzed by Lhe addlLlon of flne
packlng (20641). 1he packlng was Lhen plasLered
(20640) and evenLually repalred (20630) wlLh a
flnal plasLered surface (20633).

PearLh l.3692 was conLemporary wlLh oven
F.7101, evldenL Lhrough Lhe abuLLal relaLlonshlp
of its platform and Lhe oven's wall, (20612). Cval
ln shape, Lhe exposed lengLh of Lhe oven ls 1.1m
whlle lLs wldLh ls 0.7m. 8aLher lmpresslve ln slze,
Lhe oven had flve ma[or re plasLerlng and one
remodellng evenL. 8ullL above a flne make up
layer (20690) wlLh Lhe consLrucLlon of wall
(20612), its openlng musL have been Lo Lhe wesL,
where ost deposlLlonal processes have LruncaLed
the sLrucLure. AL Lhls sLage, Lhe flrsL floor (20687)
and lLs consecuLlve Lwo ma[or re plastering
events, makeup (20681) sealed by floor (20643)
Photography: Stella Macheridis
oven F.7305 can be seen. Photography: Jedrzej Hordecki
hand side, associated with circular hearth F.7135. Bin F.7115 abuts the southern wall
on the right hand side. Photography: Stella Macheridis
Figure 2.15. The eastern end of space 18, photo facing south. Oven F.7305 is at the le??
Figure 2.16. Hearth F.3692 cut into pla77orm F.7117.
Figure 2.17. Oven F.7101, excavated by cross sec:: on. Earlier
25
26

and makeup (20642) sealed by floor (20637), abuLLed Lhe souLhern wall l. 3633. 1hen make up
(20629) was added for Lhe consLrucLlon of wall (20632) Lo Lhe souLh whlch resLrlcLed Lhe lnLernal
slze of Lhe oven. Surface (20626) abuLLed Lhls wall, and followed by a flnal malnLenance wlLh
makeup (20613), sllghL repalr on Lhe norLhern wall (20902) and floor (19398). 1here musL have been
aL leasL one more flnal occupaLlon surface, whlch was LruncaLed afLer Lhe ovens abandonmenL, as
evldenced by make up layer (20617) LhaL seals Lhe laLesL oven floors excavaLed.

unforLunaLely Lhe floor sequences relaLed Lo oven l.7101 and hearLh l.3692 were LruncaLed. lloor
(30542), excavaLed aL Lhe easLern end of Lhe space lmmedlaLely norLh of Lhe oven and hearLh
sequences, are related Lo Lhe earller hearLh noL yeL excavaLed. 1hls floor sequence ls mosL llkely
conLemporary wlLh floor (30343) and floor (30344) locaLed on Lhe wesLern end of Lhe space. 1hese
paLchy floors are flne packed oranglsh brown clay floors LhaL are badly preserved d dlfflculL Lo
follow.
WB<> 67Q==B<X =F9 >:Q=F9H< C688
AbuLLlng Lhe souLhern wall near Lhe Lhreshold area lmmedlaLely easL of posL scar l.7141 was a
recLangular bln, l.7113. Measurlng 0.83m by 0.4m, sLandlng 0.3m Lall, Lhe bln's marl based
construction (20916) was conLemporary wlLh Lhe floor (30343), (30344) and (30342). 1he plasLer
collapse (20913) LhaL sealed Lhe compleLely homogenous and clean bln flll (30360) conLalned an
obsldlan polnL 20913.x1. lurLher down Lhe souLhern wall, wlLhln Sp.18 ls bln F.7116. 1hls
recLangular bln, abouL 0.3 x 0.7m ln slze, ls noL enLlrely excavaLed. lLs flll, only parLlally excavaLed as
(20926), conLalned qulLe a blL of plasLer collapse as well as some ground sLone pleces. lLs removal
revealed lnLernal dlvlslon (20934) wlLhln Lhe bln LhaL has noL been fully exposed. lurLher, flll
(20933) remalns Lo be excavaLed.

1he deposlLs surroundlng bln l.7116 conLalned a large number of arLlfacLs. 1he earllesL deposlL
arrlved aL Lhls polnL ls lnflll (30139) LhaL has noL been excavaLed. Above lL, by Lhe Lhreshold area was
a phyLollLh rlch Lhln floor surface (30393) ln whlch Lhe phyLollLhs represenLed Lhe remalns of
matting. 1hls deposlL was sealed by clay and sLone packlng (30387) LhaL was ln Lurn sealed by a
serles of sLone clusLers (30386, 30382, 30380). (30382) also conLalned large anlmal bones, and a
hammer sLone wlLh Lraces of red palnL. 1he sLones wlLhln (30386) were broken quern sLones. 1hese
deposlLs are more llkely wlLh Lhe abandonmenL phase of Lhe bulldlng.
$F9 Y=FH9>F:8PZ 6 6>>:EB6=9P CB=F PBAB>B:< N?.R[[
A number of dlfferenL acLlvlLles Look place around divlslon l.3688 0908, 0906) relaLlng Lo burlal
reLrleval and consLrucLlon acLlvlLles. 1he earllesL deposlL excavaLed ln Lhls area Lhls season
represents unknown reLrleval acLlvlLy. l.7140, locaLed aL Lhe easLern slde of Lhe dlvlslon, was an
oval cuL (30103) 1m long and 0.3m across, placed perpendlcular Lo Lhe dlvlslon. lLs flll (30799) was
homogenous and conLalned no arLlfacLs. lL seemed as Lhough Lhe cuL was made Lo reLrleve an lLem
LhaL was burled under Lhe floors of Lhe bulldlng. Cnce Lhe lLem was removed Lhe remalnlng cuL was
sealed wlLh a clean lnflll. 1hen, Lhe area was leveled by a number of malnLenance acLlvlLles (30393,
30588, 30379, 20981) for Lhe consLrucLlon of basln l.3699.

8asln l.3699, measurlng 1m by 0.7m across, was consLrucLed (20938) from a marl based clay and lLs
base was plasLered a number of Llmes (30378, 20937) wlLh deposlLlons of make up ln beLween
(30577, 20993). 1he deposlLs dld noL conLaln dlscernable arLlfacLs. 1he basln was evenLually cuL
26
27

(20997) aL lLs souLhern end for Lhe lnLermenL of neonaLe (20998). 1he baby was placed ln Lhe cuL, as
Lhough lL was slLLlng, wlLh lLs back leanlng on Lhe wesLern slde of Lhe cuL, head faclng east (see llg
6.10). 1he flll (20991) of Lhls burlal, l.7134, conLalned Lhe Llp of an obsldlan polnL and an anlmal
phalanx, and was relaLlvely dlsLurbed Lo lLs easL due Lo anlmal acLlvlLy. 1he burlal was sealed by
greylsh brown sllLy clay occupaLlon surface (20986), whlch ln Lurn was cuL by a plL (20976) locaLed aL
Lhe easLern end of Lhe bln. lL l.7128 was abouL 0.33m by 0.43m and conLalned flll (20936) that had
a number of ground sLone lnLenLlonally placed wlLhln Lhe flll. Whlle much of Lhe ground sLone
seemed Lo derlve from quern sLones, Lwo sLones were deflnlLely used for pollshlng, mosL llkely,
plasLer. 1hls easLern slde of parLlLlon l.3688 was Lhen sealed by flll and collapse (20923, 20907)
relaLlng Lo Lhe bulldlng's abandonmenL.

lmmedlaLely opposlLe Lo basln l.3699 was
on Lhe wesLern slde of slde l.3688, was bln
l.3698. 1he bln was consLrucLed wlLh a marl
rlch clay deposlL (20923) and measured
abouL 0.6 by 0.43m. lLs flll (20924)
conLalned a number of flnds: one sheep
horn core lald above Lwo caLLle horn core,
all seemlngly placed LogeLher lnLenLlonally
as lf [uLLlng ouL of Lhe wall. 1wo worked
sLones and one sLone bead were found ln
addlLlon Lo a number of oLher anlmal bones.
1he placemenL of Lhese ob[ecLs seem
lnLenLlonal and may polnL Lo speclflc
acLlvlLles upon analysls. 1he bln was cuL by
burlal l.7138, whose boundarles were
dlfflculL Lo deflne durlng excavaLlon. 1he burlal conLalned Lhe prlmary burlal of lnfanL (30389),
whlch was lald down head flrsL: . (lts) skoll wos foooJ ooJet lts bock, ooJ wltb otms oo eltbet slJe
of tbe skeletoo. 1be wbole oct of Jeposltloo sboolJ be ossocloteJ wltb tbe lost (petbops) osoqe of
tbe blo l.J698 sloce lt wos cot loto lt. lt wos olso cot lo tespect to tbe pottltloo woll l.J688. 1bls
seems oot bove beeo o teqolot botlol. 1be JeoJ cbllJ wos oot ploceJ lo tbe some moooet (wltb tbe
some cote) os l.J691 ooJ l.71J4 lo 5p 17. 1bls flll wos bomoqeooos ooJ botJ to Jlstloqolsb. 1be
poestloo ls lf tbls sboolJ be cooslJeteJ o fotmol botlol ot oll, bot totbet o Jeposltloo of o JeoJ cbllJ
polckly fllleJ wltb loflll motetlol. (SLella Macheridis, 27/7).

NeonaLe burlal l.3691 was found ln Lhe Lhreshold area beLween posL l.7141 LhaL abuLs Lhe
souLhern wall lmmedlaLely across l.3688, and l.7306, anoLher posL scar llke feaLure LhaL abuLs
l.3688. 1ogeLher, Lhese feaLures form a passageway, or a Lhreshold beLween Lhe Lwo spaces. The
burlal evenL of neonaLe skeleLon (30389) wlLhln Lhe overall flll of Lhe bulldlng, dellneaLed ln Lhls
area as (20992) musL be relaLed Lo Lhe abandonmenL of Lhe bulldlng.
8u||d|ng 114 (Space 87)
8ulldlng 114, also known as space 87 ls an easL west rlenLed recLangular space, measurlng
lnLernally abouL 4.60m ln lengLh and 1.7m ln wldLh. LocaLed lmmedlaLely souLhwesL of 8.3, wesL of
Sp.88, Sp.87 was parLlally excavaLed by Lhe 8ACP Leam beLween 1997 and 2002. WlLh lLs slze, wall
Photography: Stella Macheridis
.Figure 2.18. Jedrzej Hordecki working on ll (20294) of bin F.3698.
27
28

modifications, burlals, lnflll conLenL, and palnLed walls, B.114 consLlLuLes an unusual bulldlng
conLalnlng evldence for exLenslve symbollc acLlvlLy LhroughouL lLs llfe history. 1he 8ACP Leam
parLlally excavaLed Lhe wesLern Lhlrd of Lhe space. LasL season, we began Lo work ln Lhe
unexcavaLed easLern Lwo Lhlrds of Lhe bulldlng Lo connecL Lhe Lwo excavaLlon areas
sLraLlgraphlcally. LasL year's work focused on removlng Lhe lnflll of Lhe bulldlng whlch ended up
belng much more of a challenge Lhan anLlclpaLed. numerous anlmal bones, rn cores, one
bucranium, Lwo human skulls and headless human body were found wlLhln Lhe clay rlch
heLerogeneous flll whlch seemed Lo have cemenLed Lhrough lnLenLlonal compacLlon.

1hls season work wlLhln Lhe bulldlng was conducLed by a mlcromorphology specialist, Aroa Carcla
Surez who wlll essenLlally be 'slicing Lhe bulldlng Lo undersLand lLs mlcro sLraLlgraphlc sequence
for her hu 1hesls. As such, work durlng Lhls season focused on a 1m 'slice wlLhln Lhe bulldlng LhaL
ls deflned by Lhe 8ACP Lrench Lo Lhe easL and Lhe walls of space 87 Lo Lhe norLh and souLh. Pere,
plaLform / bench l.7114, whlch underwenL a number of LruncaLlons, was recorded. lurLher work
was done Lo connecL Lhe sLraLlgraphy of Lhe 8ACP Leams prevlous excavaLlons wlLh Lhe currenL
excavaLlons. Cverall, a number of lnflll, make up, and surface sequences were excavaLed. 1he
naLure of Lhese deposlLs dlffer from Lhose ln a Lyplcal aLalhyuk house, parLlcularly ln Lerms of Lhe
LruncaLlons LhaL Lhey have undergone durlng Lhelr use lives. lso, Lhls season lL became even clear
LhaL Lhe bulldlng's posL, whlch resLed ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe souLhern wall, was removed afLer Lhe
commencemenL of Lhe lnfllllng process. 1he posL reLrleval plL (l.7113) was lnfllled wlLh a serles of
burnL deposlLs conLalnlng an abundance anlmal bone. Agaln, Lhe sLraLlflcaLlon processes seen ln Lhe
post reLrleval plL have noL yeL prevlously been observed on slLe.

1hus far, desplLe expanded work wlLhln Lhe bulldlng, Lhe processes LhaL Look place ln Lhe shaplng of
lLs deposlLs remaln Lo be clearly undersLood. locuslng work on small sllces", whlle useful for
undersLandlng mlcro sLraLlgraphlc sequences, ls a challenge ln Lylng Lhe sLraLlgraphlc unlLs wlLhln an
already parLlally excavaLed space.
486=;:HK N?R.[ 69TQ9<E9>
lL has become clear LhaL Lhe wesLern end of Lhe space, whlch lncludes plaLform l.638 and a raLher
complex burlal sequence mosLly excavaLed by Lhe 8ACP Leam buL also ln Lhe prevlous season, had
undergone a number of modlflcaLlons. laLform l.638 abuLs Lhe souLhern and easLern walls of
Sp.87, aL Lhe souLheasLern corner of Lhe space.

1he earllesL deposlLs so far uncovered ls Lhe orlglnal consLrucLlon of plaLform l.638. A whlLe plasLer
rldge (30177) ouLllned an orange / red clay make up (30178) LhaL exLends 1.4m easL wesL and 1.2m
NS aL Lhe souLhwesLern corner of Lhe room. 1he make up was covered wlLh Lhlck layer of plasLer
(30172) LhaL votleJ lo tblckoess ftom o few mm to 2cm, wblcb seems to be tbe tesolt of tbe octloo
of sotfoce smootbloq fot tbe loflll of sopetflclol ooeveooess" (ACS, 4/8). AL Lhls polnL Lhe plaLform
became sllghLly smaller, Lhe consLrucLlon of kerb / llp l.7303 whlch Look over Lhe wesLern 10cm
wldLh of Lhe plaLform. 1hls llp ls assoclaLed wlLh an ad[acenL plaLform / bench, l. 7114 Lo Lhe wesL
(see below). laLform l.638 was Lhen was re furblshed wlLh a greylsh brown Lo dark brown sandy
clay make up (30140) and whlLe plasLer floor (30114) LhaL was made up of mulLlple flne layers.

28
29

AL Lhls polnL plaLform l.638 wenL Lhrough anoLher ma[or modlflcaLlon. 1he norLhern end of Lhe
plaLform was cuL back abouL10 Lo 13cm, for Lhe creaLlon of plaLform llp l.7304. 1he consLrucLlon of
Lhls Lhln llp was a llghL grey clay make up (30138) covered wlLh mulLlple flne layers of whlLe plasLer
(30137). 1hls llp was abuLLed by compound layer of plasLer and make up (30396) LhaL was sealed
wlLh grey floors and make up excavaLed as a slngle unlL (30109). 1hese small occupaLlon surfaces
(1.40 x 0.3m) abuLLed Lhe norLhern and easLern walls of Lhe bulldlng. lL seems Lhese laLer
occupaLlon surfaces post dated Lhe plasLerlng of plaLform F.7114 (see low).
486=;:HK N?O--M 69TQ9<E9>
Cn par wlLh Lhe meLhodologlcal declslon Lo 'slice Lhe bulldlng, an area only 1m wlde lmmedlaLely
wesL of Lhe 8ACP Lrench was excavaLed. 1he mosL promlnenL feaLure wlLhln Lhls area ls a medlum
slzed posL reLrleval plL LhaL cuLs Lhrough qulLe a blL of occupaLlonal sequences. Many of Lhe floors
and make up layers dlscussed below have a slope Lowards souLhern wall of abouL 10 degrees. 1he
lack of arLlfacLs and Lhe exLremely flne lamlnaLlons seen ln Lhe area hlnLs aL a raLher lnLenslve use of
space LhaL lnvolved Lhorough cleanlng before re furnlshlng. As such Lhe feaLures and uses of space
wlLhln Lhls cenLral area of Lhe space seem Lo change drasLlcally Lhrough Llme.

A light greylsh brown compacLed clay floor wlLh a oranglsh brown sllLy clay make up has excavaLed
as a slngle unlL (30362) comprlses Lhe earllesL acLlvlLy ln Lhls area. lL expands Lhrough Lhe enLlre
area, abuLLlng Lhe rldge of plaLform l.638 Lo Lhe wesL, dlpplng lnLo Lhe undercuL of Lhe souLhern
wall and exLends under supporL wall l.3681. 1hls wlll become clear nexL season, wlLh Lhe compleLe
excavaLlon of Lhe supporL wall. 1hls floor was sealed by a 2 3cm Lhlck heLerogeneous lnflll (30330)
LhaL exLended across Lhe same boundarles of Lhe floor below. lL was cuL lnLo aL lLs currenLly deflned
norLhwesLern corner by a shallow plL abouL 2 3cm deep and probably 0.33m ln dlameLer LhaL
contained deposlLed layers of ashes (30361). 1he boundarles of Lhls plL exLend lnLo Lhe wesLern
Figure 2.19. The core of platform F.638. Facing north.
Photography: Aroa Garcia Suarez
Figure 2.20. The core of lip F.7304. Facing north. Photography: Aroa
Garcia Suarez
29
30

secLlon. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe conLexL lncludes aL leasL Lhree dlfferenL layers of ashes LhaL
are separaLed by llghL brown sllLy clay. 1he plL musL have been used as a very speclflc refusal area as
Lhe conLexL surroundlng lL showed absoluLely no slgns of burnlng or flre lnsLallaLlons. 1hls plL was
sealed by a serles grey floors abouL 1 Lo 2mm Lhlck, each supporLed wlLh an oranglsh brown sllLy
clay make up. Coverlng agaln Lhe enLlre exposed area up Lo Lhe plaLform rldge, Lhese floors were
excavaLed as (20914) aL Lhe wesLern end and as (20983) aL Lhe easLern end. 1he easLern exLenL of
Lhe floors may have acLually been less used, as more layers were vlslble, parLlcularly above (20983).
1hese were excavaLed as a slngle unlL (20978).

At ls polnL we see a sllghL change ln use ln Lhls small space. llrsL, Lhe undercuL of Lhe souLhern
wall Look a small repalr wlLh Lhe placemenL of packlng layer (20984) by Lhe souLhern wall, by Lhe
posL would have been. 1hls may have been a preparaLlon for Lhe plaLform / bench LhaL was abouL Lo
be consLrucLed. 8uL before Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe plaLform / bench, a shallow oblong plL was cuL
(20980) lmmedlaLely above floors (20978) abouL 0.80cm ln lengLh, 0.3m ln wldLh and 0.01 09m
deep. Shallow plL l.7129 was used flre spoL, ln whlch lLs lnflll (20961) conLalned rlch planL remalns
lncludlng charcoal, burnL seeds and phyLollLhs:

No lostollotloo wos foooJ fot tbls combostloo locotloo. lt tesembles o bootet-qotbetet comp flte.
1be wolls of tbe cot wete lloeJ wltb cloy, ooJ oo loyetloq wos vlslble lo tbelt sectloo, wblcb tolses tbe
posslblllty tbot tbe cloy wos loteotlooolly ploceJ oqolost tbe wolls of tbe plt fot coottollloq tbe
spteoJ of beot ooJ tbe tlsk of settloq tbe bollJloq oo flte (wos tbete o toof ot tbe tlme?). 1be wolls
ooJ bottom of tbe plt sbow slqos of tobeftoctloo (teJJlsb coloot), bot tbe pteseoce of cbotteJ ploot
temolos ooJ tbe obseoce of fottbet cbooqes lo tbe
seJlmeot seem to loJlcote tbot tbls wos o low
tempetotote flte. 1be obseoce of lotetool loyetloq lo
(20961) ooJ seJlmeot Jeposltloo polot to tbe
posslblllty tbot tbls wos o sloqle botoloq eveot.
1owotJs tbe bose of tbe plt, o cooceottotloo of qtoss-
llke pbytollbs wos foooJ. 1be sootbeto bolf of (20961)
cooslsteJ of JlspetseJ osbes ooJ botot ploot
motetlols. 1be (cloylsb) seJlmeot lo tbls oteo wos
beovlly ctockeJ, wblcb mlqbt soqqest, oqolo, beot
lmpoct. No oolmol temolos ot ottefoct wete
eocoooteteJ. 1be feotote seems to tepteseot oo
'oppottoolstlc' octlvlty oteo ooJ tbete ls oo cleot
exploootloo fot tbls bebovloot. 1be foct tbot tbe osbes
wete oot btosbeJ ooJ tbot floots wete bollt Jltectly oo
top of tbls feotote mlqbt polot towotJs tbe posslblllty
tbot tbls feotote ls teloteJ to tltool octlvltles of some
sott." (l.7129, GS)

1hls shallow hearLh llke feaLure was sealed by a slngle
grey floor (20932) abouL 1mm Lhlck, slmllar Lhe
sequence of floors beneaLh lL.

Figure 2.21. Fill (20961) within pit F.7129, with post
retrieval pit F. 7113. Facing north. Photography: Aroa
Garcia Suarez
30
31

Here, we observe anoLher radlcal change of use wlLhln Lhls small area wlLh Lhe fashlonlng of Lhln
bench / plaLform llke feaLure ln Lhe flnal occupaLlon phase of Lhe bulldlng. leaLure 7114 exLended
from Lhe souLhern wall where a posL was locaLed. LxLendlng 1.3m norLh, lLs norLhwesL corner klssed
Lhe Llp of supporL wall l.3681. lL was 0.7m wlde and 0.10m Lhlck, much lower Lhan Lyplcal plaLforms
and benches. 1he consLrucLlon elemenLs used for Lhe feaLure ls noL Lyplcal wlLh an expecLed bench /
plaLform core. lL may reflecL opporLunlsLlc use and re use of dlfferenL consLrucLlonal elemenLs, or
Lhe exLenslve LransformaLlon of an older feaLure no longer recognlzable ln Lhelr orlglnal forms. 1he
overall make up of Lhe plaLform (20944) was a heLerogeneous deposlL comprlsed of dlfferenL
materials red clay, grey morLar llke sedlmenL, burnL bulldlng maLerlals, and plasLer. lLs easLern
corner was perpendlcular llke Lhe plasLer above lL, buL acLually convex and llned wlLh plasLer rldge
(20975), whlch was ln Lurn abuLLed by anoLher plasLer llned re deposlLed archlLecLural elemenL
(20948). 1hls norLheasLern corner also conLalned a blL of mud brlck dump (20996). All of Lhe
dlscussed unlLs above comprlsed Lhe core of Lhe plaLform / bench, whlch was covered wlLh a 1 2cm
Lhlck masslve plasLer surface LhaL produced a unlform surface.

1he llp of Lhls feaLure (30934), whlch forms a boundary wlLh plaLform l.638 was excavaLed parLlally
ln 2002, as well as ln 2012 as (19480). AL Lhls polnL Lhe souLheasLern plaLform was acLually a few
cenLlmeLers below l.7114. 1he llp of Lhe plaLform was cuL by a consLrucLlon eplsode LhaL lnvolved
Lhe placemenL of floors and make up (30109) dlscussed above. lurLher, Lhls llp slLs above number of
packing aLures (39184, 39183, 2940) LhaL were placed beneaLh Lhe supporL wall l.3681, and abuL
Lhe core of Lhe plaLform / bench.

lL ls llkely LhaL Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe supporL wall ls assoclaLed wlLh Lhe flnal use phase of Lhe
building, whlch lncorporaLed Lhls Lhlckly plasLered bench / plaLform. lL ls lnLeresLlng lf lL ls Lhe case,
as Lhe supporL wall ls heavlly plasLered up Lo 1cm Lhlck, by layers of plasLer excavaLed parLlally as a
slngle deposlL (30333). Some parLs of Lhe wall have qulLe a blL of sooL on lL, and Lhe Lhlckness of Lhe
plasLer hlnLs Lo a lengLhy use. lf LhaL ls Lhe case, LhaL Lhere ls only a slngle plasLer layer, albelL Lhlck,
on plaLform / bench l.7114, hlnLs LhaL lL was surface noL heavlly used. 1he sLraLlgraphlc llnks Lo such
quesLlons wlll be addressed ln Lhe followlng season.

1he bulldlng was lnfllled wlLh heLerogeneous deposlLs LhaL conLalned a large number of anlmal and
human bones, excavaLed agaln only parLlally Lhls year as (20967). Mld way Lhrough Lhe lnfllllng
process, Lhe posL LhaL was on Lhe souLhern wall was removed. 1he cuL (20697) for posL retrieval t
l.7113 had raLher angular corners and a concave easLern slde (see llg. 2.21). lLs lrregular shape
makes lL dlsLlncL from oLher posL reLrleval plLs. 0.6m wlde, 0.4m long and abouL 0.33m ln depLh, lL
was fllled wlLh a heLerogeneous deposlL (20696) slmllar ln composlLlon Lo Lhe bulldlng's lnflll, buL
wlLh very few arLlfacLs. 1he deposlL also conLalned layer of re deposlLed ashes. A very clean deposlL
of clay (20912) was placed lmmedlaLely wesL of Lhe posL reLrleval plL wlLhln Lhe undercuL of Lhe wall
can be consldered as parL of Lhe lnflll of Lhe bulldlng.

8u||d|ng 112
1hls season Lhe hlghly eroded 8.112 was excavaLed and recorded. upon lLs removal lL lmmedlaLely
became apparenL LhaL anoLher bulldlng (8.119, see below) lay almosL dlrecLly under lL, albelL wlLh a
sllghLly dlfferenL plan. 8.112 ls a squarlsh bulldlng measurlng 6.23m easL wesL and 3.60m norLh
31
32

souLh. lL ls comprlsed of Lwo maln spaces maln room space 38 and smaller space measurlng 1.3 x
1.3m aL Lhe norLhwesL corner of Lhe bulldlng. 1he foundaLlon Lrench for Lhe bulldlng's consLrucLlon
was only recognlzed afLer Lhe removal of wall l.3674, whlch formed Lhe small room Lo Lhe
norLhwesL. Pere, Lwo survlvlng courses of oranglsh brown sandy clay mud brlck (20918) bonded
wlLh a grey morLar (20917) were placed wlLhln a narrow foundaLlon Lrench (20932). 1he norLhern,
wesLern and souLhern walls of Lhe bulldlng were placed lmmedlaLely above Lhe walls of 8.119. no
Lrenches were assoclaLed wlLh Lhese walls and Lhelr parLlcular placemenL reflecLs a hlgh posslblllLy
LhaL 8.112 was consLrucLed lmmedlaLely afLer Lhe abandonmenL of 8.119. Also, lL ls worLh
menLlonlng LhaL Lhe laLer parLlLlon wall, l.7102, was placed close, buL noL exacL, Lo Lhe allgnmenL of
Lhe lnLernal parLlLlon of Lhe earller bulldlng.

8ulldlngs wlLh small rooms abouL 1 Lo 1.3m
2
LhaL have been Lyplcally named cell" spaces are noL
common aL aLalhyuk, alLhough 8.40 locaLed lmmedlaLely easL of 8.112 has a slmllar space deflned
ln lLs norLhwesL corner see 1ung 2012). AL aLalhyuk, lL ls posslble, conslderlng Lhe slze of Lhls
small corner space, LhaL Lhls feaLure may acLually represenL a plaLform ouLllned wlLh mud brlck. AL
least, Lhe easLern half of space 37 conLalned Lhe remalns an eroded plaLform surface and makeup,
excavaLed as (20699) and (20913). lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL no burlals were acLually assoclaLed
wlLh Lhls plaLform / space.

AL a laLer phase of 8.112, Lhe maln room was parLlLloned wlLh Lhe consLrucLlon of wall l.7102 LhaL
abuLLed Lhe souLhern wall l.6071. 1hls wall exLended 90cm Lo Lhe norLh and was made up of Lwo
oranglsh brown brlcks (20621) measurlng abouL 30cm wlde, 90cm long and abouL 3 Lo 10cm Lhlck
bonded Lo each oLher wlLh a morLar (20620). no evldence for oLher feaLures was found wlLhln Lhe
bulldlng. Some areas, parLlcularly Lo Lhe norLh and norLhwesL (20636) and souLh (20616, 20631) of
space 38 showed evldence of burnlng. ueposlL (20631) conLalned some rubble wlLhln lLs maLrlx. All
of Lhe burnL deposlLs menLloned above respecL Lhe bulldlng's walls and Lherefore may be evldence
for some form of conflagraLlon LhaL Look place wlLhln 8.112. 1he burnL layers ln Lhe souLhern nd
of Lhe bulldlng were sealed by deposlLs (20901, 20623) LhaL seemed Lo have a 'dump quallLy Lo
them, mlxed wlLh some mldden maLerlal buL noL ln slLu mldden acLlvlLles.
8u||d|ng 119
8ulldlng 119, whlch comprlses of slde room Sp.312 and maln room Sp.313, coverlng an area of
6.10m by 3.70m was lmmedlaLely under 8.112. LocaLed easL of Lhe 8.1 and 3 sequence, Lhe bulldlng
consLlLuLes a Lyplcal aLalhyuk resldence, and has a some parallels wlLh 8.1 and 8.3 ln Lerms of lLs
lnLernal layouL (see below). 1he buildings lnflll was compleLely removed from lLs maln room Lo
reveal Lhe conflguraLlon of lLs flnal phase, whlch conLalns mulLlple plaLforms, benches, posL scars,
post reLrleval plLs, and flre lnsLallaLlons (Fig. .22). 1he lnflll of Lhe maln room was qulte
homogenous and dld noL conLaln many flnds. ln comparlson, Lhe slde room of Lhe bulldlng seems Lo
have been lnfllled Lhrough mulLlple deposlLlonal evenLs. Some of Lhese deposlLs were rlch ln
charcoal and ash and conLalned a large number of large anlmal bones. 1he lnflll ln Lhe slde room has
noL been enLlrely excavaLed. 8elow ls a summary of Lhe deposlLs uncovered and excavaLed Lhls
season ln boLh spaces.
@J6E9 S-.
As menLloned above, Lhe excavaLlons Lhls season revealed Lhe flnal phase of occupaLlon of Sp.513.
A LoLal of four plaLform plank Lhe space on Lhree sldes: laLform l.7137 ls Lhe largesL plaLform LhaL
32
33

ls ln Lhe norLhwesL end of Lhe space. lL ls separaLed from Lhe norLheasLern plaLform l.7319 by
bench l.7318. lmmedlaLely souLh of Lhe norLheasLern plaLform, abuLLlng Lhe easLern wall ls
plaLform l.7320. 1hls plaLform ls flanked by bench l.7121 Lo Lhe souLh, hlch lncorporaLed a posL,
as seen Lhrough posL reLrleval plL l.7143. 1he bulldlng was mosL llkely enLered from Lhe
souLheasLern corner. A recLangular oven, l.7322, close Lhls corner abuLs Lhe souLhern wall and ls
assoclaLed wlLh a ralsed clrcular hearLh (l.7323) slLuaLed lmmedlaLely Lo lLs norLhwesL, buL sLlll
wlLhln Lhe souLheasLern quadranL of Lhe space. 1hese domesLlc feaLures are separaLed from Lhe resL
of Lhe space by a kerb and anoLher ralsed souLhern plaLform (l.7323) LhaL abuLs Lhe souLhern wall
and Lhe lnLernal dlvlslon wall l.7323. no blns have been found wlLhln Lhls maln room. AnoLher posL
scar ls locaLed ln Lhe norLhwesLern corner of Lhe space. lurLher, yeL Lo be explored, are Lwo
reLrleval plLs, one for plL assoclaLed wlLh Lhe aforemenLloned post scar and one locaLed ln Lhe
wesLern end of Lhe space, lmmedlaLely nexL Lo Lhe passage way Lo space 312. 1he laLLer plL mlghL
be assoclaLed wlLh Lhe removal of a parLlcular feaLure. A slmllar plL was found ln a slmllar locaLlon,
wlLhln 8ulldlng 1.

An interesting, alLhough raLher badly preserved wall palnLlng was found surroundlng Lhe
norLheasLern plaLform. CuLllnes of lozenges were drawn onLo an already exLremely dlrLy wall
surface, wlLh red palnL. 1he bulldlng was subsequenLly lnfllled.

Figure 2.22. 3D model of Space 513, Building 119. Model: Jason Quinlan.
33
34

lL seems as Lhough once Lhe bulldlng's abandonmenL was declded, as wlLh oLher aLalhyuk
buildings, Lhe walls were knocked down unLll Lhey sLood abouL a meLer hlgh. 1he lnflll of Lhe
bulldlng ln general conLalned qulLe a blL bulldlng maLerlal wlLhln lLs maLrlx. Powever, Lhe maLerlals
comlng from Lhe walls were Lhoroughly crushed and mlxed LogeLher, as much of Lhe bulldlng
maLerlal resldues were noL very large ln slze. ln Lhls sense, 1he neollLhlc lnhablLanLs Look a loL of
Llme Lo make sure LhaL Lhe bulldlng's lnflll had a relaLlvely homogenous feel. 1o have a beLLer
undersLandlng of Lhe naLure of Lhe lnfllllng process Lhe bulldlng was cross secLloned on a norLh
souLh axls. WlLh Lhe lnlLlal removal of all deposlL souLh of wesL of Lhe secLlon lL became apparenL
LhaL Lhe lnfllllng process lnvolved Lhe uLlllzaLlon of Lhe well mlxed bulldlng maLerlal rlch deposlLs
LhaL were unlform ln secLlon. LaLeral excavaLlon of Lhe deposlLs, however, made lL clear LhaL Lhe
lnfllllng Look place ln Lhree maln sLages: 1he lnlLlal coverlng of features, Lhen Lhe removal of lefL
over posLs, Lhen Lhe compleLe lnfllllng of Lhe room.

Cnce Lhe space was abandoned, an lnflll (20969, 30123, 30117) LhaL also exLended Lo Lhe norLhern
end of Space 312, was placed on Lhe feaLures, coverlng all of Lhem. 1he lnflll was Lhlcker ln Lhe
souLheasLern corner sloplng down Lowards Lhe norLh and norLhwesL, as lf lnLenLlonally Lo cover Lhe
oven. Powever, lL ls also posslble LhaL aL Lhls polnL, Lhe lnflll was broughL lnLo Lhe room Lhrough Lhe
bulldlngs roof enLrance and dumped Lhrough enLrance, causlng Lhe exLra accumulaLlon ln Lhls area.
lL ls afLer Lhls lnflll placemenL LhaL Lhe easLern posL, locaLed cenLrally on Lhe easLern wall, was
removed. Pence, Lhe posL reLrleval plL (l.7143), acLually cuLs (30112) lnLo boLh Lhe lnlLlal lnflll and
Lhe occupaLlon surfaces. noLhlng exLraordlnary was found wlLhln Lhe lnflll of Lhe plL, deposlL
(30104) LhaL exLended Lowards Lhe cenLral area of Lhe space. 1hls deposlL may correlaLe wlLh Lhe
ashy lnflll (30101) uncovered lmmedlaLely Lo Lhe norLh, coverlng an area abouL 2.30 by 1.20m, more
or less above Lhe cenLral easLern plaLform l.7320. 1he ashy deposlLs may be assoclaLed wlLh some
form of acLlvlLy wlLhln Lhe space afLer Lhe reLrleval of Lhe plLs. AfLer Lhls, Lhe space was compleLely
fllled ln wlLh a serles of homogenous deposlLs ((30369) and (30336), same as (20698)).
@J6E9 S-+
CccupaLlon floors have noL yeL been
reached wlLhln Sp.312. Lven Lhough Lhe
lnflll of Lhls space ls only parLlally
removed, lL ls posslble Lo say LhaL Lhe
abandonmenL acLlvlLles were markedly
dlfferenL Lhan Lhose LhaL Look place ln
Lhe maln room, alLhough some parallels
sLlll do exlst.

1he norLhern end of Lhe space seems as
Lhough lL may have orlglnally been
sLrucLured Lo be a large bln, alLhough
furLher excavaLlon ls requlred Lo
undersLand lLs exacL naLure. lL ls worLh
noLlng LhaL Lhls secLlon ls lmmedlaLely
below Lhe pecullar cell space / plaLform
of 8.112. 1he lnflll found wlLhln Lhe
Arslan
Figure 2.23. Fill (30127) in Sp. 512. Facing north. Photography: Numan
34
35

norLhern end of Lhe space ls llkely some of Lhe earllesL lnfllllng acLlvlLles LhaL Look place ln Lhe
space. Pere, deposlL (30127) was conflned by walls deflnlng Lhe space Lo Lhe norLh and whaL mlghL
be a posslble collapsed bln wall Lo Lhe souLh (llg.2.23). Large pleces of organglsh brown brlck and
whlLe layered plasLer LhaL seem Lo be parL of wall collapse made a large parL of Lhe deposlL. This
conLexL conLalned a large number of anlmal bones LhaL seem Lo be lnLenLlonally placed, lncludlng
one anLler 30127.x2, Lwo horn cores 30127.x3 and 30127.x13, and one worked bone 30127.x13.
CulLe a few pleces were found abuLLlng, or very near Lhe walls.

1he resL of Lhe room was lnfllled wlLh a heLerogeneous deposlL greylsh brown rubble rlch deposlL
(30363) LhaL was abouL 10cm Lhlck. Slmllar Lo whaL Look place ln Lhe maln space, afLer Lhe space
was parLlally lnfllled, a plL was cuL Lhrough Lhe lnflll, abuLLlng Lhe wesLern wall rlghL abouL mldway
Lhrough Lhe space, here a sLrucLural posL would have been supporLlng Lhe roof. 1he removal of
Lhe posL resulLed ln cuL (30116), whlch was fllled by Lwo subsequenL deposlLs (30106) and (20967).
1he earller deposlL (30106) was comprlsed of a relaLlvely homogenous dark grey compacL clay loam
whlle Lhe upper flll (30967) conLalned more chunks of bulldlng maLerlals wlLhln lLs maLrlx. 8oLh
deposlLs were relaLlvely clean, wlLh no noLeworLhy flnds.

Above Lhe earllesL lnflll excavaLed, aL Lhe souLhern end of Lhe space, was anoLher lnflll deposlL
(20968) conLalnlng large pleces of bulldlng maLerlals (oranglsh brown mud brlcks as well as pleces of
plasLer) as well as large chunks of anlmal bone. 1he deposlL, mosL llkely conLemporary wlLh Lhe
removal of Lhe posL ln Lhe space, ls conflned by walls Lo lLs wesL, souLh and easL, dlffuslng lnLo Lhe
lnflll Lowards Lhe norLh, coverlng an area abouL 2.3m long and 1.13m wlde. Anlmal bones were
placed near Lhe wesLern wall lnclude scapula 20968.x1 and horn core 20968.x2. lurLher, aL leasL
Lwo flne lenses of ash were parL of Lhe maLrlx.

All of Lhese acLlvlLles were sealed by lnflll (20698), dlscussed above, whlch exLended Lo Lhe maln
room and ls assoclaLed wlLh Lhe flnal lnfllllng phase of Lhe bulldlng.
\B>EQ>>B:<
So far, some pracLlces LhaL are seen ln oLher bulldlngs wlLhln Lhe norLh area can be plnpolnLed: As ln
8.114 (Space 87) and 8.1, some of Lhe posLs of Lhe bulldlng were removed afLer an lnlLlal lnfllllng
sLage of Lhe abandonmenL. 1he placemenL of anlmal bones very near Lhe walls ls also a pracLlce
seen ln oLher conLexLs ln Lhe norLh ShelLer, parLlcularly ln 8.114. Such pracLlces were also common
ln oLher parLs of Lhe mound.

ln general, bulldlng 119 seems Lo consLlLuLe a 'typical aLalhyuk house wlLh lLs lnLernal layouL. 1he
dlvlslon of space ls clearly marked ln Lhe laLesL occupaLlon phase, wlLh a dlsLlncL kerb separaLlng Lhe
oven and hearLh area Lo Lhe resL from Lhe resL of Lhe bulldlng. no clear sLorage areas have been
ldenLlfled aL Lhls polnL. llnlshlng removlng Lhe bulldlng's lnflll ln Lhe smaller room Lhe followlng
season may provlde more lnslghL on LhaL maLLer.
Space S11, Space S18, Space 488, Space 489, Space 490 and Space 84 (8.108)
wltb AtkoJlosz kllmowlcz

ln beLween 8.77 and Lhe 8.32 complex, .108 and Lhe precedlng acLlvlLles and uses of spaces are
cruclal for Lylng sLraLlgraphlc relaLlons ln relaLlvely large area wlLhln Lhe norLh Area. LasL season,
35
36

8.108 was cross sectioned, where lLs easLern half was compleLely excavaLed. 1hls revealed a
number of spaces assoclaLed wlLh mldden acLlvlLles LhaL Look prlor Lo Lhe consLrucLlon of 8.108.
1hls season's ob[ecLlves were Lo clarlfy Lhe consLrucLlon sLraLegy of 8.108, clarlfy Lhe sLraLlgraphlc
relaLlonshlps walls l. 3646 and l.3679 have wlLh Lhe spaces Lhey dellneaLe, and explore Lhe wall
collapse found under Lhe mldden deposlLs wlLhln Sp. 489. 1he cross section esLablished n Lhe
season prlor was respecLed, allowlng an opporLunlLy Lo observe 8.108, mldden acLlvlLles prlor, as
well as Lhe use and dlsmanLlemenL of Lhe bulldlng beneaLh 8.108. arLlcularly lnLeresLlng was Lhe
consLrucLlon of 8.108, as lL appears Lo be lncomparable Lo any oLher consLrucLlon acLlvlLles
observed on Lhe slLe Llll Lo Lhls day.

Sp. 311, Lhe earllesL space uncovered ln Lhls area, ls Lhe souLhern slde room of Lhe only parLlally
exposed predecessor of 8.77. 1he maln room for Lhls bulldlng ls presumable Sp.318, agaln, only
parLlally exposed lmmedlaLely norLh of Sp.311. Cnce Lhe bulldlng was abandoned, boLh spaces were
used as mldden acLlvlLy areas as spaces 489 and 488 respecLlvely, wlLh sllghL modlflcaLlons ln Lerms
of how dlfferenL spaces were bound. llnally, 8ulldlng 108 was consLrucLed, abuLLlng bulldlng 77
above Lhe mldden sequences. 8elow are more deLalled overvlews of each space.

@J6E9 S--
1he earllesL space uncovered ln Lhls small Lrench, Sp.311 ls deflned Lo Lhe norLh by wall l.3679, Lo
Lhe easL by wall l.7126, Lo Lhe souLh by wall l.7123 and Lo Lhe wesL by Lhe exLenL of excavaLlon. 1he
norLhern wall, l.3679, exLends abouL 2.7m and ls 0.43m Lhlck, and sLands an lmpresslve 2.1m. 1he
souLhern and easLern walls boLh only sLand abouL 1.1m hlgh. 1hese ouLer walls are sllghLly Lhlcker
Lhan Lhe lnLernal wall, belng 0.3m Lhlck, and consLlLuLe some of Lhe LhlckesL wall examples seen ln
Figure 2.24. Final occupa11on phase of Sp.511 with Bin. 7139. Facing east. Photography: Arkadiusz Klimowicz
36
37

NorLh Area LhaL belong Lo Lhe neollLhlc. 1he space lLself was mosL llkely Lhe souLhern slde room of a
large bulldlng LhaL was Lhe predecessor of 8.77 Lo Lhe norLh, however, Lhls needs Lo be furLher
verlfled Lhrough furLher excavaLlon.

LxcavaLlons uncovered Lhe flnal use phase of Lhe space. lloor (30392) and lLs makeup (30110) only
parLlally uncovered ln Lhe souLhern end of Lhe space are Lhe earllesL deposlLs. 1he Lhlckness of Lhe
floor and Lhe number of lamlnaLlons as well as lLs ruffled appearance glve an lmpresslon LhaL lL was
an lnLensely used space ln Lhe pasL. A clusLer of ooe bolf cloy boll ooJ 7 stooes, locloJloq ooe plece
of qtoooJ stooe, J0598.x1 K 28/07) was found on Lhe souLheasL corner of Lhe space. 1he sLones
seem Lo have cracked as a resulL of exposure Lo hlgh LemperaLures. A greasy layer of dlrLy floors,
(30391) sealed Lhe cleaner floors. A masslve scapula abouL 0.3m long (see llg.2.24), was placed on
Lhe unlL, alLhough lL was recorded durlng excavaLlon as parL of Lhe overlylng lnflll, 20988.x11.

1wo feaLures were deflned wlLhln Lhe space: one posL hole, l.7302, locaLed aL Lhe [uncLlon of Lhe
exLenL of excavaLlon where Lhe cross secLlon ls esLabllshed and Lhe norLhern wall and one large bln,
F.7139, abuLLlng Lhe easLern wall Lowards lLs norLhern end. osLhole l.7302 was noL enLlrely
excavated, buL lLs cuL (30332) was recorded. 1he flll (30131) of Lhe cuL was dlsLurbed by exLenslve
anlmal burrowlng. 8ln l.7139 ls a unlque example wlLh lLs oval shape and consLrucLlon Lechnlque.
0.36m long and 0.44m wlde, lL sLands a 0.80m ln helghL. 1he bins walls (30376) were consLrucLed
uslng a coll Lechnlque, as noLlced ln Lhe secLlon lLs slde: parallel flattened bulbs ncircle the
structure whlch are probably Lhe remnanLs of colls either applled subsequenLly one on Lop of
another or splraled on Lhe Lhlck (4cm) base placed dlrecLly on Lhe floor surface. LmergenL gaps
beLween several layers of colls were Lhen smooLhly effaced and merged on boLh Lhe lnslde and
ouLslde of Lhe sLrucLure, creaLlng dlfferenL wall Lhlcknesses (1 3cm). As mosL blns aL neolithic
atalhyk, Lhe bln does noL use Lhe wall's surface as lLs own wall. 1he bln was empLled aL some
polnL before abandonmenL and Lhen lnfllled wlLh a heLerogeneous lnflll (30376), very slmllar Lo Lhe
lnflll observed wlLhln Lhe room. Whlle mosL of Lhe lnflll of Lhe bln was removed aL Lhe end of Lhe
season, Lhe bln lLself was noL excavaLed.

1he greasy floors and Lhe feaLures of Lhe space were all sealed by room lnflll (20988) whlch was
over a meLer ln Lhlckness. 1he unlL comprlsed mosLly of crashed brlcks, morLar and plasLer
fragments. There were also several interesting re deposlLed feaLure parLs conLalned wlLhln Lhe
lower sLraLum of Lhe unlL, whlch were could have belonged Lo elemenLs from an upper sLory. AL Lhe
souLheasL corner of Lhe space, qulLe a few fragmenLs of probable roof were recorded and sampled
as 20988.s3, 20988.s4, 20988.S3 and 20988.S6 for furLher mlcro sLraLlgraphlc analyses.

1he lnflll of Lhe bulldlng was sealed by half a meLer of mldden accumulaLlon (20963) whlch acLually
sloped down by Lhe easLern and souLhern walls. 1he deposit conLalned an abundance of organlc
inclusions, wlLh areas of charcoal, and number of arLefacLs, especlally anlmal bones, obsldlan and
clay ball fragmenLs. 1here were also remnanLs of archlLecLural feaLures, such as Lhe fragmenLs of an
oven super structure, as well as crushed brlcks and plasLer. Cnly Lhree small blLs of poLLery were
found, conslsLenL wlLh Lhe remalns of Lhe mldden recorded ln Sp.489 Lhe prevlous season.

1he mldden musL represenL an eplsode ln whlch Sp. 311 was used as an exLernal space wlLh no roof.
Ultimately, Lhe upper secLlon of Lhe souLhern wall collapsed Lowards Lhe norLh, creaLlng Lhe mldden
37
38

area deflned as space 489. 1he collapsed wall, whlch was Lhe upper secLlons of l.7123, was
orlglnally consLrucLed wlLh dlfferenL bulldlng maLerlals. 1he rubble (20942) closer Lo Lhe sLandlng
wall ls comprlsed of a dark grey mudbrlck and oranglsh brown morLar LhaL ls also recorded ln wall
l.7123. 1he rubble mosL dlsLanL Lo Lhe souLhern wall, (20943) ls comprlsed of dark oranglsh brown
mud brlcks and a llghL oranglsh brown morLar. 1he dlfferenL maLerlal used on Lhe upper courses of
Lhe orlglnal wall may be lndlcaLlve of a second sLory. lrom a sLraLlgraphlcal polnL of vlew, Lhe rubble
represenLs Lhe laLesL phase of space 311.
@J6E9 S-[
Space 318 ls currenLly only parLlally exposed, 2.9m by 1m, deflned Lo Lhe souLh by wall l.3679, Lo
Lhe easL by wall l.7126, Lo Lhe norLh by Lhe exLenL of 8.77, and Lo Lhe wesL by Lhe exLenL of
excavaLlon whlch formed Lhe cross secLlon. 1he earllesL deposlL wlLhln Lhls space noL fully
excavaLed wlLhln Lhe space ls room Lhe lnflll, excavaLed arblLrarlly abouL 0.40m as (30137) deflned
for fuLure excavaLlon as (30148). 1he lnfllllng process of space 318 seems Lo have been much more
intentional, as Lhe room lnflll was sealed by a flrm clay rlch packlng layer (30120) presumably for
Lhe consLrucLlon of wall l.3646, whlch abuLs Lhe norLhern wall of Sp.311.
@J6E9 M[[I M[L 6<P ML,
Cnly parLlally exposed llke Lhe resL of Lhe spaces ln Lhls area, Space 488 ls deflned Lo Lhe norLh by
B.77s souLhern walls, Lo Lhe easL by l.7123, Lo Lhe souLh by supporL wall l.3646 and Lo Lhe wesL by
Lhe cross secLlon. lLs excavaLed porLlon ls abouL 3.6m long and 0.8m wlde. AfLer Lhe consLrucLlon of
B.77, wall l.3646 was erecLed as a prevenLaLlve measure Lo supporL wall l.3679 so LhaL lL would noL
collapse on 8.77. Wall l.3646 was excavaLed unLll Lhe cross secLlon. lL was consLrucLed of oranglsh
brown sllLy clay mud brlck and a llghL grey sllLy loam morLar. 1he brlcks were abouL 30 Lo 33cm in
wlLh and abouL 82 83cm ln lengLh. 1he wall was made up of Len courses of mudbrlck and morLar
and sLood abouL 0.90m hlgh. lurLher excavaLlon ls necessary Lo reveal Lhe wesLern exLenL of Lhe
wall and Lhe space lLself.

Space 489 ls deflned Lo Lhe norLh by wall l.3679, Lo Lhe easL by Lhe wesLern wall of 8.113, Lo Lhe
souLh by Lhe norLhern wall of 8.32 and lLs predecessor, and Lo Lhe wesL by Lhe exLenL of excavaLlon.
1hls open space was used as mldden, whlch was excavaLed ln Lhe prevlous season. 1hls season, Lhe
spaces easLern exLenL was fully deflned and recorded.

AL some polnL of Lhe use of boLh spaces, mldden accumulaLlon surpassed Lhe dlvldlng walls formlng
Sp.490, currenLly deflned Lo Lhe norLh by 8.77's souLhern wall, Lo Lhe easL by 8.113's wesLern wall,
Lo souLh by Lhe norLhern wall of 8.32 and lLs predecessor, and Lo Lhe wesL by Lhe exLenL of
excavaLlon. Space 490's llfehlsLory seems Lo be shorLllved, as soon afLer lLs conLlnuous use as a
mldden area, 8.108 was consLrucLed above Lhe deposlLs, beLween Lhe 8.32 complex and 8.77.
$F9 E:<>=HQE=B:< :; WQB8PB<X -,[ U@J6E9 [MV
1hls season, 8.108's souLhern (l.3624/l.3623), easLern (l.3627) and norLhern (l.3626) walls were
compleLely excavaLed wlLhln Lhe bounds Lhe excavaLlon area, whlch lefL a cross secLlon Lhrough Lhe
bulldlng and deposlLs below. unllke oLher neollLhlc bulldlngs on Lhe LasLern mound, bulldlng 108
acLually had lmmense foundaLlons LhaL reached Lhe walls of sp. 310. 1he bullders may have declded
Lo Lake Lhls sLraLegy due Lo elLher knowledge of an already exlsLlng sLrucLural lnsLablllLy ln Lhe
speclflc area (see dlscusslon below) or due Lo Lhelr reasonlng LhaL mldden would noL provlde a
38
39

sLable enough surface or anoLher reason all LogeLher LhaL mlghL be lmposslble Lo lnfer. ln any case,
prior Lo Lhe bulldlng of Lhe walls, Lhe lnhablLanLs dug foundaLlon Lrenches surroundlng Lhe walls.
arLlcularly lmpresslve ls Lhe Lrench, abouL 1.4m deep, assoclaLed wlLh Lhe bulldlng of Lhe easLern
wall l.3627. 1hen Lhe walls were all consLrucLed aL once. 1he excavaLlon of Lhe walls revealed LhaL
boLh Lhe souLheasL and Lhe norLheasL corners were bonded Lo each oLher. 8e used ud icks,
some wlLh plasLered surfaces, were also used ln Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe walls. 1hese foundaLlon
walls dld noL have smooLh surfaces. 1here were courses LhaL [uL ouL a few cenLlmeLers, noL only
causlng an lrregular surface, buL also glvlng an lmpresslon of a dlfferenL phase of consLrucLlon.
Nevertheless, Lhe excavaLlon revealed LhaL Lhese secLlons were lndeed all sequenLlally Lled Lo Lhe
same consLrucLlon evenL, LhaL of bulldlng 108.

1he norLhern wall (l.3626) was parLlcularly lmporLanL Lo undersLand Lhe sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlp
between .108 and 8.77, and proved Lo be an lnLeresLlng puzzle: lts coosttoctloo wos tbe most
compllcoteJ compoteJ to tbe otbet wolls of tbe meotlooeJ sttoctote. speclolly lo tetms of o oombet
of bollJloq tecbolpoes opplleJ. lt become cleot tbot tbe lowet loyets of tbe woll wete set, oqolost
commoo coosttoctloool toles molotoloeJ elsewbete oo slte. uoe to lock of spoce tbot wos testtlcteJ
by olteoJy exlstloq wolls (ftom tbe sootb l.J646, ooJ ftom tbe oottb l.J096), bollJets wete fotceJ to
looJ teoseJ btlcks, postloq tbem osloq mottot by ptobobly Jltectly pootloq tbe mlxtote loto tbe
ptepoteJ foooJotloo cot. 1bls ls evlJeoceJ by btokeo btlcks of Jlffeteot textotes ploceJ lo votleJ
posltloos tbot wete lmmetseJ lo oo ltteqolot poste of mottot. kemovloq sevetol loyets of tbe woll
exposeJ tbe telotloosblp betweeo l.J626 ooJ tbe sopetsttoctote of tbe oveo (l.7108) of 8.77. wottb
ootlcloq ls tbot, befote etectloq tbe woll (l. J626) tbe bollJets coveteJ wbole obove meotlooeJ flte
lostollotloo osloq ooly mottot motetlol cootloq tbe Jome of tbe sttoctote. lo otbet wotJs tbe
coosttoctloo l.J626 tespects tbe oveo, tbetefote tbe woll bos lotet otlqlos tboo tbe flte lostollotloo.
(Ak, l.J626, 1J/07/1J). lurLher, a small secLlon of Lhe norLhern wall was acLually lnfluenced by Lhe
conflagraLlon LhaL Look place ln 8.77 also shows us LhaL Lhe bulldlng was deflnlLely consLrucLed
before lLs desLrucLlon, whlle sLlll belng lnhablLed.

1he easLern wall and foundaLlon (l.3627), sLandlng an lmpresslve 1.6m, was made up of 13 courses
of ud brlck (20676) bound wlLh morLar (20677). MosL of Lhe brlcks comlng from Lhls wall were 83
91cm ong, 32cm wlde, and 3 9cm Lhlck. 1he souLhern end of Lhe wall also conLalned half size
Figure 2.25. Northern wall F.3626 of B.108 and the half sized
bricks covering the oven F.7108s superstructure.
Photography: Arkadiusz Klimowicz
through by the conflagration in B.77. Photography: Arkadiusz
Klimowicz
Figure 2.26. Top layer of the northern wall of B.108 is burnt
39
40

brlcks. 1he Lop slx courses slumped sllghLly forward, creaLlng an overhang 3 Lo 8cm wlde. 1hls wall
may acLually represenL one of Lhe deepesL foundaLlon walls ever excavaLed by Lhe currenL Leam on
site.

LxcavaLlons also made lL clear LhaL whaL had been ldenLlfled as Lwo separaLe walls, l.3624 and
F.3623, are acLually Lhe same souLhern wall. lL appears LhaL Lhe bullders began Lhe consLrucLlon of
Lhe wall from elLher ends and as Lhe easLern end of Lhe souLhern wall exLended Lowards Lhe wesL,
became sllghLly mlsallgned. As such Lhere ls a sllghL crossover on Lhe souLhern wall LhaL makes lL
appear Lo be Lwo separaLe walls.

As noLed above, used brlcks were lncorporaLed Lo Lhe wall consLrucLlon. ln general all of Lhe
brlcks were made from an oranglsh brown sandy loam. Powever, small dlfferences ln colour and
LexLure of dlfferenL brlcks were observed boLh wlLhln and amongsL Lhe walls.
\B>EQ>>B:<
The oss secLlon uLlllzed ln Lhls area produced a secLlon LhaL documenLs Lhe sLraLlgraphy across Lhe
dlfferenL consLrucLlonal and use phases of Lhe spaces menLloned above. llgure 2.27, prepared by
Arkadiusz limowicz, schemaLlzes Lhe elghL maln phases of evenLs LhaL Look place wlLhln Lhls area.
1he work conducLed Lhls year has been able Lo Lle bulldlng 108 Lo Lhe sLraLlgraphy of norLh shelLer,
Lhrough lLs assoclaLlon wlLh bulldlng 77. More work, parLlcularly surroundlng Lhe 8.32 complex wlll
shed more llghL on Lhe Llmescales represenLed ln Lhls small area. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe
midden seems Lo have acLually been accumulaLed ln a relaLlvely shorL Llme. lL seems also Lhrough
Lhe maLerlal culLure and brlck make ups LhaL Lhe dlfferenL phases overall belong Lo Lhe mlddle
sequence of Lhe slLe lLself. Cne of Lhe remalnlng lssues concerns Lylng 8.113 lmmedlaLely Lo Lhe easL
Lo Lhe resL of Lhls sequence.

CLher quesLlons surround Lhe relaLlonshlp of Sp.311 and Sp.318 Lo 8.77. So far, evldence seems Lo
polnL Lo Lhe facL LhaL Lhe bulldlng represenLed by spaces 311 and 318 ls Lhe predecessor Lo 8.77. lL
ls lnLeresLlng Lo noLe LhaL Lhls bulldlng musL have been almosL Lwlce Lhe slze of B.77, an already
lmpresslve and elaboraLe sLrucLure. WhaL may have led Lhe neollLhlc lnhablLanLs Lo downslze
WhaL was Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lhe lnhablLanLs of 8.108 Lo Lhose ln 8.77 and Lhe precedlng bulldlng
Such a quesLlons assumes conLlnulLy ln some form of knowledge or even llneage beLween Lhe Lwo
bulldlngs. lurLher excavaLlons of course wlll shed more llghL on such lssues. AL Lhls polnL, lL mlghL be
posslble Lo lnfer on Lhe malnLenance of knowledge surroundlng sLrucLural lnLegrlLy: Space 311's
eastern wall ls acLually a double wall, whlch needs furLher deflnlLlon ln Lhe followlng season. Can lL
be assumed LhaL Lhe consLrucLlon of a double was a resulL of deallng wlLh sLrucLural lssues And lf
so, could Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe masslve foundaLlon for Lhe easLern wall of 8.108 be a consequence
of Lhls knowledge AnoLher quesLlon surrounds Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lhe dlsmanLlemenL and re
bulldlng of Lhe souLhern wall of 8.77 and Lhe consLrucLlon of supporL wall l.3646. lL ls hoped LhaL
some of Lhese quesLlons wlll be resolved lf excavaLlons conLlnue ln Lhe remalnlng wesLern exLenL of
8.108 and Lhe precedlng deposlLs as well as 8.77.
40
41

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Figure 2.27. The stra00graphic sequence of Sp.511, Sp.518, Sp. 488, Sp. 489, Sp. 490 and Sp.84. Schema: Arkadiusz Klimowicz
41
42

1rench G11
LocaLed approxlmaLely 13m
off Lo Lhe norLhwesL from Lhe
enLrance of Lhe north
Shelter, 1 ls 3x3 m ln slze.
1he Lrench was placed Lo LesL
anomaly deLecLed Lhrough
the slngle anLenna C8
survey, abouL 2 2.3m ln wldLh
and 21 ln lengLh on a
northwest/southeast
allgnmenL. lnsLead, work ln
Lhls Lrench uncovered Lwo
neighboring bulldlngs, .123
and B.124.

C11 was flrsL excavaLed as a
Lrench LhaL was 3 x 2 m ln
slze. ln Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe
excavations, Lhe
souLhwesLern corner of 8.124
was acLually LhoughL Lo be a
post NeollLhlc feaLure, namely a burlal, due Lo lLs absoluLely perfecL easL wesL allgnment, exlsLence
of posL NeollLhlc poLLery wlLhln Lhe surface maLerlal collecLed, and flnally Lhe grey colour of Lhe
mud brlck. Crey mud brlck ls ofLen used Lo llne osL NeollLhlc burlals found wlLhln Lhe norLh ShelLer
(see Cl1L). uue Lo Llme resLralnLs, he Lrench was exLended anoLher 3m Lo Lhe norLhwesL Lo avold
Lhe excavaLlng supposed burlal. 1he flnal 1m exLenL of Lhe Lrench was LreaLed as a sondage.
Therefore, alLhough a small Lrench, C11 was sLepped ln Lwlce for maxlmum ln depLh lnvesLlgaLlon.

B.123, locaLed aL Lhe wesLern end of Lhe Lrench ls deflned by wall l. 7311 Lo Lhe easL, and wall
l.7122 Lo Lhe souLh. Wall l.7310 seems Lo be an lnLernal dlvlslon of Lhe bulldlng as evldenced by Lhe
sllghL corner of a space on lLs norLhern slde. 1he walls of 8.123 are all made of a brown sandy clay
mud brlck. Whlle Lhe souLhern wall of Lhe bulldlng ls poorly deflned, lLs easLern wall ls beLLer
deflned wlLhln Lhe sondage. lnflll (30128) removed from Lhls area conLalned occaslonal posL
NeollLhlc poLLery sherds due Lo Lhe heavy bloLurbaLlon observed wlLhln Lhe Lrench. Cverall, Lhe
deposlL was a raLher Lyplcal homogenous bulldlng lnflll wlLh occaslonal large chunks of bulldlng
maLerlal such as plasLer and 1he removal of Lhe lnflll revealed a Lhlck layered plasLer (20680) n
walls l.7311 and l.7310. As Lhe depLh of Lhe sondage reached 1.90 Lowards Lhe souLhwesLern end
of Lhe Lrench, Lhe excavaLlon of lnflll (30128), sLlll conceallng Lhe occupaLlon deposlLs of Lhe bulldlng
123, came Lo an arblLrary end.

Building 124 ls located n Lhe astern half of C11. lL ls deflned Lo Lhe souLh by wall l.7314 whlch
seems Lo acLually abuL l.7122, Lhe souLhern wall of 8.123. 1he wesLern wall of Lhe bulldlng, l.7312,
abuLs Lhe easLern wall of bulldlng 8.123. 1hls bulldlng ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo areas wlLh wall l.7313,
space 323 Lo Lhe norLh and space 324 Lo Lhe souLh. All of Lhe walls of Lhls bulldlng were consLrucLed
Figure 2.28. Overview of trench GT1. Plan: Marek Baranksi
42
43

from a drak graylsh mud brlck wlLh hlgh clay conLenL. 1hls parLlcular colour and LexLure of brlck ls
noL exLremely common and was lnlLlally LhoughL Lo represenL much laLer, posL Neolithic acLlvlLles.
However, Lhe lnLernal faces of all walls conLalned Lyplcal neollLhlc aLalhyuk layered plasLers,
leavlng no doubL abouL Lhe naLure of Lhe sLrucLure. 1he bulldlng's lnflll was parLlally excavaLed as flll
(20943). As wlLh 8.123, Lhe occupaLlon deposlLs of Lhe bulldlng were noL uncovered. 1he lnflll of Lhe
bulldlng was sealed by unlL (20933) whlch can be deflned as a hlghly dlsLurbed surface deposlL LhaL
conLalned a large number of post NeollLhlc sherds as well as roof Llle.

lL ls lmposslble Lo assess exacLly how large bulldlngs 123 and 124 are or wheLher Lhey are
conLemporaneous. 8uL lL ls clear LhaL Lhe bulldlngs had subsLanLlal llfe histories, evldenced by Lhe
Lhlckness of Lhelr wall plasLers. ln any case, Lhe work ln Lhe Lrench dld noL reveal Lhe anomaly LhaL
presenLed lLself ln Lhe C8 resulLs, and remlnds for Lhe necesslLy of cauLlon ln Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of
geophyslcal survey resulLs. 1he Lrench was compleLely backfllled aL Lhe end of Lhe season.
1rench G12
8 x 2 m ln slze and seL ln a easL wesL allgnmenL, C12 ls locaLed abouL 24m norLh of Lhe north
Shelter. 1he locaLlon of Lhe Lrench was deLermlned upon Lhe resulLs of Lhe geophyslcal survey
conducLed lasL year. 1he alm of Lhls Lrench was Lo flnd a norLh souLh allgned feaLure aL lLs wesLern
end. 1hls norLh souLh allgnmenL seems Lo correlaLe wlLh a dlvlslon formed by abuLLlng bulldlngs also
seen wlLhln Lhe norLh ShelLer, exempllfled by Lhe abuLLlng relaLlonshlps of 8.113 wlLh 8.77 and
B.108, 8.119 wlLh 8.1, and Lhe predecessors of 8.32.

lndeed aL Lhe wesLern end of Lhe Lrench remnanLs of whaL could be called a wall were locaLed some
1.1m below Lhe surface. Powever, Lhls brown compacL mud brlck was hlghly dlsLurbed by anlmal
burrowlng and laLer acLlvlLy and Llme and area consLralnLs prohlbited depLh lnvesLlgaLlon.
ueposlL (30384), whlch ls slmllar Lo homogeneous bulldlng lnflll, abuLs Lhls posslble wall and
remalns ln slLu wlLhln Lhe Lrench. lL was sealed by (30383), a unlL characLerlzed by lLs bulldlng
material rich inclusions. The overall evldence of Lhese deposlLs does polnL ouL Lo Lhe exlsLence of a
north souLh allgned wall, whlch mosL llkely belong Lo a neollLhlc bulldlng, as deLermlned by Lhe
geophyslcal resulLs. 1hese deposlLs were burled laLer by mldden acLlvlLy deflned by unlLs (20971)
and (39371). LxLendlng some 3.3m Lowards Lhe cenLer of Lhe Lrench, Lhese unlLs whlch produced
large amounLs of laLe neollLhlc poLLery sherds. Cf lnLeresL was a handle made from a dark gray ware
shaped as a bucranlum. 1hese deposlLs ln Lurn were cuL by a posL NeollLhlc grave LhaL was lefL lo
slto wlLhln Lhe Lrench.

1hese mldden deposlLs were overlaylng l.7147, anoLher neollLhlc wall locaLed ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe
Lrench. unllke Lhe wall dlscussed above, Lhe geophyslcs resulLs gave no evldence of Lhls feaLure. 1he
wall was made from o compoct llqbt btowo sllty cloy moJ btlck ooJ osby mottot" (SL, 27/07/13). lL
was plasLered on lLs easLern slde and abuLLed by a dlsLurbed ralsed floor surface recognlzed ln Lhe
southern secLlon of Lhe Lrench. Wall. l.7146, made from a llghL brown sllLy clay brlck and llghL
brown ashy morLar consLrucLed above Lhls ralsed surface abuLLed Lhe easLern face of wall l.7147.
1hese feaLures seem Lo belong Lo neollLhlc bulldlng LhaL runs on a sllghL norLhwesL southeast
alignment, nd are mosL llkely noL relaLed Lo Lhe neollLhlc wall deflned aL Lhe wesLern end of Lhe
trench.

43
44

1he easLern end of Lhe Lrench presenLed lLself wlLh anoLher seL of deposlLs (30338, 20970, 20972)
LhaL were dlfflculL Lo lnLerpreL. 1hese deposlLs conLalned large amounLs of llghL brown sand rich
mud brlck wlLhln Lhem, and could represenL a demollshed wall. All Lhree unlLs were raLher
homogenous and conLalned almosL no arLlfacLs. 1he deposlLs seem Lo have been cuL lnLo, wlLh Lhe
consLrucLlon of a posslble plL/dlLch comprlsed of fllls (20999, 30337). 1hese heLerogeneous fllls
were charcoal rlch and conLalned a large number of burnL bulldlng maLerlals.

1he llmlLed exLenL of Lrench C12 only allows for very general undersLandlng of Lhe naLure of
acLlvlLles LhaL took ace n Lhe area. 1he work conducLed here over Lhe summer also ghllghLs Lhe
dlfflculLles ln maklng generallzaLlons of Lhe complex archaeologlcal sequences aL aLalhyuk wlhLln
resLrlcLed spaces, as dlscussed durlng Lhe foundaLlon Lrench excavaLlons (see Cl1L). 1he LesL Lrench
was backfllled ln lLs enLlreLy aL Lhe end of Lhe season.

8|b||ography
Eddisford, uanlel
2011 8ulldlng 77. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL.
Farid, Shahlna
in ess Building 32. lo aLalhyuk LxcavaLlons: Lhe 2000 2008 Seasons. l. Hodder, ed.
Los Angeles: CoLsen lnslLuLe of Archaeology ress.
Hager, Lorl u., and 8a;ak 8oz
2011 Puman 8emalns. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL.
Tung, 8urcu
2012 LxcavaLlons ln Lhe norLh Area, 2012. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL.

44
45

.? 3DE6A6=B:<> B< =F9 @:Q=F #H96I +,-.
!ames S. 1aylor, unlverslLy of ?ork

1hls season excavaLlons ln Lhe SouLh Area conLlnued focused excavaLlon upon Lhe sLrucLures along
the souLhern ledge' of Lhe shelLer (lncludlng 8ulldlngs 80, 89, 96 & 97), as well as Lhe Lwo structures
ad[acenL Lo MellaarL's Shrlne 10 Sequence (8ulldlngs 43 & 118). All of Lhe work was concenLraLed
wlLhln bulldlngs, no open areas or courLyards were LargeLed. MosL of Lhese sLrucLures were LhoughL
Lo have been consLrucLed aL a broadly conLemporary horlzon approxlmaLely Podder Level C/
(MellaarL Level vl/vll)

1he declslon was Laken Lo begln full excavaLlon of Lhe occupaLlon sequence of 8ulldlng 80wlLh a
vlew Lo undersLandlng Lhe sequence and explorlng Lhe sLrucLures poLenLlal for reconsLrucLlon at
laLer daLe. Work also conLlnued on Lhe ongolng excavaLlon and experlmenLaLlon of dlglLal recordlng
ln 8ulldlng 89. ln addlLlon Lo Lhls dlglLal LableL graphlcal recordlng Look place ln boLh 8ulldlng 80 and
8ulldlng 118. LxcavaLlons were conLlnued ln 8ulldlng 96 wlLh a sLrong focus upon Lhe complex burlal
sequence. 8ulldlng 43 conLlnued wlLh a vlew Lo removlng Lhe occupaLlon sequence compleLely, and
work began on a new sLrucLure Lo lLs lmmedlaLe norLh, 8ulldlng 118. noLably Lhe laLLer ls belleved
Lo be of Level xll daLe. 8oLh of Lhese operaLlons fed lnLo Lhe ongolng sLraLegy Lo expand Lhe area of
exposure of earller occupaLlon levels relaLlng Lo Lhe Shrlne 10 & 8 sequences and Lhe deep
soundlng. 1he alm ls Lo expose and undersLand some of Lhe earllesL acLlvlLy and sLrucLures upon Lhe
site.

LxcavaLlons ln 8ulldlng 97 were only operaLlonal for Lhe flrsL parL of Lhe season, and were puL on
hold as prlorlLles changed and resources were dlverLed Lo deal wlLh 8ulldlng 118.
8u||d|ng 43 (Spaces 23S & 236)
Work conLlnued Lhls season ln 8ulldlng 43 from where lL was lefL lasL season. Crlglnally MellaarL
excavaLed Lhe sLrucLure as bulldlng L.vlll.27 down Lo occupaLlon level ln Lhe 1960's. AlLhough very
llLLle ls reporLed on Lhls bulldlng, Lhe bulldlng's lnLernal feaLures generally correspond wlLh
Mellaarts 1963 plan of Lhe bulldlng. ln 2004, Lhe bulldlng was compleLely exposed and excavaLlons
resumed aL Lhe horlzon lefL by MellaarL, when Lwo burlals (l.1839, l.1862) were removed from a
plaLform (l.1863) abuLLlng Lhe wesL wall (l.1837) of Lhe bulldlng. AddlLlonally, Lwo posL retrieval
plLs were also excavaLed, one near Lhe wesLern wall and Lhe oLher near Lhe souLheasL corner of Lhe
bulldlng. 1he 2004 excavaLlons, however, were malnly focused ln Lhe souLhern area of Lhe maln
room.

1he bulldlng has been severely eroded as a resulL of lLs long perlod of exposure. As such Lhe 2012
and 2013 excavaLlons conLlnued wlLh a focus on brlnglng Lhe exposed maLerlal lnLo phase and fully
excavaLlng Lhe occupaLlon sequence of Lhe bulldlng, wlLh a vlew Lo removlng lL and exposlng any
beLLer preserved underlylng sLrucLures.

45
46

Figure 3.1. Areas of excavation conducted in the South Shelter. Plan: Camilla Mazzucato
46
47

8ulldlng 43 has an lrregular shape and slLs on a norLh souLh axls. 1he easLern wall has a 'dog leg
break. lL ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo rooms, a narrow room ln Lhe norLh (Sp.233) and Lhe maln room Lo Lhe
souLh (Sp.236). 1he Lwo rooms are dlvlded by a parLlLlon wall (l.1833) LhaL abuLs Lhe easLern wall of
8ulldlng 43 (l.1833), Lhe parLlLlon wall, however, does noL meeL Lhe wesLern wall of Lhe bulldlng, as
a narrow doorway exlsLs beLween Lhe Lwo.
@J6E9 +.R
Space 236 conslsLs of Lhe maln souLhern room of Lhe bulldlng and aL one Llme, lL conLalned 3
plaLforms. Work ln Lhls space conLlnued from LhaL begun by Lhe Leam supervlsed by !usLlne lssavl ln
2012.
G:H=F9H< #H96I B<E8QPB<X =F9 96>=9H< J86=;:HK 6<P <BEF9?
A unlfylng orange make up layer was uncovered (buL noL excavaLed) LhroughouL mosL of Lhe maln
room. 1hls make up layer abuLs Lhe parLlLlon wall ln Lhe norLh and exLends souLh all Lhe way Lo Lhe
edge of Lhe hearLh (l.1864). 1hls layer seems Lo predaLe Lhe consLrucLlon of all of Lhe plaLforms ln
Lhe maln room, lncludlng Lhe unexcavaLed plaLform (l.1831).

1he nlche (l.1863) ln Lhe easLern wall and assoclaLed plaLform (l.1831) deflned ln 2012, and
parLlally excavaLed ln LhaL season were compleLed and undersLood Lhls season. 1he earllesL deposlL
Lo deflne Lhls clearly assoclaLed palr of feaLure was a compound 'Lhln layer of grey make up and
orange floor', whlch effecLlvely deflne Lhe plaLform l.1831 as Lhe flrsL elemenL of lLs consLrucLlon
(1.8m long by 1.00m wlde). 1hls was lmmedlaLely sealed by a couple of Lhln furLher makeup layers,
Figure 3.2. Overview of southern space (Sp236). Facing west. Photography: Agata Czeszewska
47
48

wlLh no clear assoclaLed surface
(perhaps due Lo eroslon wear or
scourlng ln Lhe preparaLlon of Lhe
later plaLform layers, (30326) and
(30324)).

AL Lhls polnL ln Lhe stratigraphic
sequence on Lhe norLhern slde of
Lhe plaLform was a clear, cuL
feaLure (30322), LhoughL Lo be a
post reLrleval plL (c.0.72m ong y
c.0.70m wlde and 340mm deep.
AlLhough on reflecLlon, Lhls would
be an unusual poslLlon for such a
plL, seL agalnsL Lhe norLhern facL of
Lhe dogleg on Lhe easLern slde of
Lhe space. Powever lL remalns
posslble LhaL Lhe posL was seL lnLo Lhe corner of Lhe plaLform. 1he homogenous, compacL and
almosL sLerlle flll of Lhe plL (30320) gave llLLle or no lndlcaLlon of any alLernaLlve funcLlon for Lhls
feature.

Seallng Lhe plL was anoLher makeup layer, (30318), whlch was removed wlLh an assoclaLed very Lhln
and paLchy plasLer layer as a compound unlL. 1hls appeared Lo mark a separaLe phase of use of Lhe
plaLform. lL also represenLs Lhe plaLform surface LhaL marks Lhe beglnnlng of use of Lhe nlche.

1he earllesL surface wlLhln Lhe nlche lLself, (30317, was excavaLed as a compound unlL along wlLh lLs
underlylng makeup (because boLh layers were very Lhln and respecLed Lhe same area exacLly),
0.99m ong y 48m de and approxlmaLely 40mm Lhlck. lmmedlaLely seallng Lhls was anoLher
dlsLlncLlve red palnLed plasLer surface (30313), whlch appeared Lo llne Lhe base of Lhe nlche,
apparenLly respecLlng Lhe plaLform alLhough Lhere were some ephemeral lndlcaLlons LhaL Lhls paint
may have covered Lhe plaLform aL Lhls level (Lhls may be a resulL of scourlng and eroslon slnce Lhe
lnlLlal exposure of Lhe bulldlng ln Lhe 1960's).

Seallng boLh Lhe nlche and plaLform aL Lhls level were a number of unlLs LhaL were assoclaLed
because Lhey were seen Lo be 'ln phase'. 1hese lncluded (30303, (30313, (30314 & (30316. lor Lhe
mosL parL Lhese unlLs represenLed apparenLly conLlguous makeup and floor layers whlch exLended
from Lhe nlche and plaLform lnLo Lhe maln space. 1hese form Lhe hlghesL dlscreLe survlvlng unlLs
upon Lhe plaLform sLrucLure lLself, aL a helghL of c.1005.61mASL, maklng Lhe plaLform aL leasL 0.23m
hlgh. Powever lL ls worLh noLlng LhaL Lhe hlghesL, (30316, was a compound unlL LhaL conslsLed of a
large number of LruncaLed plasLer layers (floors) assoclaLed wlLh Lhe Lop of Lhe plaLform. Powever
Lhey were LruncaLed badly (by prevlous excavaLlon) and only survlved as a narrow sLrlp agalnsL Lhe
norLhern wall of Lhe dogleg ln Lhe space. lf Lhey can all be seen as plaLform surfaces (whlch ls an
assumpLlon because Lhelr full spaLlal exLenLs wlll never be deLermlnable), Lhen Lhe acLual Lhlckness
of Lhe plaLform may be more llke c.0.30 0.35m.

Figure 3.3. Detail of niche (F.1865) and associated platform (F.1851) in foreground.
East facing photo. Photography: Agata Czeszewska
48
49

1he lasL deposlLs whlch can be seen as parL of Lhls sequence, are all lnLerpreLed as nlche fllls,
alLhough lL seems llkely LhaL many of Lhem (lf noL all of Lhem) would have effecLlvely covered Lhe
plaLform elLher ln whole or parL, and have been LruncaLed elLher ln anLlqulLy, or durlng earller
archaeologlcal lnLervenLlons. 1he flrsL of Lhese, (30312, was recorded as a clay sllL shelf wlLhln Lhe
nlche on lLs norLhern end c.0.40m ong y c.0.16m wlde (30mm Lhlck), whlch served Lo foreshorLen
Lhe effecLlve wldLh of Lhe nlche. A compound layer of alLernaLe Lhln makeup and whlLe plasLer
surfaces, (30308, sealed Lhls (c.70mm Lhlck ln LoLal). 1hese almosL cerLalnly would have exLended
ouL over Lhe plaLform (alLhough LhaL relaLlonshlp ls losL Lhrough LruncaLlon) and may be assoclaLed
wlLh Lhe slmllar compound unlL: (30316 dlscussed above. 1hls was sealed by more poLenLlal surfaces
and makeup, (30306, alLhough deposlLs LhaL formed Lhls unlL were a llLLle more lrregular and harder
Lo deflne. 1he uppermosL flll ln Lhe 'nlche sequence' excavaLed Lhls season, (30307, was more
homogenous and 'fill like conslsting f sLerlle sllL. lnlLlally Lhls was seen as parL of Lhe wall lLself and
dld noL become clear as a flll of Lhe nlche unLll wall plasLer was 'chased behlnd by Lhe excavaLors.
1he laLesL sLerlle nlche deposlL (10347) was excavaLed ln Lhe 2012 season. Accordlng Lo Lhe secLlon
revealed by Lhe posL reLrleval plL cuLLlng lnLo plaLform (l.1831), Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe nlche
should predaLe Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe plaLform, buL we wlll noL be able Lo confldenLly esLabllsh Lhls
relaLlonshlp unLll Lhe plaLform ls fully excavaLed. ln facL our undersLandlng of Lhe nlche ls skeLchy
and Lhe feaLure ls dlfflculL Lo lnLerpreL because so much of lL has been dlsLurbed by excavaLlon ln
Lhe 1960's. 1he Lrue llmlLs of Lhe floors ldenLlfled ln Lhe nlche cannoL be deLermlned because Lhey
are LruncaLed, and Lhe same can be sald of Lhe upper fllls. ulLlmaLely all Lhe unlLs whlch fllled Lhe
nlche were characLerlsLlcally sLerlle (wheLher Lhey be floors or fllls). SLrucLurally Lhe nlche lLself ls
qulLe rounded and even ln shape but ts Lrue funcLlon remalns enlgmaLlc.
@:Q=F9H< #E=BAB=] #H96
1hls season Lhe souLhern area was
LargeLed ln a concerLed efforL Lo Lry
and free Lhe oven prevlously ldenLlfled
as l.1832, buL lefL unexcavaLed. ln facL
Lhe oven supersLrucLure, (30343 was
Lhe earllesL unlL Lo be exposed Lhls
season. 1he oven lLself was some
1.00m ln dlameLer, survlvlng Lo a
helghL of 70mm, and was fllled wlLh a
shorL sequence of burnL surfaces,
whlch resembled flred clay. 1he
earllesL of Lhese (30344) conLalned
frequenL charcoal lncluslons, and was
sealed by aL leasL Lhree more surfaces
and Lhelr assoclaLed make up 0343),
(30341) & (30340), Lhese uppermosL
of Lhese surfaces only parLlally covered Lhe whole lnLernal space of Lhe oven havlng been damaged
and eroded, all of Lhem were heavlly cracked and orange/black ln colour showlng slgns of burnlng
and heaL damage.

Figure 3.4. Detail of oven (F.1852) against southern wall of Sp.236. Facing
south. Photography: Agata Czeszewska
49
50

1o Lhe wesL of Lhe oven was a small makeup layer (30342), whlch may have been connecLed Lo Lhe
use of Lhe oven, due Lo a relaLlvely hlgh degree of observed charcoal lncluslons (c.0.90m ong y
c.0.70m wlde and 60mm deep). 1hls was sealed by a couple of compound deposits, (30336) &
(30339), whlch essenLlally comprlsed shorL sequences of 'desLroyed and LruncaLed floors, makeups
and rubble flll'. 1hese unlLs had been badly eroded and perhaps LruncaLed by Lhe 1960's excavaLlon,
only really preserved agalnsL Lhe walls of Lhe space, consequenLly Lhey were essenLlally excavaLed
as one arblLrary unlL. Also slLuaLed abuLLlng Lhe souLhern wall of Lhe space was Lhe very lowesL parL
of a clearly deflned bln sLrucLure (30338), whlch was llned wlLh whlLe marl plasLer (30337).

1he bln and Lhe wesLern slde of Lhe oven were boLh flnally sealed by poorly deflned unlL LhaL may
represenL room flll or resldual floor make up ln Lhe souLhern end of Lhe space (30333),
approxlmaLely 2.20m long by 1.76m wlde. Agaln Lhls unlL was parLlcularly dlfflculL Lo deflne because
of eroslon and LruncaLlon, buL was essenLlally sLerlle homogenous greylsh orange brown sllL.

ln Lhe souLhwesL corner of Lhe space a large (1.32m by 0.98m) buL shallow (190mm deep) plL was
excavaLed (30334), fllled wlLh a sLerlle mlxed llghL grey brown sllL deposlL, lnlLlally lnLerpreLed as
make up unLll Lhe cuL became evldenL. 1he plL, whlch formed a quarLer clrcle ln Lhe souLhwesL
corner, was falrly shallow, alLhough lL ls posslble LhaL Lhere may be more flll lefL lo slto as the basal
boundary of Lhe flll was very lndlsLlncL.

1he uppermosL deposlL Lo Lhe easL of Lhe space was a grey sllLy 'make up layer, (30301, whlch was
also badly eroded and hard Lo deflne (1.00m long by 0.80m wlde and 70mm deep). 1he basal
boundary of Lhls near sLerlle deposlL was also hard Lo deflne. 1hls was sealed by paLchy floor,
(10556), whlch exLended LhroughouL Lhe cenLre of Lhe space and lnLo Lhe souLheasL corner
ldenLlfled and excavaLed ln Lhe 2012 season.
@J6E9 +.S
Some conslderable work was done ln Space 233 Lhls season, whlch was Lhe norLhern (posslble
sLorage) area of Lhe bulldlng, and was c.4.00m easL wesL by c.1.20m norLh souLh. 1he earllesL
excavaLed deposlL was a grey brown makeup layer (30328), whlch baslcally spanned Lhe whole
space. 1hls makeup was apparenLly assoclaLed wlLh a resldual heavlly weaLhered and paLchy plasLer
floor (30327). AL Lhe easLern end of Lhe space, also consLrucLed upon Lhe makeup were Lwo very
heavlly scoured bln sLrucLures (recognlsable only by Lhe u shaped plan of the esldual plasLer
surfaces assoclaLed wlLh Lhem (30321) & (30323)).

50
51

Seallng all of Lhese unlLs was anoLher
makeup deposlL, (30314), whlch
suggesLed LhaL Lhe scourlng of Lhe
earller blns mlghL have been dellberaLe
and execuLed ln anLlqulLy. 1hls makeup
was slmllar ln naLure Lo lLs earller
counLerparL (30328) and consequenLly
Lhe basal boundary appeared arblLrary
ln places (Lhe Lwo deposlLs were ofLen
only dlsLlngulshable because paLches of
plasLer floor and blns whlch dlvlded
Lhem). 1hls makeup was agaln
assoclaLed wlLh anoLher paLchy plasLer
surface (30311). lL ls worLh noLlng LhaL
all of Lhese plasLer floors were
characteristically Lhln (3mm) and
showed no slgns of Lhe re plastering, or
malnLenance LhaL mlghL be expecLed ln
Lhe maln room of Lhe sLrucLure. Also
assoclaLed wlLh Lhls very paLchy floor
and make up was anoLher laLer bln
structure, agaln heavlly scoured ouL. 1he
supersLrucLure (30310) was slmply
presenL ln plan as a horseshoe shape,
fllled wlLh a grey sllL lnflll (30309) no
more Lhan 10mm deep.

1hese deposlLs were flnally sealed wlLh anoLher grey sllLy makeup layer, whlch agaln appeared Lo
span mosL of Lhe space, 1m ong (easL wesL) by 1.3m wlde (and up Lo 90mm deep), (30300. 1hls
deposlL was agaln very weaLhered, alLhough ln Lhls case almosL cerLalnly as a resulL of havlng been
exposed by MellaarL ln Lhe 1960's and agaln by Lhe currenL pro[ecL ln Lhe early 1990's slnce Lhls
more or less represenLs Lhe level Lo whlch Lhls space was prevlously excavaLed.

1wo plLs excavaLed ln Lhe 2012 season flnally cuL Lhls upper surface. Cne of Lhe plLs, (10330, was
slLuaLed along Lhe norLhern wall (l.1834) of Lhe bulldlng (0.32 dlameLer and 0.12m deep) may have
been a posL reLrleval plL. 1he oLher plL, locaLed agalnsL Lhe norLhern slde of Lhe parLlLlon wall
(l.1833) (0.38m dlameLer and 0.18m deep) was of unclear funcLlon.

8u||d|ng 80 (Spaces 13S & 373)
coottlbotloo by Iostloe lssovl (5toofotJ uolvetslty).

1hls year, excavaLlons resumed ln 8ulldlng 80 afLer a Lwo year hlaLus. 1he maln alm of Lhls year's
excavaLlon ls Lo begln Lhe removal of 8ulldlng 80. revlously, Lhe declslon was made Lo use 8.80 as
a dlsplay bulldlng parLlally cause of lts ncredible sLaLe of preservaLlon and Lhe elaboraLe wall
Figure 3.5. Overview of Sp.235. Facing west. Photography: Agata Czeszewska
51
52

palnLlng uncovered durlng Lhe 2011 season, and parLlally because Lhls bulldlng was noL a hlgh
prlorlLy bulldlng for Lhe C14 daLlng pro[ecL as lL was noL parL of Lhe maln sLraLlgraphlc splne belng
dated Bayliss & larld 2012). Powever, lL has become apparenL LhaL excavaLlng 8ulldlng 80,
because of lLs sLaLe of preservaLlon and level of elaboraLlon, would provlde us wlLh lmporLanL
maLerlal evldence LhaL may noL be preserved oLherwlse. 1hus Lhe managemenL and excavaLlon
sLraLegy for 8.80 has shlfLed Lo allow Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe bulldlng whlle plannlng on a fuLure
reconsLrucLlon of one of Lhe earller phases of Lhe bulldlng. Accordlngly, whlle Lhe excavaLlon goal ls
Lo remove Lhe bulldlng compleLely, Lhe bulldlng walls are Lo remaln ln place. AddlLlonally, a small
secLlon of Lhe sLraLlgraphy has also been preserved along Lhe wall edges ln order Lo ald ln Lhe fuLure
reconsLrucLlon of Lhe bulldlng's sLraLlgraphy.

Furthermore, 8.80 was parL of a plloL pro[ecL LhaL almed Lo fully dlglLlze Lhe plannlng process. uslng
Lhe laLesL LableL Lechnology from MlcrosofL, Lhe ArcClS sofLware sulLe and slLe hoLography
equlpmenL all graphlc represenLaLlons of Lhe archaeology were dlglLally creaLed and archlved (lor
reporL and workflow, see Ch. ).
WQB8PB<X [, 5A9HAB9C
8ulldlng 80 ls slLuaLed Lo Lhe easL of Lhe conLemporary 8ulldlng 79 and wesL of Lhe earller 8ulldlng
89. 1hls bulldlng conslsLs of Lwo rooms, Lhe maln room Lo Lhe norLh Space 133 and a small posslble
sLorage space Lo Lhe souLh Space 373. 8ulldlng 80 was excavaLed down Lo lLs laLesL floors ln 2010
and has remalned mosLly unLouched slnce Lhen. 1hough some work ln Lhe form of Lhe excavaLlon
and parLlal removal of Lhe norLhern and wesLern walls (l.2333 and l. 3036, respecLlvely) Look place
ln Lhe 2011 and 2012 seasons. AddlLlonally, work was also done when Lhe palnLlng on Lhe bulldlng's
easL wall was uncovered ln 2011. Accordlngly, plasLer removal ln search of palnLlngs on oLher walls
as well as Lhe conservaLlon of Lhe exlsLlng wall palnLlngs found has conLlnued rouLlnely slnce Lhen
(Lingle 2012).
Figure 3.6. 3D Model of B.80. Model: Jason Quinlan
52
53

@J6E9 -.S
!"#$%&#' )#&*
leaLure 3442
l.3442 ls Lhe norLhwesLern plaLform
belonglng Lo 8.80. 1he earllesL
feaLures ldenLlfled and excavaLed ln
Lhls space were Lhe laLesL burlal
evenLs l.7400 ln Lhe norLhwesLern
plaLform l.3442.

1he cuL lLself ls orlenLed roughly easL
wesL and ls 0.79m by 0.47m and ls
only parLlally excavaLed wlLh a
currenL depLh of 0.16m. 1he earllesL
exposed (buL noL excavaLed) remalns
conslsL of Lwo rlghL pelvlc bones
wlLh Lwo arLlculaLed rlghL femoral
heads. 8ased on Lhe poslLlon of Lhe
remains, Lhe burlals and Lhe burlal
cuL wlll exLend Lo Lhe norLhwesL of
Lhe currenL cuL and Lhe plaLform, very close Lo Lhe edge of MellaarL's LruncaLlon of 8.80 ln Lhe
norLhwesLern corner. 1hese appendlcular llmbs also arLlculaLe wlLh Lwo rlghL feeL, one of whlch
was excavaLed and removed aL Lhe end of Lhe 2013 season because of lLs fraglle and unsLable
condlLlon. CLher human remalns were deflned, lncludlng a number of dlsarLlculaLed [uvenlle bones
LhaL were exposed and removed. 1hese lncluded a dlsarLlculaLed [uvenlle cranlum, wlLhouL a
mandible, (20036) whlch was removed and sampled for fuLure aunA analysls. 1o Lhe souLheasL of
Lhe cuL, a [uvenlle mandlble and an arLlculaLed [uvenlle llmb (arm) were uncovered. WheLher or not
Lhese dlsarLlculaLed [uvenlle remalns belong Lo Lhe same person has noL yeL been conflrmed,
alLhough lL ls posslble. 1he laLesL burlal was LhaL of an arLlculaLed and LlghLly flexed [uvenlle
(20034), whlch was compleLely excavaLed durlng Lhe 2013 fleld season and also sampled for fuLure
aDNA analysls.

1he lnflll for Lhls burlal (20030) was relaLlvely compacL and was comprlsed of plaLform make up
maLerlal (such as blLs of plasLer and make up) as well as more mldden llke deposlLs whlch conLalned
organic remalns such as charcoal, small blLs of anlmal bone and obsldlan. 1hls burlal flll was hlghly
dlsLurbed by anlmal burrows and lnsecL larva LhaL, so far, have been ublqulLous LhroughouL Lhe
burlal sequence. As a resulL, Lhe norLheasLern porLlon of Lhe flll was more frlable Lhan Lhe resL of
Lhe deposlL. 1hls ls also due Lo heaL damage from Lhe bulldlngs flnal dlsuse LhaL was especlally
evldenL and concenLraLed ln Lhls porLlon of Lhe plaLform. So far Lhere have been no assoclaLed
grave goods wlLh Lhls any of Lhese burlals, however, Lhls sequence of burlals ls only parLlally
excavaLed as of now and excavaLlons wlll have Lo conLlnue ln fuLure seasons (for a more ln depLh
dlscusslon of Lhls burlal sequence, see Lhe Puman 8emalns reporL ln Lhls volume).

Figure 3.7. Unexcavated portions of the burial sequence. Facing west.
Photography: Katarzyna W. Harabasz
53
54

A relaLlvely compacL layer of make up (18992) sealed Lhe aforemenLloned burlal sequence. 1he
depLh of Lhls make up layer ranged from 0.02 0.06m and lL seems as Lhough lL was used Lo remodel
Lhe shape of Lhe plaLform. 1he make up layer was ln Lurn covered by a Lhln layer of plasLer (18991).
1hls floor sequence was ln Lurn sealed by anoLher floor sequencemake up (18990) and plasLer
surface (18981). lL ls evldenL LhaL Lhere were mulLlple oLher floor sequences on Lhls plaLform,
however, very llLLle of Lhese sequences survlved along Lhe norLhern and Lhe easLern edges of Lhls
plaLform because of a number of posL deposlLlonal dlsLurbances. 1hese posL deposlLlonal feaLures
lnclude Lhe burnlng and Lhe flre damage from anLlqulLy (concenLraLed ln Lhe easLern and central
areas of Lhe plaLform), MellaarL's LruncaLlon ln Lhe norLhwesLern edge of Lhe plaLform, as well as
mulLlple anlmal burrows and lnsecL Lunnels presenL LhroughouL Lhe plaLform.

leaLure 3441
1he earllesL deposlL uncovered ln 8.80's
norLheasLern plaLform ls a layer of plasLer wlLh
vlslble slgns of burnlng and flre damage (18989).
No burlal cuLs have been uncovered yet, alLhough
Lwo dlsLlncL slumps have been noLed ln Lhe
norLheasLern corner and Lhe cenLral area of Lhe
plaLform. lurLhermore, a sllghL ouLllne of a
poLenLlally earller plaLform ls vlslble. 1hls,
however, cannoL be conflrmed wlLhouL furLher
excavation. This asLer deposlL (18989) was
sealed by one floor sequencemake up 8987)
and plasLer surface (18980)LhaL showed slmllar
slgns of flre damage ln Lhe same areas. 1he
make up layer (18987) ln Lhls sequence had
conLalned evldence of organlc planL remalns and phyLollLh samples were Laken from Lhls deposlL.
Seallng Lhls floor deposlL was a blL of ln slLu charred Llmber (18988), a posslble remnanL from Lhe
burnL posLs LhaL had collapsed prevlously (18948).
leaLure 3440
1hls cenLral plaLform ls locaLed dlrecLly below Lhe geomeLrlc wall palnLlng found on Lhe easLern wall
of 8.80 durlng Lhe 2011 fleld season. Slmllarly Lo Lhe norLheasLern plaLform, no burlal cuLs have
been uncovered ln 8.80's cenLral plaLform l.3440, however, Lwo very dlsLlncL slumpsassumed Lo
be lndlcaLlve of burlal cuLshave been noLed ln Lhe plaLform's earllesL uncovered deposlL (20029).
Stratigraphically, Lhe wall palnLlng predaLes Lhe earllesL exposed plasLer deposlL on Lhls plaLform.
Seallng Lhls plasLer floor ls a make up layer (20013) LhaL conLalned a sLone pendanL 20013.x1, Lhls
pendanL seems Lo have been a placed deposlL, raLher Lhan an accldenLal or lnadverLenL lncluslon
wlLhln Lhe make up layer. 1hls make up layer was ln Lurn sealed by a layer of whlLe plasLer, whlch
was ln Lurn sealed by a floor sequence (18979), however, unllke Lhe earller sequence, Lhe laLesL
floor sequence of Lhls plaLform was very ephemeral and dlfflculL Lo follow.
Maln floor
1he earllesL deposlL found on Lhe maln floor was a plasLered sunken floor measurlng 2.32m long by
1.84m wlde wlLh a depLh of 0.04m. 1o Lhe norLh and easL, Lhls floor ls deflned by Lhe edges of Lhe
norLhern and cenLral plaLforms. lurLhermore, Lhe sunken floor has clear wesLern and souLhwesLern
Figure 3.8. Charred timber remains (18988). Facing north.
Photography: Justine Issavi
54
55

boundarles buL ls more amorphous ln Lhe souLheasL. 1hls sunken floor, along wlLh Lhe compleLe
removal of Lhe laLesL phase of 8.80's well preserved oven l.3041 (dlscussed below), represenLs Lhe
only ma[or change Lo 8.80's lnLernal feaLures. 1here are Lwo small areas wlLh evldence of burning
on Lhls floor.

1he clear wesLern boundarles of Lhe floor may have Lo do wlLh Lhe lnsLallaLlon on Lhe wesLern wall
l.3036 of 8.80 (for more lnformaLlon, see 8egan ln 2010 Archlve 8eporL).

1hls floor musL have been remodeled wlLh Lhe addlLlon of Lhe earllesL phases of Lhe hearLh l.3436
as Lhls hearLh seals Lhe maln sunken floor. lL ls posslble LhaL an earller, smaller hearLh, LhaL would
be ln phase wlLh Lhe sunken maln floor, exlsLed furLher souLh. lL ls also posslble LhaL Lhls
remodellng correlaLed wlLh Lhe remodellng of Lhe easLern parLlLlon wall l.4038 ln order Lo allow for
a larger oven, alLhough Lhls cannoL be conflrmed wlLhouL furLher excavaLlon. 1o Lhe norLh, Lhe
sunken floor was sealed by a Lhlck layer of relaLlvely sLerlle make up 8982), whlch was ln Lurn
sealed by very small and ephemeral paLches of survlvlng floor sequences around Lhe edges.
+",$%&#' )-$./.$0 )#&*
leaLure 3041
uurlng Lhls fleld season, Lhe laLesL phase of Lhe oven l.3041 was removed all Lhe way down Lo Lhe
consLrucLlon horlzon (20033), whlch was Lhe earllesL deposlL ln Lhe feaLure Lo be uncovered (llg.13).

1hls consLrucLlon horlzon seemed Lo go underneaLh Lhe ladder plaLform l.3437, suggesLlng Lhe
posslblllLy LhaL Lhe ladder plaLform, as well as Lhe laLesL phase of Lhe oven were bullL on Lhe same
consLrucLlon horlzon. 1hls deposlL was also sealed by a small paLch of remnanL floors (20037)
furLher wesL, lndlcaLlng Lhe posslblllLy of lL belng plasLered before Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe laLesL
oven base and walls.

Stratigraphically, Lhe oven floors (20032, 20031, 20022 ln sLraLlgraphlc order) sealed Lhese remnanL
floors, alLhough, we were only able Lo see LhaL Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe oven supersLrucLure
preceded Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe oven floors afLer Lhe removal of Lhe upper parL of Lhe oven
supersLrucLure (18973). 1hese oven floors were lamlnaLed, and scorched clay floors LhaL were also
prlorlLlzed and found Lo be relaLlvely sLerlle wlLh small Lo average amounLs of fuel and planL
remains.

1he supersLrucLure lLself was made up of consLrucLlon/make up maLerlal and was mosLly sLerlle,
barrlng small pleces of bone or flakes of obsldlan LhaL were found. A number of samples from Lhe
lnLernal/exLernal faceLs of Lhe oven walls, as well as Lhe make up maLerlal lLself were Laken.
lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL all componenLs of Lhe oven, lncludlng Lhe supersLrucLure, floors, and
consLrucLlon horlzon were heavlly affecLed by posL deposlLlonal processes, speclflcally anlmal
burrows.

1he laLesL phase of Lhe oven was lnlLlally uncovered and excavaLed down Lo Lhe oven floors ln 2010.
lL ls also lmporLanL Lo noLe a clusLer or a 'placed deposlL conLalnlng a number of bones (18933) and
LhoughL Lo be a parL of Lhe abandonmenL pracLlces of 8.80 was found on Lhe broken roof of Lhe
oven (see Regan 2010). So far ln Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe feaLure, no slmllar deposlLs have been found,
55
56

furthermore, Lhe floors of Lhe oven LhaL
have so far been excavaLed have been
reporLed as clean, scoured, and relaLlvely
sterile.

1he oven remodellng seems Lo correlaLe
wlLh Lhe remodellng and exLenslon of Lhe
easLern parLlLlon wall (l.4038). Cnce Lhe
laLesL oven supersLrucLure was removed, lL
became apparenL LhaL Lhe parLlLlon wall
l.4038 was plasLered before Lhe
lnsLallaLlon of Lhe oven. lurLhermore,
posslble scar belonglng Lo a smaller oven,
measurlng 0.44m compared wlLh the
orlglnal oven wldLh of 0.87m, could also be
seen on Lhe wall l. 4038 (llg.17).

Lastly, a dlscusslon abouL Lhe valldlLy of
phaslng bulldlngs based on oven phases
was reklndled Lhls season. Accordlngly,
we almed Lo address Lhls lssue speclflcally
in 8.80 because of lLs hlgh level of
preservaLlon. 1hough we have noL been
able Lo come Lo any concluslons Lo daLe
because only one phase of Lhe oven has
been removed down Lo lLs consLrucLlon
horlzon. ConsequenLly, we alm Lo address
Lhls quesLlon durlng Lhe upcoming
excavaLlon seasons.

leaLure 3437
leaLure 3437 ls an L shaped ladder plaLform locaLed ln Lhe souLheasL corner of Space 133the
maln space of bulldlng 80measurlng 0.88m long by 0.67m wlde, wlLh a helghL of 0.08m. 1hls
plaLform conLalns and respecLs Lhe charred remalns of Lhe ladder base (18963). AlLhough
sLraLlgraphlcally Lhe earllesL uncovered surface of l. 3437 respecLs Lhe charred ladder base Llmber,
Leam members from Lhe boLany lab, excavaLed and sampled Lhe Lop parL of Lhls ladder Llmber ln an
efforL Lo save Lhe charred Llmber from furLher damage from Lhe ad[acenL excavaLlon. A prellmlnary
analysls revealed LhaL Lhe wood specles ls elm.

1hls surface was sealed by Lhe earllesL plasLerlng evenL uncovered on l.7401, as well as a small
patch of remnanL plasLer (20021), whlch survlved only ln Lhe norLhwesLern corner of Lhe plaLform.
1o Lhe easL, near Lhe wesLern border of Lhe oven l.3041, a small clusLer of mlnl clay balls and
charred bones (20020) was placed on Lhls surface. 8oLh of Lhese deposlLs were Lhen sealed by a
compound layer (18976), whlch was excavaLed as a compound layer because of Lhe heavy charrlng
Figure 3.9. Oven F.5041 and the multiple oven scars on F.4038. Facing
south. Photography: Justine Issavi
56
57

and heaL effecLs, as well as Lhe uneven surface. 1hls layer was used Lo remodel and enlarge l.3437
by 0.03m along Lhe norLhwesLern edge. Seallng Lhls layer, was anoLher heavlly charred and paLchy
surface (20013) concenLraLed ln Lhe souLheasLern parL of Lhls plaLform. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL
seallng Lhls surface was anoLher clusLer of heavlly burnL bones (18964), whlch was excavaLed ln
2010. 1hls laLe clusLer was deemed by Lhe excavaLor Lo elLher be a 'left deposlL or a collecLlon of
refuse lefL for fuLure dlsposal. ln any case, Lhe bones were consldered Lo have been placed or
dumped Lhere prlor Lo Lhe flre, as Lhey were burnL and noL broken up (see 8egan ln 2010 Archlve
8eporL). lL seems as Lhough Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe earller clusLer (20020) ln Lhe 2013whlch also
conLalned a number of mlnl clay ballscould furLher supporL Lhe 'left deposlL hypoLhesls.
leaLure 7401
Feature 7401 conslsLs of a ralsed area, slmllar Lo a plaLform, wlLh an amorphous souLhern and
souLheasLern boundary. lL measures 0.96m by 0.63m and has a helghL of 0.03m (llg.18).

lLs earllesL deposlL conslsLs of a plasLer floor LhaL was deemed Lo be parL of Lhe same plasLerlng
evenL as LhaL of Lhe surface of Lhe bench l.3439 Lo Lhe norLh as well as Lhe earller phase of l.3437
Lo Lhe souLh. 1o Lhe easL, Lhls plasLer surface seems Lo have been scoured away. 1he souLhwesLern
porLlon of Lhls surface ls heavlly charred. 1hls conLexL ls sealed by one floor sequence, whlch can
only be seen ln Lhe
norLhwesLern corner due Lo
erosion. 1wo heavlly charred
floor sequences, (18977) and
(20016) respecLlvely, LhaL were
Loo charred and uneven Lo be
dlsLlngulshed were also
excavaLed. 1hese layers sealed
Lhe more robusL and
recognlzable plasLer surfaces.
1he relaLlonshlp beLween Lhese
deposiLs and l.3437 could noL be
clearly deLermlned because of
Lhe heavy charrlng of Lhe
deposlLs and Lhe unevenness of
Lhe surface.

leaLure 3436
leaLure 3436 ls a ralsed hearLh wlLh an lrregular shape and a molded rlm and sldes. 1he upper
surface of Lhls feaLure measures 0.63m long and 0.33 wlde. 1he earllesL deposlL belonglng Lo Lhls
feaLure LhaL has been uncovered ls a compacLed hearLh floor, whlch was sealed by a paLch of dlrLy
floor Lo Lhe easL (20038), as well as a much more frlable hearLh deposlL layer (20028) (llg.19)

Figure 3.10. Feature 7401. Facing east. Photography: Justine Issavi
57
58

1hls deposlL was ln Lurn sealed by a
paLch of an ashy deposlL (20027)
concenLraLed ln Lhe souLhern area of
Lhe hearLh. Seallng Lhls ashy deposlL
was anoLher hearLh deposlL layer
(20026). 1hls was a compound layer,
as Lhe acLual hearLh deposlL was
impossible Lo separaLe from Lhe clay
hearLh floor LhaL lL sealed. Seallng
Lhls compound layer was anoLher
compound layer (20024). Slmllar Lo
Lhe prevlous hearLh deposlL, Lhe
acLual charred deposlL was lncredlbly
ephemeral and was Lherefore
grouped wlLh Lhe clay hearLh floor
LhaL lL sealed. ln Lhls lnsLance,
however, Lhe re floorlng of Lhe
hearLh was noL llmlLed Lo Lhe scorched upper surface buL exLended Lo Lhe rlm and sldes of Lhe
hearLh. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhls re floorlng dld noL change Lhe general shape of Lhe hearLh
and any change ln dlmenslon was very sllghL. Seallng Lhls layer was anoLher compound hearLh
deposlL and clay floor sequence (20023), whlch was ln Lurn sealed by Lhe laLesL scorched oven floor
(18983). 1he laLesL oven render was sealed by a small paLch of brlck llke abandonmenL debrls
(20018) ln Lhe norLheasLern secLlon and a more homogenous paLch of room flll (18994) Lo Lhe wesL.
All of Lhe aforemenLloned hearLh deposlLs were prlorlLlzed and sLudled by speclallsLs whlle on slLe.
Generally, Lhe hearLh was deemed Lo have been scoured and cleaned ofLen as Lhe deposlLs Lurned
ouL Lo be very sLerlle wlLh very llLLle evldence for fuel use. lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL l.3436's
earllesL uncovered deposlL seals Lhe maln sunken floor stratigraphically.
+",$%&#' 12.#$03 45""#6
1he earllesL deposlL of Lhe souLhern acLlvlLy area LhaL has been uncovered conslsLs of a
heLerogeneous dlrLy floor ln Lhe souLhwesLern corner of Sp.133, conLalnlng a small scoop measurlng
0.22m by 0.18m and a depLh of c.0.03m. 1he wesLern and souLhern boundarles of Lhls conLexL are
clear and are dellmlLed by Lhe wesLern wall l.3036, Lhe wesLern porLlon of Lhe souLhern parLlLlon
wall l.3037, and Lhe remalns of Lhe charred wooden Lhreshold beLween Sp.133 and Sp.373. 1o Lhe
north, a clear boundary can also be seen beLween Lhls deposlL and Lhe maln sunken floor, alLhough
Lhe exacL sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlp beLween Lhese Lwo deposlLlonal evenLs ls as of yeL unclear. 1hls
floor was sealed by Lwo dlsLlncL (and sLraLlgraphlcally unrelaLed) deposlLs.

First, ln Lhe easL, a vlslbly dlsLlncL, largely gray and ashy dlrLy floor seals Lhls floor. 1hls ashy dlrLy
floor (unexcavaLed as of yeL) ls sealed by anoLher paLch of dlrLy floor (20038), whlch (as menLloned
previously) also sealed Lhe earllesL hearLh deposlL uncovered. 1hls layer (20038) was especlally rlch
ln phyLollLhs, as well as charcoal, and was accordlngly sampled.

Second, ln Lhe wesL, Lhls floor was sealed by Lwo floor sequences (20014, 18999, 18998, 18996),
whlch had only survlved ln small paLches along Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe wesLern wall l.3036 and a
compound floor sequence (18997), whlch had also only survlved along Lhe edge of Lhe wesLern wall,
Figure 3.11. Hearth Deposit (20028). Facing north. Photography: Katarzyna W.
Harabasz
58
59

approxlmaLely 0.43m norLh of Lhe aforemenLloned floor sequences. Whlle lL ls posslble LhaL Lhese
floor sequences may correlaLe, no sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe Lwo survlved
archaeologically, excepL LhaL boLh seLs of conLexLs were sealed by a homogenous paLch of remnanL
roomfill (18994).
@J6E9 .O.
Because of safeLy concerns, Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon for 8.80 was pushed furLher norLh.
However, very llLLle excavaLlon Look place ln Lhe small, souLhern room of 8.80 Lhls year, alLhough
we were able Lo see LhaL Lhe Lhreshold (19804) predaLed Lhe wall modlflcaLlon (measurlng 0.44m)
and sLreLched Lo Lhe orlglnal exLenL of Lhe doorway aL 1.13m. LasLly, Lhere are sLlll no obvlous
lnLernal feaLures LhaL have been revealed as of now.
8u||d|ng 89 (Space 379)

1hls season saw Lhe conLlnuaLlon of work ln 8.89, Sp.379 (work began ln Lhls sLrucLure ln Lhe 2011
excavaLlon season and has been on golng ever slnce). Pere Lhe Leam from uC Merced, Callfornla,
began excavaLlng Lhe prlmary occupaLlon sequence, whllsL conLlnulng Lo experlmenL wlLh varlous
Lechnlques of dlglLal daLa capLure and recordlng, wlLh a conLlnued focus upon 3u and LableL
Lechnology ln Lhe fleld (see Ch 18, 3u ulgging oject).

1he sLrucLure, slLuaLed ln sequence dlrecLly under 8.76 and ls probably conLemporaneous wlLh
Podder Level' . 1he bulldlng ls a large square sLrucLure, Lhe exposed llmlLs of whlch are
approxlmaLely 3.80m norLh souLh by 3.20m easL wesL. ln many ways Lhe layouL ls falrly Lyplcal wlLh
plaLforms (compleLe wlLh burlal sequences) slLuaLed along Lhe norLhern and easLern walls, arths
and dlrLy floors ln Lhe souLhern half of Lhe cenLral space, a posslble parLlLloned sLorage zone on Lhe
wesLern slde of Lhe sLrucLure and a number of posL scars and reLrleval plLs. 1he souLhernmosL end
of sLrucLure exLends below Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon ln Lhe shelLer ln order Lo meeL healLh
and safeLy requlremenLs. 1hls means LhaL lL ls llkely LhaL key feaLures of Lhe sLrucLure (lncludlng Lhe
oven sequence, ladder scar and souLheasLern plaLform and any sLorage sLrucLures LhaL mlghL be
situated agalnsL Lhe souLhern wall, as seen elsewhere on Lhe slLe) may never be exposed.
Space 379
AL Lhe end of excavaLlon Lhe occupaLlon sequence of 8.89 remalns lncompleLely excavaLed,
however slgnlflcanL progress was made ln several areas, wlLh a sLrong focus upon a sequence of
hearLhs ln Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe space and Lhe plaLforms along Lhe easLern wall. 1he earllesL
deposlLs ldenLlfled (alLhough noL excavaLed) Lhls season were boLh Lled lnLo Lhese sequences. Cn
Lhe norLheasLern plaLform (l.3473) a Lhlck makeup layer, (30921), was deflned seallng Lhe feaLure,
c.1.00m y c.1.40m across. AlLhough Lhls unlL was noL excavaLed, lL was slgnlflcanL slnce lL was
assoclaLed wlLh Lhe upper parL of Lhe subsequenL burlal sequence for Lhe plaLform (apparenLly cuL
in a helghL of beLween 1006.31 1006.41m L).

1he flrsL burlal ln Lhe sequence (l.3479) was slLuaLed ln an ovold cuL, (19891), c.1.00m y c.0.51m
across. 1hls lower burlal was noL fully excavaLed aL Lhe end of season, buL had already ylelded Lwo
clusters secondary human bone, one comprlslng cranlums: (30914), seallng anoLher more general
clusLer of long bones: (30920). A prlmary burlal has noL been ldenLlfled for Lhls cuL yeL, buL
presumably Lhese Lwo clusLers represenL Lhe preparaLlon and movemenL of laLer burlals Lo allow for
59
60

lLs deposlLlon. 1he cuL was fllled wlLh Lwo falrly compacL and homogenous brown sllL fllls, Lhe lower,
conLalnlng very small lncluslons of plasLer and charcoal flecks, was (30910), and Lhe upper (19897),
more greylsh, elded ell fragments, posslbly relaLed Lo some form of personal adornmenL.

CuLLlng Lhrough Lhls earllesL ldenLlfled burlal were a furLher Lwo, Lhe flrsL (l.3478) was deflned by a
small ovold cuL (19880), c.0.32m ong y 27m de y c.0.33m deep, conLalnlng Lhe skeleLon of an
lnfanL (30900). Agaln Lhe burlal was sealed by Lwo fllls (19877) & (19874).

1he flnal burlal ln Lhls sequence, l.3481, was allocaLed Lhe cuL number: (19896) (c.0.35m n
dlameLer by c.0.14m deep). lnslde was yeL anoLher bone clusLer (30913), whlch was a dlscreLe
concenLraLlon of dlsarLlculaLed human bone (and a small shell rlng) locaLed on Lhe souLh easL slde
of Lhe cuL. 1he prlmary burlal lLself (19887) was a falrly sLandard adulL flexed lnhumaLlon and may
represenL Lhe lasL undlsLurbed burlal ln Lhe sequence. Agaln Lhe cuL had Lwo fllls of slmllar falrly
homogenous sllL (19886) & (19879). 1he burlal sequence was flnally sealed by a Lhlck (40mm)
compacL whlLe marl plasLer (30908) (for a more ln depLh dlscusslon of Lhls burlal sequence, see Lhe
Puman 8emalns reporL ln Lhls volume).

1o Lhe lmmedlaLe souLh of Lhls plaLform, upon Lhe
east cenLral plaLform (l.3477), c.1.99m ong
(north souLh) by c.1.64m wlde, a compacL mld
yellow brown sllL makeup layer (as yeL noL fully
excavaLed) was ldenLlfled (30917), Lhls was
assoclaLed wlLh anoLher slmllar make up layer on
Lhe wesLern exLernal face of Lhe plaLform (30923),
boLh of whlch were sealed by Lwo apparenLly
dlscreLe layers of 30 40mm Lhlck whlLe 'marl
plasLer (30912) & (30909). 1he souLhern edge of
Lhls plaLform was deflned by a wide nch
(F.3476), c.1.58m long c.0.74m ide, om
whlch Lwo plasLers and assoclaLed make up
(lasLer: (30913) / Make up: (30916) & lasLer:
(30918) / Make up: 0919) ere emoved
respecLlvely (Lo a LoLal Lhlckness of 130mm),
exposlng Lhe earllesL plasLer ln Lhe bench
sequence (currenLly noL fully excavaLed), (30922).
1he hlghesL plasLer ln Lhls sequence was (30923),
whlch alLhough osLenslbly was parL of Lhe bench
(F.3476), also sealed Lhe upper plasLer on Lhe easL
cenLral plaLform (l.3477).

1hls polnL ln Lhe developmenL of Lhe easL central
plaLform was puncLuaLed by Lhe consLrucLlon of a
low brlck bench (l.3473), approxlmaLely 0.30m
wide, along Lhe wesLern edge of Lhe plaLform. 1he brlck componenLs of Lhls sLrucLure, (30904) and
(30905), were sealed by a 40mm Lhlck layer of llghL brown sllLy clay makeup (30906). 1he orlglnal
Figure 3.12. Bench (F.3476) and east central platform
(F.3477). East facing photo. Photography: Elisa BIancifiori
60
61

surface of Lhls sLrucLure had apparenLly been
scoured away. 1he funcLlon of Lhls bench may
slmply have been aesLheLlc, Lo dellmlL Lhe
edge of Lhe sLrucLure. A norLhern counLerparL
Lo Lhls sLrucLure was also ldenLlfled as l.3474,
abuLLlng Lhe uppermosL plasLer of Lhe
norLheasLern plaLform (30908) (see obove)
and consLrucLed as a plasLer base (30907),
supporLlng anoLher mud brick 0903).

Seallng boLh of Lhese plaLforms were Lhe
severely LruncaLed, or scoured, remalns of
cenLral lnLernal floors and surfaces relaLed Lo
Lhe norLh cenLral platform, (30902) & (30901),
respecLlvely. 1hese unlLs formed a Lhln band
agalnsL Lhe wesLern face of Lhe norLheasLern
and easL central aforms represenLlng a
shorL sequence of bedded floors and make up
deposlLs 30mm deep, and were elLher
scoured ouL ln anLlqulLy or durlng Lhe removal
of Lhe sLrucLures lnLernal deposlLs.

+",$%&#' 12.#$03 75""#6 *'8 +$#,-$,#&8 9&*#$%
ln Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe exposed space work began on Lhe dlrLy floors and hearLh sequence LhaL
were vlslble Lo Lhe norLh of Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon. ln facL lL was Lhe sLrucLured hearLh
(l.3472) LhaL effecLlvely deflned Lhls sequence, slnce mosL of Lhe dlrLy floors ln Lhe area were
sLraLlgraphlcally locked ln Lo varlous bullds (or phases) of Lhls hearLh. 1he earllesL phase of Lhe
hearLh ldenLlfled was noL fully excavaLed Lhls season and lL ls clear LhaL Lhe sequence conLlnues
below Lhe currenL occupaLlon level. Cne charcoal flll was recorded and removed from Lhls earllesL
incarnation, (30924). Seallng Lhls flll was a compacL clay plasLered rlm (19898), whlch formed a
rounded square edge Lo Lhe hearLh (c.0.80m wlde) wlLh a clrcular concave base (c.0.62m dlameLer).
1he surface of Lhe sLrucLure showed slgns of belng affecLed by heaL and Lhe cenLre conLalned a
burnL clay lnflll (19892), posslbly a repalr because of heaL damage (). 1hls ln Lurn was sealed by a
concenLraLlon of loose sllL and charcoal (19890) aL Lhe cenLre of Lhe hearLh sLrucLure, assoclaLed
with lo slto burning.

1he ouLslde of Lhls early rlm sLrucLure was sealed on lLs norLhern slde by a small paLch of yellowlsh
silty clay floor, approxlmaLely 0.44m by 0.32m across and 8mm Lhlck aL a helghL of c.1006.30mASL.
Slmllarly Lhe hearLh was sealed by a dlrLy floor, (19893), on lLs norLhern slde whlch exLended under
Figure 3.13. Detail of brick structure (F.3475). Facing North.
Photography:Elisa Biancifiori
61
62

Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon
(and was Lherefore noL seen ln
lLs enLlreLy). 1hls was ln Lurn cuL
by a shallow scoop (19894),
fllled by (19893) of unclear
function.

WlLhln Lhe hearLh lLself, a Lhlrd
phase of use was marked by Lhe
consLrucLlon of anoLher plasLer
rlm (19889), whlch by effecLlvely
fllllng Lhe llmlLs of Lhe hearLh
began a process of developmenL
of Lhe sLrucLure whlch made lL
concenLrlcally smaller wlLh each
rebulld. 1hls rlm was
approxlmaLely 0.77m across,
wlLh a worklng cenLral
depresslon of c.0.64m dlameLer. Cn Lhe whole Lhe shape of Lhe sLrucLure was much Lhe same as lLs
predecessor, alLhough ln Lhls case a llLLle more rounded. 1he depLh of clrcular cenLral depresslon
was falrly shallow aL abouL 40mm. 1hls phase of Lhe hearLh conLalned a prlmary charcoal rlch flll
(19883), sealed by a clay paLch (19884/19889 repair). 1hls Lhlrd phase rlm was sealed by anoLher
paLch of floor (19883), whlch spread some 0.72m Lo Lhe easL of Lhe feaLure. 1hls floor lay under Lhe
flnal make up layer for Lhe bench (19888) aL Lhe souLhern end of Lhe easLern plaLforms (l.3476).
1hls phase of hearLh was also sealed by anoLher dlrLy floor on Lhe souLhern slde (19881), whlch
agaln exLended below Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon.

1he hearLh sequence Lhen conLlnued unlnLerrupLed Lhrough lLs flnal few phases of use. llrsLly
anoLher charcoal rlch deposlL (19878), sealed by anoLher plasLered rlm (19873), whlch only really
survlved along Lhe norLhern edge of Lhe sLrucLure. 1hls was assoclaLed wlLh a clrcular burnL clay
surface lnslde Lhe hearLh (19876), c.0.31m ln dlameLer. 1hls was Lhen sealed by yeL anoLher
charcoal rlch deposlL (19873), before Lhe flnal plasLered rlm (19872) and assoclaLed burnL plasLer
surface (19871) was consLrucLed, marklng Lhe lasL clear phase of use before Lhe bulldlng was closed.
1hls phase of hearLh was flnally sealed ln Lhe cenLre by a flnal burnL charcoal rlch deposlL (19863). ln
lLs flnal lncarnaLlon Lhe hearLh was slgnlflcanLly smaller, wlLh a dlameLer of 0.62m across, Lhls may
reflecL Lhe facL LhaL lL re uLlllses Lhe earller rlm sLrucLures as an exLernal llmlL (aL leasL ln parL).

AL around Lhls polnL sLraLlgraphlcally all of Lhe furnlLure along Lhe easLern slde of Lhe space was
sealed wlLh a flnal Lhlck whlLe marl plasLer, whlch marked Lhe flnal layouL of Lhese feaLures before
Lhe bulldlng was closed. 1he plasLer was arblLrarlly numbered accordlng Lo Lhe feaLure LhaL sealed
and was known varlously as (19866), (19867), (19868), (19869) and (19870), and sealed Lhe
souLhern bench on Lhe easLern slde, Lhe cenLral easLern plaLform and Lhe norLheasLern plaLform, Lo
a Lhlckness of up Lo 30mm.

Figure 3.14. Lowest phase of structured hearth (F.3472). Facing North.
Photography:Elisa Biancifiori
62
63

1he laLesL unlLs Lo be removed Lhls season were Lhe fllls of four posL reLrleval plLs ldenLlfled ln plan
ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season: flll (19840) ln cuL (19839), flll (19842) ln cuL (19841), flll (19843) ln
cuL (19844) and flll (19846) ln cuL (19837). Slnce Lhe plLs were deflned lasL season Lhere ls llLLle Lo
add excepL LhaL all of Lhe fllls were noLably slmllar falrly compacL, reddlsh brown sandy clay sllL very
frequenL plasLer, brlck and charcoal fragmenL moLLllng. AfLer excavaLlon all of Lhe plLs averaged
abouL 0.60m deep.
8u||d|ng 96 (Space 370)

Work began upon Lhe excavaLlon
of 8.96 ln Lhe 2010 fleld season,
when Lhe bulldlngs lnflll was
removed under Lhe supervlslon of
Llsa ?eomans Lo reveal an lrregular
shaped sLrucLure dlvlded lnLo a
maln souLhern space (Sp.370) and
a small norLhern sLorage space
whlch showed clear slgns of
locallsed burnlng (Sp.444). 1he
bulldlng ls an L shaped, broadly
recLangular sLrucLure, wlLh
plaLforms along Lhe easLern slde.
1he souLhern half of Lhe space wlll
never be fully undersLood as lL
exLends below Lhe souLhern llmlL
of excavaLlon ln order Lo fulfll
healLh & safeLy requlremenLs. 1hls year work conLlnued upon Lhe occupaLlon sequence, begun ln
Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season by !usLlne lssavl, wlLh a conLlnued focus upon Lhe floors and burlals ln
Lhe souLhern Sp.370.
@J6E9 .O,
1he occupaLlon ln Lhls room, excavaLed Lhls season, was compleLely domlnaLed by Lhe burlals LhaL
domlnaLe Lhe plaLform sLrucLures on Lhe easLern slde of Lhe space. 1he burlal sequence ls exLremely
complex glven Lhe relaLlvely conflned appearance of Lhe space lLself. 1he earllesL unlL ldenLlfled ln
the excavaLed sequence Lhls year was a compound sequence of Lhlck plasLer floors and makeup
maLerlal (20843 all c.10mm Lhlck) LhaL remalned lo slto in Lhe corner formed Lhe northeast
plaLform (l.3307) and Lhe shallow plL ad[acenL Lo Lhe crawl hole (20806, lled y (20801). his
maLerlal (0.47m long by 0.34m wlde by 100mm deep) was LruncaLed by Lhe plL lLself, whlch ls why lL
ls LruncaLed and was also assoclaLed sLraLlgraphlcally wlLh a slmllar unlL (20839). 1hls second group
of floors and makeup represenLed aL leasL flve plasLerlng evenLs on Lop of Lhe norLheasLern
plaLform (l.3307), c.0.20m Lhlck on Lhe surface of Lhe plaLform c.1.13m norLh souLh by c.1.30m
east west.

Plgher ln Lhe plaLform sequence Lhese floors were sealed by furLher Lwo plasLer floors and Lhelr
makeup (30831). 1he Lwo groups of floors were spllL Lo allow Lhe floor sequence Lo remaln ln phase
wlLh Lhe oLher cenLral floors and plaLform surfaces ln Lhe bulldlng. A furLher Lwo whlLe plasLer
Figure 3.15. Overview of B.96, Sp. 370. Facing North. Photography: Johanna M.
Bergkvist
63
64

surfaces, (20826), followed by (20833) (equaLed Lo (20833) on Lhe slde of Lhe plaLform), along wlLh
Lhelr assoclaLed makeup deposlLs (20829), (20838) & (20822), sealed Lhe sequence and were
excavaLed ln order. 1hese were LruncaLed by Lhe baskeL lnfanL burlal (l.7002) excavaLed ln Lhe
plaLform ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season Lhus Lylng ln sLraLlgraphlcally wlLh Lhe upper parL of Lhe
occupaLlon sequence. As found elsewhere ln Lhe bulldlng (and lndeed on Lhe slLe) Lhe plasLers ln
Lhls plaLform sequence were all characLerlsLlcally sLerlle compacL whlLe marl and Lhe makeup
deposlLs all compacL grey brown sllL, all very unlform and even ln Lhelr dlsLrlbuLlon.
1hls plasLer sequence was llnked, Lhrough Lhe LruncaLlon of Lhe slde plasLer (20814) by burlal
F.7007, Lo Lhe burlal sequence ln Lhe cenLral easLern plaLform (l.3308). 1he burlals ln Lhls large
plaLform were exLenslve (aL leasL slx were exposed or excavaLed Lhls season, addlng Lo a furLher
Lhree from Lhe 2012 excavaLlon sequence). ln facL burlal: l.7007, was noL Lhe earllesL ln Lhe
sequence. 1hls was l.7011 aL Lhe souLhern end of Lhe plaLform. 1hls earllesL burlal LruncaLed a shorL
sequence of plasLer surfaces on Lhls plaLform (20841), (20840) & (20813) and Lhelr assoclaLed
makeup deposlLs (20841) LhaL were plecemeal ln Lhelr exLenLs (due Lo exLreme LruncaLlon by Lhe
compllcaLed burlal sequence).

Worklng Lhrough Lhe burlal sequence ln order, Lhe earllesL: l.7011 was deflned by cuL (20833),
c.0.70m long (easL wesL) by c.0.40m wlde and approxlmately 0.32m deep. 1he ovold cuL was badly
LruncaLed by laLer burlals n Lhe sequence and Lhe lndividual k.20832) was very ghtly exed and
Lhe cuL was flll by (20836). 1he burlal lnflll was flnally sealed by a Lhlck plasLer cap (20834). Where
Lhe orlglnal llmlLs of cuL was clear (aL Lhe norLh end only due Lo LruncaLlon) lL was obvlous Lhe Lhls
burlal was sealed by Lwo compacL grey brown sllL makeup layers, (20813) and (20816), whlch were
Lyplcally sLerlle no obvlous plasLer surface was ldenLlfled ln assoclaLlon wlLh Lhls burlal.
NexL ln Lhe burlal sequence aL Lhe souLhern end of Lhe plaLform was l.7010. 1he cuL for Lhls burlal,
(20828), was c.0.84m long (easL wesL) by c.0.44m wlde and approxlmaLely 0.34m deep. lnslde Lhe
skeleLon (Sk.20830) was anoLher LlghLly flexed lndlvldual, Lhere ls some basls from Lhe osteological
and sLraLlgraphlc lnLerpreLaLlon Lo suggesL LhaL Lhls burlal may have been a secondary deposlLlon.
1he cuL was fllled wlLh sLerlle sllL (20827) whlch resembled Lhe underlylng room flll/plaLform
supersLrucLure Lhrough whlch lL was cuL.

AL Lhls sLraLlgraphlc level ln Lhe norLhern end of Lhe cenLral easLern plaLform (and as noLed above,
LruncaLlng Lhe plasLer on Lhe edge of Lhe norLheasLern plaLform: (10814) was a sequence of Lhree
very closely connecLed burlals: l.7007, l.7012 (Lhe former lncompleLely excavaLed, Lhe laLLer
ldenLlfled buL as yeL unLouched) and l.7008. 1he Lwo earllesL burlals ln Lhls sequence remaln Lo be
completed, alLhough Lhe earllesL l.7007 has a deflned cuL (20821) and parLlally excavaLed flll
(20818), Lhe skeleLon as yeL unnumbered remalns ln slLu and covered for excavaLlon nexL season
due Lo Llme consLralnLs.

1he laLesL burlal ln Lhls lmmedlaLe sequence, l.7008, was deflned by a cuL (28023) LhaL was c.0.76m
long (easL wesL) by c.0.42m wlde and approxlmaLely 0.24m deep. 1he flexed lnhumaLlon (Sk.20824)
was noL noLable from Lhe perspecLlve of lLs excavaLlon, aparL from Lhe facL LhaL lnfanL bones were
found under Lhe upper Lhoraclc reglon Lhe lefL hand. 1he cuL was flnally fllled by Lyplcally sLerlle sllL,
(20823).

64
65

1he laLesL sequence of burlals ldenLlfled ln Lhls souLh cenLral plaLform was ldenLlfled as l.7003 and
comprlsed a sub clrcular cuL, (20811), whlch was c.0.68m wlde by 0.36m wlde and up Lo 0.33m
deep. 1he skeleLon, (20810), was very LlghLly flexed and pushed agalnsL Lhe sldes of Lhe cuL, Lhere
was some evldence of phyLollLhs assoclaLed wlLh Lhe body, and an obsldlan flake was found ln Lhe
flll (20809) close Lo Lhe forehead, 20809.x1. Some fragmenLs of [uvenlle cranlum were also found ln
Lhe flll, 20809.x2. Seallng Lhe flll was Lhree obvlous and dlscreLe caps of Lhlck (c.30mm) plasLer
surfaces, (20808), (20804) & (20802/19717) deflned ln 2012 excavaLlon season. 1he laLLer Lwo of
Lhese were assoclaLed wlLh dlscreLe make up deposlLs (20803 & (20803 respecLlvely). 1hese unlLs
were presumably assoclaLed elLher wlLh aLLempLs Lo reconsLlLuLe Lhe plaLform surface afLer varlous
burials, or perhaps represenL efforLs Lo compensaLe for laLer compresslon of Lhe burlal flll. LlLher
way Lhe surface (20802/19717) represenLs Lhe laLesL unlL excavaLed ln Lhe season ln Lhls bulldlng
Lhls season and Lhe Lle ln wlLh prevlous seasons work.
8u||d|ng 97 (Spaces S03 & 160)

8ulldlng 97 has been exposed ln plan MellaarL's 1960's campalgn, and recenL excavaLlons of Lhe
sLrucLure begun ln 2010 by Llsa ?eomans, revealed LhaL Lhe bulldlng was also uppermosL layers of
lnflll were excavaLed by !ames MellaarL, alLhough he dld leave some areas compleLely unLouched,
especlally ln Lhe souLheasL corner of Lhe sLrucLure. 1hls year work conLlnued from where lL was lefL
ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season, ln an efforL Lo excavaLe Lhe bulldlng ln lLs enLlreLy ln order Lo
undersLand Lhe broader relaLlonshlp wlLh Lhe sLrucLures below lL. ln parLlcular Space 160, assoclaLed
wlLh MellaarL's Pouse 11, whlch serves as a crlLlcal llnk ln Lhe overall sLraLlgraphy of Lhe SouLh Area,
and as such forms one of Lhe excavaLlon prlorlLles llnked Lo Lhe ongolng C14 daLlng pro[ecL (see Ch.
20, Modellng Chronology).

Cver Lhe course of Lhe 2012 season lL has gradually become clear LhaL Lhe broadly square upper
phases of Lhls sLrucLure glve way ln Lhe earller parLs of Lhe sequence Lo a L Shaped space ln Lhe
south, and Lhe Space 160, Shrlne 10 Annex ln Lhe norLh Lo be conflrmed by fuLure excavaLlon,
Powever boLh of Lhese earller dlvlslons of space appear Lo respecL Lhe same exLernal walls,
suggesLlng modlflcaLlon and change of use of one overall sLrucLure someLlme around 'Hodder Level
/C (MellaarL Level vl/vll). AlLhough Lhe preclse sLrucLural developmenL of Lhese spaces cannoL be
deLermlned unLll Lhe excavaLlon ls compleLe ln fuLure seasons.
+,-. 3DE6A6=B:<>
ln facL excavaLlons ln Lhls sLrucLure were llmlLed Lhls season, due Lo changes ln excavaLlon prlorlLles
mld season Lhe operaLlon was posLponed mld season. As such Lwo speclflc areas were LargeLed. 1he
flrsL belng Lhe remalnlng fllls and deposlLs ln Lhe maln bulldlng area, wlLhln Lhe boundarles of Lhe
underlylng archlLecLure (perhaps assoclaLed wlLh Sp.160, see noLe below), and Lo lLs souLh ln whaL
has been deflned as Lhe L Shaped Sp.303. 1he second area LargeLed was Lhe remalnlng mldden and
floor maLerlal lefL lo slto ln Lhe souLheasLern corner of Lhe upper spaces, posslbly assoclaLed wlLh an
early oven and unusual nlche sLrucLure.
@J6E9 S,.
lor Lhe mosL parL ln Space 303 excavaLed deposlLs consLlLuLed homogenous compacL sllLy lnflll
material, such as (20381), whlch was approxlmaLely 100mm Lhlck ln Lhe souLhern porLlon of Lhe
space. An ephemeral plasLer layer (20380), and anoLher heavler make up deposlL (20362) LhaL
65
66

essentially covered Lhe whole space sealed Lhls deposlL, apparenLly marklng Lhe LranslLlon beLween
Lhe earller and laLer room layouLs.

ln Lhe souLheasL corner of Lhe bulldlng some work conLlnued on Lhe nlche (whlch was begun ln
2010). Powever Lhls Loo was noL compleLely excavaLed Lhls season. 1he earllesL deposlL removed
(20383) was a compacL sllLy make up layer LhaL was only parLlally compleLed. Seallng Lhls was a Lhln
(13mm Lhlck) burnL dumped layer (20384), whlch was ln Lurn sealed by anoLher make up deposlL
(20383). 1hls formed a level foundaLlon for a whlLe plasLer surface (20382), whlch appeared Lo mark
a laLer phase of use of Lhe nlche aL c.1006.55mASL. lndeed lL became clear as Lhese deposlLs were
removed LhaL Lhe nlche appeared Lo have funcLloned across a number of phases of acLlvlLy wlLhln
Lhe bulldlng (some of whlch are yeL Lo be undersLood afLer excavaLlon ls compleLed). 1he laLesL
deposlL ln Lhls sequence Lo be excavaLed Lhls season was a Lhlck band of mldden maLerlal (wlLh a
very hlgh yleld of anlmal bones) LhaL fllled Lhe nlche prlor Lo lL belng walled off (20379). 1hls
essenLlally corresponds Lo maLerlal whlch was removed ln prevlous seasons (unlLs (19243) &
(18634) perhaps).
@J6E9 -R,
llnally Lo Lhe norLh ln Lhe underlylng Space 160 a furLher room flll was excavaLed, conLlnulng from
Lhose removed ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season (20373). 1hls was essenLlally a mld grey compacL sllLy
clay, yleldlng very occaslonal bone, shell and obsldlan.
0:<E8QPB<X G:=9>
8ulldlng 97 ls almosL compleLe, alLhough Lhere remalns work Lo be done wlLhln Lhe bulldlng ln order
Lo fully undersLand lLs sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlps wlLh underlylng earller sLrucLures, speclflcally
Sp.160. 1he bulldlng has been paused ln a dlfferenL use and conflguraLlon of Lhe space wlLhln Lhe
walls of 8.97, and qulLe how Lhe dynamlcs of Lhls earllesL spaLlal conflguraLlon works wlll noL be
clear unLll Lhe bulldlng and lLs phaslng ls fully undersLood. 1haL sald lL seems llkely LhaL Lhe parLlally
excavaLed space ln Lhe norLhwesLern parL of Lhe bulldlng ls probably Lhe remalns of Lhe earller
S.160 poklng Lhrough from below, buL currenLly lL ls unclear how Lhe spaces lnflll relaLes Lo any
posslble crawl hole ln lLs norLhern slde.
8u||d|ng 118 (Space S10)

8.118 (prevlously called Pouse 23 by MellaarL and ldenLlfled by hlm as a Level xll sLrucLure) was
locaLed Lo Lhe lmmedlaLe norLh of 8.43. lnlLlally lL was LargeLed by MellaarL as a poLenLlal polnL aL
whlch he mlghL expose earllesL archlLecLure ln hls sequence, afLer hls fallure Lo do so ln hls deep
soundlng ln 1964. Powever Lhe exposure of Pouse 23, Level xll ln 1963 was as far as he goL ln Lhls
aim, because he never reLurned Lo Lhe slLe afLer LhaL season.

1hls sLrucLure Lurned ouL Lo have been affecLed conslderably by Lhe 1960's excavaLlon and lLs
subsequenL exposure, and ln Lhe norLh slde of Lhe sLrucLure almosL none of Lhe floors and orlglnal
feaLures survlved. 1o Lhe souLh of Lhe sLrucLure preservaLlon was beLLer, and lL Lurns ouL LhaL many
of Lhe feaLures (lncludlng an oven, plaLform, hearLh and blns) remalned falrly well preserved (ln
some cases even runnlng under Lhe souLhern secLlon).

66
67

1he bulldlng was re cleaned and recorded ln Lhe
1994/3 seasons, by members of Lhe currenL
project, alLhough no furLher excavaLlon Look
place aL Lhls Llme. A slngle auger hole was placed
drllled Lhrough Lhe cenLre of Lhe sLrucLure durlng
these seasons, reveallng conslderable depLh of
anLhropogenlc maLerlal (up Lo 4m lncludlng Lwo
posslble underlylng marl plasLer surfaces). 1hls
season, Lhe bulldlng was reopened, and cleaned
wlLh a vlew Lowards excavaLlng lL fully. 1he alm
llke MellaarL before was Lo esLabllsh Lhe
presence, or noL, of earller archlLecLure below ln
order Lo lncrease our overall undersLandlng of
Lhe earllesL sLrucLural remalns of Lhe slLe and
Lhelr assoclaLed maLerlal culLure of whlch Lhere
has been llLLle or no exposure.

B.118 was also parL of Lhe plloL pro[ecL, almed aL
dlglLlzlng Lhe on slLe plannlng process. uslng Lhe
laLesL LableL Lechnology from MlcrosofL, Lhe
ArcClS sofLware sulLe and slLe hoLography
equlpmenL all graphlc represenLaLlons of Lhe
archaeology were dlglLally creaLed and archlved
(For reporL and workflow, see Ch. 3).

Figure 3.16. 3D model of B.118. Model: Jason Quinlan
Figure 3.17. Overview of B.118, Sp.510. Facing east.
Photography: Kierstyn Smith
67
68

^<P9H8]B<X #HEFB=9E=QH9
ln order Lo esLabllsh Lhe presence, or
oLherwlse of early archlLecLure, lL was
necessary Lo expose some
archaeologlcal deposlLs beneaLh Lhe
maln 8.118 sLrucLure. AL a cerLaln
polnL Lhe scourlng and eroslon ln Lhe
norLh of Space 310 (Sp.310), allowed
us Lo excavaLe a small LargeLed Lrench
Lo esLabllsh Lhe presence, or
oLherwlse of earller archlLecLure
beneaLh Lhe sLrucLure.

WlLhln Lhls L esL Lrench Lhe earllesL
feaLures Lo be ldenLlfled were a palr of
walls (allgned ln Lhe conventional
double wall arrangemenL wlLh no
apparenL beLween wall flll), l.7209
and l.7210. Clearly Lhe walls were noL fully exposed, only 4 3 courses of Lhe souLhern wall, l.7210,
were vlslble ln Lhe sondage, Lo a helghL of c.0.33m. 1he LoLal vlslble lengLh of Lhe walls was c.3.21m,
however Lhey clearly exLend underneaLh Lhe overlylng walls of 8.118, whlch ls seL aL a sllghLly
dlfferenL allgnmenL Lo Lhls earller archlLecLure. unusually Lhe morLar was a mld dark grey brown
sllghLly clay sllL, whllsL Lhe brlcks were a llghL whlLlsh grey marl llke maLerlal, resembllng wall
plaster.

1he norLh face of Lhe souLhern wall l.7210 was sealed ln Lhe sondage on lLs souLhern exposed slde
by a dense grey brown sllL, whlch resembled 'conventional building fill en lsewhere on Lhe
site, (30631). 1he deposlL was falrly homogenous, wlLh no horlzonLal lamlnaLlons (floors or such
llke). lL dld however lnclude some plasLer lumps and flecks, whlch were allgned Lo suggesL LhaL Lhey
had been lald as Llps. 1he base of Lhls deposlL was noL reached aL a level of c.1003.83m L, me
0.33m deep. Powever lL ls worLh noLlng LhaL an augur hole daLlng Lo Lhe 1994/'93 season lndlcaLed
Lhe presence of a posslble plasLer surface approxlmaLely c.1.00m below Lhe exlsting surface of Lhls
deposit c.1004.06m ASL), wlLh anoLher c.1.00m below LhaL, as well as a furLher 4.00m of culLural
maLerlal below Lhls, whlch brlngs Lhe LoLal depLh of anLhropogenlc maLerlal ln llne wlLh LhaL ln Lhe
deep soundlng.

lmmedlaLely seallng Lhe Lops of Lhe walls (and noL relaLed sLraLlgraphlcally Lo Lhe room flll, (30631)
was a shorL sequence of 'linear deposlLs LhaL were acLually excavaLed as parL of Lhe overlylng
Sp.510, as Lhey were orlglnally LhoughL Lo be room furnlLure along Lhe norLhern wall of Lhls space.
Powever wlLh hlndslghL and an undersLandlng of Lhe Lwo earller walls, lL became clear LhaL Lhese
deposlLs were almosL cerLalnly Lhe uppermosL sLrucLural componenLs of Lhese early walls (brlcks
and morLar), whlch had been dlsLurbed and degraded durlng prevlous excavaLlons and Lhelr
subsequenL exposure. 1he sequence lncluded Lhree probable morLar courses: (30623), (30642) &
(30643), and Lwo paLches of brlck: (30624) & (30638). lor Lhe mosL parL Lhese exLended along Lhe
lengLh of Lhe vlslble exLenLs of Lhe walls respecLlng Lhelr wldLh, and broughL Lhe hlghesL elevaLlon
F.7209 & F.7210). Facing north. Photography: James S. Taylor
Figure 3.18. Detail of sondage in Sp.510, showing underlying architecture (walls
68
69

on Lhe Lop of Lhe wall Lo c.1004.27m ASL, maklng Lhe walls approxlmaLely 0.44m ln lLs currenL
exposure. 1he poor sLaLe of Lhese courses and Lhe pale 'marliness of Lhe brlck componenLs
(resembling lo slto plasLer) ls Lhe reason Lhese elemenLs were lnlLlally mlsLaken for benches or
degraded plaLforms.
@J6E9 S-,
MosL of Lhe excavaLed unlLs ln Lhls sequence, whlch can be deflnlLely aLLrlbuLed Lo 8ulldlng 118,
belonged Lo a number of feaLures (room furnlLure: ovens, hearLhs, plaLforms, etc.) locaLed for Lhe
mosL parL around Lhe easLern and souLhern parL of Sp.310, s lL was exposed by Lhe currenL
souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon. Powever sLraLlgraphlcally Lhe earllesL deposlL found ln space was
c.30mm Lhlck grey brown clay sllL make up layer (30614), Lo whlch adhered some very paLchy
resldual marl plasLer surface (so badly degraded LhaL lL was noL numbered separaLely), aL a helghL of
c.1004.10m SL.

1hls deposlL covered an area of c.3.91m c.2.07m (orlenLaLed norLhwesL souLheasL) ln Lhe cenLral,
norLhern and wesLern parLs of Lhe space, Lo Lhe wesL of a plasLer parLlLlon or sunken plasLer, buL dld
noL exLend Lo Lhe llmlLs of 8.118 (wlLh hlndslghL Lhls may lndlcaLe LhaL lL Loo belongs Lo Lhe
sequence assoclaLed wlLh Lhe lower archlLecLure alLhough probably noL Lhe resldual plasLer
however Lhls wlll noL become clear unLll Lhe proper llmlLs of Lhe sLrucLure are ldenLlfled ln fuLure
seasons.

1hls deposlL was sealed on lLs souLhern slde by one of Lhe make up layers (30610), of a plaLform
sequence (l.7203), whlch domlnaLed Lhe souLheasLern porLlon of Lhe space. ln facL Lhe lowest
ldenLlflable sLraLlgraphlc unlL ln Lhe plaLform sequence, a dark grey brown, greasy feellng, clay rich
sllL surface (30643), was ln lLself one of Lhe earllesL deposlLs excavaLed ln Lhe room. 1hls surface
effecLlvely deflned Lhe area wlLhln whlch Lhe resL of Lhe plaLform bullL up, alLhough aL Lhe end of
Lhe 2013 fleld season lL ls lmposslble Lo say wheLher any more deposlLs assoclaLed wlLh Lhe
consLrucLlon and make up of Lhls feaLure lay beneaLh lL as Lhe sequence was noL fully excavaLed.

Seallng Lhls earllesL floor was a shallow
curb (30647), which curved around Lo
posslble respecL an oven ln Lhe
souLhwesL corner of Lhe space (l.7202
see below). 1he curb was
approxlmaLely 1.70m long (easL west)
by 0.20m wlde, and sLood no more
Lhan 30mm hlgh. lor Lhe mosL parL Lhe
curb deflned Lhe norLhern llmlL of Lhe
plaLform, almosL all oLher unlLs LhaL
made up Lhe sLrucLure respecLed lL.
1he souLhern llmlL of Lhe plaLform was
noL vlslble as Lhe feaLure exLended
below Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon.

Seallng Lhe curb was a sequence of
corner of Sp.510. North facing photo. Photography: James S. Taylor
Figure 3.19. Detail of curb (30647) and oven (F.7202) in the southwestern
69
70

make up deposlLs and plasLer surfaces LhaL represenLed Lhe varlous use phases of Lhe feaLure. MosL
of Lhe floors were removed as parL of Lhe make up LhaL Lhey were assoclaLed wlLh, slnce Lhey were
so paLchy and ephemeral LhaL lL was dlfflculL Lo spllL Lhem. 1he sequence lncluded Lhe following
unlLs: (30641), (30639), (30621), (30636), (30633), (30634) (30617). 1he lasL grey brown make up
layer ln Lhls bench feaLure (30603), also sealed Lhe cenLral make up and paLchy floor (30614: see
above), and was flnally sealed by anoLher very paLchy layer of whlLe surface plasLer (30603), whlch
marked Lhe Lop of Lhe plaLform aL c.1004.17m L, me 20m igh.

1o Lhe lmmedlaLe wesL of Lhe plaLform (l.7203) was an oven (l.7202), whlch respecLed Lhe curb of
Lhe plaLform (alLhough lL ls hard Lo ascerLaln whlch was earllesL sLraLlgraphlcally aL Lhe Llme of
wrlLlng). 1he supersLrucLure (30640) was lLs earllesL componenL (aL Lhe phase of excavaLlon ln whlch
lL was lefL aL Lhe end of Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season) and remalns lo slto. 1he oven formed a Lyplcal
horseshoe shape c.0.79m wlde (norLhwesL souLheasL), Lhe lengLh of Lhe oven however remalned
unclear, slnce lL exLended from Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon (0.33m was exposed durlng Lhls
seasons excavaLlon). 1he supersLrucLure survlved Lo a helghL of approxlmaLely 30mm, alLhough lL
was sllghLly lower aL Lhe fronL (norLhern) end, posslbly suggesLlng where Lhe mouLh of Lhe oven
was.

1he ouLslde of Lhe oven was plasLered aL some polnL wlLh a flne whlLe plasLer (30646), whlch
funcLloned wlLh Lhe curb (30647) and earllesL floor (30643) of Lhe plaLform (l.7203). he nside f
Lhe oven, conLalned aL leasL Lwo baked oven floor surfaces (30632) & (30633), approxlmaLely 30mm
thick, alLhough lL seems llkely LhaL Lhere
may be furLher surfaces Lo be excavaLed.
1he norLhern llmlLs of Lhe oven had a
clear relaLlonshlp wlLh a large 'dirty floor
deposlL (30632), whlch exLended Lo Lhe
norLhern slde of Lhe room (some 2.36m
north souLh by c.1.78m easL wesL). 1he
souLhern slde of Lhls floor appeared Lo be
darker and conLaln more charcoal,
suggesLlng LhaL perhaps lL was associated
wlLh rake ouL acLlvlLy from Lhe oven. Also
assoclaLed wlLh Lhe oven was a dlsLlncL
clusLer of four clay balls, boLh whole and
fragmenLed (30630), whlch lay ad[acenL
Lo Lhe wesLern slde of Lhe mouLh dlrecLly
upon Lhls dlrLy floor.

A small (90mm dlameLer) scoop (30620) of unknown funcLlon was also cuL lnLo Lhe norLhern parL of
Lhls dlrLy floor (ln Lhe norLhwesL corner of Lhe space). 1he flll of Lhls scoop (30619) was sofL grey sllL,
wlLh charcoal flecks and was very dlsLlncL from Lhe maLerlal LhaL was cuL by Lhe scoop. Seallng Lhe
souLhern parL of Lhe dlrLy floor was a more formal plasLer surface (30630), whlch was c.1.46m
north souLh by c.1.32m easL wesL aL a level of c.1004.08m ASL. 1hls surface appeared dellmlL an
area assoclaLed wlLh a bln aL Lhe wesLern end of Lhe space (l.7201) and a plaLform LhaL abuLLed Lhe
norLhern wall, Lo Lhe wesL of cenLre (l.7211). 1hls area, uLlllslng Lhese feaLures as a boundary was
dirty floors (30652) to the north. South facing photo Photography: Onur
Yksel
Figure 3.20. Detail of clay ball cluster (30630) against oven (F.7202), and
70
71

subsequenLly fllled wlLh
anoLher shorL sequence of
dlrLy floors' (less Lhan
0.03m Lhlck), (30613,
whlch sealed Lhe
underlylng plasLer surface.

1he bln was comprlsed of
Lwo componenL unlLs:
supersLrucLure (30631)
and a whlLe plasLer surface
(30644/30648). 1he bln
lLself was c.0.63m ong
(east wesL) by c.0.63m
wide, and Lhe walls (whlch
were scoured almosL Lo
Lhe floor of Lhe bln lLself)
were c.90mm de. he
bln lLself was sLerlle and had no lo slto flll. 1he norLhern plaLform (l.7211) was a slmple consLrucLlon
conslsLlng of a coarse whlLe plasLer make up (30649), sealed by a flner plasLer surface (30609). 1hls
sLrucLure was square, belng up Lo 0.93m wlde ln each dlrecLlon, by 160mm hlgh. AL c.1004.24m L,
and e bln surface aL c.1004.17, boLh of Lhese feaLures were ralsed sllghLly above Lhe souLhern
plasLered floor (30630) wlLh whlch Lhey were clearly assoclaLed.

Cn Lhe lmmedlaLe easL of Lhe souLhern plaLform (l.7203), also runnlng under Lhe souLhern llmlL of
excavaLlon ln Lhe space was a small sLrucLured hearLh (l.7203), aL leasL 0.71m ln dlameLer. 1hls
hearLh remalns lncompleLely excavaLed aL Lhe end of Lhe fleld season, havlng had Lwo burnL fllls
removed from lLs cenLre (30637) & (30601), and as well as runnlng under Lhe souLhern secLlon of
Lhe space, lnLeracLlng wlLh (apparenLly runnlng under) an early phase of Lhe bench (l.7203)
dlscussed above.

Also on Lhe souLhern slde of Lhe space, ln Lhe souLhwesL corner, agaln exLendlng below Lhe
souLhern llmlL of excavation, was a compound layer conslsLlng of a sequence of 'greasy feellng clay
rlch plasLer surfaces (30608) LhaL formed a genLly 'ramp, l.7204 (sloplng from easL Lo wesL from Lhe
corner). 1hls deposlL was group because Lhe surfaces we badly damaged (presumably because Lhey
had been exposed ln prevlous seasons), and dld noL clearly lnLeracL wlLh anyLhlng around Lhem
sLraLlgraphlcally. 1he feaLure was approxlmaLely 2.03m long, buL was only exposed up Lo 0.60m
east wesL because of lLs locaLlon nexL Lo Lhe souLhern llmlL of excavaLlon.

1o Lhe lmmedlaLe norLh of Lhls was a posslble bench (l.7212), whlch appeared Lo abuL Lhe easLern
wall of Lhe space. 1hls feaLure essenLlally conslsLed of Lwo layers of makeup (30627) & (30628)
formlng an approxlmaLe recLangle, c.1.34m long (norLh souLh) by c.0.43m wlde. Cnly ephemeral
Lraces of plasLer were found assoclaLed wlLh Lhese deposlLs, and Lhe bench was noL very well
preserved. WlLh hlndslghL, glven LhaL Lhey may respecL Lhe earller archlLecLure deLalled above, lL ls
Figure 3.21. Detail of bin (F.7201). West facing photo. Photography: Onur Yksel
71
72

posslble LhaL Lhls feaLure may noL
ln facL be a bench, buL a souLhern
reLurn of Lhe early walls. Powever
Lhls could noL be ascerLalned for
sure wlLhouL furLher work.
AbandonmenL and posL
abandonment
lnslde Lhe oven (l.7202), slLuaLed
ln Lhe souLhwesL corner was
flnally fllled wlLh a deposlL
conslsLlng of a burnL, ash rlch sllL
(30629), whlch was clearly lo slto
as lL supporLed baked fragmenLs
of Lhe oven supersLrucLure
(collapsed wall and celllng).

Llsewhere evldence for Lhe neollLhlc abandonmenL of sLrucLure was falrly ephemeral. MellaarL
probably scoured Lhls ouL when he flrsL uncovered Lhe bulldlng durlng hls 1960s excavaLlon
campalgn. ConsequenLly Lhe presence of lo slto NeollLhlc room flll was paLchy aL besL. 1he greaLesL
expanse of acLual room flll assoclaLed wlLh Lhe closure of Lhe sLrucLure, was ln Lhe souLhwesL corner
of Lhe space where a large block of maLerlal (30626) & (30622) was removed ln an aLLempL Lo
expose Lhe souLwesLern corner of Lhe space (exposlng oven l.7202), and geL some ldea of Lhe Lrue
exLenLs of Lhe space beyond Lhe souLhern llmlLs of excavaLlon. 1he removed maLerlal formed a
rectangle c.1.80m easL wesL by c.0.83m norLh souLh (some 0.46m Lhlck) and conslsLed of more or
less homogenous, and falrly sLerlle mld grey brown sllL, Lhere was some evldence of Llpplng malnly
lndlcaLed by varlaLlon ln colour.

1hls maLerlal was probably assoclaLed wlLh anoLher neollLhlc deposlL ln Lhe wesLern parL of Lhe
space (30602). 1hls was a Lhln (up Lo 30mm Lhlck) deposlL LhaL sealed Lhe dlrLy floor sequence and
bln l.7201 agalnsL Lhe wesLern wall of Lhe space. lL was deflned by Lhe sllghLly lower surface ln Lhis
end of Lhe space, formlng an area up Lo 1.36m wlde (easL wesL) by c.2.34m long (norLh souLh). 1hls
maLerlal was very moLLled homogenous sllL whlle was all buL sLerlle of maLerlal culLure. Powever
Lhere was clear evldence of brlck and pale whlLe plasLer fragmenLs. lL seems llkely LhaL Lhls deposlL
was a resldual layer of prlmary demollLlon of Lhe sLrucLure, suggesLlng a falrly 'conventional closure
sequence. 1o Lhe lmmedlaLe easL of Lhls was a small paLch of collapsed plasLer debrls, (30613
(c.1.37m norLh souLh by c.0.70m easL wesL). WhllsL Lhe easLern slde of Lhls deposlL was lrregular,
Lhe wesLern llmlL of Lhls deposlL was sLralghL (norLh souLh orlenLaLed) and allgned along Lhe edge of
Lhe resldual room flll (30602), lL also colnclded wlLh Lhe easLern llmlL of Lhe plaLform (l.7211),
hlnLlng aL Lhe posslblllLy of a parLlLlon or change ln spaLlal zonlng here. 1hls was furLher relnforced
by Lhe presence of a c.0.43m dlameLer posL reLrleval plL cuL (30612), fllled by (30611) agalnsL Lhe
northern ll, ln llne wlLh Lhls dlvlslon.

ln Lhe norLheasLern corner of Lhe space was some heavlly dlsLurbed and LruncaLed maLerlal LhaL was
lnLerpreLed as resldual neollLhlc room flll, (30618) and (30606). resumably Lhls maLerlal was lefL ln
slLu ln Lhe corners, when MellaarL LruncaLed Lhe maln deposlL ln Lhe cenLre of Lhe room Lhrough
Figure 3.21. Detail of hearth (F.7205). South facing photo. Photography: Onur Yksel
72
73

excavaLlon. 1hese deposlLs were sealed by a band of dark clay rlch sllL, whlch ran along Lhe norLhern
llmlLs of Lhe space (30616). 1hls was lnLerpreLed as mudbrlck collapse or dlsLurbed/degraded brlck
material, a process LhaL may relaLe Laphonomlcally Lo exposure by excavaLlon ln Lhe 1960's.

ln Lerms of clearly ldenLlflable posL abandonmenL feaLures, lL became evldenL falrly early on LhaL a
unlL number needed Lo aLLrlbuLed Lo !ames Mellaarts acLual excavaLlon (30607), whlch was
effecLlvely an lrregular cuL whlch accounLs for Lhe varylng levels of preservaLlon of feaLures and
lnLernal fllls of 8.118. CrlLlcally lL was lmporLanL Lo deflne Lhls as a unlL, because of Lhe way LhaL
walls were preserved. 1he LopmosL c.0.40m of Lhe norLhern and easLern walls of Sp.310 were
LruncaLed very obllquely ln Lhe verLlcal plane by MellaarL's excavaLlon, suggesLlng a falrly aggresslve
level of prospecLlon ln Lhls lnLervenLlon. lurLhermore, Lhese early excavaLlons dld noL uncover Lhe
souLhern parL of Lhe space, and so Lhe souLhern llmlLs of Lhls 'cut was essenLlally Lhe secLlon
recorded ln deLall by Lhe currenL Leam ln 1993 3 seasons.

lnslde Lhe cuL Lwo furLher unlLs were allocaLed, one Lo debrls ln Lhe base of Lhe cuL and agalnsL Lhe
sides, whlch was more compacL Lhan Lhe maln body of Lhe flll of Lhe space (30604) lnLerpreLed as
belng MellaarL's orlglnal backflll. 1he second, (30600), was a number allocaLed Lo Lhe 1990's backflll
of Lhe currenL pro[ecL whlch formed Lhe overwhelmlng ma[orlLy of Lhe flll removed aL Lhe beglnnlng
of Lhe season. 1hls number was essenLlally allocaLed Lo Lrack Lhe few unsLraLlfled flnds reLrleved
durlng Lhe operaLlon Lo remove Lhls backflll.

8|b||ography:
Bayliss, Alex, and Shahlna larld
2012 Modelllng Chronology. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk 2012 Archlve
Report.
Linge, shley
2012 ConservaLlon. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk 2012 Archlve 8eporL.
Regan, 8oddy
2010 LxcavaLlons ln Lhe SouLh Area: 8ulldlng 80. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk
2010 Archlve 8eporL.

73
74

M? $F9 9DE6A6=B:<> :; =F9 $40 #H96 B< =F9 +,-. >96>:<
Arkadlusz Marclnlak
1
, aLryc[a llllpowlcz
1
, Lrlk !ohansson
2
, Alllson !. Mlckel
3
1
Adam Mlcklewlcz unlverslLy, oznan,
2
aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL,
3
SLanford unlverslLy

LasL year's season broughL abouL Lhe beglnnlng of fleld work ln Lhe prevlously unexcavaLed area
locaLed ln SW slope of Lhe souLhern promlnence of aLalhyuk LasL. 1he Lrench was opened
beLween Lwo prevlously excavaLed and sysLemaLlcally sLudled areas, namely Lhe SouLh Area and 1
Area (llg. 4.1). 1hls new excavaLlon zone was named Lhe 1 ConnecLlon Area (1C). 1he ulLlmaLe
goal of Lhls new pro[ecL ls Lo connecL Lhe sLraLlgraphy ln Lhe 1 Area, excavaLed ln Lhe years 2001
2008, wlLh Lhe maln sLraLlgraphlc sequence ln Lhe SouLh. 1he correspondlng goal comprlses Lhe
recognlLlon of archlLecLure, burlal pracLlce, poLLery and obsldlan manufacLure and use, subslsLence,
landscape use, eLc. ln Lhe perlod beLween Lhe end of Lhe SouLh sequence (8ulldlng 10 ln SouLh T)
and Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe 1 sequence (8ulldlng 81 ln 1 M) (see more Marclnlak et ol. 2012).

Works ln Lhe early levels of Lhe seLLlemenL ln Lhe SouLh Area revealed LhaL Lhe nelghbourhood
communlLy was a ma[or organlzlng prlnclple of socleLy ln Lhe classlc phase of mound occupaLlon. lL
was lndlcaLed by Lhe sallence of clusLered houses and by Lhe asymmeLrlc dlsLrlbuLlon of sub floor
burlals beLween Lhem. Some houses ln Lhese early levels had a domlnanL poslLlon ln Lerms of access
Lo ancesLors and rellglous paraphernalla and performance (compare 8ar ?osef 1989, Cauvln 1994,
PaupLmann 2002, zdogan and zdogan 1998), buL Lhey dld noL converL Lhls predomlnanL poslLlon
lnLo Lhe conLrol of sLorage, resources, exchange or producLlon. 1hese houses were lnLegraLed lnLo
larger nelghbourhood assoclaLlons lnvolvlng economlc poollng. lnLeresLlngly, ln Lhe upper levels of
Lhe SouLh area, Lhere was less dlrecL conLlnulLy as houses were rebullL, and Lhe pace of rebulldlng
qulckened. 1hese shlfLs ln slLe formaLlon anLlclpaLed subsLanLlal changes revealed ln Lhe uppermosL
levels of Lhe LasL mound ln Lhe 1 Area.

LxcavaLlon resulLs from Lhe upper LaLe neollLhlc sLraLa (c. 6300 6000 cal 8C) ln Lhe 1 Area,
revealed conslderable dlfferences ln maLerlal culLure lndlcaLlng slgnlflcanL soclal and economlc
LransformaLlons of Lhe local communlLy Lowards Lhe end of Lhe neollLhlc (Marclnlak, Czernlak
2007). A resldenLlal paLLern emerged wlLh less densely packed clusLers of households and lncreaslng
amounLs of open space (uurlng 2003, uurlng & Marclnlak 2006, Marclnlak 2008), and an apparenL
decrease ln Lhe lmporLance of bulldlng conLlnulLy (uurlng 2001). 1he lnhablLanLs began Lo conLrol
sLorage and producLlon. 1he overall conLexL of Lhe process, lLs mechanlsms, pace, and
consequences have noL been lnvesLlgaLed Lo daLe.

LxcavaLlons ln Lhe 1C Area are carrled ouL ln four new Lrenches. 1rench 1 ls 3 x 3 m and ls locaLed
dlrecLly Lo Lhe souLh of Lhe MellaarL Area A. 1rench 2 ls placed dlrecLly souLh of 1rench 1 and lLs
overall dlmenslon ls 3 x 6 m. 1rench 3 ls locaLed ln Lhe souLhern parL of 1C Area, as close as
posslble Lo Lhe SouLh shelLers souLheasLern corner and lLs easLern edge, where 8ulldlng 10 and
several assoclaLed exLerlor spaces were excavaLed ln pasL years (koLsakls 1996, 1997, !onsson 2003,
74
75

Figure 4.1. The extent of the TPC trenches. Plan: Camilla Mazzucato
75
76

8egan 2004). lL ls quadrllaLeral ln shape wlLh souLhern and easLern edges belng 10 m long and Lhe
norLhern edge measurlng 6 m ln lengLh. 1rench 4, measurlng ca. 8 x 6 m and ls locaLed ln beLween
Lhese Lwo secLlons of 1C Area. 1he works ln Lhe flrsL Lwo excavaLlon seasons were carrled ouL ln
1renches 1& 2 and 3, lle 1rench 4 wlll only be excavaLed ln Lhe comlng years.

1he excavaLlons carrled ouL ln Lhe pasL Lwo seasons made lL posslble Lo reveal a sequence of
NeollLhlc bulldlngs and feaLures ln all Lhree excavaLed Lrenches ln addlLlon Lo numerous posL
Neolithic deposlLs. AlLogeLher, remalns of four neollLhlc bulldlngs ln Lrenches 1 & 2, and Lwo ln
trench have been revealed Lo daLe. ln Lhe former conLexLs Lhe Lwo uppermosL sLrucLures B. 109
and 113 have been badly desLroyed, whlle earller 8. 110 and 121 are conslderably well preserved.
NeollLhlc bulldlngs 8. 122 and Sp. 320 from 1rench 3 are preserved ln a relaLlvely good shape.

kesu|ts of the excavat|ons |n 1renches 1 & 2
$F9 G9:8B=FBE >9TQ9<E9
Slnce 1renches 1 & 2 are connecLed, and dlfferenL sLrucLures are placed ln boLh of Lhem, lL ls
[usLlfled Lo dlscuss Lhe resulLs of Lhls year's works ln one secLlon. 1he works ln Lhe pasL Lwo seasons
made lL posslble Lo reveal and analyze a dlsLlncL and coherenL sequence of a number of
superimposed eollLhlc houses and ad[acenL feaLures and layers posslble.

1he oldesL sLrucLure dlscovered Lo daLe ln Lhls parL of Lhe 1C Area ls Building 121 (lig. 4.2). lL ls a
relaLlvely large sLrucLure wlLh a sulLe of ln builL sLrucLures and complex sLory of occupaLlon. As Lhe
works ln Lhls bulldlng have noL yeL been compleLed, only a LenLaLlve lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe
dlscovered deposlLs ls posslble aL Lhls polnL. 1hls ls furLher compllcaLed as Lhe bulldlng ls only parLly
preserved as lL has been badly LruncaLed by laLer occupaLlon acLlvlLles. As lndlcaLed by one
Figure 4.2. 3D model of B. 121. Model: Jason Quinlan
76
77

radlocarbon daLe from Lhe ln bullL hearLh avallable aL presenL, Lhe bulldlng ls daLed back Lo ca.
6400 62230 cal 8C.

Cnly Lwo walls of Lhe bulldlng are placed ln 1rench 2, whlle Lhe remalnlng Lwo are locaLed ouLslde
lLs perlmeLers, Lhe wesLern one probably very close beyond Lhe edge of Lhe Lrench. 1he easLern and
norLhern walls were ldenLlfled and exposed. 1he easLern wall (l. 7160) has been plasLered and
painted. lack and whlLe geomeLrlc deslgns, ln Lhe form of verLlcal and Lransverse seLs of parallel
lines, were ldenLlfled, uncovered and proLecLed (llg. 4.3). 1he norLhern wall (l. 7187) was also
plasLered and palnLed, probably LhroughouL lLs enLlre lengLh. Powever, Lhe characLer of Lhe
decoraLlon remalns unknown: Lhe wall was almosL compleLely Lorn down by Lhe large posL Neolithic
truncation (Space 307), whlch desLroyed a large secLlon of Lhe neollLhlc deposlLs beLween Trench
and 2 (see below). numerous fragmenLs of plasLer and palnL found ln Lhe W parL of Lhe bulldlng
may lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe wesLern wall mlghL have also been palnLed.

A sequence made of floor, Lhree subsequenLly bullL plaLforms, hearLh and bln has already been
revealed buL lefL largely unexcavaLed ln Lhe currenL excavaLlon season. 1he floor was solldly made
and easlly dlsLlngulshable. 1he color and fabrlc seem Lo lmply lLs dlvlslon onLo Lhe norLhern 'clean
(30861) and souLhern 'dirty (30818) parLs, Lhe paLLern Lyplcal for Lhe classlc phase of Lhe
seLLlemenL occupaLlon. 1hls dlsLlncLlon ls furLher corroboraLed by Lhe characLer of deposlLs placed
dlrecLly on Lhe floor. The dirty lnflll (30838) from Lhe souLh, as compared wlLh lLs norLhern 'clean
counLerparL (30803, 30821), conLalned a large amounL of phyLollLhs: posslbly Lhe remalns of reeds
whlch had been sLrewn on Lhe floor. 1hls deposlL was also parLlcularly rlch ln charcoal.
Several feaLures on Lhe floor of 8. 121 have been ldenLlfled and recorded. A relaLlvely large flre
lnsLallaLlon (l.7230) was placed ln lLs cenLer. lL ls recLangular ln shape and had Lhlck, ralsed and
Figure 4.3. The painted eastern wall of B.121. Photography: Jason Quinlan
77
78

plasLered walls. lL ls Lhe only feaLure of 8. 121 LhaL was parLlally excavaLed ln Lhe 2013 season. lLs
lnflll was made of Lwo dlsLlncL layers. 1he one Lo Lhe easL was composed of a number of burnL
striations, full of phyLollLhs, seeds, charcoal and dung (30842). AL Lhe same Llme, lLs wesLern parL
comprlsed of layered brown and parLly burnL layer (30843). lLs sLraLlgraphlcal poslLlon ln relaLlon Lo
Lhe bulldlng use ls currenLly uncerLaln. Powever, Lhe hearLh seems Lo be slLLlng on Lhe yeL anoLher
layer of older floor whlch ls vlslble ln Lhe secLlon of one of Lhe laLer plLs (l. 7189). AnoLher
lnLeresLlng feaLure exposed on Lhe floor of 8. 121 ls a small clrcular bln wlLh plasLered, concave
walls (l. 7193) placed dlrecLly agalnsL lLs norLhern wall (l. 7187).

Altogether, flve plaLforms were ldenLlfled and exposed ln dlfferenL parLs of Lhe bulldlng. 1hey were
noL conLemporaneous and are lndlcaLlve of subsequenL reconsLrucLlons of lLs space. 1hree
plaLforms (l.7192, l.7231, & l.7234) are placed ln Lhe easLern parL of 8. 121, whlle Lhe remalnlng
Lwo (l. 7238 & l. 7239) ln lLs wesLern secLlon. 1he laLLer are poorly preserved due Lo a slgnlflcanL
desLrucLlon by Lhe laLer plL cuL (l. 7189).

1he flrsL Lhree plaLforms were bullL agalnsL Lhe easLern wall of Lhe bulldlng wlLh lmpresslve
geomeLrlc palnLlng (l. 7160). 1he plaLform ln Lhe nL corner of Lhe 8ulldlng (l. 7192) ls Lhe mosL
distinct, solldly consLrucLed, well preserved and has a plasLered whlLlsh surface. lL has also a shallow
buL dlsLlncL depresslon LhaL ls probably lndlcaLlve of burlals. lurLher Lo Lhe souLh was anoLher
plaLform (l.7231). lL was badly desLroyed and only lLs small souLhern secLlon goL preserved. 1he cuL
has already been recognlzed aL Lhe Lop lnflll layer, whlch lmplles lL was made afLer Lhe bulldlng was
abandoned and lLs lnLerlor backfllled. Powever, lL has Lo be noLlced LhaL Lhe cuL was clearly
dlscernlble ln Lhe subsequenL Lo lnflll layers. ln any case, Lhls was cerLalnly a dellberaLe LruncaLlon,
whlch characLer ls dlfflculL Lo speclfy. lL may have been llnked Lo Lhe skull reLrlevlng pracLlce. A small
plL was dug onLo Lhe plaLform (l. 7231) abuLLlng Lhe bulldlng's easLern wall. lL has noL yeL been
excavaLed. lL appears Lo be a posLhole placed agalnsL Lhe rlchly decoraLed wall wlLh geomeLrlc
motlfs. lLs locaLlon ls qulLe uncommon as lL ls placed on Lhe plaLform and abuLs Lhe mosL decoraLlve
wall.

1he Lhlrd plaLform (l.7234) ln Lhe easLern parL of 8. 121 was placed beLween Lhe LruncaLed plaLform
(l. 7231) from Lhe souLh and laLer plaLform ln nE corner of Lhe 8ulldlng (l. 7192). lL was clearly bullL
afLer plaLform l. 7231 goL LruncaLed. More llkely, lL was dellberaLely consLrucLed ln Lhe place ln
whlch Lhe older plaLform l. 7231 was placed. Pence, lL ls probably noL surprlslng LhaL lL looks
differenL Lhan Lhe Lwo ad[acenL and laLer plaLforms (l. 7231 & l. 7192). lL appears Lo be bullL on a
make up, lLself made of small sLones/pebbles. 1he surface ls very Lhln and was only preserved ln
small fragmenLs/paLches. Cverall, Lhls klnd of consLrucLlon ls remlnlscenL of a floor, slmllar Lo 861
and 881 ln Lhe 1 Area (Marclnlak & Czernlak 2012).

8ulldlng 121 was probably dellberaLely abandoned and backfllled. 1hls ls lndlcaLed by lLs sLandlng
walls as well as a sequence of flll layers deposlLed dlrecLly on lLs floor (Space 314). A large anLler was
found ln one of Lhem (30779), ln a close proxlmlLy Lo Lhe plasLered norLhern wall. lL was probably an
elemenL of Lhe bulldlng decoraLlons, whlch was dlsmanLled durlng lLs dellberaLe abandonmenL.
Interestingly, shorLly afLer lLs abandonmenL, Lhe bulldlng was posslbly Lemporarlly used as lndlcaLed
by Lhe presence of a flre spoL and Lwo ad[acenL plLs of unspeclfled characLer placed flrmly ln Lhe
building flll.
78
79

1he large parL of 1rench 2 was conslderably desLroyed followlng Lhe abandonmenL of 8. 121 (see
below). robably already ln Lhe neollLhlc (as lmplled by a lack of laLe poLLery), lLs wesLern and
souLhern parLs of 8. 121 were desLroyed by Lwo plLs: l. 7233 from Lhe souLh and l. 7189 from
Lhe wesL. 1he very nE rner of 8. 121 was also desLroyed by a small and deep plL (l.7169). ln Lhe
followlng perlod, Lhe SL corner of Lhe 8ulldlng was furLher desLroyed by a large pre Hellenistic
truncation, locaLed agalnsL L edge of Lhe Lrench. 8ulldlng 121 was Lhen badly desLroyed afLer Lhe
end of Lhe neolithic, as manlfesLed by huge dellberaLe cuLs (Space 307 & 316) (see below). A large
E W LruncaLlon (Space 307) probably cuL down a fragmenL of Lhe mound from lLs Lop Lo Lhe WesL. lL
happened ln before Lhe PellenlsLlc perlod as boLh PellenlsLlc plLs and all Lhe early lslamlc burlals
were cuL lnLo lL.

uesplLe Lhese slgnlflcanL desLrucLlons, an undlsLurbed neollLhlc and posL NeollLhlc sequence was
preserved ln Lhe SL corner of 1rench 2 (Space 306). lL had c. 2 m wlLhln Lhe Lrench and lL was made
of a number of superlmposed layers and feaLures. lnLeresLlngly, lL appears Lo be placed dlrecLly on
Lhe Lop of layer Lhan desLroyed souLhern parL of wall 7160 of 8. 121 (Space 314). lL lndlcaLes LhaL lL
posLdaLes Lhls LruncaLlon and all Lhe layers ln lL.

1he sequence appears Lo have been deposlLed agalnsL Lhe n S wall (l.3972). lL ls made of yellowlsh
brown brlcks and boLh lLs sLraLlgraphlc poslLlon and chronology ls unclear aL Lhls polnL. 1he
sequence beglns by a solldly made floor (l.3996). A large clusLer of barley (30232) was deposlLed
dlrecLly on Lhe floor. lL may have orlglnaLed from a broken sLorage [ar, as numerous sherds were
found ln dlrecL proxlmlLy Lo lL. A layered heLerogeneous lnflll (30264) was found on Lhe floor
indicating lLs slow deposlLlon. 1he followlng feaLure comprlsed a flre lnsLallaLlon (l.3990), bullL
above Lhe floor lnflll. lL ls a solld consLrucLlon made of an lnLeresLlng block of clay comprlslng a
boLLom of Lhe hearLh. lL conLalns a loL of sooL, ash and charcoal. A small earrlng made from
elecLrum (a gold alloy) was found ln hearLh. 1hls feaLure clearly posL daLes Lhe neollLhlc and has
noLhlng Lo do wlLh Lhe neollLhlc () wall and Lhe assoclaLed floor.

A small fragmenL of undlsLurbed and homogenous mldden was also ldenLlfled ln SW corner of
1rench (30773 & 30774). lLs sLraLlgraphlc poslLlon ls noL clear as lL was badly desLroyed by Lhe posL
NeollLhlc LruncaLlon. ln any case, however, lL ls laLer Lhan 8. 121.

1he followlng neollLhlc sLrucLure ln Lhls parL of Lhe 1C Area ls 8ulldlng 110. lLs preserved dlmenslon
was c. 8 by 6 m. lLs walls (norLhern, easLern and souLhern) were made of solld yellow/sandlsh brlcks.
lLs easLern wall (l. 3910) was consLrucLed Lhrough a prevlously prepared foundaLlon cuL, a pracLlce
recognlzed also ln Lhe 1 Area. lL may lmply some klnd of dellberaLe consLrucLlonal pracLlce ln Lhe
laLe levels. 1he 8ulldlng was dlvlded lnLo Lwo rooms by Lhe L W parLlLlon wall (souLhern Space 486
& norLhern Space 483) (see Marclnlak aL al. 2012).

Whlle sLraLlgraphlc slLuaLlon ln Space 486 ls preLLy sLralghLforward wlLh numerous lnflll layers
placed on Lop of Lhe oLher, more a compllcaLed slLuaLlon was revealed ln ad[acenL Space 483. Both
rooms were fllled wlLh a raLher homogenous sequence of deposlLs composed of small sLrlaLlons
lndlcaLlng lLs long and conLlnuous accumulaLlon. AlLogeLher, c. 1.30 meLers of deposlLs has been
llfLed. ulfferenL lnflll layers were dlsLlngulshed based upon color and conslsLency of soll. Some of
79
80

Lhem were more homogeneous, graylsh layers made of sllLy sand, whlle oLher more heLerogeneous
wlLh a mlxLure of sllLy sand and fragmenL of broken brlcks, floors and oLher consLrucLlonal maLerlal
as well as charcoal, poLLery and anlmal bones (malnly sheep/goaL and caLLle). A fragmenL of
arLlculaLed caLLle splne was also revealed, whlch lndlcaLes a klnd of dellberaLe deposlLlon. 8roken
brlcks may have orlglnaLed from Lhe collapsed wall as Lhey were ldenLlcal wlLh brlcks maklng up Lhe
walls of 8.110. 1he brlcky maLerlal ls yellow, oranglsh and lL ls very sandy. Moreover, fragmenLs of a
dlsLlncL floor were also found ln Space 486 (see u. 30203). lLs surface was preLLy clear and dlsLlncL
whlle Lhe make up was made of llLLle pebbles and charcoal. lnLeresLlngly, Lhese pebbles were noL
white, whlch makes Lhem dlfferenL from dlsLlncL floor ln 8. 61 and 8.81 ln 1 Area (Marclnlak,
Czernlak 2012). ln any case, Lhe floor fragmenLs lndlcaLe LruncaLlon and desLrucLlon of one of Lhe
ad[acenL bulldlngs. 1hey may elLher orlglnaLe from 8.109 or oLher bulldlng chronologlcally
conLemporaneous Lo 8. 109 or 8.113. lL ls raLher unllkely LhaL Lhls floor was a parL of desLroyed
8.113. 1he floor of Lhls bulldlng was Lhln and flne wlLh numerous re plasLerlngs (see Marclnlak aL al.
2012).

AL Lhe boLLom of Lhe excavaLed sequence ln Space 486, a layer of lrregularly placed brlcks were
locaLed agalnsL lLs norLhern and easLern walls. 1hey have a form of a plle of brlcks of unspeclfled
characLer. lnLeresLlngly, Lhey have been puL ln Lhe place where plaLforms of Lhe NeollLhlc bulldlng
exlsL. 1he role and funcLlon of Lhese brlcks ls unknown, lL ls also unclear where Lhere ls floor anyway
close.No floor of Lhe bulldlng was reached Lhls season. As lndlcaLed by Lhe characLer of walls and
elemenLs of consLrucLlonal pracLlces, Lhe 8ulldlng was probably conLemporary Lo 8.74 from Lhe 1
Area, whlch means lL can be daLed Lo 1 N (see Marclnlak & Czernlak 2012).

SLraLlgraphlc relaLlons ln Space 483 of 8. 110 are noL clear, desplLe Lhe facL LhaL we excavaLed lnflll
of whaL deflned Space 483 and deposlLed agalnsL norLhern wall of 8.110. A row of flve brlcks, mosL
llkely orlglnaLlng from Lhe earller wall, was revealed ln Lhe wesLern parL of Space 483, agalnsL
souLhern and norLhern walls of whaL was belleved Lo be Lhe walls of Lhe Space. lnLeresLlngly, lL dld
noL conLlnue furLher Lo Lhe easL and lL may have elLher been LruncaLed or lL ls a parL of raLher
shorLer bulldlng. 1hey were laLer LruncaLed Lwlce LhaL led Lo Lhe desLrucLlon of Lhe upper course of
brlcks of Lhese walls. As works ln Lhls area have noL yeL been compleLed, no furLher deLalls of Lhls
complex sLraLlgraphlc sequence are avallable aL Lhls polnL. AddlLlonally, walls ln Lhe norLhern and
easLern parL of Lhe Space dlsappeared aL a cerLaln level. lL lmplles LhaL Lhe norLhern secLlons of Lhe
norLhern (l. 3911) and easLern (l.3910) walls of 8.110 appear Lo be bullL on lnflll. AL Lhe same Llme,
Lhe wall beLween Spaces 483 and 486 aL Lhese levels seems Lo be conLlnulng. lf Lhls lnLerpreLaLlon ls
correct, lL ls clear LhaL Lhe floor of Space 483 elLher dld noL exlsL or was compleLely desLroyed.
Hence, lL cannoL be ruled ouL LhaL Lhe souLhern and wesLern walls may have served boLh 8.110 and
lLs lower predecessor. AlLernaLlvely, we may encounLer here Lhe laLer reconsLrucLlon of 8.110 and
Lhe floor from lLs flrsL phase of use ls yeL Lo be found. 1he sLraLlgraphy ln Lhe Space wlll only be
clarlfled when Lhe walls of whaL was deflned as Space 483 be llfLed.

ln Lhe layer of mldden (20233) beLween n wall of 8ulldlng 110 and souLhern wall of Lhe ad[acenL
Building, noL yeL excavaLed, a clusLer of almosL 200 sheep bones (malnly asLragall, phalangl,
metapodials), Lwo caLLle horn cores, basalL mace, worked bones, along wlLh a clusLer of Lhe
NeollLhlc vessels, was exposed. 1hey seem Lo have been deposlLed afLer boLh walls were
80
81

consLrucLed. 1hls ls a dellberaLe deposlL of rlLual characLer daLed Lo Lhe perlod of ca. 6330 6220 cal.
BC.

As revealed ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season (see more Marclnlak eL al. 2012), followlng Lhe
abandonmenL of 8ulldlng 110, Lhe area wenL ouL of use for some Llme. lL was laLer occupled ln Lhe
form of some klnd of open space. lLs surface ls marked by a solldly made brlcky layer (20234) wlLh
fragmenLs of a Lramped floor (20236). AfLer some Llme, Lhe acLlvlLy area wenL ouL of use and Lhls
area was used as a mldden (20232 & 20213). lnLeresLlngly, Lhe acLlvlLy area posLdaLes a solld 8. 110,
whlch ls slmllar Lo Lhe sequence ln Lhe 1 Area, where open space (courLyard) ln 8. 72 and 8. 73
emerged afLer Lhe abandonmenL of 8.74. 1hls ls furLher corroboraLed by Lhe facL LhaL 8. 110 and 8.
74 seems Lo be conLemporary.

A small fragmenL of lo slto occupaLlon acLlvlLles was found dlrecLly above Lhe open space and
superlmposed mldden. Powever, conslderlng a dlsLlncL characLer of Lhe recognlzed feaLures and
desplLe Lhe facL LhaL lL was badly desLroyed from all sldes, lL [usLlfled Lo aLLrlbuLe Lhem Lo a separaLe
8ulldlng 113 (Space 491). 1he only preserved fragmenL comprlses a klnd of unspeclfled plaLform. lL
ls made of a number of superlmposed and dlsLlncL layers. 1he sequence was bullL on a layer of
brlcks placed dlrecLly on Lhe mldden (20213) followed by make up layer made of small pebbles
(20207). 1he floor lLself had a whlLlsh plasLered surface. 1hls consLrucLlon ls almosL ldenLlcal Lo Lhe
floor of 8. 61 ln Lhe 1 Area, Lhe laLesL ln Lhe sequence. 1he 'platforms wesLern and souLhern face
was llned from ouLslde by a homogeneous sllLy layer (20198), slmllar Lo morLar or plasLer. A
fragmenL of shorL L W parLlLlon wall, wlLh llnlng from Lhe souLh, was dlscovered easL of Lhe
platform. 1wo dlsLlncL superlmposed floors were recorded from Lhe norLhern slde of Lhe
platform. 1hey may have been remalns of Lhe room, posslbly llnked Lo 8ulldlng 113. As lL was only
preserved ln very small fragmenLs, no deLalls of lLs consLrucLlon and layouL are avallable.

1he laLesL dwelllng sLrucLure ln Lhls parL of Lhe 1C Area was 8ulldlng 109. lL probably respecLed
boLh Lhe slze and layouL of 8ulldlng 110 lLs lndlrecL predecessor. 1he brlcks were made of greylsh
/belge brlcks of a poor quallLy. 1hey were very homogenous ln Lerms of Lhelr lengLh 80 82 cm, and
were relaLlvely well preserved. 1hls 8ulldlng ls posslbly conLemporaneous wlLh Lhe laLesL 8. 61 from
Lhe 1 Area and can be LenLaLlvely daLed Lo Lhe Level 1.8. 1hls ls a LenLaLlve concluslon as noL a
slngle feaLure, whlch may unquesLlonably be llnked Lo Lhls 8ullding, was found.

$F9 J:>=_G9:8B=FBE P9>=HQE=B:<>
1he excavaLlons ln 1rench 1 & 2 make lL posslble Lo ldenLlfy a sequence of deposlLlonal evenLs
followlng Lhe end of Lhe neollLhlc. 1he flrsL elemenL of Lhls desLrucLlon comprlsed some klnd of yeL
unspecifled removal of wesLern wall of 8.121. Cn lLs rulns, Lhree solld ovens (l. 3933, 7181, 7190)
were bullL LhaL mosL llkely belong Lo some klnd of acLlvlLy zone placed Lhe wesL of 8.121 and
beyond Lhe wesLern edge of excavaLed area (Space 319). Pence, lLs characLer ls dlfflculL Lo speclfy
buL lL may elLher be a parL of Lhe bulldlng or be placed ln an open area. ln any case, Lhe sLraLlgraphlc
poslLlon of all Lhree ovens makes lL clear LhaL Lhey were bullL when boLh 8.110 and 8.121 wenL ouL
of use.

81
82

1he earllesL ln Lhe sequence ls oven l. 3933 (llg. 4.4). lLs consLrucLlon led Lo Lhe desLrucLlon of
wesLern secLlons of Lhe souLhern wall of 8.110 and norLhern wall of 8.121. ApproxlmaLely only 0
per cenL of Lhe oven was found wlLhln Lhe Lrench. uesplLe Lhe facL LhaL lLs slgnlflcanL wesLern parL ls
locaLed beyond Lhe wesLern edge of 1rench 2 and hence lL was only parLly excavaLed, lL ls clear LhaL
lL was a very subsLanLlal consLrucLlon wlLh a domed superstructure and very solld walls of ca. 10
Lhlck. 1hey were greenlsh from Lhe lnslde, c. 2 cm Lhlck followed by Lhe layer of burnL clay. 1hls ls
lndlcaLlve of numerous exposlLlons Lo
heaL. 1he lnner surface of Lhe wall ls
smooth, albelL uneven. The en
lnLerlor was made of rubble, lncludlng
large fragmenLs of desLroyed domed
supersLrucLure. Soon afLer Lhe oven
wenL ouL of use, a smaller oven l.7181
was consLrucLed wlLhln lLs perlmeLer. lL
was poorly preserved, mosLly by Lhe
rubble maLerlal whlch probably mlghL
have been a parL of Lhe oven
consLrucLlon. unforLunaLely, no furLher
deLalls are avallable as lL was noL only
parLly placed ouLslde Lhe Lrench, buL lLs
easLern parL goL also LruncaLed by a
large cuL LhaL also desLroyed S parL of
8.121 (Space 316). 1he oldesL and Lhe
smallesL ln Lhe clusLer ls oven l. 7190.

1he sLraLlgraphlc poslLlon of Lhe ovens,
ln parLlcular ln relaLlon Lo Lhe walls of
8. 110 and 121, lndlcaLes LhaL Lhey are
clearly posL NeollLhlc ln daLe. lL ls noL
clear aL Lhls polnL wheLher Lhe oven
was consLrucLed aL Lhe very laLe
NeollLhlc or wheLher lL happened
lmmedlaLely followlng Lhe end of Lhe
NeollLhlc. lL ls clearly pre Hellenistic
(perhaps 8ronze Age), as Lwo ovens (l.
3933 & l.7190) goL LruncaLed by a
PellenlsLlc plL (l.3934).

1he second ma[or desLrucLlon ln Lhls parL of Lhe 1C Area was caused by a large cuL LhaL desLroyed
Lhe cenLral parL of Lhe souLhern wall of 8.110. 1he plL was was large, deep, almosL clrcular ln shape,
and easlly dlsLlngulshable (l. 7134), followed by a seL of slx plLs (Space 308). lL LruncaLed noL only
Lhe souLhern wall of 8.110 and norLhern wall of 8. 121, buL also Lhe norLhern parL of lnflll of Lhe
laLLer bulldlng (Space 314). lL ls a deep feaLure made of brownlsh sandy clay mlxed up deposlLs, wlLh
numerous fragmenLs of yellow sandy brlcks, whlch more llkely orlglnaLe from Lhe desLroyed S wall
of 8.110. AfLer Lhe LruncaLlon was backfllled, lLs surface was lnLenslvely used. Slx plLs were found ln
Figure 4.4. Oven F.3955.
82
83

lLs lnflll characLerlzed by a
slgnlflcanL degree of
homogenelLy (l.3997, l.3969,
F.3999, l. 7156, l.7155, l.7158).
1hey were of a rounded/ovold
shape, all slmllar. lL ls dlfflculL Lo
sLaLe Lhe Llme dlfference
beLween Lhe abandonmenL of
Lhe plL l. 7134 and Lhe
consLrucLlon of Lhls seL of plLs on
lLs Lop. arLlcularly lnLeresLlng ls
l. 3997, where a dog burlal was
ldenLlfled (llg. 4.3). 1he skeleLon
was almosL compleLely
preserved excepL for Lhe skull,
pelvls and upper hlnd llmbs. lL
was placed on Lhe rlghL hand
side, lLs fronL legs were sllghLly exLended and Lhe hlnd legs flexed. 1he laLLer Lwo elemenLs were
probably removed by burrowlng anlmals. 1he locaLlon of Lhe skull ls dlfflculL Lo undersLand.
However, Lhe cuL of Lhe plL wlLh a dog skeleLon was dlfflculL Lo dlsLlngulsh. A plece of copper was
found nexL Lo Lhe skeleLon. 8emalns of oLher dog burlals were also found ln l. 7138.

A sLraLlgraphlc poslLlon of Space 308 lmplles LhaL lL ls Lo be daLed Lo Lhe perlod beLween Lhe end of
the eollLhlc and Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe PellenlsLlc perlod. lL LruncaLed walls of Lhe neollLhlc bulldlngs
and goL lLself LruncaLed from Lhe LasL by a laLer plL l. 3939, whlch ln Lurn was LruncaLed by a large
PellenlsLlc plL (well) excavaLed ln Lhe 2012 season (see Marclnlak eL al. 2012).

1he nexL evenL comprlsed a cuL of plL l.3939, placed agalnsL easLern wall of 1rench 2. lL was of a
very aLyplcal shape as lL was a klnd of recLangular and preLLy regular. lL LruncaLed clearly l. 7134
and easLern wall of 8. 110. lLs depLh dlffers slgnlflcanLly from 2 3 cm on Lop of Lhe wall Lo up Lo 40
cm ln places ln whlch Lhe walls were slgnlflcanLly LruncaLed. lL was placed behlnd Lhe easLern wall of
B.110, dlrecLly Lo Lhe norLh of a posL NeollLhlc LruncaLlon LhaL desLroyed Lhese walls (Space 307). lL
was made of relaLlvely mlxed up maLerlal wlLh numerous fragmenLs of small brlcks, charcoal.eLc.
Hence, Lhere was probably a slgnlflcanL Llme span beLween cuLLlng plLs l. 7134 and l. 3939, buL Lhe
laLLer was clearly consLrucLed before Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe neolithic.

1he flnal desLrucLlon ln Lhls parL of Lhe 1C Area was caused by a huge LruncaLlon (Space 307) LhaL ls
also o be daLed Lo Lhe pre PellenlsLlc perlod. lL ls lndlcaLed by Lhe facL LhaL a vasL ma[orlLy of
PellenlsLlc plLs were dug onLo lL, whlle Lhe boLLom of some oLhers was placed above Lhls plL.
Furthermore, a ma[orlLy of early lslamlc burlals were also dug lnLo Lhls layer. 1he cuL was large and
had sLeep walls. Powever, lL ls unclear whaL Lhe lnlLlal funcLlon of Lhls LruncaLlon was and whaL lLs
orlglnal shape was. ln any case, numerous laLe poLLery was found ln dlfferenL layers belonglng Lo
Lhls Space. lL was preLLy homogenous, buL Lended Lo be made of Lwo sequences. 1he ones Lo Lhe
souLh (30233, 30263, 30283, 30711 & 30724), were composed of greylsh sandy soll, whlle Lhose
Figure 4.5. Dog burial F.3997.
83
84

furLher Lo Lhe souLh were composed of brownlsh, less sllLy, deposlLs (30266, 30286, 30710 &
30723).

1he lasL desLrucLlon ln Lhe area beLween 1renches 1 and 2 had a form comprlsed of longlLudlnal
LruncaLlon ln L W allgnmenL LhaL desLroyed Lhe Lop fragmenLs of Lhe souLhern wall of 8.110 (Space
497). lL was recognlzed ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season. lL was backfllled by raLher homogenous
layers, whlch lndlcaLes lLs slow accumulaLlon (see Marclnlak eL al. 2012).

A large secLlon of souLhern and wesLern parLs of Lhe flll of 8.121 was laLer LruncaLed by a cuL from
lLs souLhern and wesLern slde (Space 316). lL was fllled by falrly homogenous deposlLs wlLh a loL of
organlc maLLer (e.g. 30780). 1hey also conLalned a large number of laLe poLLery fragmenLs. lnslde
Lhls layer, an oval plL (l. 3783) was found and excavaLed. lL conLalns a loL of organlc maLerlal, ln
parLlcular charcoal and large number of anlmal bones. 1hls sequence of laLe LruncaLlons desLroyed
almosL compleLely Lhe souLhern parL of 1rench 2, ln parLlcular Lhe laLesL phases of Lhe neolithic
occupation.

8emalns of Lhe laLe walls (probably 8oman) were locaLed ln Lhe very SW corner of 1rench 2. lL may
belong Lo some klnd of bulldlng locaLed souLh of Lhe Lrench. 1wo superlmposed layers, deflned
largely arblLrarlly, were also excavaLed. 1he souLhern layer (30266) was made of greylsh sandy sllL
and lL was a resulL of a huge LruncaLlon LhaL happened afLer Lhe 8oman perlod and before Lhe
lslamlc burlals (Space 316). 1hls laLe LruncaLlon desLroyed Lhe 8oman walls seen ln souLhern secLlon
of Lhe Lrench, buL laLe burlals were dug onLo Lhls redeposlLed layer.
$F9 36H8] 1>86KBE 7QHB68 XH:Q<P

1he 2013 excavaLlon season also broughL abouL a number of laLe burlals. 1he besL preserved was a
burlal of a young adulL lndlvldual (l.3994). lL was placed on lLs back ln exLended poslLlon wlLh head
faclng SW. Cnly Lhe legs, pelvls and fragmenLs of Lhe splne were recorded wlLhln Lhe Lrench. 1he
remalnlng parLs of Lhe skeleLon were ouLslde of Lhe excavaLed area, whlch wlll noL be excavaLed ln
Lhe currenL pro[ecL. 1he lndlvldual was placed ln a very narrow burlal cuL, hlch exLends a plL
Lowards hls head. lL looks as lf Lhe burlal was LruncaLed by a PellenlsLlc plL and hence lL ls pre
PellenlsLlc ln daLe.

AnoLher burlal (l. 3974), probably early lslamlc ln daLe, was locaLed ln Lhe souLhern parL of 1rench 2
(see llg. .18). lL was a female adulL lying Lh lLs head Lo Lhe wesL, on lLs righL slde faclng souLh.
1he burlal was allgned ln an easL wesL axls. no burlal goods were found buL a separaLe human
mandlble was found close Lo Lhe feeL of Lhe burled female. 1hls probably orlglnaLes from Lhe
dlsLurbed earller burlal. lnLeresLlngly, a fragmenL of Lwo supersLrucLures (30203 & 30237), ln Lhe
form of yellow grey brlcks, seems Lo LruncaLe Lhe burlal lndlcaLlng lLs laLer chronologlcal poslLlon.

A fragmenL of largely desLroyed [uvenlle skull (30233) was Laken ouL of Lhe L secLlon of Lhe Lrench. lL
was a parL of burlal laLe ln daLe. 1hls may be Lhe same Lype of burlal as Lhose excavaLed ln 2012. lLs
head was faclng Lhe wesL, whlch means LhaL Lhe remalnlng parL of Lhe skeleLon was placed ouLslde
Lhe excavaLed area.

84
85

A longlLudlnal plL ln L W allgnmenL was also reveled ln SL corner of 1rench 2 (l. 7180), [usL above
(Space 316). lLs unspeclfled and preLLy shallow (up Lo 13 cm) feaLure conLalned some human bones
ln lLs lnflll and lL was placed underneaLh a laLe burlal and may have been desLroyed by lL.

Interestingly, lL was deflned by Lwo L W walls. Cne wall was bullL parallel Lo Lhe easLern edge of Lhe
trench, [usL ln lLs SL corner (l.3972). 1hls plL lnflll appears Lo be deposlLed agalnsL Lhls wall. AnoLher
unspeclfled wall was also placed furLher Lo Lhe norLh, closlng down Lhls space. SouLhern parL of Lhls
feaLure ls dlfflculL Lo deflne as lL ls probably placed ouLslde Lhe souLhern edge of Lhe Lrench.
kesu|ts of the excavat|ons |n 1rench 3
$F9 G9:8B=FBE >9TQ9<E9
ln Lhe 2013 season, excavaLlon works
were also conLlnued ln 1rench 3.
Altogether, a number of neolithic
feaLures was recognlzed, several of
whlch have been LruncaLed or dlsLurbed
by laLer lnhablLanLs of Lhe area. 1hey
also broughL abouL excavaLlon of laLer
remains, ln parLlcular a large PellenlsLlc
Building 120.

Lvldence for neollLhlc occupaLlon ln
1rench 3 Lakes Lhe form of several
segregaLe spaces ln Lhe Lrench, all of
Lhese spaces are relaLed ln some way Lo
Lhree large walls runnlng easL west
across e norLhern half of Lhe Lrench,
bullL lmmedlaLely agalnsL one anoLher.
lrom souLh Lo norLh, Lhese walls are l.
3952, l. 7171, and l. 7176 (llg. 4.6).
1hey are composed of large recLangular
mud brlcks whlch are orange ln color.
1he ma[or consLrucLlon appears Lo be
Lhe norLhern wall, l. 7176, whlch ls Lhe
souLhern wall of 8. 122 (see below). lL
was a solld a large bulldlng wlLh
numerous e bulldlngs and
reconsLrucLlons of lLs lnner space. An
undersLandlng of Lhe archlLecLure of Lhe
larger complex of 8. 122, he funcLlons
of Lhe spaces lnslde lL, and Lhe Lemporal
sequence of lLs consLrucLlon ls currenLly
lmposslble as a large parL of Lhe bulldlng ls placed ouLslde Lhe excavaLed area. 1he bulldlng's
souLhern wall laLer served as a polnL of reference for oLher sLrucLures consLrucLed furLher Lo Lhe
souLh. 1he subsequenL walls (l. 7171 & l. 3932) were noL bonded wlLh Lhe former and more llkely
Figure 4.6. Walls F.7171 and F.7176.
85
86

posLdaLed Lhem. 1hls may be a parL of anoLher large bulldlng placed furLher Lo Lhe souLh (Space 320
see llow). 1hese inds of large walls, or raLher, sequence of walls, ls characLerlsLlc of Lhe LaLe
NeollLhlc archlLecLure. 1hey surround several large, walled, lnLerlor spaces LhaL LogeLher form
bulldlngs LhaL appear Lo be much blgger Lhan Lhe earller neollLhlc ones. 1hese bulldlngs are
arranged more llke complexes of spaces wlLh dlfferlng funcLlons.

uue Lo posL NeollLhlc desLrucLlons and Lhe llmlLed area under observaLlon, an undersLandlng of
spaLlal arrangemenLs ls currenLly llmlLed. Powever, lL ls more llkely LhaL we are deallng wlLh Lwo
solid eollLhlc bulldlngs, placed one nexL Lo Lhe oLher (8. 122 ln Lhe norLh and Space 320 Lo Lhe
souLh). As Lhe laLLer one ls clearly placed sllghLly below Lhe former one, Lhls may lndlcaLe some klnd
of Lerrace. AnoLher L W Lerrace was probably locaLed along Lhe slope furLher Lo Lhe souLh. lLs
norLhern face was laLer used Lo consLrucL Lhe norLhern wall of Lhe PellenlsLlc bulldlng, 8. 120 (see
below), bullL dlrecLly agalnsL lL. 1hese may be lndlcaLlve of a Lerraclng paLLern ln Lhls parL of the
mound and placemenL of a row of houses on subsequenL Lerraces, all faclng souLh. 1he Lerraclng of
Lhe mound surface ln Lhe LaLe neollLhlc would noL be surprlslng conslderlng Lhe dlscussed bulldlngs
were consLrucLed on a slgnlflcanL slope. 1he neolithic bullders musL have been forced Lo follow Lhe
coverLures of Lhe mound.

1he ma[or neollLhlc sLrucLure
dlscovered Lo daLe ln 1rench 3
comprlses 8. 122 ln lLs norLh
parL. lL ls a large complex style
structure, whlch exLends beyond
Lhe edges of Lhe Lrench. lL ls
composed of Lhree spaces
locaLed wlLhln 1rench 3 (Sp. 317,
521, and Sp. 493). 1he mosL
lnLeresLlng ls Space 493, a klnd of
sLorage room wlLh Lhree well
preserved blns and one oven
(Fig. 4.7). 1he relaLlonshlp
beLween Lhese Lhree spaces ls
noL enLlrely clear. lurLher
excavaLlon Lo Lhe norLh of Lhe
Overview Lrench would resolve
numerous quesLlons relaLed Lo
Lhe 8ulldlng spaLlal
arrangements.

This oom Sp.493 arks Lhe laLer phase of Lhe 8ulldlng use as lL was bullL lnslde lLs nL corner some
Llme afLer Lhe house was consLrucLed. lLs souLhern and wesLern walls (l. 3981 and l.3933), as
locaLed wlLhln Lhe Lrench, were ldenLlfled. 1he norLhern and easLern exLenL of Lhe space ls
undeflned because lL goes lnLo Lhe edge of 1rench 3. 1he room consLrucLlon was preceded by a
desLrucLlon of some klnd of a sLrucLure ('platform) placed agalnsL Lhe easLern wall of LhaL bulldlng.
As Lhe easLern parL of Lhe room ls ouLslde Lhe excavaLed area, lL ls unclear wheLher Lhe plaLform
Figure 4.7. of space 493and its bins.
86
87

was bullL agalnsL Lhe easLern wall of 8.122, or Lhe easLern wall of Lhe Space was consLrucLed
followlng Lhe desLrucLlon of Lhe former sLrucLure.

8oLh Lhe lnner and ouLer room's walls were Lhen plasLered over, whlch means Lhey were clearly
meanL Lo be seen from ouLslde wlLhln Lhe space of bulldlng. 1hls lmplles a klnd of sLandalone and
dlsLlncL room, as furLher corroboraLed by bonded courses of brlcks. Powever, lL cannoL be ruled ouL
LhaL Lhe ouLer surface of Lhe wall was only plasLered laLer when Lhe wall was reused and comprlsed
Lhe easLern of laLer room bullL lnslde 8. 122 (Space 317) (see below). 1wo of Lhe feaLures recognlzed
ln Lhe Space (l. 7182 and l. 7198) were excavaLed compleLely ln 2013, buL Lhe oLher Lwo (l. 7196
and l. 7197) were lefL unexcavaLed. SLorage blns and dlfferenL Lools revealed ln Space 493 lndlcaLe
LhaL Lhls ls a room for graln sLorage and food preparaLlon. 1he bulldlng was burnL before lLs
abandonmenL. lL ls daLed Lo Lhe perlod ca. 6400 6230 cal. 8C.

Space 493 wlLhln Lhe Lrench has 3 m. 1he room lnflll conLalned a heavlly burnL layer malnly made
up of consLrucLlon maLerlal. lL also ylelded a loL of boLanlc remalns and several ground sLones. lL ls
worLh noLlng LhaL a large quanLlLy of essenLlally pure phyLollLhs was found ln lLs norLh and mlddle
parL. 1hey lndlcaLe a hlgher flrlng LemperaLure ln Lhls parL of Lhe room as compared Lo Lhe souLhern
parL where more charcoal and black, charred seeds were found, lndlcaLlng a lower LemperaLure and
reduclng aLmosphere. 8oLh Lhe phyLollLhs and charred remalns represenL a now exLlncL specles of
sLrlaLe emmerold' wheaL (luller 2013). 32 ground sLones, as Lhey were slLuaLed ln Lhe burnL
consLrucLlon layer and noL on a floor, are LhoughL Lo have been placed or Lhrown lnslde Lhe space
durlng Lhe desLrucLlon phase. A deposlL of charred barley and wheaL seeds (30807) was found ln Lhe
souLhern parL, whlch could represenL a hanglng baskeL whlch fell durlng Lhe desLrucLlon or a small
organlc conLalner, Lhrown ln durlng Lhe desLrucLlon. 1hey boLh were clearly sLored ln Lhe ears
(luller 2013). ln Lhe wesL middle parL of Lhe room floor, a clusLer worked anLler, bone, clay ob[ecL,
and ground sLones were found. lf lL ls lo slto lL could be lnLerpreLed as Lools or raw maLerlal of Lools
ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe funcLlon of Lhe space.

1wo of Lhe room blns were excavaLed Lhls year. 8oLh Lurned ouL Lo be sLorage blns for barley graln.
1he amounL and preservaLlon of Lhe barley could lndlcaLe a qulck desLrucLlon phase. SLorage bln
l.7182 l. was a large bln, recLangular ln shape, bullL up agalnsL Lhe wesLern wall of Lhe space, l.
7183. Cn Lop of Lhe bln flll assoclaLed wlLh Lhe desLrucLlon of Lhe space (30784), wlLh numerous
charcoal and barley, was a clusLer of barley (30783), llkely represenLlng anoLher hanglng parcel.
8elow (30784) were Lwo layers of nearly pure barley (30839) and (30864). 1he laLLer unlL
separaLed Lhe barley concenLraLlon and Lhe whlLe plasLered boLLom of Lhe bln. SLorage bln l.7198
was a smaller, free sLandlng bln, ln Lhe souLh wesL corner of Space 493. lL was only 0.30 m long and
0.29 m wlde. Llke l. 7182, lL conLalned a greaL deal of flll assoclaLed wlLh Lhe collapse of Lhe space
(30833) and beneaLh Lhls, a deposlL of pure barley (30871). 1hls unlL was black and full of graln,
unllke u.30833 above, whlch suggesLs LhaL Lhe bln was used as a graln sLore. Some of Lhe flll had
fallen ouL Lhrough an anlmal burrow ln Lhe boLLom parL of Lhe bln.

Sp. 317 ls Lhe laLesL room bullL lnslde 8.122, laLer Lhan Lhe ad[acenL Space 493. lL ls lndlcaLed by
radlocarbon daLe from lLs floor (6230 6070 cal 8C). lnLeresLlngly, lL slgnlflcanLly posLdaLes Lhe laLLer
sLorage room, whlch may quesLlon wheLher Lhese Lwo rooms are acLually elemenLs of Lhe same
building. L occuples lLs nW parL, exLendlng pasL Lhe norLh Lrench boundary. lL ls bounded Lo Lhe
87
88

south, wesL, and easL by Lhree walls l. 7194 forms Lhe souLhern boundary of Lhe space and ls bullL
up agalnsL l. 7176. 1here ls vlslble plasLer on Lhe norLh face of l. 7176, whlch musL have been
presenL when l. 7194 was bullL, Lherefore we know LhaL l. 7194 was bullL afLer Lhe consLrucLlon of
l. 7176. 1o Lhe wesL, Sp. 317 ls bounded by l. 7260 whlch runs norLh souLh along Lhe wesLern edge
of Lhe Lrench, and lL ls bounded Lo Lhe easL by l. 7183. lLs easLern wall comprlsed Lhe wesLern wall
of earller Space 493 (l. 7183) and ls plasLered on lLs wesLern face (see above). no plasLer has been
ldenLlfled on Lhe lnLerlor faces of Lhe oLher walls so far. 1he funcLlon of Sp. 317 ls sLlll unclear, as no
archlLecLural feaLures or slgnlflcanL arLlfacLs have been recovered from Lhe space. 1wo successlve
floors, however, were revealed ln Lhe 2013 season. 8oLh Lhe laLer one, l. 7193, and Lhe earller, l.
7257, exhlblLed slgns of havlng been plasLered orlglnally and, ln facL, remnanLs from boLh of Lhese
plasLerlng evenLs llpped up Lo Lhe well preserved plasLer of Lhe easLern wall l. 7183. lloor l. 7237
was lefL unexcavaLed aL Lhe end of Lhe 2013 season.

Sp. 321 slmllarly serves no clear funcLlon. lL lles Lo Lhe easL of Sp. 317, wlLh wall l. 7176 servlng as
lLs souLhern wall, l. 7194 as lLs wesLern wall, and l. 3981 as lLs norLhern wall. 1he space ls
exLremely narrow, measurlng only 0.63 m norLh south, and 2 m easL wesL. lL has been LruncaLed Lo
Lhe easL by a large plL, l. 7188, whlch conLalned a greaL deal of posL NeollLhlc maLerlal ln lLs flll.
Clven Lhe narrowness of Lhe space, lL may have served slmply as a passageway when lL was
constructed, alLhough Lhe damage done by plL l. 7188 makes lL dlfflculL Lo undersLand Lhls space ln
lLs full complexlLy. Cne floor was found ln Lhls space ln Lhe 2013 season, l. 7199, whlch was
plasLered llke Lhe floors ln Sp. 317, wlLh Lhe plasLer of Lhe floor [olnlng wlLh Lhe plasLer on norLhern
wall l.3981. ln excavaLlng Lhe plasLer (30838) and makeup (30839) of Lhls floor l. 7199, a greaL deal
of barley was dlscovered, lndlcaLlng Lhe close assoclaLlon of Sp. 321 wlLh Sp. 493 Lo Lhe norLh, slnce
Sp. 493 represenLs a space used lnLenslvely for graln and cereal sLorage.

Only cenLlmeLres below Lhe surface and above Space 317, a serles of neollLhlc human burlals were
identified. 1hese orlglnaLe from some klnd of bulldlng or burlal chamber laLer Lhan 8.122 buL
compleLely desLroyed due Lo a range posL depositonal processes. 1hls does noL appear Lo be a
locaLlon of Lhe burlal buL lL cannoL be ruled ouL. Altogether, remalns of aL leasL four lndlvlduals were
recognlzed. lL appears LhaL lnlLlally, a cuL (20238) was made for Lhe burlal of an adulL female (20217)
and a [uvenlle of abouL 8 years (20208). 1hese lndlvlduals were allowed Lo parLlally decompose
before belng pushed aslde Lo make room for Lhe burlal of an older adulL female (20166). 1he Lhree
bodles were Lhen covered and lefL for some Llme before a laLer cuL (20237) was made, sllghLly
damaglng Lhe skull of skeleLon 20166. 1he body of an adulL male (20162) was lald ln Lhls cuL, and
covered wlLh a flll lndlsLlngulshable from LhaL surroundlng Lhe earller bodles (see Marclnlak eL al.
2012).

1o Lhe souLh of 8. 122, Lhere are Lwo spaces whlch share a wall (l. 3932) wlLh Lhe bulldlng. 1hey
cerLalnly comprlse a parL of larger bulldlngs. As excavaLlons of Lhe parL of Lhe Lrench have noL been
completed, lL ls unclear wheLher Lhese spaces represenL Lwo separaLe bulldlngs or Lwo spaces
belonglng Lo Lhe same bulldlng. 1he easLern space, Sp. 320, ls squarer Lhan Lhe spaces Lo Lhe norLh,
measurlng 1.88 m x 2.74 m (llg. 4.8). lL ls bounded by l. 3932 Lo Lhe norLh, l. 7172 Lo Lhe wesL, l.
7232 Lo Lhe easL, and l. 7233 Lo Lhe souLh. AlLhough Lhe base of Lhe norLhern wall was revealed,
Lhere was no surface or floor assoclaLed wlLh Lhe wall. 1hls ls conslsLenL wlLh flndlngs ln Lhe 1
excavaLlons (e.g. 8ulldlng 74) as well as 1rench 1 ln Lhe 1C Area (8. 110), where excavaLlng room flll
88
89

has frequenLly falled Lo
reveal surfaces or floors aL
Lhe bases of walls. 1here ls
evldence Lo suggesL a
slmllar evenL occurred ln
Lhe ad[acenL space, Sp.
515, whlch shares wall F.
7172 wlLh Sp. 320 (see llg.
4.6).

Space 313 was recognlzed
agalnsL Lhe wesLern wall of
Lhe Lrench and lL exLends
pasL Lhe wesLern edge of
Lhe Lrench. lL ls more llkely
a parL of Lhe neolithic
bulldlng LhaL exLends
furLher Lo Lhe wesL and may go as far as Lhe foundaLlon Lrench of Lhe large shelLer. lL ls addlLlonally
bounded by l. 7177 Lo Lhe easL and l. 7174 Lo Lhe souLh, alLhough noL all of Lhese walls are
conLemporaneous, l. 7177 runs below l. 7172 and aL a sllghLly dlfferenL angle, represenLlng an
earller consLrucLlon. Lvldence for Lhe removal of a preexlsLlng surface ln Sp. 313 comes from Lhe
remalns of plaLform l. 7173, hich s plasLered on Lop, buL has been cuL away on Lhree sldes,
exposlng Lhe layers underneaLh Lhls plasLer. A dlsLlncL depresslon ln Lhe plaLform cenLral parL
probably lndlcaLes a burlal. A small porLlon of Lhe floor assoclaLed wlLh Lhls plaLform remalns, buL lL
Loo has been cuL verLlcally, leavlng Lhe plaLform and floor plasLer essenLlally floaLlng on a sorL of
sLraLlgraphlc pedesLal. Why Lhe surface removal would have been parLlal ln Sp. 313 yeL compleLe ln
Sp. 320 ls noL clear, buL Lhe evldence suggesLs LhaL Lhe same sorL of evenL occurred ln boLh spaces,
explalnlng Lhe lack of ldenLlflable surfaces ln elLher of Lhese spaces.

1he Lemporal relaLlonshlp beLween Sp. 313, 320, and 8. 122 ls sLlll unclear, as Lhese spaces are
segregaLed by walls l. 7171 and l. 7176, boLh of whlch predaLe all of Lhese spaces. 1he bulldlng
wlLh Space 313 ls mosL probably earller Lhan 8. 122 ln Lhe norLhern parL of 1rench 3.
$F9 &9889=BE >9==89K9<=

1he nexL ma[or occupaLlonal acLlvlLy ln Lhls parL of Lhe 1C Area Look place ln Lhe PellenlsLlc perlod.
1he seLLlemenL ls represenLed by large bulldlng (8. 120) and ca. 20 large plLs. 1he 2013 season
broughL abouL excavaLlon of Lhese plLs. 1hey were clrcular ln form, buL varled ln slze and depLh.
lew arLlfacLs were found ln Lhem, and Lhere was no evldence of scorchlng or oLher use aL Lhelr
base, leavlng Lhe funcLlon of Lhese plLs enlgmaLlc. 1hese plLs are Lherefore conslsLenL wlLh posslbly
PellenlsLlc plLs excavaLed ln Lhe oLher 1C Lrenches (see Marclnlak eL al 2012), as well as plLs found
ln Lhe 1 area (Czernlak and Marclnlak 2003, 2003, Czernlak eL al 2002) and Lhe upper layers of Lhe
SouLh area (koLsakls 1997) alLhough Lhe slzes of Lhe plLs ln 1rench 3 are more varylng ln general
Lhan Lhe plLs ldenLlfled ln Lhese oLher areas.

Figure 4.8. Overview of space 520.
89
90

A large PellenlsLlc bulldlng (8. 120) ls locaLed ln Lhe souLhern parL of 1rench 3. lL ls daLed back Lo
325 167 cal 8C. lLs chronologlcal poslLlon ls furLher corroboraLed by four compleLe vessels found on
lLs floor. 1he bulldlng was exLremely burnL, buL aL one Llme, Lhe floor, walls, and Lhe Lhree blns
found ln lL were all plasLered. lL ls placed ln Lerraclng cuL (30229), whlch exLends beyond Lhe
souLhern exLenL of Lhe Lrench. lL more llkely followed Lhe earller neollLhlc Lerrace, buL lL was laLer
deepened and expanded Lo prepare for Lhe consLrucLlon of 8. 120. 1he mudbrlcks of Lhe exLerlor
walls of 8.120, l. 3984 (wesLern) and l. 3948 (norLhern), were packed lnLo Lhls cuL. lL was lLself
exLremely [agged, and where brlcks dld noL flL well lnLo Lhe sLepped and sloplng cuL, clay was ofLen
packed ln. 1he wesLern wall of Lhe bulldlng was placed dlrecLly on Lop of Lhe neollLhlc wall.

1he slze of Lhe bulldlng cannoL be esLlmaLed as lL parLs go beyond Lhe edge of Lhe Lrench. 1he
norLhern wall exLends pasL Lhe easLern edge of Lhe Lrench whlle Lhe wesLern wall lLs souLhern edge.
Hence, Lhe easLern and souLhern walls of Lhe bulldlng are beyond Lhe excavaLed area. 1he floor of
Lhe bulldlng was made of a graylsh sllLy surface. lL was preLLy dlsLlncL, buL noL parLlcularly flaL,
however, evldence of plasLer on Lhe walls and on Lhe floor was dlscerned. 1hree dlsLlncLlve and
overlapplng feaLures were found lnslde lL. 1hese feaLures were recLangular ln shape and conslsLed
of a molded edge surroundlng a shallow depresslon. All Lhree were exLremely slmllar ln
appearance, averaglng 1.82 m long, 0.93 m wlde, and 0.31 m deep. 1he laLesL one was l. 3993,
whlch was bullL on Lop of boLh l. 7131 and l. 7132. 1hey were made of brlck, and boLh l. 3993 and
l. 7131 exhlblLed slgns of plasLer (wlLh l. 3993 belng compleLely plasLered). 1hese feaLures have
been Lermed blns", desplLe Lhelr shallowness. Lvldence for Lhls deslgnaLlon comes ln parL from
(30247), Lhe preserved conLenLs of l. 3993 (30247) conslsLed purely of burnL remalns. We are sLlll
awalLlng analysls of Lhls unlL Lo deLermlne lf l. 3993 dld ln facL llkely funcLlon as a sLorage bln, or lf lL
suggesLs anoLher funcLlon. 8ln l. 3993 was Lhe only one of Lhe Lhree sLlll conLalnlng remnanLs of
conLenLs, ln facL, Lhe bln LhaL was llkely Lhe earllesL F. 151 appears Lo have been sysLemaLlcally
empLled and dug ouL. lL was slgnlflcanLly deeper Lhan Lhe oLher Lwo blns, and raLher Lhan havlng a
shallow, genLly sloplng depresslon, Lhe sldes of l. 7131 proceeded sharply and verLlcally Lo meeL Lhe
base aL a rlghL angle. 1hls was probably Lhe effecL of a cuLLlng or dlgglng evenL whlch occurred when
Lhls bln fell ouL of use.

AnoLher enlgmaLlc aspecL of 8.120 ls an apparenLly lnLerlor wall, l.7130, whlch exLends Loward Lhe
easL from Lhe wesLern exLerlor wall l. 3984. 1hls probably served as a parLlLlon wall. lL was bullL on
Lop of Lhe floor of Lhe bulldlng, l. 7133, and was composed of boLh heavlly burnL mudbrlck maLerlal
and sLacked roof flnlals. 1hls wall seems Lo have been a hasLy and haphazard laLer addlLlon Lo a
bulldlng whlch was already lnexacLly consLrucLed.

1he bulldlng lnflll, ca. 30 cm deep, was a hlghly heLerogeneous rubble made of fragmenLs of
consLrucLlonal maLerlals broken brlcks and clay. 1hey seem Lo be lndlcaLlve of some nd f
desLrucLlon and elemenLs of Lhls sLrucLure consLrucLlon were dumped lnslde. 1hls ls furLher
lndlcaLed by a Lhlck layer lf ash and burnL sLaff LhaL ls lndlcaLlve of some klnd of flre LhaL posslbly
desLroyed Lhe bulldlng. 1he desLrucLlon and abandonmenL of Lhe bulldlng were llkely Lo have been
sudden and concurrenL evenLs, effecLed by Lhe flre concenLraLed ln Lhe norLhwesL corner of Lhe
bulldlng whlch scorched and damaged walls l. 3984 and l. 3948. 1he easLern half of Lhe bulldlng
showed no evidence of slnglng or oLher heaL damage. 1he suddenness of Lhe desLrucLlon of 8. 120 ls
furLhermore supporLed by Lhe several lnLacL vessels found on lLs floor as menLloned above. AfLer
90
91

Lhe desLrucLlon of 8. 120, Lhe norLhern wall l. 3948 was dlsLurbed by a roughly recLangular cuL
(30227) followlng Lhe llne of Lhe wall. 1hls cuL has been lnLerpreLed as a robber's Lrench, l. 3987,
alLhough Lhe alm of Lhe cuL ls noL enLlrely clear. lL could have been relaLed Lo Lhe reLrleval of ob[ecLs
from Lhe bulldlng as lLs execuLors may have known LhaL Lhe bulldlng had noL been empLled before
lLs abandonmenL or could have been an aLLempL Lo recover mudbrlck maLerlal for agrlculLural
purposes.
$F9 36H8] 1>86KBE 7QHB68 XH:Q<P

1he flnal desLrucLlon was caused by large lnhumaLlon 8yzanLlne and early lsalmlc cemeLery, already
revealed and excavaLed ln Lhe norLhern parL of Lhe 1C Area as well as ln Lhe prevlously excavaLed
1 Area (Czernlak eL al. 2001, Czernlak eL al. 2002, Czernlak eL al. 2003). Powever, Lhelr number ls
much ower Lhan ln Lhese boLh areas. 1he laLe burlal (l.7179) was reveled ln Lhe nL corner of
Trench [usL souLh of 8. 122. lL conLalned Lhe skeleLon of an adulL male wlLh Lhe well preserved
condlLlon of Lhe bones and Lhe exLended burlal poslLlon. 1he lndlvldual was burled ln an L W
orlenLaLlon wlLh all elemenLs below Lhe humerl burled pasL Lhe easLern llmlL of Lhe Lrench. Cnly Lhe
proporLlon of Lhe lndlvldual whlch lay wlLhln Lhe bounds of Lhe Lrench were excavaLed Lhls season,
Lhe resL of Lhe skeleLon was lefL unexcavaLed. A dlsLlncL grave marker for Lhe burlal was recognlzed
(l. 3963). lL was a shorL mudbrlck wall of Lwo courses exLendlng only a half meLer from Lhe easLern
edge of Lhe Lrench. 1he mudbrlcks were exLremely regular, 40 cm long and 40 cm wlde, and were
Lhe dlsLlncLlve llghL grey color.

AnoLher laLe wall wlLh Lhree courses of regular llghL grey mudbrlcks, measurlng 40 cm x 40 cm, was
found furLher Lo Lhe souLh (see flgure 2). 1hls wall was bullL lnLo a Lerraclng cuL (30228), whlch dug
visibly nLo Lhe lo slto orange mudbrlcks of preexlsLlng neollLhlc wall l. 3932, as well as lnLo Lhe flll
of PellenlsLlc plL l.7188. 1he funcLlon of Lhls wall was noL clear, as lL dld noL seem Lo be assoclaLed
wlLh any oLher archlLecLural feaLures found wlLhln Lhe trench.
I|na| remarks

8esulLs of Lhe Lwo flrsL excavaLlon seasons ln Lhe 1C Area revealed a range of lnLeresLlng feaLures
characLerlsLlc for Lhe LaLe neollLhlc. 11 radlocarbon daLes avallable Lo daLe are very homogenous
and daLe Lhe sLudled sLrucLures Lo Lhe perlod beLween 6330 and 6100 cal 8C. Powever, lL ls worLh
noLlng LhaL Lhese daLes orlglnaLe from earller levels, ouL of Lhose excavaLed so far, whlle Lhe laLer
NeollLhlc sLrucLures are so badly desLroyed LhaL dld noL bear any rellable daLable maLerlal. 8oLh Lhe
range of Lhese daLes and Lhe characLer of Lhe seLLlemenL archlLecLure lmply LhaL Lhe sLudled
sequence may have been ln use as laLe as ln Lhe 1 Area, whlch ls Lhe very end of Lhe 7
th
millennium
cal. 8C. 1hls ls lrrespecLlve of Lhe facL LhaL Lhese sLrucLures are locaLed ca. 3 m below from Lhe laLLer
sequence. 1hls should lmply some klnd of Lerraclng respecLlng Lhe shape of Lhe mound. 1hls klnd of
spaLlal organlzaLlon ls seen more clearly ln 1rench 3 where a sequence of bulldlngs was more llkely
consLrucLed ln rows. 1he resulLs of our works revealed also a range of characLerlsLlc feaLures of Lhe
AnaLollan LaLe neollLhlc. 1hls ls manlfesLed ln Lhe sheer slze of Lhe bulldlngs, presence of pebbled
floors, consLrucLlon of smaller rooms lnslde exlsLlng larger sLrucLures as well as a probable lack of
lnLramural burlals and monumenLal lnsLallaLlons. 1hey largely remlnd arrangemenLs from Lhe Lop of
Lhe mound, however, Lhere are also some dlfferences. 1hese wlll be sysLemaLlcally examlned durlng
Lhe nexL Lhree years of fleld works ln Lhe 1C Area. 1hls represenLs a unlque opporLunlLy Lo
91
92

undersLand a perlod of aLalhyuk's occupaLlon LhaL has noL been documenLed or sLudled very
lnLenslvely ln Lhe pasL.

lL ls worLh sLresslng LhaL neollLhlc sLrucLures ln all Lhree Lrenches were badly desLroyed by
numerous lnLense acLlvlLles from a range of dlfferenL chronologlcal perlods. 1hose were found
parLlcularly ln 1renches 1 & 2. 1he flrsL large desLrucLlon ln Lhe parL of Lhe 1C Area was caused by
Lwo large LruncaLlons (Space 308 and Space 497), whlch slgnlflcanLly desLroyed Lhe souLhern wall of
8.110. 1hey were laLer backfllled wlLh a range of heLerogeneous maLerlals. lnLeresLlngly, boLh of
Lhem were pre PellenlsLlc ln daLe. 1hese were followed by a sLorage zone of PellenlsLlc seLLlemenL
represenLed by numerous large plLs and were excavaLed ln Lhe 2012 excavaLlon season (Marclnlak
eL al. 2012). Slmllarly subsLanLlal was PellenlsLlc seLLlemenL ln Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe 1C Area. lL
ls manlfesLed by a large PellenlsLlc bulldlng (8. 120) wlLh well preserved ln bullL sLrucLures. 1hese
deposlLs ln Lhe flrsL Lwo Lrenches were furLher desLroyed by Lwo large LruncaLlons (Space 307 &
516). 1he flnal desLrucLlon was caused by large lnhumaLlon 8yzanLlne and early lslamlc cemeLery,
already revealed and excavaLed ln Lhe 1 area (Czernlak eL al. 2001, Czernlak eL al. 2002, Czernlak &
Marclnlak 2003).

8|b||ography:
Bar Yosef, Cfer, and Anna 8elfer Cohen
1989 The iglns of Sedentism and larmlng CommunlLles ln Lhe LevanL. !ournal of World
rehlsLory 3(4):447 98.
Cauvin, !aques
1994 Nalssance des dlvlnlLes, alssance de l'agrlculLure. arls: CnRS.
Czerniak, Lech, and Arkadlusz Marclnlak
2003 1he excavaLlons of Lhe 1 (1eam oznan) area ln Lhe 2003 season. aLalhyuk
8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk Archlve 8eporL 2003.
Czerniak, Lech, and Arkadlusz Marclnlak
2005 2003 1 Area LxcavaLlons. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk Archlve 8eporL
2005.
Czerniak, Lech, Arkadlusz Marciniak, and !. yzel
Czerniak, Lech, Arkadlusz Marclnlak, and !. yzel
During, 8leda S.
2001 Soclal ulmenslons ln Lhe ArchlLecLure of neollLhlc aLalhyuk. AnaLollan SLudles 31:1
18.
During, 8leda S.
2005 8ulldlng ConLlnulLy ln Lhe CenLral AnaLollan eollLhlc: Lxplorlng Lhe Meanlng of
8ulldlngs aL A;ikli Pyuk and aLalhyuk. !ournal of MedlLerranean Archaeology 18(1):3 29.
During, 8leda S., and Arkadlusz Marclnlak
2006 Pouseholds and communlLles ln Lhe cenLral AnaLollan neollLhlc. Archaeologlcal
ulalogues 12(2):163 187.
Fuller, uorlan
92
93

2013 lanL of Lhe uay: Carbonlzed and ashed ears of 'sLrlaLe memerold', Lhe 'lost or 'new
type wheaL of neollLhlc AnaLolla (& beyond). 1he ArcheoboLs news, 30 !uly 2013.
Hauptmann, Parald
2002 upper MesopoLamla ln lLs reglonal conLexL durlng Lhe Larly neolithic. lo The eolithic
of CenLral AnaLolla: lnLernaLlonal uevelopmenLs and LxLernal 8elaLlons durlng Lhe 9Lh 6th
Mlllennla Cal 8C roceedlngs of Lhe lnLernaLlonal CAneW 1able 8onde, lsLanbul, 24
November 2001. l. Cerard and L. 1hlssen, eds. p. 263 71. lsLanbul: Lge ?aylnlarl.
Kotsakis, ostas
1996 1he SummlL Area. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk 1996 Archlve 8eporL.
Kotsakis, ostas
1997 1he SummlL Area. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, aLalhyuk 1997 Archlve 8eporL.
Marciniak, Arkadlusz
2008 ulgglng a slLe, naLlon beslde naLlon. 1he case of aLalhyuk, AnaLolla,Turkey. lo From
ConcepLs of Lhe asL Lo racLlcal SLraLegles: Lhe 1eachlng of Archaeologlcal lleld 1echnlques.
.!. ucko, C. Llng, and !. Hubert, eds. p. 249 270. London: Saffron.
Marciniak, Arkadlusz, and Lech Czernlak
2012 aLalhyuk unknown. 1he laLe sequence on Lhe LasL mound. lo roceedlngs of Lhe
7Lh lnLernaLlonal Congress on Lhe Archaeology of Lhe AnclenL near LasL. volume 1 Mega
clLles & Mega slLes. 1he Archaeology of ConsumpLlon & ulsposal Landscape, 1ransporL &
CommunlcaLlon. 8. MaLLhews and !. CurLls, eds. p. 3 16. Wlesbaden: ParrassowlLz verlag.
Marciniak, Arkadlusz, aLrlcla llllpowlcz, and Alllson Mlckel
2012 1he excavaLlons of Lhe 1C area ln Lhe 2012 season. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL,
aLalhyuk Archlve 8eporL 2012.
zdoan, MehmeL, and Asli Czdogan
1998 Buildings of culL and Lhe culL of bulldlngs. lo LlghL on Lop of Lhe 8lack Plll. SLudles
resenLed Lo PaleL Cambel. C. Arsebuk, M. Melllnk, and W. Schlrmer, eds. p. 381 93.
lsLanbul: Lge ?ayinlari.
Regan, 8oddy
2004 LxcavaLlons ln Lhe SouLh Area: 8ulldlngs 44, SummlL Area. aLalhyuk 8esearch
Project, aLalhyuk 2004 Archlve 8eporL.

93
94

S? 3DE6A6=B:<> B< $H9<EF SI `9>= a:Q<P
eLer l. 8lehl
1
& !ana 8ogasch
2
1
SLaLe unlverslLy of new ?ork aL 8uffalo,
2
lllnders unlverslLy Adelalde

uurlng a flve week fleld season, excavaLlons ln 1rench 3 conLlnued wlLh a Leam of 16 and one
workman. 1he flnal season focused on solvlng open quesLlons concernlng Lhe layouL and
sLraLlgraphy of houses. AL Lhe end of Lhe season, 1rench 3 was closed permanenLly, marklng Lhe end
of excavaLlons ln 1rench 3.

Figure 5.1. Construction features excavated in Trench 5. Plan: Patrick Willett
94
95

8u||d|ng 98

1hls year's excavaLlons were
focused on (1) |nvest|gat|ng
the f|oor strat|graphy ln Lhe
building, lncluding (2)
|nsta||at|ons connected to the
f|oors, and on (3) contexts
under the f|oor, l.e. evenLs
predaLlng Lhe consLrucLlon of
Lhe house. 1o Lhls end, a large
sondage was excavaLed ln
Space 449 Space 430, and
smaller sondages were dug ln
Space 341 and Space 432,
where floor was removed ln
arbitrary cLangles and all
sedlmenL was collecLed for
flotation.

(1) f|oor |ayers: 1here were ln LoLal Lhree successlve whlLe marl floors ln Lhe bulldlng. 1he earllesL,
(31143), was only found ln Space 449 and Lhe easLern parL of Space 430. lL seems Lhe resL of Lhe
bulldlng dld noL have a plasLered floor aL Lhls Llme or was noL well enough preserved Lo be
recognlsed ( (31143) was noL well preserved, large paLches were mlsslng).

The cond floor 8376) covers Lhe enLlre bulldlng and ls well preserved, as ls Lhe uppermosL floor
(16977). Cnly a very Lhln layer of grey sedlmenL (31144) separaLed Lhe oldesL and mlddle floors
(31143) and (18376), whlle Lhe space beLween (18376) and Lhe uppermosL floor (16977) varies.
1hey are also dlrecLly on Lop of each oLher ln Lhe cenLre of Lhe bulldlng, agaln wlLh only a few
mllllmeLres of grey sedlmenL beLween Lhem, Lhls layer (18367) geLs Lhlcker Lowards Lhe walls, as
observed ln Space 449 already lasL year: (18376) slopes down Lowards Lhe souLhern wall l.3333 and
Lhe buLLress l.3372, whlle Lhe upper floor (16977) ls horlzonLal. WlLhln Lhe Lhlcker parL of Lhe
homogeneous grey sedlmenL (18367) along l.3333, a deposlL (18369 of over 100 clay balls was
found ln 2012, parLlally under and parLlally ln fronL of Lhe wall. lloor (16977) is generally well
preserved and Lhlck (up Lo 3cm, varylng Lhlckness due Lo undulaLlng surface of sedlmenLs
underneaLh) wlLh Lhe excepLlon of Space 340 ln whlch only paLches of Lhe floor are preserved.

(2) 8ulldlng 98 had had several |nsta||at|ons. ln souLhern Space 432, ln Lhe corner of wall l.3324 and
buLLress l.3326, an lnsLallaLlon l.3391 was found and prellmlnarlly called a 'basin, and ls made up
from a llLLle wall (31242) of marl on Lop of marl floor (31240). 1240) ls mosL probably ldenLlcal Lo
the ddle floor layer (18376), however as Lhe area beLween Lhem was noL excavaLed, LhaL has Lo
remaln a hypoLhesls. Agaln, a very Lhln grey layer was found beLween (31240) and Lhe lnsLallaLlon
wall (31242) lndlcaLlng elLher a foundaLlon layer or a perlod of sedlmenLaLlon beLween Lhe
consLrucLlon of Lhe floor and Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe lnsLallaLlon. (31240) runs norLhwards from
l.3326 ln a curve Lowards easL, lLs norLhernmosL parL seems Lo have been so badly preserved LhaL
Figure 5.2. Overview photo of B.98 with B.125 at the end of the 2013 season, from east.
95
96

we dld noL recognlse lL when lnvesLlgaLing
Lhe floor sequence ln norLhern Space 432
earller ln Lhe season.

On e floor of lnsLallaLlon l.3391, a layer
of orange powdery clay (31237) was found
reachlng up Lo nearly Lhe helghL of Lhe
lnsLallaLlon wall (up Lo 3cm). 1he orange
colour seems Lo lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe clay was
affecLed by flre, however, none of Lhe
surroundlng plasLer layers seem Lo have
been burnL. Also, no vlslble flnds or
incluslons enllghLen Lhe meanlng of Lhls
orange layer resulLs from floLaLlon mlghL
brlng new lnslghLs.

8oLh Lhe wall of lnsLallaLlon l.3391 and Lhe
orange flll are covered by Lhe uppermosL
floor (16977), wlLh (16977) havlng been
dlrecLly applled onLo Lhe lower feaLure.
1hls lnsLallaLlon Lherefore goes wlLh Lhe
use phase of floor (31240)/ (18376) and
predaLes Lhe youngesL floor (16977) and
relaLed acLlvlLles.

Cn Lop of (16977), Lwo lnsLallaLlons were
found. Cne, noL very well preserved, was
found ln Lhe corner of Lhe wall buttress
consLrucLlon l.3032 3333. Pere, only Lhe
fragmenL of a marl layer (31230), applled
agalnsL Lhe marl plasLer on Lhe buLLress
llke feaLure, was found. (31230) seems Lo
have formed a small wall and floor, boLh
palnLed red on Lhe surface. As Lhere ls only
6x12cm preserved an lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhls
feaLure ls dlfflculL. 1he red palnL ls
blackened, lndlcaLlng flre lmpacL, and also
Lhe floor (16977) ls burnL orange ln Lhe
very rner f .5052 3333. Several small
paLches of clay ( (31247), (31248), (31249)
), also burnL Lo varylng degrees of orange,
red and black, were found on (16977) and
(31250), buL Lhelr funcLlon ls unclear. 1hls
enLlre corner wlLh Lhe lnsLallaLlon and flre
lmpacL ls only ca. 40x60cm large.
Figure 5.3. Installation F.3391. Photography: Patrick Willett
Figure 5.4. Burnt marl layers in the corner of F.3335 and F.5052.
Photography: Patrick Willett
Figure 5.5. Installation F.3385 and plaster ridge against F.3370, lower left
corner of the photo. Photography: Patrick Willett
96
97

No flre seems Lo have affecLed a 'basin ln Lhe very souLhwesL corner of Lhe bulldlng, ln Space 341.
l.3383 ls made up from several Lhlck lumps of marl clay, a maLerlal LhaL we ofLen somewhaL
lncorrecLly call 'plaster because lL seems Lo be Lhe same maLerlal as Lhe plasLer on Lhe walls. Lach
of Lhese lumps looks raLher amorphous, buL LogeLher Lhey clearly form an lnLenLlonal consLrucLlon
surroundlng a recLangular space ln Lhe corner of walls l.3369 and l.3370. 1he marl lumps also
sLreLch along l.3370, abuLLlng Lhe wall plasLer of Lhls feaLure (also made from marl), one of Lhem
formlng a Lhln rldge LhaL ls noL vlslbly dlsLurbed, buL lLs funcLlon mlghL only become clear afLer we
have Lhe resulLs of Lhe floLaLlon.

l.3377 ln Space 432, parLlally excavaLed lasL year, was furLher lnvesLlgaLed and removed Lhls year,
buL remalns unclear due Lo lLs bad preservaLlon. 1he marl lumps and Lhe one large whlLe sLone
maklng up Lhls feaLure mlghL be an lnLenLlonal bln llke consLrucLlon, buL mlghL also be of secondary
naLure as no connecLlon of Lhe floor and blns was found iL seems floor (16977) was noL preserved
or presenL here. 1he 'bins are bullL up agalnsL a verLlcal plasLer layer, whlch was applled onLo flll
llke sedlmenLs close Lo wall l.3379, separaLlng Sp.432 from Sp.446, Lhe feaLure ls close Lo Lhe wall,
buL noL dlrecLly relaLed Lo Lhe wall. 8oLanlcal analysls of Lhe fllls mlghL clarlfy Lhe 'bin hypothesis.

(3) 1he sondage under Space 449 gave lnslghL Lo pre-8.98 events. under Lhe floors, a grey layer
(18377 was excavaLed whlch was remarkably homogenous concernlng sedlmenLs, buL conLalned
many arLefacLs, lncludlng a flgurlne and a small clusLer of poL sherds (31191). lL was noLlced ln Lhe
sondage secLlons LhaL Lhe bases of Lhe consLrucLlon feaLures are lower Lhan Lhe floor layers whlch
run up Lo Lhe plasLer on Lhe buLLresses and LhaL Lhe Lop of (18377) seems Lo slope down Lowards
Lhe feaLures, lndlcaLlng LhaL sedlmenL was removed, posslbly durlng Lhe consLrucLlon process.

Under (18377), Lwo more homogeneous layers were excavaLed, (31196) wlLh a reddlsh yellowish
colour and (31214) of dark grey colour, boLh marked by an unusual low denslLy of arLefacLs ln Lhem.
1hls lead Lo Lhe hypoLhesls of Lhem belng resulLs from lnLenLlonal pre consLrucLlon preparaLlon of
Lhe area. (31214) dlrecLly overlay deposlLs (31222) and (31227), (31233) and (31246) whlch are
lnLerpreLed Lo belong Lo 8.123.

8u||d|ng 12S

8ulldlng 123 ls under 8ulldlng 98, we only excavaLed a small parL of lL ln Lhe sondage (2m x 2m)
under Space 449, ldenLlfylng one buLLress l.3387 proLrudlng from wall l.3393. 8oLh feaLures seem
noL Lo be brlck consLrucLlons, buL made wlLh a weL earLh Lechnlque. A whlLe plasLer layer ls clearly
vlslble on Lhelr wesLern facades. 1he easLern llmlL of Lhe wall was noL wlLhln Lhe sondage, and Lhe
souLhern parL was noL clearly recognlsable.

97
98

1hls mlghL be due Lo Lhe facL LhaL 8.123 seems Lo have had an evenLful end of llfe. robably, Lhe
consLrucLlon feaLures were only preserved a few cenLlmeLers hlgh, as we seemed Lo see a plasLer
floor (31218) under Lhe bulldlng flll layers, connecLed Lo Lhe wall plasLer, and Lhe walls belng only
sllghLly hlgher Lhan Lhe floor level. 1hls ls noL enLlrely verlfled, Lhough, as we dld noL remove all of
Lhe flll layers and Lhus could noL clearly see Lhe floor. 1he lnfllllng deposlLs ( (31227), (31233),
(31246) ) are very lnLeresLlng as many of Lhe maLerlals ln Lhem were affecLed by flre. All unlLs
conLalned larger amounLs of clay LhaL had been flred orange, and black maLerlals LhaL presumably
are burnL organlc maLLer. 1wo very black lenses ( (31217), (31245) ) were found and compleLely senL
Lo floLaLlon, whlch mlghL provlde lnslghL abouL Lhe orlglns of Lhese deposlLs. 1he amounL of burnt
maLerlals decreased Lowards souLh.

lurLher analysls ls necessary Lo lnLerpreL Lhe sequence of evenLs lndlcaLed by Lhese observaLlons.
1he very low preserved helghL of Lhe walls ln 8.123, unusual compared Lo Lhe oLher bulldlngs ln Lhe
trench, could lndlcaLe an lnLenLlonal razlng of Lhe walls. WheLher Lhe flre LhaL produced Lhe
colourfulness ln deposlLs around Lhe walls happened lo slto, or wheLher Lhese are secondary
deposlLs ls also noL clear: Lhe walls and Lhelr plasLer do noL seem affecLed by flre, buL Lhe poLenLlal
floor (31218) ls orange whlch could or could noL lndlcaLe burnlng. 8oLh Lhe walls and Lhe deposlLs
were covered by a Lhlck layer wlLh unusual feaLures: a raLher homogeneous dark red clay sedlmenL
and surrounding fill deposits. Photography: Patrick Willett
remains of B.125, visible as buttress lined by white plaster.
Photography: Patrick Willett
Figure 5.6! Overview photo of B.125: bu88ress F.3387, wall F.3395 Figure 5.7. Dome shaped red clay layer (31222) overlaying
98
99

(31222), shaped llke a dome, fllllng nearly Lhe enLlre area of Lhe sondage and golng beyond lL ln Lhe
easL. lL was dlscussed durlng Lhe season wheLher Lhls was an lnLenLlonal deposlLlon whlch, due Lo lLs
dome shape, would be relaLed Lo coverlng of underlylng feaLures (8.123) raLher Lhan Lhe
consLrucLlon of and/or preparaLlon of a foundaLlon layer for 8.98.

Space 446
lurLher excavaLlon ln Space 446 and norLhern Space 432 (see l.3377 dlscusslon above) provlded
furLher lnslghL lnLo Lhe hlsLory of Lhls room.

LasL year, we removed Lwo small wall feaLures (l.3320, l.3321) whlch bordered Sp.446 from Lhe
souLh and wesL, leavlng an openlng Lowards Space 432. 1hls year we found LhaL boLh feaLures had
been slLLlng on older walls, made from a dlsLlncL yellowlsh grey brlck maLerlal and dark grey morLar:
F.3379 runs easL west, closlng off Space 432 from Sp.446, abuLLlng boLh l.2428 and l.3324. lL forms
a corner wlLh l.3367, made from Lhe same maLerlal, whlch runs norLhwards and ouLslde Lhe Lrench.
l.3379 ls lnLeresLlng ln Lhe respecL LhaL lL musL pre date t easL Lhe wall and buLLress l.3333
l.3032 belonglng Lo 8.98, and posslbly also Lhe oLher feaLures around lL (l.2428, l.2429, l.3324). Cf
Lhe many floor layers excavaLed ln Space 446 ln Lhe years 2010 2011, Lwo ( (13170), (15190) ) ran
up Lo Lhe base of l.3320 whlle a sLack of seven floor layers ( (13341), (16927), (15371), (15388),
(15395), (15398), (15399) ) was on one level wlLh Lhe Lop of l.3379 and parLlally dlrecLly abuLLed Lhe
wall. Cf Lhese layers, Lhe uppermosL (13341), made of Lhlck orange clay, extended lnLo eastern Sp.
446 norLh of l.3330, buL seemed Lo noL be dlrecLly connecLed Lo Lhls wall. 1he lasL layers of Lhls
Lhlck sLack of floors were removed Lhls year, and homogeneous sedlmenL (31131) wlLh only low
amounLs of arLefacLs was found underneath.

1he easL wesL wall l.3379 could be parL of one wall wlLh l.3330 of 8.127 (see dlscusslon below)
boLh are made of Lhe same dlsLlncL maLerlals (yellowlsh 'brick, dark grey 'mortar, applled ln
horlzonLal layers wlLh no verLlcal morLar layers) and have Lhe same orlenLaLlon.

We can conclude LhaL Space 446 was probably bullL earller Lhan 8.98 and 8.127. 1he layouL of Lhe
area where l.3367 and l.3379 meeL mlghL lndlcaLe LhaL Lhere was more of Lhls bulldlng here aL
some polnL, buL Lhls was desLroyed before Lhe new walls l.2428 and l.2429 were bullL. 1hls mlghL
be supporLed by Lhe facL LhaL Lhe Lop of l.3379 was clearly cuL: 1he wall ls hlgher ln Lhe very wesL
and very easL, and lower where lL runs beLween Space 446 and Space 432.

8u||d|ng 127 - w|th some updates on Space 447
8ulldlng 127, easL of 8.98, was excavaLed durlng one season ln 2010 as Space 448. LxcavaLlons dld
noL go very deep below Lhe Lopsoll level wlLh posL ChalcollLhlc dlsLurbances, so LhaL Lhe walls
surroundlng Lhe space were noL clearly defined, and Lhe buLLresses were noL found. ConsequenLly,
lL was hypoLheslsed LhaL Lhls mlghL be an open, roofed space. 1he norLhern wall l.3330 seemed
Lo noL meeL wall l.3324, buL Lo leave an enLrance connecLlng Space 446 and Space 448/8.127.

AfLer removlng anoLher 73cm of parLlally undlsLurbed, parLlally sLlll dlsLurbed deposlLs ( (31169,
(31215) ), Lhree lnLernal buLLresses were clearly vlslble, as was Lhe easLern parL of wall l.3330,
99
100

formlng a corner wlLh l.3324 and Lherefore dlsprovlng boLh Lhe enLrance hypoLhesls and Lhe open
space hypoLhesls.

1he deposlLs ln 8.127 beLween Lhe wall feaLures
conLalned Lhe usual range of arLefacLs and
oLher lncluslons (charcoal, burnL and unburnL
clay, very small sLones, phyLollLhs, burnL daub)
buL noL ln very hlgh quanLlLles. CuLsLandlng was
a large clusLer of flnds (31206) LhaL conLalned
some flnds LhaL we never encounLered before,
such as Lhe rlb of a large anlmal, presumably
caLLle (31206.x3), Lwo pleces of a shlny mlneral
(31206.x4, .x3) found close Lo each oLher and a
worked bone wlLh Lwo holes ln lL (31206.x9).

1he consLrucLlon feaLures of 8.127 are lnLeresLlng because Lhe maLerlals used Lo bulld Lhem lndlcaLe
LhaL Lhls ls a paLchwork house. very unusual ls LhaL Lhe wesLern wall of 8.127 (l.3324) ls also Lhe
easLern wall of 8.98 ln no oLher case observed on Lhe WesL Mound do bulldlngs share walls. Lwo
look Lhroughs ln wall l.3324 ( (13336), 13337) ) also lndlrecLly connecL 8.98 and 8.127. l.3324 was
bullL wlLh Lhe same rammed earLh or cob Lechnlque as Lhe oLher feaLures ln 8.98, and Lhus probably
aL Lhe same Llme. 1hls presumably makes Lhe wesLern buLLress l.3384, abuLLlng l.3324, younger
than 8.98. l.3384, and also Lhe oLher Lwo excavaLed buLLresses l.3383 and l.3388, ls made wlLh a
Lechnlque LhaL uses alLernaLlng Lhln and Lhlck layers of clay mlxLure whlch looks llke brlcks aL flrsL
glance, buL ls noL. As Lhe buLLresses are all made wlLh Lhls layerlng Lechnlques, and Lhe same grey
maLerlals (Lhln llghL grey 'mortar layers, Lhlck medlum grey 'brick layers), Lhey are lnLerpreLed Lo
have been bullL aL Lhe same Llme.

1he norLhern wall l.3330, however, was also made wlLh Lhe layer technique, buL from dlfferenL
materials, namely Lhe yellowlsh 'brick and dark grey 'mortar also used for l.3379 wlLh whlch lL
could be one ldenLlcal wall Lhe souLh wall of Sp.446.

1he souLhern wall l.3399 of 8.127 ls bonded Lo Lhe ad[acenL buLLress l.3383 and presumably abuLs
F.3324, buL Lhe LenL fooL was sLandlng on Lhls connecLlon so lL could noL be excavaLed. 1he wall runs
parallel Lo wall l.3322, whlch was recognlsed ln 2010 and lnLerpreLed Lo be Lhe souLh wall of
Sp.448/8.127. 1hls had Lo be reconsldered ln Lhe llghL of new dlscoverles. Checklng Lhe phoLos from
2010, lL seems LhaL l.3322 could be parL of one wall wlLh l.3332, a wall made from Lwo parallel
rows of brlck runnlng dlrecLly nexL Lo each oLher wlLhouL any gap and represenLlng Lhe norLhern
wall of ad[acenL Space 447. 1hls ls supporLed by Lhe observaLlon LhaL l.3322 and l.3332 have very
slmllar slzes and maLerlals. 1hlck walls made from Lwo parallel rows of brlck whlch are noL
connecLed Lhrough Lhe header and blnder Lechnlque were also found ln 8.106, where Lhls
consLrucLlon meLhod was lnvesLlgaLed ln deLalls ln 2012. AlLernaLlvely, l.3322 and l.3332 could
lndeed be separaLe consLrucLlons, bullL aL dlfferenL Llmes. ln Lhls case, we would have Lhree parallel
walls l.3399, l.3322 and l.3332 whlch would be lndlcaLlve of changes Lo Lhe spaLlal organlsaLlon of
Lhls parL of Lhe nelghbourhood.
Figure 5.8. Cluster (31206) In B.127. Photography: Patrick WilleDD
100
101

8u||d|ng 107

AL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe season, we carrled ouL llmlLed (1) room f||| excavat|on Lo remove some
lrregularlLles ln Lhe boLLom surface LhaL could have become healLh and safeLy lssues. 8uL Lhe maln
focus of our excavaLlon ln 2013 was (2) the c|ar|f|cat|on of bu||d|ng strat|graphy.

(1) Depos|ts ( (18397), (18398) ) lefL agalnsL Lhe wesLern wall were removed, unexpecLedly reveallng
a clusLer (31101) of many unflred broken poLs (see lranz, Lhls reporL), large anlmal bones, large
ground sLones, nd Lhe usual: poL sherds, obsldlan, sLone and bone fragmenLs.

(2) 1hrough removlng Lhls flll, we found Lhe mlsslng wall l.3378 under l.3344. l.3378 belongs Lo a
phase wlLh l.3304, l.3303, l.3306 and Lhe buLLress l.3307, l.3308, l.3308 and l.3333. Wall l.3344
was bullL on Lop of l.3378 and ls parL of Lhe younger bulldlng phase.

ueLalls of Lhls younger bulldlng phase were lnvesLlgaLed by removlng parL of Lhe walls, LargeLlng Lhe
corners and Lhe connecLlon Lo Lhe one well preserved buLLress l.3336. lL Lurned ouL LhaL none of
Lhe walls are bonded ln Lhe corners. ln Lhe case of Lhe norLhwesL, norLheasL and souLhwesL corners
a posslble bondlng Lechnlque mlghL have been blurred by bad preservaLlon, buL ln Lhe souLheasL
corner (l.2423 and l.2426) lL was clearly non exlsLlng. 1hls conflrms Lhe hypoLhesls LhaL Lhls wall
phase was noL acLually made of brlcks, buL wlLh a Lechnlque LhaL we sLarLed calllng 'pseudo bricks:
a wall was creaLed by uslng Lwo maLerlals (marl 'mortar, grey clayey mlxLure 'brick) LhaL are put
onLo Lhe wall whlle weL, ln horlzonLal and verLlcal layers. 1he look of such a wall mlmlcs Lrue drled
brlck consLrucLlon.

Figure 5.9. Overview of B.107 at the end of the 2013 season, from the southeast corner.
101
102

1hls ls lndlcaLed especlally by wall l.3344, whose 'brick courses are sloplng so heavlly LhaL a drled
brlcks consLrucLlon can be excluded here. 1he posslblllLy LhaL Lhe sloplng mlghL have happened
post consLrucLlon seems noL Lo be an opLlon as Lhe wall ls oLherwlse sLralghL and sLable wlLhouL
cracks.

lL ls unclear wheLher l.3344 was bonded Lo buLLress l.3336, as noL much of Lhelr connecLlon was
preserved a laLe burlal l.3342 lnconvenlenLly cuL here. 1he norLhern half of l.3336 was removed
Lo uncover Lhe Lop of l.3333 underneaLh. As lnferred from observlng Lhe facade, Lhe Lop of Lhe
older buLLress ls very lrregular, lndlcaLlng a perlod of eroslon before Lhe younger one was bullL.

1hrough removlng parLs of Lhe norLheasL corner, wall l.2429, belonglng Lo a bulldlng norLh of 8.107,
also became much beLLer deflned. lL ls a Lhlck wall made from Lwo parallel rows of brlck. lnLeresLlng
is furLher Lhe space ln beLween Lhe walls l.2429 and l.3074: Lhls lnLerspace was of very varylng
shape as Lhe facades of boLh walls undulaLe heavlly. lasLer was observed on Lhe norLhern faade of
l.3074 Lowards Lhe lnLerwall gap. lasLer Lowards Lhe ouLslde was never observed ln 1rench 3, so
Lhe prellmlnary lnLerpreLaLlon ls LhaL l.3074 formed Lhe souLhern wall of a space locaLed norLh of lL,
before Lhls area was resLrucLured and l.2429 was bullL. Pow Lhls use phase of l.3074 relaLes
chronologlcally Lo lL belng parL of 8.107 ls sLlll unclear, buL slnce lL was noL bonded Lo elLher l.2423
or l.3344 lL could have been bullL aL a dlfferenL Llme.

uurlng Lhe lasL days, we LargeLed secLlon of all four walls ln whlch we cuL back Lhe facades Lo clearer
see Lhe bulldlng maLerlals and Lechnlques. 1he upper parLs of walls were made from brlcks or
pseudo bricks, whlle Lhe lower parLs, much beLLer vlslble afLer Lhe eroded facades were
straightened, were made from Lhlnner ('mortar) layers of llghL grey maLerlals and Lhlcker layers
(brick) of medlum grey claylsh maLerlal, l.e. no Lrue brlck bulldlng, buL a Lechnlque LhaL looks
slmllar Lo brlcks. 1he dlfferenL wall maLerlals could have chronologlcal slgnlflcance.

8u||d|ng 126 - w|th remarks on bu||d|ngs at the southern edge of the trench

1he feaLures and lnflll of Sp. 343, Lhe
easLern nelghbour of 8.106, were
lnvesLlgaLed 2008 2012. 1owards Lhe
end of Lhe 2013 season, we cleared
Lopsoll souLh of Space 343 Lo flnd Lhe
mlrrorlng souLhern room of Lhls
bulldlng. 1he walls of Lhls new Sp.323
were clearly vlslble, because Lhe
plasLer on lLs walls ls nlcely preserved
and appeared as whlLe llnes ln plan.
1hls allowed us Lo deflne one more
building, 8.126, whlch ls made up of
Space 343 and Space 323. AfLer lLs
ouLllnes were deflned, Lhls bulldlng
was noL furLher lnvesLlgaLed. 1hrough
Space 345 in the background had been excavated in previous years. Space 525
in the foreground is marked by the white plaster lines on the walls, clearly
visible towards the mixed room fill. Photography: Patrick Willett
Figure 5.10. B.126 at the end of the 2013 season, seen from south. The ll of
102
103

Lhe Lopsoll clearlng, Lhe walls of ad[acenL bulldlngs souLh of 8.126 and 8.106 became clearer as well
(l.3394 wlLh l.3396 souLh of 8.126, l.3334 wlLh l.3397 souLh of 8.106). 1hey had parLlally been
visible reviously, uL now Lhe general plcLure ls more conslsLenL. 8oLh 8.106 and 8.126 are abuLLed
by oLher bulldlngs, whlch are mosLly ouLslde Lhe Lrench, and equal Lo 8.126 and 8.106 respecLlvely
ln Lhelr easL wesL wldLh. 1hls also seems Lo be Lhe case for a bulldlng relaLed Lo wall l.3343 souLh of
B.105, buL Lhls area ls Loo dlsLurbed Lo be sure.

8u||d|ng 106

LxcavaLlons ln 8.106
focused on (1) ||m|ted
room f||| excavat|on in
boLh Sp.310 and Sp.434
Lo expose consLrucLlon
features, (2) deta||s of
the p|aster |ayer 16999
beLween Lhe wall phases
of 8.106, and (3) the
|nvest|gat|on of f|oor
|ayers in pace 434 were
clarified.

(1) An arblLrary layer of
f||||ng depos|ts (31127)
was removed ln Sp.310,
before excavaLlon
concenLraLed on Lhe
norLhern half. 1hls small sondage ( (31189), (31207), (31232) ) had Lhe alm Lo furLher expose
buLLress l.3376. As usual, deposlLs ln Lhls space conLalned many arLefacLs and lnLeresLlng maLerlals
LhaL were sampled. Among Lhem were many slzeable lumps of whlLe marl, whlch could elLher be
lnLerpreLed as heavlly dlsLurbed lnsLallaLlons as ln 8.98 or secondary debrls. 1he exposed facades of
Lhe surroundlng feaLures (l.3312, l.3314, l.3376) had very well preserved whlLe marl plasLer on
them.

Well preserved plasLer also helped deflnlng Lhe walls of Sp.434 beLLer. 1he souLh wall l.3362 had a
curlous shape, leanlng Lowards Lhe room. 1hough Lhere were no cracks or oLher damages vlslble ln
Lhe wall, lL could be lnLerpreLed as elLher Lhe resulL of lnLenLlonal consLrucLlon or of lnsLable
foundaLlons. unforLunaLely Lhe upper parL of LhaL wall, proLrudlng lnLo Lhe room furLher Lhan Lhe
bottom, had parLlally been cuL by a large plL l.3331, so noL all of lLs shape ls preserved.

8uLLress l.3376 Lurned ouL Lo be much larger Lhan deflned lasL year. lL ls assoclaLed wlLh walls
F.3312, l.3313, l.3314 and l.3362, wlLh whlch lL formed an older verslon of 8.106, a longlsh bulldlng
wlLh only one buLLress LhaL separaLed Lhe Lwo spaces nearly compleLely. A small consLrucLlon
Quinlan
Figure 5.11. Overview of B.106 at the end of the 2013 season, seen from south. Photos: Jason
103
104

(l.3386) was bullL lnLo Lhe gap beLween l.3376 and l.3314. lL abuLLed Lhe plasLer of boLh feaLures,
and Lherefore musL be laLer. l.3386 was covered ln plasLer (31234).

(2) 1he wh|te mar| |ayer 16999 on Lhe Lops of older walls ln 8.106, under Lhe bases of Lhe younger
ones, was parLlally exposed lasL year by removlng upper feaLures l.2427, l.2408, l.3301 and l.3038.
1hls year, we cleaned some areas furLher Lo clarlfy deLalls. lL ls now clear LhaL Lhls layer really can
only be found beLween Lhe walls of 8.106, lL ls noL ln any way relaLed Lo Lhe walls of surroundlng
8ulldlngs 8.98, 8.126 or 8.103. 8eLween Lhe wesLern walls l.3038 and l.3312, (16999) ls paLchy, and
some paLches are made from greylsh clayey maLerlal raLher Lhan prlsLlne whlLe marl.

(3) Severa| p|aster |ayers |n centra| Sp.4S4
had been exposed buL noL been undersLood
2010 2012 and were Lherefore furLher
lnvesLlgaLed Lhls year by removlng Lhem. A
sLack of slx ( (31172), (31142), (31175),
(31181), (31182), (31192) ) marl plasLer layers
on Lop of each oLher, separaLed by very Lhln
layers of sedlmenL ( (31173), (31180),
(31174), (31188) ) was locaLed ln Lhe cenLre
of Lhe room. 1he plasLer layers have an oval
form and generally slope down sllghLly
towards Lhelr cenLre. Cne of Lhese layers
(31181) was crumbly, and of orange colour
wlLh some black paLches, lndlcaLlng LhaL lL
was affecLed by flre lo slto. AnoLher layer
(31142) ran all Lhe way up Lo wall l.3338 and
was also connecLed Lo Lhe corner wlLh
buLLress l.3376. ln Lhe corner of Lhe feaLures,
(31142) slopes up conslderably and could be
a remalnder of an only parLly preserved floor
a hypoLhesls whlch only Lhe posL
excavaLlon analysls can hopefully resolve. ln
Lhe corner beLween Lhe walls, (31142) was
plasLered over wlLh anoLher four layers of
marl ( (31132), (31154), (31155), (31157) ),
agaln wlLh Lhln layers of sedlmenL beLween
Lhem ( (31131), (31153), (31156) ). Many of
Lhese layers are only preserved ln paLches.

under Lhe plasLer floors, deposlLs wlLh many well preserved arLefacLs were excavaLed, lncludlng a
few daLable bones. We also found whaL could be remalns of a floor layer predaLlng Lhe sLack of
plasLer layers: a Lhlck layer of greenlsh grey clay wlLh large vegeLal volds (31233) preserved
alongslde Lhe souLhern facade of buLLress l.3376, and especlally ln Lhe corner of l.3376 and Lhe wall
F.3358. lloors ( (17277), (17294) ) made from Lhls maLerlal were found ln nelghbourlng Sp.343 lasL
season.
orange black layer (31181) seen from west. Photos: Patrick Willett
Figure 5.12. Plaster layers in Space 454 seen from east; detail of the
104
105

8u||d|ng 10S

lurLher excavaLlon of (1) the
depos|ts f||||ng the bu||d|ng,
and (2) strateg|c sect|ons cut
|nto the construct|on
features solved many
quesLlons abouL sLraLlgraphy
LhaL came up durlng Lhe lasL
season.

(1) koom f||| excavat|on last
year had reached, under
Lhlck packages of rlch
mlddens LhaL were
excavaLed 2008 2012,
subsLanLlal layer of eroslon
debris 012: 8364),
(18370); 2013: (18396),
(18399), (31100), (31141),
(31210), LoLal Lhlckness up Lo
1.3m). 1hls debrls layer conLalned (excluslvely) Lhe maLerlals LhaL Lhe feaLures of 8.103 were made
of (whlLe marl, dark grey brlck maLerlal) and ls Lherefore lnLerpreLed Lo be a prlmary deposlL
eroslon from Lhe surroundlng walls. 1hls ls Lhe flrsL Llme we were able Lo ldenLlfy an eroslon layer lo
slto. 1hls eroslon process seems Lo have been golng on over a longer perlod of Llme, as ls lndlcaLed
by Lhe facL LhaL some lsolaLed and clusLered arLefacLs are also presenL ln Lhls debrls package. 1hls
year, a small clusLer of poL sherds (31216) was excavaLed beLween Lhe bulldlng debrls ln Lhe
norLhwesL corner of Lhe bulldlng.

1he debrls package overlay a curlous arrangemenL ln Lhe cenLral parL of Lhe bulldlng: a recLangular
parL of a wall (18372) wlLh a large ground sLone nexL Lo lL. 1he wall plece was from Lhe same dark
grey brlck and whlLe morLar as Lhe surroundlng walls. lL mosL probably was noL consLrucLed lo slto,
as Lhe brlcks were sLandlng uprlghL. 8aLher, Lhls seems Lo be a secondarlly used parL of a wall,
posslbly cuL Lo be so neaLly recLangular, and placed carefully ln lLs currenL locaLlon wlLhouL any
cracks occurrlng. 1he large sLone (31210.x1) nexL Lo lL ls Lhe heavlly used and abraded resL of a large
grlndlng supporL (see 8rady, Lhls reporL). 8oLh ob[ecLs appear dellberaLely placed, as Lhey are very
close and one edge of Lhe sLone ls acLually proLrudlng 7cm deep lnLo Lhe wall. Many prellmlnary
ldeas were dlscussed whaL Lhls lnsLallaLlon could have been used for, grlndlng whlle slLLlng on Lhe
wall as a bench belng one of Lhem. 1he facL LhaL Lhe wall ls secondarlly used and Lhe grlndlng sLone
probably had a long use llfe before lL became parL of Lhe lnsLallaLlon supporL Lhe lmpresslon LhaL
Lhls was an ad hoc arrangemenL.

AfLer Lhe sLone wall lnsLallaLlon was removed, a sondage was dug ln Lhe easLern half of Lhe cenLral
space ln 8.103. lL Lurned ouL LhaL Lhe lnsLallaLlon had been slLLlng on a mlxed layer conLalnlng hlgh
amounLs of an oLherwlse rarely found heavy, sLlcky dark red clay ( (31221), (31224) ). 1hls layer
Quinlan
Figure 5.13. Overview photo of B.105 at the end of the 2013 season. Photography: Jason
105
106

conLalns few arLefacLs and runs under Lhe base of buLLresses l.3333 and l.3366 whlch are locaLed
nexL Lo Lhe sondage presumably so under oLher walls and buLLresses ouLslde of the sondage
area. 1he dlsLlncL red clay and Lhe low amounL of arLefacLs led Lo Lhe hypoLhesls LhaL Lhls red layer
mlghL be a dellberaLe fllllng levelllng evenL predaLlng Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe house. under lL, a Lhln
layer wlLh very hlgh amounLs of marl was found, Lhe marl conLenL leadlng Lo an overall whlLlsh
colour of Lhls layer (31238).

ulrecLly under Lhe whlLe layer, we came down Lo a grey layer whose maLrlx, arLefacL specLrum and
amounL are llke LhaL of many deposlLs we found lnslde Lhe bulldlngs. We Lherefore lnLerpreL Lhls
layer (31239) as room flll beLween walls of an earller archlLecLural phase, whlch pre dates
buLLresses l.3333 and l.3366 and maybe Lhe enLlre 8.103.

(2) We worked furLher on c|ar|fy|ng the sequence in
whlch Lhe many buLLresses and walls of 8.103 were
consLrucLed. 1he bulldlng ls unlque lnsofar as lL conslsLs
of whaL looks ke Lwo concenLrlc rlngs of consLrucLlon
features all walls and buLLresses are presenL Lwlce,
buL Lhe ouLer rlng ls hlgher. AfLer Lhls was dlscovered
lasL year, we formulaLed Lhree hypoLhesls on how Lhe
feaLures mlghL relaLe sLraLlgraphlcally: 1. Lhe ouLer
walls were bullL on Lop of Lhlck walls, Lhus are younger,
2. Lhe lnner (lower) walls were bullL agalnsL Lhe ouLer
walls, posslbly as a supporL Lhus Lhe ouLer walls are
older, 3. all consLrucLlon feaLures were bullL aL Lhe
same Llme as parL of a Lwo sLoreyed bulldlng wlLh Lhlck
walls surroundlng Lhe basemenL and Lhlnner walls for
Lhe upper sLorey.

8emoval of sLraLeglc parLs of consLrucLlon feaLures was
found Lo be an effecLlve means of sLraLlgraphlc
research lasL season, ln 8.103, we LargeLed Lhe
buttress wall connecLlons.

Lastern wa||s and buttresses. A secLlon was cuL ln easL wesL dlrecLlon Lhrough half of Lhe buLLress
and half of Lhe relaLed wall, ca. 90cm down Lo reach Lhe upper parL of Lhe lower buLLress. We found
LhaL Lhe well preserved, gh wall l.2424 was consLrucLed on Lop of a Lhlck wall made from Lwo
parallel rows of brlck (l.3380). 1he lnLerface beLween Lhose Lwo walls ls lndlcaLed by a very Lhln
layer of whlLlsh sedlmenL vlslble ln secLlon beLween Lwo brlck layers. 1he spaclng of Lhe brlck and
morLar layers ls however very regular, so LhaL no break ls obvlously vlslble ln Lhe wall. 1hls mlghL
have been lnLended by Lhe anclenL bullders.

As l.2424 ls only abouL half as Lhlck as l.3380, a ledge was creaLed Lowards Lhe lnslde of Lhe
buildlng. lor unclear reasons, small wall feaLures wlLh a preserved helghL of Lwo brlck rows (l.3303
souLh of Lhe buLLress, l.3398 norLh of Lhe buLLress) were consLrucLed on Lop of Lhls ledge, abuLLlng
construction features. Plan: Patrick Willett, Jana
Rogasch
Figure 5.14. Plan of B.105 showing sec88ons cut into
106
107

Lhe very well preserved plasLer of l.2424 and buLLress l.3063. oLenLlally Lhls served as a capplng Lo
even ouL Lhe Lop of older wall l.3380.

1he younger wall l.2424 ls bonded Lo Lhe upper, smaller
buLLress l.3063. 1he brlck and morLar layers are conLlnuous,
and Lo make Lhlngs even clearer, Lhere was a conLlnuous
phyLollLh layer under one brlck LhaL ran from Lhe wall lnLo
Lhe buLLress. 1he phyLollLhs lndlcaLe LhaL organlc maLerlal
was applled here durlng consLrucLlon, and decayed under
proLecLed condlLlons lnslde Lhe wall.

1he lower wall l.3380 ls bonded Lo Lhe larger lower buLLress
l.3333. 1he upper buLLress l.3063 was consLrucLed on top
of l.3333. ln secLlon, Lhe boundary beLween Lhese Lwo
feaLures was noL vlslble, as agaln Lhe spaclng of brlck and
morLar layers was regular.

Northern wa||s and buttresses. 8esulLs here conflrmed
Lhose from Lhe easLern wall. 1he easLern halves of Lhe Lwo
buLLresses were cuL back from Lhe fronL, Lo creaLe boLh an
east wesL and a norLh souLh secLlon Lhrough Lhe feaLures.
!usL as ln Lhe case of Lhe easLern buLLress, Lhe facades are
noL well preserved, so LhaL lL ls noL posslble Lo draw a clear
llne beLween Lhem from Lhe ouLslde. 1hls dlstinction d noL
become clearer afLer secLlonlng. Powever, Lhe upper four
courses of brlcks had a sllghLly llghLer grey colour Lhan all brlcks underneaLh. 1hls could be a resulL
of Lhem havlng been exposed and drylng ouL for longer, buL we weLLed Lhem several Llmes over a
few days and Lhe colour dlfference remalned. lL ls Lherefore llkely LhaL Lhese four upper brlck
courses represenL Lhe upper buLLress l.3061. ApparenLly Lhe Lwo buLLresses were bullL wlLh slmllar,
buL sllghLly dlfferenL brlck reclpes. 1hls lndlcaLes a cerLaln Llme span beLween Lhelr consLrucLlon.

1he norLhern wall was lnvesLlgaLed vla several smaller secLlons, for whlch we could use cuLs creaLed
by laLe plLs. 1he sequence ls ldenLlcal Lo LhaL ln Lhe easL: Cn Lop of a Lhlck wall made from Lwo
parallel rows of brlck (l.3389), a Lhlnner wall (l.3031) wlLh buLLress l.3061 was consLrucLed,
plastered, and Lhen Lhe ledge capped wlLh more brlck maLerlal whlch here ls very lrregularly
preserved and only up Lo one brlck course hlgh (l.3311 wesL of Lhe buLLress, l.3310 easL of Lhe
buttress).

Western buttress and wa||. 1he wesLern slde of Lhe bulldlng seemed Lo have only buLLress l.3062,
whlch ls slmllar Lo l.3061, l.3063 and l.3363 ln slze and preserved helghL and Lherefore probably
funcLloned LogeLher wlLh Lhem. 1hls buLLress was ca. 2m hlgh, one reason Lo suspecL lL mlghL ln facL
be a paLchwork, Lhe resulL of mulLlple consLrucLlon evenLs. We cuL a secLlon LhaL halved l.3062 and
lncluded a large parL of wall l.3346 norLh of lL. unforLunaLely, Lhls secLlon could noL lnclude Lhe
hlgher wall l.3332 parallel Lo l.3346, whlch was noL feaslble for reasons of healLh and safeLy.

with black line indicating interface between walls
Photography: Jana Rogasch.
Figure 5.15. Sec-- on through F.3380 and F.2424
107
108

1he secLlon creaLed by Lhls cuL (llgure 18) ls lnLeresLlng for many reasons. llrsL, Lhe consLrucLlon
Lechnlques used Lo make Lhe feaLures became much beLLer vlslble: 1he layers of dark grey 'brick
and whlLe marl 'mortar are undulaLlng, some do
noL go all Lhe way Lhrough Lhe wall. 1here are Lwo
layers of red brlck maLerlal beLween Lhe Lyplcal
dark grey brlcks. We Lherefore lnLerpreLed Lhese Lo
be pseudo brlck consLrucLlons (see 8.107
discusslon for finition).

upon closer observaLlon of Lhe secLlon Lhrough
F.5062, lL appeared LhaL Lhe upper parL of Lhls
features, nlne brlck courses hlgh, was bullL much
more regularly Lhan Lhe lower parL posslbly wlLh
drled brlcks raLher Lhan 'pseudo bricks. 1hls ls a
very sLrong lndlcaLlon for Lwo dlfferenL
consLrucLlon phases.

uurlng removal of l.3346, we had uncovered
heavlly eroded plasLer (31116) on boLh l.3062 and
F.3352, whlch was abuLLed by l.3346, lndlcaLlng
LhaL Lhe laLLer was consLrucLed lasL. Powever, Lhls
plasLer dld noL go all Lhe way down, ln facL Lhe
plasLered parL ls only ca. 30cm hlgh and Lhe lower
parLs of Lhe wall and buLLress are clearly bonded.
Also, Lhe Lop of buLLress l.3062 (facade Lowards
Lhe room) was covered ln Lhlck plasLer, whlch
however sLopped on roughly Lhe same level as
(31116).

Summarlslng all Lhese observaLlons, alLhough Lhe
layouL of wall feaLures looks different, Lhe
consLrucLlon sequence ls ldenLlcal Lo LhaL ln Lhe norLh and easL: a Lhlck wall l.2431, bonded Lo
buLLress l.2430 (whlch however ls smaller Lhan lLs broLher buLLresses l.3333 and l.3363), onLo
whlch buLLress l.3062, wall l.3332 and ledge capplng l.3346 were bullL laLer.

Southern buttresses and wa||s, and the 'door open|ng'. 1he walls ln Lhe souLh were bullL ln an
ldenLlcal sequence Lo Lhe resL of Lhe bulldlng: a Lhlcker wall l.3392 onLo whlch a Lhlnner wall
(F.3364, l.3341) was consLrucLed, nd Lhe ledge covered wlLh Lwo courses of brlcks (l.3368).

1he upper souLh wall (l.3364, l.3341) feaLures a rarlLy: an openlng, whlch ls clearly dellberaLe, as
boLh lLs boLLom and lLs sldes were plasLered. 1he badly preserved wall l.3343, belonglng Lo a
bulldlng souLh of 8.103, would have blocked Lhls enLrance and ls Lherefore lnLerpreLed Lo be a laLer
consLrucLlon. 1hls doorway was remodelled aL some polnL: a small consLrucLlon, Lwo brlck courses
hlgh (l.3390) was puL on Lop of Lhe plasLered boLLom (31278), and plasLered over agaln (31226).
1hls ralsed Lhe level of Lhe Lhreshold by ca. 30cm.
vertical lines indicate where the buttresses would have
started protruding from the walls before we removed this
part. Note the eroded plaster (31116) on F.3352 which had
been abutted by F.3346 which was removed before this photo
was taken. Photography: Patrick Willett
Figure 5.16. Sec.. ons of western walls and bu99resses. The
108
109

1he upper wall l.3364 ls connecLed Lo buLLress l.3363. 1he buLLress l.3363 has well preserved
plasLer on lLs norLhern facade, Lwo layers were recognlsable ( (31193), (31195) ). Cn 31193, a long
verLlcal rldge of plasLer was found (31194) LhaL ls lnLerpreLed Lo be Lhe resL of a noL ldenLlflable
lnsLallaLlon. 1he lower parL of Lhese Lhree plasLer layers was hldden behlnd Lhe lower buLLress
l.3366. As Lhls buLLress abuLs Lhe plasLer of Lhe upper buLLress, l.3366 was clearly consLrucLed laLer
Lhan l.3363 afLer a perlod of Llme long enough Lo re plasLer Lhe laLLer, aLLach an lnsLallaLlon Lo lL
and remove lL agaln. 1hls slLuaLlon ls clearly dlsslmllar from Lhe resL of Lhe building, where Lhe
upper, smaller buLLresses were found Lo be younger Lhan Lhe larger, lower buLLresses. lnLeresLlngly,
Lhere ls a small buL well preserved resL of plasLer (31279) ln Lhe corner of wall l.3392 and l.3366,
lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhe wall, whlch ls older Lhan all oLher consLrucLlon feaLures found ln Lhls area, aL
some polnL was used LogeLher wlLh Lhe Lhlck buLLress whlch ls Lhe youngesL of all feaLures.

Summary of 8.10S strat|graphy. 1o summarlse, Lhe secLlons made durlng Lhe 2013 season broughL
the deslred clarlLy. We can ldenLlfy Lwo phases of a bulldlng whose older and Lhlcker whose walls
were Lopped up wlLh Lhlnner walls aL a laLer polnL. 1he souLhern buLLress l.3366 was bullL ln a Lhlrd
phase of consLrucLlon. 1he Lwo flrsL phases are furLher dlsLlngulshed by bulldlng Lechnlque, as lL
seems LhaL Lhe older feaLures were consLrucLed wlLh Lhe 'pseudo brick Lechnlque, whlle Lhe
younger ones, besL vlslble ln l.2424, could be real brlck walls.

1he pracLlce of bulldlng new walls on Lop of older ones ls seen LhroughouL Lhe Lrench, buL ln Lhls
case seems Lo have had dlfferenL resulLs. 1he orlglnal bulldlng seemlngly had no buLLress ln Lhe
south, and only a small buLLress ln Lhe wesL, buL Lwo very Lhlck buLLresses ln Lhe norLh and easL.
AfLer Lhe flrsL remodelling, Lhe asymmeLry remalned as Lhe slze of Lhe wesLern buLLress never
changed and Lhere was only one, Lhln, buLLress ln Lhe souLh. 1he souLh was Lhen remodelled agaln
Lo look llke Lhe norLhern and easLern parL.

ln Lhe llghL of Lhls sequence, lL ls noL unllkely LhaL we lndeed have proof for 8.103 havlng been a
two sLoreyed bulldlng afLer Lhe flrsL remodelllng: Lhe lower Lhlck walls surroundlng Lhe basemenL,
Lhe upper walls surroundlng Lhe flrsL floor wlLh slmllar layouL, buL greaLer lnLernal area because
walls and buLLresses were Lhlnner. 1he large buLLresses of Lhe basemenL would have carrled a floor
locaLed aL Lhe base of Lhe upper walls, of whlch we mlghL have small parLs of Lhe plasLered floor
connecLlon preserved on Lhe walls. 1he hypoLhesls of Lwo sLorey bulldlngs on Lhe WesL Mound can
only be verlfled ln Lhe posL excavaLlon analysls.

1rench c|os|ng works

lour days ln Lhe end of Lhe season were dedlcaLed Lo preparaLlons for Lhe permanenL closlng of Lhe
Lrench. 1he LenL, Lhe sandbags LhaL secure Lhe LenL, Lhe sleves, all meLal sLakes, ln shorL all Lhe
lefLovers of years of archaeologlcal work were cleared away. We Look overvlew phoLos of Lhe Lrench
and surroundlngs wlLh a cherry plcker machlne from a local elecLrlclLy company. AfLerwards, all
consLrucLlon feaLures were wrapped ln geoLexLlle, whlch was secured wlLh sandbags placed on Lhe
wall Lops and ln corners. We sprlnkled Lfes boLLle caps over Lhe enLlre Lrench Lo mark Lhe horlzon
109
110

for posslble fuLure archaeologlsLs. !ason Culnlan supervlsed Lhe lnfllllng wlLh soll from Lhe spoll
heap, done by a !C8 machlne provlded by konya 5eker.

Acknow|edgments

We would llke Lo Lhank Lhe unlverslLy aL 8uffalo, several prlvaLe donors and Lhe aLalhyuk ro[ecL
for Lhelr conLlnuous supporL. As always, deep graLlLude ls owed Lo all Leam members lncludlng our
workmen from kuukky for Lhelr enLhuslasm and ouLsLandlng work. A speclal Lhanks Lo Lhe WesL
Mound ro[ecL dlglLal medla speclallsL aLrlck WllleLL for hls dlglLal documenLaLlon work durlng Lhe
season and hls lnpuL durlng Lhe preparaLlon of Lhls reporL. 1hanks Lo Ashley Llngle, ?ildiz ulrmlL,
LevenL Czer and !ason Culnlan for Lhelr help wlLh varlous pracLlcal Lhlngs LhroughouL Lhe season
and especlally durlng Lhe preparaLlon of Lhe Lrench closlng.

Figure 5.17. Overview of the West Mound Trench 5, before closure. Photography: Jason Quinlan
110
111

R? "6=68Fb]cd &QK6< /9K6B<> $96K #HEFBA9 /9J:H= +,-.

Christopher nsel
1
, ScoLL Paddow
2
, !oshua Sadvarl
3
, and 8arbara 8eLz
3

1
unlverslLy of LxeLer,
2
Cranfleld lorenslc lnsLlLuLe,
3
1he Chlo SLaLe unlverslLy

lease noLe LhaL Lhe followlng descrlpLlons employ anaLomlcal Lermlnology for Lhe segmenLs of Lhe
upper and lower llmbs: arm (humerus), forearm (radlus and ulna), wrlsL (carpals) and hand
(meLacarpals and phalanges) and Lhlgh (femur), leg (Llbla and flbula), ankle (Larsals), and fooL
(meLaLarsals and phalanges). 1he 'skull refers Lo Lhe cranlum and mandlble, Lhls has been furLher
deflned when used Lo descrlbe manlpulaLlons of Lhe dead. When 'skull ls used, lL ls ofLen ln Lhe
conLexL of sex deLermlnaLlon or descrlpLlon of 'facing (l.e. orlenLaLlon of Lhe vlscerocranlum) and
refers Lo boLh Lhe cranlum and mandlble.
Introduct|on
uurlng Lhe 2013 fleld season, Lhe Puman 8emalns 1eam (Larsen, nsel, Paddow, Sadvarl,
Glencross, 8eLz, urt, and nugenL) worked closely wlLh Lhe excavaLlon Leam Lo asslsL ln excavaLlng
and llfLlng Lhe human skeleLal remalns as Lhey were uncovered ln Lhe field, processed Lhe newly
recovered skeleLons ln Lhe laboraLory, worked on a varleLy of research pro[ecLs, conLlnued
preparaLlons for publlcaLlons and conference presenLaLlons (SocleLy for Amerlcan Archaeology
(SAA) and Luropean AssoclaLlon of ArchaeologlsLs (LAA), 2014, whlch wlll Lake place ln lsLanbul),
and held regular meeLlngs wlLh Leam leaders from oLher on slLe labs Lo conLlnue Lo faclllLaLe Lhe
lnLegraLlon of analyses beLween labs durlng Lhe flnal phase of Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL.
AfLer ploneerlng Lhe meLhod lasL season, ScoLL Paddow conLlnued Lo produce 3u models of all
excavaLed burlals.

Several research pro[ecLs were lnlLlaLed or conLlnued durlng Lhe 2013 season:

WlLh fundlng from Lhe 8rlLlsh Academy, ChrlsLopher knsel, wlLh !acqul Mulvllle and !ennlfer !ones
of Lhe launal 8emalns 1eam, compleLed Lhe recordlng of Lhe commlngled human and anlmal bones
from Lhe kCAL 1rench, excavaLed ln Lhe laLe 90s, uslng a zonaLlon meLhod LhaL permlLs dlrecL
comparlson of Lhe remalns, desplLe dlfferlng morphology, and sLudy and recordlng of surface
modlflcaLlons derlvlng from Lhelr Laphonomlc hlsLory. CuLmarks were ldenLlfled on Lwo human
specimens, as well as evldence of dry fracLures, anlmal gnawlng, burnlng, and rooL eroslon. ln
assoclaLlon wlLh Lhe ConservaLlon LaboraLory (Ashley Llngle and Leam) and slLe lllusLraLor katy
Killackey, Lhe Puman 8emalns 1eam also repllcaLed Lhe meLhod for maklng Lhe handprlnLs LhaL
occur ln, for example, 8ulldlng 77 and acqulred scans and prlnLs of Lhe rlghL hands of 63 volunLeers
from Lhe slLe's complemenL. 1hese wlll be used Lo engender Lhe prlnLs. 8onnle Clencross and
Christopher nsel, wlLh Selln nugent, began a pro[ecL focused on reconsLrucLlng many of Lhe
fragmenLary cranla and sysLemaLlcally recordlng evldence of cranlal Lrauma. uslng a sLandard
zonaLlon recordlng of Lhe cranlum and mandlble derlved from medlco legal sLudles, Lhey recorded
20 lndlvlduals wlLh blunL force cranlal Lrauma (1able 1), all of whlch was anLemorLem and healed
lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhe lndlvlduals had survlved Lhese ln[urles for some Llme. no evldence for
perlmorLem fracLures (l.e., occurrlng aL or around Lhe Llme of deaLh) has yeL been found aL Lhe slLe.

111
112

Ske|eton Un|t Number Lxcavat|on ear Crate
1424 1996 HB
1924 1996 HB
1928.B2 1996 HB
1995.B2 1997 HB
2058 1997 P8 23A
2115 1997 HB
2169 1997 HB
3368 1998 P8 238
4615 1999 P8 33A
5818 2002 P8 77A
6303 2000 P8 418
8584 2002 HB
10813 2004 P8 118
10834 2004 P8 120
10840 2004 P8 119
14167 2006 P8 1698
16513 2008 P8 221
17485 2008 P8 227
18645 2011 P8 232
20682 2013 P8 276
Table 6.1. Individuals entified uring he 013 ield eason xhibiting vidence f ranial rauma. aboratory nalysis f ranial
trauma will continue in 2014.
1he lunerary Archaeology componenL of Lhe Puman 8emalns 1eam (Paddow, Sadvarl, nsel, and
KrlsLlna !onsson) dlscussed a [olnL pro[ecL wlLh Lynn Meskell and Carrle nakamura uslng Lhe slLe ClS
(ln collaboraLlon wlLh Camllla MazzucaLo) Lo Lake a bloculLural approach Lo funerary LreaLmenL aL
NeollLhlc aLalhyuk, one llnklng Lhe analysls of skeleLal remalns of Lhe deceased aspecLs of soclal
ldenLlLy (age, sex), palaeopaLhology and well being (as lndicated growLh and development) with
grave locaLlon, burlal lncluslons (l.e. found ln Lhe flll of burlals), and grave goods, such as lLems of
personal adornmenL and Lhose dlrecLly assoclaLed wlLh Lhe skeleLon. 1he longer Lerm plan ls Lo llnk
Lhls pro[ecL wlLh one based on Lhe evldence for burlal LreaLmenL and manlpulaLlon of Lhe deceased,
explolLlng speclflcally Lhe LerLlary remalns aL Lhe slLe and Lo emulaLe Lhe resulLs of Lhe kOPAL
1rench analysls.

!oshua Sadvarl spenL parLs of Lhe 2013 season conLlnulng daLa collecLlon for hls docLoral Lhesls,
whlch focuses on Lhe reconsLrucLlon of acLlvlLy and workload among Lhe slLe's eollLhlc lnhablLanLs
based on paLLerns of exLramasLlcaLory (non dleLary) LooLh wear, osLeoarLhrlLls (degeneraLlve
changes of Lhe [olnL surfaces), and enLheseal changes (degeneraLlve changes aL Lhe slLe of muscle
aLLachmenLs). As was Lhe case lasL season, !osh was heavlly lnvolved ln llfLlng skeleLons ln Lhe
North, SouLh, and 1C Areas of Lhe slLe.

8arbara 8eLz worked on Lhe neonaLe remalns llfLed eo bloc last season from 8ulldlng 77, ldenLlfylng
remalns of maLLlng and phyLollLhs. 1hls neonaLe and lLs surroundlng burlal conLexL wlll be conserved
as a permanenL feaLure for dlsplay, furLher analyLlcal, and Leachlng purposes. 8arbara also worked
112
113

wldely llfLlng skeleLal remalns ln boLh Lhe norLh and SouLh Areas, as well as ln Lhe area excavaLed by
!ames MellaarL ln Lhe 1960s and whlch ls currenLly belng furLher excavaLed by Marek 8aranskl. She,
Selin ugent, and Cansu kurt, alded by sLudenL volunLeers, also cleaned, inventoried, and curaLed
remalns ln Lhe laboraLory LhroughouL Lhe season.

!esslca earson spenL parL of Lhe season ln Lhe Puman 8emalns Lab preparlng a sample for exporL
Lo conLlnue her research lnLo Lhe sLable carbon and nlLrogen lsoLope raLlos of Lhe neolithic
lnhablLanLs of aLalhyuk as Lhey relaLe Lo dleL. !esslca ls also worklng closely wlLh ScoLL Paddow
and !osh Sadvarl on an analysls of Lwo poLenLlal Lwln palrs, based on mulLlple llnes of evldence
lncludlng lsoLope raLlos, morLuary conLexL, and palaeopaLhology. ln addlLlon, !esslca wlll be worklng
closely wlLh Lhe Puman 8emalns 1eam ln upcomlng seasons on a collaboraLlve efforL Lo analyze
lsoLoplc slgnaLures derlved from denLal calculus.

Mlchelle Camble and Sophle Moore spenL Lhe laLLer parL of Lhe season ln Lhe Puman 8emalns Lab
conLlnulng Lhelr sLudy of Lhe osL ChalcollLhlc cemeLery aL aLalhyuk. LlghL days of fleld walking
were conducLed, coverlng an area of Lwo square kllomeLers, Lo survey Lhe locaLlon of poLenLlal
seLLlemenL slLes assoclaLed wlLh Lhe 8oman, 8yzanLlne, and lslamlc burlals on Lhe LasL mound. AL
present, compleLed lnvenLorles, age and sex esLlmaLlons, and palaeopaLhologlcal analyses have
been underLaken on 80 osL ChalcollLhlc burlals excavaLed from Lhe norLh Area beLween Lhe 2003
and 2008 seasons.

8y Lhe end of Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season, Lhe skeleLal remalns of aL leasL 36 lndlvlduals were
excavaLed: 23 neollLhlc lndlvlduals from Lhe norLh Area, elghL neollLhlc lndlvlduals from Lhe SouLh
Area, and flve osL ChalcollLhlc lndlvlduals from Lhe 1C Area. 8urlal descrlpLlons and baslc
osLeoblographlc lnformaLlon for each lndlvldual accordlng Lo excavaLlon area and Llme perlod are
provided low.
North Area Neo||th|c bur|a|s

WQB8PB<X S+I @J6E9 LM

1he remalns of aL leasL flve lndlvlduals were recovered from Lhe norLheasL plaLform (l.3693) and aL
leasL seven lndlvlduals from Lhe norLhwesL plaLform (l.3694) of 8ulldlng 32.
!"#$%&*6$ :5*$4"#; 7<=>?@

l.7112, 5k (20655), cot (20648), llll (20650, 20651, 20654)
Sk (20633) ls Lhe lasL ln Lhe sequence of burlals recovered from Lhe norLheasL plaLform of 8.32 (llg.
6.1). 1he poorly preserved prlmary undlsLurbed skeleLon ls LhaL of a mlddle adulL female placed ln a
LlghLly flexed poslLlon on lLs lefL slde wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL. 1he age of
Lhls lndlvldual was deLermlned by Lhe degeneraLlve changes of Lhe publc symphysls and aurlcular
surface. 1he neck was flexed and roLaLed Lo Lhe lefL such LhaL Lhe skull faced norLheasL. 1he
viscerocranlum (faclal skeleLon), shoulders and upper Lhorax were obllLeraLed by rodenL burrows.
1he lefL shoulder was roLaLed medlally and adducLed, wlLh Lhe elbow loosely flexed and Lhe forearm
pronaLed across Lhe abdomen. 1he lefL wrlsL was exLended and Lhe hand was pronated across Lhe
113
114

rlghL lllum. 8odenL dlsLurbances
have obscured Lhe orlglnal
orlenLaLlon of Lhe rlghL arm and
elbow, buL Lhe forearm was
pronaLed across Lhe Lhorax, whlch
lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe rlghL elbow was
more LlghLly flexed Lhan Lhe lefL
elbow, Lhe rlghL wrlsL was also
exLended. 8oLh lower llmbs were
LlghLly flexed agalnsL Lhe body such
LhaL Lhe knees were close Lo where
Lhe mandlble should be. 8oLh feeL
were dorslflexed agalnsL Lhe easL
wall of Lhe grave cuL wlLhouL
roLaLlon of Lhe ankles.

1hln bands of phyLollLh were found
runnlng across Lhe ankles, rlghL
proxlmal femur and underneaLh Lhe
lefL lllum. 1hls llkely lndlcaLes LhaL Lhe body was LlghLly wrapped ln reed cordage when lL was placed
ln Lhe grave cuL. 1wo mollusc shells (20634.x2, x3), one conLalnlng red ochre, were found ln Lhe
norLh parL of Lhe grave cuL beslde Lhe lower llmbs.

uesplLe belng Lhe lasL burlal ln plaLform l.3693 and Lhus Lhe shallowesL lnLermenL, Sk (20633) was
noL affecLed by Lhe flre whlch consumed 8.32 aL Lhe end of lLs occupaLlon. 1here are no heaL
relaLed color changes Lo Lhe bone and no Lraces of sofL Llssue were found wlLhln Lhe endocranlum
or anywhere else on Lhe skeleLon. 1hls lmplles LhaL Lhe lnLermenL of Sk (20633) wlLhln Lhe norLheasL
plaLform Look place well before Lhe flre, allowlng sufflclenL Llme for Lhe sofL Llssues of Lhe body Lo
fully compose.

l.7120, 5k (J0522, J052J, 20661, J0521), cot (J0517), llll (J0518)
8urlal l.7120 was locaLed lmmedlaLely below burlal l.7112. 1he burlal cuL (30317) conLalned Lhe
prlmary undlsLurbed skeleLon of a mlddle adulL male Sk (30322) and Lhe prlmary dlsLurbed skeleton
of an lnfanL Sk (30323). 1he age of Lhe adulL was deLermlned by Lhe degeneraLlve changes of Lhe
publc symphysls and LhaL of Lhe lnfanL by Lhe developmenL of Lhe denLlLlon. 8oLh lndlvlduals appear
Lo have been lnLerred ln a slngle burlal evenL. 1he lnfanL was placed dlrecLly on Lop of Lhe adulL (llg.
6.2) and was sllghLly dlsLurbed by Lhe boLLom of Lhe grave cuL (20648) for Lhe laLer burlal l.7112
due Lo lLs hlgher elevaLlon ln Lhe grave.

1he adulL male Sk (30322) was LlghLly flexed and lald on lLs back, sllghLly leanlng on lLs lefL slde (llg.
6.3). 1he head was orlenLed Lo Lhe wesL and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL. 1he neck was flexed and roLaLed Lo
Lhe lefL such LhaL Lhe skull faced norLheasL. 1he vlscerocranlum has been dlsLurbed, llkely as Lhe
resulL of rodenL acLlvlLy. 1he lefL shoulder was medlally roLaLed and adducLed, wlLh Lhe forearm
supinated, wrlsL exLended and Lhe hand suplnaLed and exLended underneaLh Lhe lefL fooL. 1he rlghL
shoulder as also medlally roLaLed and adducLed, wlLh Lhe forearm pronaLed, wrlsL exLended and
Figure 6.1. Burial F.7122 with primary adult (20655). Photography: Scott Haddow
114
115

Lhe hand exLended and pronaLed
above Lhe rlghL hlp [olnL. 8oLh
lower llmbs were flexed on Lop of
Lhe body (leanlng Lo Lhe lefL slde of
Lhe body) and Lhe feeL were
extended ln planLarflexlon.

1he lnfanL Sk (30323) was placed on
lLs lefL slde ln a loosely flexed
poslLlon dlrecLly on Lop of Lhe rlghL
lower llmb and os coxoe of Lhe
adulL male. lLs head was orlenLed Lo
Lhe wesL (faclng upwards) and Lhe
feeL were orlenLed Lo Lhe easL.
Clven Lhe dlsLurbance Lo Lhls
lndlvldual by Lhe grave cuL for Lhe
laLer burlal l.7112, lL was dlfflculL Lo
deLermlne wlLh any cerLalnLy Lhe
preclse orlenLaLlon of Lhe llmbs.
1hree rows of small sLone dlsc
beads (30318.x1, x3, x6) ln various
colors were found on Lhe abdomen
along wlLh an addlLlonal sLrlng of
slmllar beads around Lhe lefL ankle.
1races of red plgmenL were
observed on Lhe fronLal bone and
Lwo green sLone beads (30318.x4,
x3) (posslbly serpenLlnlLe) were also
found, one elLher slde of Lhe
Lemporal area of Lhe cranlum.

1he dlsarLlculaLed remalns of aL
leasL Lwo addlLlonal lndlvlduals
were also found wlLhln Lhe flll
(30318) of burlal l.7120. Sk (30321)
ls represenLed by a cranlum and
mandlble of a chlld. 1he chlld's skull
was lald on lLs rlghL slde (faclng wesL) dlrecLly beslde Lhe cranlum of Sk (30322). A palr of
dlsarLlculaLed Llblae, humerl and a femur, all poLenLlally belonglng Lo Lhe same chlld, were also
recovered ln Lhe lower grave flll dlrecLly above Lhe prlmary adulL male and lnfanL. A second cranlum
and mandlble Sk (20661) belonglng Lo a young adulL (posslbly female) were recovered from Lhe
upper grave flll, Lhe bones were pushed up agalnsL Lhe souLh wall of Lhe grave cuL (30317). 1hese
dlsarLlculaLed skeleLal elemenLs may derlve from earller lnLermenLs ln plaLform l.3693 whlch were
dlsplaced and redeposlLed ln Lhe grave flll of subsequenL burlals. As such, Lhese bones would fall
lnLo Lhe 'prlmary dlsLurbed loose' deposlLlonal caLegory. An alLernaLe lnLerpreLaLlon ls LhaL Lhese
Figure 6.2. Burial F.7120, with primary adult (30522) and primary disturbed infant
(30522). Photography: Scott Haddow
Figure 6.3. Burial F.7120, with primary adult (30522). Photography: ScoB B Haddow
115
116

bones were broughL from anoLher locaLlon and placed ln Lhe grave Lo accompany Lhe prlmary
burlal. 1hese bones would Lhen fall lnLo Lhe 'secondary deposlLlonal caLegory.

An earller burlal was dlscovered aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe grave cuL (30317) for l.7120 buL noL
excavaLed ln 2013 due Lo Llme consLralnLs. As yeL, no new unlL or feaLure numbers have been
asslgned. 1he greaLer LrochanLer of whaL appears Lo be an adulL rlghL femur was exposed ln Lhe
easLern end of Lhe grave cuL, whlle an arLlculaLed segmenL of cervlcal verLebrae was also uncovered
aL Lhe wesLern end. 1hls would lndlcaLe LhaL Lhere ls an earller prlmary burlal orlenLed ln Lhe same
manner as Lhe Lwo laLer prlmary adulL lnLermenLs ln plaLform l.3693. lL appears LhaL Lhe cranlum
and mandlble of Lhls lndlvldual were removed when Lhe grave cuL for l.7120 was dug. lL ls posslble
LhaL Lhe young adulL cranlum and mandlble Sk (20661) found ln Lhe grave flll (30318) belongs Lo Lhls
lndlvldual and was slmply redeposlLed afLer havlng been dlsplaced. We cannoL be cerLaln, however,
unLll Lhe excavaLlon of plaLform l.3693 ls compleLed and all skeleLal remalns have been recovered.
!"#$%A&6$ :5*$4"#; 7<=>?B

l.7127, 5k (J0510, J0511, J0512, J051J, J0514, J0515, J0524), cot (J0502), llll (J050J)
8urlal l.7127 was Lhe only lnLermenL found wlLhln Lhe norLhwesL plaLform durlng Lhe 2013
excavaLlon season. lL conLalned Lhe prlmary undlsLurbed remalns of an adulL Sk (30314) and aL leasL
slx subadulLs Sk (30310, 30311, 30312, 30313, 30313 and 30324) ln varlous sLaLes of arLlculaLlon.
ulsarLlculaLed subadulL bones were also found scaLLered ln Lhe uppermosL levels of Lhe grave flll
(30303) (llg. 6.3). Some of Lhese loose bones have been maLched ln Lhe lab wlLh Lhe parLlally
arLlculaLed subadulL skeleLons, whlle oLhers may represenL addlLlonal lndlvlduals noL yeL accounLed
Plan: Scott Haddow
Figure 6.4. Composite plan of burial F.7127 with skeletons (30510), (30511), (30512), (30513), (30514), and (30515).
116
117

for. o Lraces of earller burlals were
found ln plaLform l.3694 and,
desplLe Lhe condlLlon of some Lhe
subadulL remalns, lL appears LhaL all
of Lhese lndlvlduals were lnLerred ln
a slngle burlal evenL. lL appears LhaL
several of Lhe subadulLs had been
dead for some Llme before belng
burled wlLh Lhe adulL. Where and
for how long Lhese remalns were
deposlLed or kepL before belng
lnLerred ln l.7127 ls yeL Lo be
determined, buL ln Lhls sense, Lhe
subadults ghL also be consldered
as secondary burlals or even as
grave lncluslons. 1he adulL was Lhe
flrsL lndlvldual Lo be placed ln Lhe
grave cuL and Lhe subadulLs were
placed on Lop of Lhe body of Lhe
adult.

Sk (30314) ls a mlddle adulL
posslble male. 1he age of Lhls
lndlvldual was deLermlned by Lhe
degeneraLlve changes of Lhe publc
symphysls. 1he body was lald on lLs
back (l.e. suplnely) ln a flexed
poslLlon aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe grave
cuL (30302) wlLh Lhe head orlenLed
Lo Lhe wesL (faclng norLheasL) and
Lhe feeL Lo Lhe wesL. 1he neck was
flexed and roLaLed Lo Lhe lefL as a
resulL of Lhe back of Lhe head
resLlng agalnsL Lhe wesL wall of Lhe
cuL. 1he rlghL shoulder was medlally
roLaLed and adducLed, whlle Lhe
elbow was loosely flexed wlLh Lhe
forearm pronaLed dlagonally across
th e abdomen and Lhe hand
pronaLed on Lop of Lhe posLerlor
proxlmal lefL femur. 1he lefL shoulder was also medlally roLaLed and adducLed wlLh Lhe elbow flexed
and Lhe forearm pronaLed across Lhe abdomen. 1he lefL hand was exLended and pronaLed across
Lhe mldshafL of Lhe rlghL Llbla. 8oLh lower llmbs were LlghLly flexed on Lop of Lhe body such LhaL Lhe
lefL knee was above Lhe manubrlum and beslde Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe skull. 1he rlghL knee was
dlrecLly above Lhe rlghL shoulder reglon. 1he rlghL fooL was dorslflexed and roLaLed laLerally, whlle
Figure 6.5. Scattered subadult bones within the burial fill of burial F.7127.
Photography: Scott Haddow
Figure 6.6. Overview of burial F.7127. Photography: Sco== Haddow
117
118

Lhe lefL fooL was planLarflexed and exLended wlLhouL roLaLlon. Carbonlzed braln Llssue was
recovered from wlLhln Lhe cranlal vaulL and Lhe bones ranged ln color from yellow orange Lo gray
brown as a resulL of heaL Lransference Lhrough Lhe plaLform durlng Lhe flre LhaL consumed 8.32.
1wo large red palnLed mollusc shells (30303.x6, x7) were placed beslde Lhe rlghL knee, Lhe lnLernal
shell surfaces conLalned a brownlsh organlc maLerlal. A small, flaL plece of meLalllc mlneral, roughly
20mm by 13mm and perforaLed aL one end, was recovered ln Lhe grave flll [usL below Lhe cranlum
of Sk (30314) and may have been worn as a pendanL around Lhe neck.

Cnce Lhe body of Sk (30314) was lald ln Lhe grave cuL, Lhe flrsL subadulL Lo be placed wlLh Lhe adulL
was Sk (30324). Sk (30324) ls LhaL of chlld aged 4 years / 1 year (based on denLal developmenL).
1he body appears Lo have been aL leasL parLlally decomposed when lL was placed ln Lhe grave, as
Lhe skeleLon was noL compleLely arLlculaLed. 1he axlal skeleLon and upper lefL llmb were lald above
Lhe adulL's lefL shoulder ln a loosely flexed, prone poslLlon wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL (faclng down).
1he upper rlghL llmb and Lhe bones of Lhe lefL os coxoe were ssing. he ower imbs were placed
uprlghL agalnsL Lhe wesL wall of Lhe grave cuL lmmedlaLely Lo Lhe rlghL of Lhe adulL's skull. no braln
Llssue was recovered from Lhe cranlum of Lhls Sk (30324).

1he nexL subadulL Lo be placed ln Lhe burlal was Sk (30313) a chlld aged 3 years / 1 year (based on
denLal developmenL). 1he body was placed on lLs rlghL slde on Lop of Lhe adulL Sk (30314) ln a
LlghLly flexed poslLlon wlLh Lhe head orlenLed Lo Lhe wesL (faclng easL) and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL. 1he
neck was LlghLly flexed agalnsL Lhe chesL. 1he occlplLal of Sk (30313) was ln dlrecL conLacL wlLh Lhe
rlghL Lemporal llne of Lhe fronLal bone of Sk (30314). 1he rlghL shoulder was adducLed underneaLh
Lhe body and Lhe elbow loosely flexed wlLh Lhe forearm pronaLed and hand exLended and pronaLed
beLween Lhe proxlmal femora. 1he lefL shoulder was adducLed and Lhe arm lay on Lop of Lhe Lhorax.
1he bones of Lhe forearm and hand were mlsslng alLhough Lhey may yeL be found among Lhe loose
bones found ln Lhe grave flll. 8oLh lower llmbs were LlghLly flexed wlLh Lhe knees ln close proxlmlLy
Lo Lhe mandlble. 8oLh feeL were planLarflexed wlLh no roLaLlon of Lhe ankles. As a resulL of Lhe flre
ln 8.32, Lhe bones of Sk (30313) were a deep orange color. Carbonlzed braln Llssue was recovered
from Lhe endocranlum. A relaLlvely well preserved clrcular wooden ob[ecL (30313.x1), posslbly a
bowl, was placed on Lop of Lhe cranlum of Lhls lndlvldual (llg. 6.6).

Sk (30311), a 6 month 3 monLhs old lnfanL (based on denLal developmenL) was placed dlrecLly
on Lop of Lhe body of Sk (30313) along Lhe norLhern wall of Lhe grave cuL. 1he body was placed
prone (sllghLly on lLs rlghL slde) ln a loosely flexed poslLlon wlLh Lhe head exLended and orlenLed Lo
Lhe wesL (face down) and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL. 1he rlghL shoulder was adducLed and roLaLed
medlally wlLh Lhe elbow LlghLly flexed and Lhe forearm suplnaLed underneaLh Lhe abdomen. 1he lefL
shoulder was adducLed and roLaLed laLerally wlLh Lhe elbow loosely flexed. 1he suplnaLed lefL
forearm was exLended Lowards Lhe lefL os coxoe. 1he preclse orlenLaLlon of boLh hands could noL be
deLermlned. 8oLh lower llmbs were loosely flexed wlLh Lhe knees exLendlng downwards lnLo Lhe
grave cuL. 1he preclse orlenLaLlon of Lhe feeL could noL be observed. ln Lerms of heaL alLeraLlon, Lhe
bones from Lhe upper half of Sk (30311) are orange brown ln color, whlle Lhe bones from Lhe lower
half of Lhe body are blackened and parLlally calclned. 1hls ls llkely due Lo Lhe proxlmlLy of Sk (30311)
Lo Lhe plaLform surface. ln addlLlon Lo carbonlzed braln Llssue recovered from Lhe endocranlum,
carbonlzed sofL Llssue was also recovered from Lhe abdomlnal reglon. A large amounL of well
preserved llnen LexLlle (30303.x9) was found lmmedlaLely below Sk (30311) and above Sk (30313),
118
119

along wlLh Lraces of cord, hlch may have been used Lo blnd Lhe lnfanL's body. 1wo green sLone
beads (30303.x2, x3), ldenLlcal Lo Lhose found wlLh Sk (30323) and ln Lhe same anaLomlcal locaLlon
(i.e., one on elLher slde of Lhe Lemporal reglon of Lhe cranlum), were also found, Lhese may have
been earrlngs.

Sk (30310) ls a 4 years / 1 year old chlld (based on denLal developmenL) whose parLlally compleLe
skeleLon was placed on Lop of Lhe adulL Sk (30314) [usL souLh of Sk (30313). 1he body was lald on lLs
rlghL slde wlLh Lhe head flexed and orlenLed Lo Lhe wesL (faclng easL). Cnly Lhe axlal skeleLon was
articulated, however, some of Lhe bones of Lhe upper and lower llmbs were dlspersed ln Lhe grave
flll above Lhe arLlculaLed skeleLon. A small amounL of carbonlzed braln Llssue was recovered from
Lhe endocranlum and Lhe bones of Lhls lndlvldual were a dark brown color as a resulL of heaL
alLeraLlon. Clven Lhe parLlally arLlculaLed sLaLe of Sk (30310), lL would appear LhaL Lhe body was ln
an advanced sLaLe of decomposlLlon when lL was lnLerred. 1races of LexLlle cord/bandages
(30310.x1) were found runnlng from Lhe Lop of Lhe cranlum Lo Lhe underslde of Lhe mandlble and
may have been used Lo blnd Lhe cranlum and mandlble LogeLher.

Sk (30312) ls an lsolaLed cranlum of a chlld, 4 years old / 1 year (based on denLal developmenL)
found ln Lhe norLheasL corner of Lhe grave cuL (30302) above Lhe lefL fooL of Lhe adulL Sk (30314).
1he cranlum was lylng on lLs lefL slde and faclng norLheasL. 1he bones were a blue brown color as a
resulL of heaL alLeraLlon. unllke Lhe oLher cranla recovered from burlal l.7127, Sk (30312) was
crushed flaL and shaLLered and Lhe slngle rooLed LeeLh were mlsslng posL morLem. 1hls suggesLs
LhaL Lhe cranlum was already skeleLonlzed when lL was lnLerred ln l.7127. WlLhouL sofL Llssue Lo
supporL lL, Lhe cranlal vaulL would have collapsed under Lhe welghL of Lhe overlylng grave flll.
uesplLe Lhls, a small amounL of carbonlzed braln Llssue was recovered from Lhe endocranlum. lL ls
posslble LhaL Lhls subadulL cranlum had been reLrleved from a prevlous prlmary lnLermenL before
belng redeposlLed wlLh Lhe adulL skeleLon as a sorL of grave lncluslon.

Sk (30313) ls Lhe parLlal cranlum and mandlble of a chlld, 3 years old / 1.3 years (based on denLal
developmenL) found ln Lhe flll above Lhe rlghL os coxoe of adulL Sk (30314) agalnsL Lhe souLh wall of
Lhe grave cuL. Cnly Lhe lefL slde of Lhe cranlum (parleLal, fronLal, maxllla) and mandlble were
recovered. Sk (30313) ls slmllar Lo Sk (30312) ln Lerms of coloraLlon (blue brown). e iginally
belleved LhaL Lhls lndlvldual, along wlLh Sk (30312), and oLher dlsarLlculaLed bones found ln Lhe
grave flll, may represenL prlmary dlsLurbed loose bones from earller burlals ln plaLform l.3394, buL
upon full exposure of l.7127, lL was clear LhaL no earller grave cuL or prlmary dlsLurbed burlals
existed.

Whlle aLLempLlng Lo assoclaLe Lhe loose, dlsarLlculaLed bones found ln Lhe grave flll of l.7127 wlLh
Lhe parLlally arLlculaLed subadulLs Sk (30310, 30312, 30313, 30324) lL became clear LhaL Lhere may
acLually be aL leasL Lwo addlLlonal subadulLs presenL ln burlal l.7127. 1hese are represenLed by Lwo
seLs of rlghL and lefL femora and several bones of Lhe upper llmb whose shafL lengLh measuremenLs
provlde age esLlmaLes whlch are aL leasL Lwo years younger Lhan any of Lhe parLlally arLlculaLed
skeleLons. More work ls requlred ln Lhe lab, buL lL does appear LhaL Lhe bones of aL leasL elghL
subadulLs were lnLerred wlLh Lhe adulL Sk (30314) and LhaL only Lwo of Lhese, Sk (30311, 30313),
were fully arLlculaLed (and perhaps only recenLly dead) when Lhey were lnLerred. 1he oLhers
119
120

appear Lo have dled much earller and had elLher been puL aslde (sLockplled) or reLrleved from
anoLher burlal or burlals before belng (re ) lnLerred wlLh Lhe adulL.

Finally, whlle cleanlng up Lhe norLh parL Lhe grave cuL (30302) boLLom afLer Lhe human remalns had
been removed, a compleLe marble braceleL() (30303.x8) was found close Lo a rodenL burrow. lL
was noL dlrecLly assoclaLed wlLh any parLlcular skeleLon, buL may have been moved from lLs orlglnal
locaLlon by rodenL acLlvlLy.
WQB8PB<X OOI @J6E9 ..R
!"#$% :5*$4"#; 7<>C>D

l.J642, 5k (19494), cot (19495), llll (19471)
8urlal l.3642 conLalned Lhe
arLlculaLed skeleLon of a neonaLe
burled wlLhln whaL appears Lo be a
folded reed maL. 1he neonaLe and
maL were block llfLed by Lhe
ConservaLlon 1eam ln 2012 and
micro excavaLed ln Lhe Puman
Remalns Lab ln 2013 (llg. 6.7). he
neonaLe was lylng flexed on lLs lefL
slde wlLh Lhe Lhoraclc reglon
parLlally prone. 1he preclse
orlenLaLlon of Lhe cranlum and
mandlble are unclear because Lhe
skull was crushed. 1he rlghL
shoulder ls abducLed and medlally
rotated, rlghL elbow flexed aL an
obLuse angle, rlghL forearm
pronaLed wlLh rlghL wrlsL and hand exLended and pronaLed. 1he lefL shoulder ls abducLed and
medlally roLaLed, lefL elbow ls loosely flexed, and Lhe lefL forearm ls suplnaLed wlLh Lhe lefL hand
suplnaLed near Lhe rlghL elbow. 8oLh hlps and knees are flexed, buL Lhe lefL knee ls LlghLly flexed,
whereas Lhe rlghL knee ls only sllghLly flexed and appears somewhaL dlsarLlculaLed. 1he neonaLe
appears Lo have been burled slLLlng up or leanlng agalnsL Lhe slde of Lhe maL/burlal cuL, buL
gradually slumped lnLo lLs currenL poslLlon as lL decomposed. AfLer more of Lhe maL and Lhe
skeleLon had been exposed, lL was declded LhaL Lhe bones and maL should be consolldaLed and
stored lo slto for dlsplay, reference and educaLlonal purposes.

l.71J0, 5k (2098J), cot (20987), llll (209J0)
l.7130 was flrsL recognlzed as a depresslon ln Lhe surface of Lhe norLh plaLform l.6062. lL conLalned
a cranlum and mandlble of a subadulL Sk (20983) LhaL was noL analyzed ln Lhe lab durlng Lhe 2013
season due Lo Llme consLralnLs. 1he bones of Lhls lndlvldual were an orange brown color as a resulL
of Lhe burnlng ln 8.77 and heavlly dlsLurbed by rodenL acLlvlLy. AddlLlonal lnfracranlal bones from an
lnfanL were also recovered from Lhe grave flll (20930) buL noL asslgned a skeleLon number.

Scott Haddow
Figure 6.7. Burial F.3642, a neonate (19494) within a reed basket. Photography:
120
121

l.71J6, 5k (J0545), cot (J0546), llll (20947)
l.7136 represenLs Lhe prlmary burlal of a hlghly fragmenLary and poorly preserved subadulL. 1he
fragmenLaLlon and poor preservaLlon were llkely a resulL of heavy dlsLurbance by anlmal burrowlng.
8ased on Lhe sLaLe of eplphyseal fuslon and Lhe sLage of denLal developmenL and erupLlon, Sk
(30343) was esLlmaLed Lo be 8 / 2 years of age and asslgned Lo Lhe 'child age caLegory. Sk (30343)
was burled ln a flexed poslLlon lylng on lLs rlghL slde ln a norLh souLh orlenLaLlon wlLh Lhe head Lo
Lhe souLh. 1he neck was flexed such LhaL Lhe lndlvldual was faclng norLh norLheasL. 1he cranlum of
Sk (30343) conLalned carbonlzed braln Llssue, and a yellowlsh organlc resldue was ldenLlfled near
Lhe pelvlc glrdle and sampled for fuLure analysls (30343.s1). l.7136 ls locaLed wlLhln l.6062, Lhe
norLh cenLral plaLform LhaL abuLs Lhe norLhernmosL wall of 8.77 (l.3034). l.6062 lles [usL Lo Lhe
wesL of l.6031, whlch ls Lhe norLheasL plaLform conLalnlng Lhe greaLesL number of burlals wlLhln
B.77.
!"#$%&*6$ :5*$4"#; 7<>C@E

l. J697, 5k (2068J, 20684), cot (20922), llll (20686)
l.3697 represenLs Lhe prlmary undlsLurbed burlal of a mlddle adulL female Sk (20683). 1he age
assessmenL of Lhls lndlvldual ls based on changes ln Lhe publc symphysls and aurlcular surface of Lhe
ilium, respecLlvely. k (20683) was lald on lLs back ln a flexed poslLlon wlLh Lhe head orlenLed Lo Lhe
wesL and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL (llg. 6.9). 1he head and neck were LlghLly flexed agalnsL Lhe upper
chesL such LhaL Lhe skull faced easL. 1he rlghL shoulder was medlally roLaLed and abducLed sllghLly,
whlle Lhe elbow was LlghLly flexed wlLh Lhe forearm pronaLed agalnsL Lhe Lhorax. 1he rlghL wrlsL was
flexed and roLaLed medlally wlLh Lhe hand pronaLed above Lhe upper chesL. 1he lefL shoulder was
Figure 6.8. Overview of burials excavated within pla;; orm F.6051 in 2013. Plan: ScoEE Haddow
121
122

medlally roLaLed and adducLed
wlLh Lhe elbow flexed and Lhe
forearm pronaLed across Lhe
Lhorax. 1he lefL hand was
exLended and pronaLed across Lhe
upper hesL. 1he rlghL hlp was
flexed and abducLed, wlLh Lhe
knee LlghLly flexed and Lhe fooL
planLarflexed and roLaLed
medlally. 1he lefL hlp was flexed
and adducLed, wlLh Lhe knee
flexed. 1he poslLlon of Lhe lefL fooL
was unclear. 1he bones of Sk
(20683) are an orange brown olor
as a resulL of Lhe flre LhaL
consumed 8.77. 1he lnLermenL of
Sk (20683) appears Lo have
dlsLurbed several earller burlals ln
plaLform l.6031 as numerous
semi arLlculaLed human bones
were found aL Lhe easLern and
souLhern marglns of Lhe grave cuL
(20922). As Lhe skeleLon was noL dlsLurbed, Sk (20683) may be one of Lhe lasL burlals ln plaLform
F.6051, alLhough Lhe Lop of Lhe grave cuL was noL clearly vlslble on Lhe plaLform surface. 1hus, an
alLernaLe lnLerpreLaLlon ls LhaL Sk (20683) was Lhe lasL ln an earller sequence of burlals before Lhe
plaLform was subsequenLly bullL up and more burlals were puL ln wlLhouL dlsLurblng lL. Powever,
none of Lhe skeleLal remalns found above Sk (20683) durlng Lhe 2011 season were undlsLurbed, and
lL ls llkely LhaL Lhese bones represenL prlmary dlsLurbed loose elemenLs LhaL were redeposlLed ln
Lhe upper grave flll of burlal l.3697.

Numerous beads of varlous maLerlal Lypes were found above Lhe body of Sk (20683) lncludlng
copper (20686.x10), sLone (20686.x3, 6, x8, x9, x14, x19, x20, x21), bone (20686.x1, x2, x3, x4, x13,
x16, x21, x26) and shell (20686.x12, x13, x17, x22, x23, x23). A small worked sLone (20686.x11) and
a presumed sLalacLlLe (20686.x7) were also recovered. Many small black beads were found near Lhe
cranlum of Sk (20683) and may have been parL of a necklace. 1he skeleLon (20683) resLed upon an
orange organlc maLerlal whlch may represenL decomposlLlon flulds from Lhe body LhaL have been
preserved as a resulL of Lhe burnlng ln 8.77.

Sk 0684) an lsolaLed cranlum belonglng Lo an adulL of lndeLermlnaLe sex. A more preclse age
esLlmaLe for Lhls lndlvldual could noL be provlded due Lo a lack of dlagnosLlc elemenLs. lL was found
ln Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe grave cuL (20922) beslde Lhe rlghL leg of Sk (20683). 1he cranlum was
lylng on lLs lefL slde faclng easL and was crushed flaL by Lhe welghL of Lhe grave flll, whlch lmplles
LhaL lL was already skeleLonlzed when lL was placed ln Lhe grave cuL. Sk (20684) may represenL a
prlmary dlsLurbed loose cranlum dlsplaced by Lhe lnLermenL of Sk (20683), buL Lhe lack of a
mandible, cervlcal verLebrae and anLerlor denLlLlon sLrongly suggesLs lL was a curaLed ob[ecL LhaL
Figure 6.9. Skeleton (20683) within burial F. 3697. Photography: ScoAA Haddow
122
123

was lnLenLlonally placed ln Lhe grave Lo accompany Lhe prlmary adulL female aL Lhe Llme of burial,
Lhus represenLlng a secondary deposlLlon.

l.71J2, 5k (19557), cot (J0540), llll (20688)
F.7132, a prlmary dlsLurbed subadulL burlal locaLed ln Lhe norLhernmosL area (see llg. 6.8) f
plaLform l.6031, was parLlally exposed durlng Lhe 2011 season buL lefL unexcavaLed due Lo Llme
consLralnLs. 1he burlal was fully exposed and excavaLed ln 2013. Cnly Lhe cephallc exLremlLy, upper
Lhoraclc verLebrae, clavlcles, rlghL humerus and rlghL rlbs were lefL lo slto. Sk (19337) ls LhaL of a
chlld 3 years old / 1 year (based on denLal developmenL). 1he body was placed on lLs rlghL slde
wlLh Lhe head orlenLed Lo Lhe wesL (faclng souLh). 1he orlenLaLlon of Lhe resL of Lhe skeleLon ls
lmposslble Lo deLermlne. lL appears LhaL l.7132 was dlsLurbed by Lhe laLer cuL (20922) r .3697
locaLed lmmedlaLely souLh of l.7132 and posslbly by Lhe cuL (30374) for l.7137 Lo Lhe wesL. 1hls
would make l.7132 one of Lhe earllesL burlals ln plaLform l.6031.

l.71JJ, 5k (20685), cot (J0541), llll (20989)
F.7133, locaLed ln Lhe souLhwesL corner of plaLform l.6031, ls a poorly preserved prlmary dlsLurbed
burlal conLalnlng a posslble male Sk (20683) (see Fig. 6.8). 8ased on Lhe eplphyseal fuslon sLaLe of
Lhe exLanL bones, Lhls lndlvldual ls an adulL, buL a more preclse age esLlmaLe cannoL be provlded
due Lo preservaLlon facLors and Lhe lncompleLe naLure of Lhe skeleLon. 1he body was flexed on lLs
lefL slde wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe souLh and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe norLh. 1he head was flexed agalnsL Lhe
upper chesL such LhaL Lhe skull faced norLhwesL. 1he rlghL shoulder was adducLed wlLhouL roLaLlon
and Lhe elbow was flexed aL 43 wlLh Lhe forearm pronaLed agalnsL Lhe Lhorax. 1he orlenLaLlon of
Lhe rlghL hand, as well as Lhe lefL upper llmb, could noL be deLermlned due Lo Lhe laLer
disturbance(s) Lo Lhe skeleLon. 8oLh lower llmbs were flexed Lowards Lhe body wlLh Lhe knees
flexed aL less Lhan 43 and Lhe rlghL fooL was planLarflexed wlLhouL roLaLlon of Lhe ankle. 1he
orlenLaLlon of Lhe lefL fooL could noL be deLermlned. Sk (20683) was LruncaLed ln Lhe reglon of Lhe
pelvls and proxlmal femora by Lhe grave cuL (20922) for burlal l.3697. PeaL Lransference Lhrough
Lhe plaLform durlng Lhe burnlng of 8.77 has glven Lhe cephallc exLremlLy a dark brown color, whlle
Lhe resL of Lhe skeleLon ls a llghLer orange brown olor.

1he cranlum of Sk (20683) was caked ln a Lhlck layer of red plgmenL, whlch was laLer ldenLlfled as
clnnabar (PgS) Lhrough px8l analysls. ln addlLlon, Lhls lndlvldual was burled wlLh a number of grave
goods lncludlng a cowrle shell bead braceleL (20683.x1) on Lhe rlghL wrlsL and Lwo boar's Lusk
pendants (20989.x1, x4) found above Lhe rlghL shoulder. An obsldlan polnL (20989.x2), and
addlLlonal beads of sLone (20989.x3, x3, x7) and shell (20989.x6) were also recovered from Lhe
grave flll. A well worn adulL Lhlrd maxlllary premolar was also found ln flll (20989).

l. 71J7, 5k (J0549), cot (J0574), llll (J0548)
l.7137 ls a dlsLurbed prlmary burlal of an adulL Sk (30349) locaLed under Lhe wesLern exLreme of
plaLform l.6031 (see llg. 6.8). k (30349) ls mlsslng Lhe cephallc exLremlLy, as well as Lhe rlghL upper
llmb elemenLs, only Lhe Lorso, lower llmbs, and lefL humerus were found lo slto. 1he body was
orlenLed wlLh Lhe feeL Lo Lhe norLh and Lhe head Lo Lhe souLh. 1he lefL forearm of Lhls lndlvldual was
noL locaLed, buL Lhe elemenLs of Lhe pecLoral glrdle and humerus were presenL on LhaL slde. 1hese
remains, Lhen, may be Lhose assoclaLed wlLh Lhe cranlum, mandlble, and cervlcal verLebrae 1 6 f
Sk (19300), wlLh carbonlsed braln Llssue wlLhln Lhe vaulL, whlch was removed ln 2011 by Lorl Pager.
123
124

Sk (30349) was burled prone wlLh Lhe lower llmbs flexed aL Lhe knees and hlps such LhaL Lhe feeL
were uppermosL and dlrecLly beneaLh Lhe plaLform, undercuLLlng lL. A second lefL fooL was found
largely arLlculaLed and presenLed Lhe planLar surface uppermosL, near Lhe rlghL knee of Sk (30349),
this, along wlLh a parLlal rlghL fooL found ln flll (30348) belongs Lo a second and llkely Lhe same
lndlvldual. arLlal and dlsLurbed remalns of a chlld also found ln flll 0548).

l.7J09, 5k (J017J), cot (oot osslqoeJ), llll (J0154)
l.7309 represenLs a neollLhlc burlal wlLhln plaLform l.6031 LhaL was ldenLlfled ln Lhe flnal days of
Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season. 1hls feaLure was noL excavaLed and wlll requlre aLLenLlon early ln Lhe
2014 season. no cuL number has yeL been asslgned Lo Lhls feaLure.
WQB8PB<X -,+

l.J691, 5k (20609), cot (Nooe), llll (20608)
l.3691 conslsLs of Lhe skeleLon of one subadulL lndlvldual (Sk 20609) and an arblLrary flll layer
(20608). o cuL was ldenLlfled durlng Lhe excavaLlon process, and lL ls posslble LhaL Lhls lndlvldual
was dellberaLely placed dlrecLly lnLo Lhe room flll (20481) as opposed Lo wlLhln a proper burlal
feaLure (l.e., one LhaL lncludes a burlal cuL). ulrecLly beneaLh l.3691 ls an ashy layer (20622)
conLalnlng a mlxed deposlL of faunal (bovlne horn core) and human remalns. l.3691 ls locaLed ln an
enLranceway or openlng beLween Sp.17 and Sp.18 and ln Lhls regard may represenL a Lhreshold
deposlL. 1he remalns of Sk (20609) were flrsL encounLered when sLralghLenlng a secLlon for l.3688,
and Lhls dlsLurbance precludes a deLalled dlscusslon of burlal poslLlon, alLhough Lhls lndlvldual
appears Lo have been lylng on lLs lefL slde wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL and faclng norLh. 8ased on
dental developmenL and erupLlon, Sk (20609) was esLlmaLed Lo have dled [usL around Lhe Llme of
blrLh (/ 2 monLhs) and asslgned Lo Lhe 'neonate age caLegory. Long bone measuremenLs of Lhe
clavlcle and humerus are conslsLenL wlLh an age ranglng from 40 weeks (prenaLal developmenL) Lo
one monLh (posLnaLal developmenL). 1herefore, Lhls lndlvldual dled very shorLly afLer blrLh and may
even represenL feLal remalns LhaL dld noL reach full Lerm.

l.71J4, 5k (20998), cot (20997), llll (20991)
l.7134 ls Lhe prlmary burlal of a parLlally compleLe and falrly well preserved subadulL (llg. 6.10).
uurlng excavaLlon, a small burlal cuL (20997) was recognlzed cuLLlng lnLo unlLs (20993) and (20937)
of l.3699 when a paLch of floor (20986) was removed by excavaLors. 1he burlal appears Lo have
been made durlng a remodelllng phase of a basln feaLure (l.3699), durlng whlch Lhe basln lLself was
made smaller. 1hls burlal could be lnLerpreLed as a foundaLlon burlal ln LhaL Lhe lndlvldual was
lnLerred prlor Lo Lhe compleLlon of Lhe ma[or remodelllng of Sp.17, and prlor Lo a new phase of use
for l.3699.

WlLhln Lhe cuL, a well preserved neonaLe lndlvldual Sk (20998) was placed ln an easL west
orlenLaLlon. 1he lndlvldual was parLlally recllned ln a seml suplne poslLlon wlLh cranlum, mandlble
and upper Lrunk resLlng agalnsL Lhe wesLern wall of Lhe cuL. LxcavaLors encounLered Lhe cranlum aL
a depLh of approxlmaLely 6cm below Lhe Lop of Lhe burlal cuL. 1he neck was flexed anLerlorly and
laLerally so LhaL Lhe slde of Lhe cranlum resLed on Lhe lefL shoulder faclng easL. 1he lndlvldual
appears Lo have been placed lnLo Lhe cuL ln a seml uprlghL seaLed poslLlon. 1he poslLlons of Lhe rlbs,
vertebrae, and skull lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe lndlvldual's Lrunk gradually slumped Lo Lhe lefL wlLhln Lhe
124
125

burlal cuL durlng decomposlLlon. 1he rlghL
arm lay exLended alongslde Lhe axlal
skeleton, wlLh forearm and hand pronaLed.
1he lefL forearm and hand, as well as all
bones lnferlor Lo Lhe mld Lhoraclc reglon, are
mlsslng as a resulL of anlmal burrowlng. A
dlsLal end fragmenL of an obsldlan blade
(20991.x1) was found ln Lhe burlal flll along
Lhe norLheasL edge of Lhe burlal cuL nexL Lo
Lhe skeleLon, and an anlmal phalanx was
observed ln Lhe Lop of Lhe burlal flll.

8ased on Lhe sLage of denLal developmenL
and erupLlon, Sk (20998) was esLlmaLed Lo
have dled [usL around Lhe Llme of blrLh (/ 2
monLhs) and asslgned Lo Lhe 'neonate age
caLegory. Long bone measuremenLs of Lhe
humerus, radlus, and ulna are conslsLenL wlLh
an age ranglng from 40 weeks (prenaLal
developmenL) Lo one monLh (posLnaLal
developmenL). 1hus, Sk (20998) dled very shorLly afLer blrLh and may even represenL feLal remalns
LhaL dld noL reach full Lerm.

l.71J8, 5k (J0589), cot (J0564), llll (20992)
l.7138 ls Lhe prlmary burlal of a nearly compleLe and falrly well preserved subadulL. 1hls burlal
feaLure was dlfflculL Lo recognlze aL flrsL, and lL was noL unLll laLe ln Lhe excavaLlon process LhaL Lhe
burlal cuL (30364) became clear ln Lhe bln walls of l.3698. 1he burlal ls cuL lnLo bln l.3698 and
parLlLlon wall l.3688, lmplylng LhaL Lhe acL of deposlLlon was assoclaLed wlLh laLe or perhaps flnal
use of Lhe feaLures. 8urlal flll was slmllar ln composlLlon and appearance Lo Lhe bulldlng lnflll, whlch
was a compound wlLh lncluslons of plasLer, clay, and phyLollLhs. 8ased upon sLraLlgraphy, flll
composition, and Lhe unusual poslLlon of Lhe skeleLon (descrlbed below), lL ls llkely LhaL Lhls was noL
a normaLlve, formal burlal, buL lnsLead represenLs Lhe deposlLlon of a dead neonaLe qulckly fllled
wlLh lnflll maLerlal.

Sk (30389) was lnlLlally encounLered as an apparenLly lsolaLed rlghL neonaLe humerus poslLloned
wlLh lLs long axls verLlcal, and lLs dlsLal end polnLlng superlorly. 1hls bone was llfLed before Lhe resL
of Lhe skeleLon was excavaLed and phoLographed, buL lL appears Lo have been arLlculaLed aL Lhe
shoulder [olnL wlLh Lhe arm abducLed and fully flexed prlor Lo removal by excavaLors. 1he resL of Lhe
nearly compleLe neonaLe skeleLon was Lhen exposed and phoLographed lo slto. 1he skeleLon was
lylng ln a flexed poslLlon ln a roughly easL wesL orlenLaLlon. 1he lefL arm and forearm were each
flexed approxlmaLely 90 aL Lhe shoulder and elbow [olnLs, respecLlvely. 1he lefL forearm was
suplnaLed. 8oLh lower llmbs were flexed aL an acuLe angle aL Lhe hlp. 1he rlghL knee was flexed an
acuLe angle as well, whlle Lhe lefL knee was flexed aL a larger, obLuse angle. 8oLh feeL were
dorslflexed aL Lhe ankle. lnlLlally, lL appeared LhaL Lhe cranlum and lefL slde of Lhe mandlble were
missing, leavlng only Lhe rlghL slde of Lhe mandlble ln arLlculaLlon wlLh Lhe resL of Lhe skeleLon. AfLer
Haddow
Figure 6.10. Burial F.7134, skeleton (20998). Photography: ScoDD
125
126

careful excavaLlon, however, lL became apparenL Lhe lndlvldual's upper back and lefL shoulder were
ln facL resLlng on Lop of and agalnsL Lhe cranlum. 1he cranlum was crushed and ln falrly poor
condition, buL Lhe neonaLe's Lrunk appears Lo have been lylng on Lop of Lhe lnferlor and posLerlor
aspecLs of Lhe cranlum. Such a poslLlon would only be posslble lf Lhe remalns were lnLerred head
flrsL" faclng easL, and Lhen Lhe body somehow fell backward unLll Lhe neck was elLher
hyperexLended or dlsarLlculaLed enLlrely, leavlng Lhe anLerlor aspecL of Lhe neonaLe's Lrunk faclng
wesL. lL ls evldenL LhaL Lhe deceased neonaLe was noL lnLerred ln Lhe same manner or wlLh Lhe same
apparenL care as Sk (20609) or Sk (20998) ln Sp.17.

8ased on Lhe sLage of denLal developmenL and erupLlon, Sk (30389) was esLlmaLed Lo have dled [usL
around Lhe Llme of blrLh (/ 2 monLhs) and asslgned Lo Lhe 'neonate age caLegory. ury bone
measuremenLs of Lhe maxlmum lengLh and maxlmum wldLh of Lhe basllar parL of Lhe occlplLal are
conslsLenL wlLh an age of less Lhan slx monLhs from blrLh.
WQB8PB<X --MI @J6E9 [O

5k (20682), llll (20627)
Sk (20682) ls represenLed by a dlsarLlculaLed
adolescenL cranlum of unknown sex. no cuL
for Lhls cranlum was vlslble. lL seems lnsLead
Lo have been Lossed (or placed) lnLo Lhe
roomfill (20627) of Sp.87. ln Lhls regard, lL
appears slmllar Lo oLher human skeleLal
remalns recovered from Sp.87 durlng Lhe
2012 season (see 2012 Archlve 8eporL for
more deLalls). 1he cranlum was found lylng
on lLs lefL slde and faclng norLh (llg. 6.11).
Unlike cranla recovered from prlmary burlal
contexts, Lhe cranlum of Sk (20682) was
crushed flaL. 1hls sLrongly suggesLs LhaL Lhe
cranlum was compleLely skeleLonlzed when
lL was deposlLed ln Lhe room flll of Sp.87.
WlLhouL braln mass Lo supporL Lhe
endocranium, Lhe cranlal vaulL would have
collapsed under Lhe welghL of Lhe overlylng
flll. ln addlLlon, mosL of Lhe slngle rooted
LeeLh have been losL posL morLem and were noL found ln Lhe surroundlng flll. 1hls lmplles LhaL Lhey
had fallen ouL afLer Lhe perlodonLal llgamenLs holdlng Lhe LeeLh ln place had decayed buL before Sk
(20682) was puL ln Lhe ground. 1hese observaLlon are lnLerpreLed as evldence LhaL Sk (20682) had
been kepL 'above ground' (curaLed) for some Llme and subsequenLly redeposlLed wlLh oLher human
and anlmal remalns ln Lhe room flll (20627) of Sp.87 as parL of Lhe 'closing of 8.114.
Figure 6.11. Cranium (20682) within room ll (20627)
126
127

South Area Neo||th|c bur|a|s
WQB8PB<X [,I @J6E9 -.SI 486=;:HK N?.MM+

l.7400, 5k (200J6), 5k (200J9), 5k (200J4), cot (20041), llll (200J0)
1he followlng burlals occur
wlLhln Lhe plaLform l.3442. A
[uvenlle cranlum Sk (20036)
wlLhouL a mandlble lay ln Lhe
norLhern parL of Lhe grave on lLs
rlghL slde orlenLed wlLh lLs apex
in norLhwesLerly dlrecLlon,
faclng souLhwesL. An arLlculaLed
rlghL upper llmb (humerus,
radlus and ulna) was found ln
Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe burlal
plL (l.e. aL some dlsLance from Sk
(20036)). 1he caplLulum had
formed and was recovered ln
anaLomlcal poslLlon.
Developmentally, Lhls llmb could
belong Lo Lhe mandlble nearby
and perhaps wlLh Lhe prevlously
menLloned cranlum Sk (20036)
aL Lhe norLhern margln of Lhe
plL. 1hese suggesL an age aL
deaLh of abouL 6 8 years. 1he remalns of an adulL rlghL fooL Sk (20039), and especially Lhe greaL Loe
of Lhe fooL, lay dlrecLly on Lop of Lhe cranlum of Sk (20034), a largely compleLe chlld of 6 8 years of
age aL deaLh. A plece of obsldlan lay nearby Lhls fooL. 1hls fooL llkely belongs Lo Lhe more souLherly
adulL rlghL hlp of Lhe Lwo adulL hlps ln Lhe easLern parL of Lhe grave LhaL remaln Lo be excavaLed.
1hese hlps are so sLrongly flexed LhaL Lhe femur lmplnges on Lhe aLLachmenL area for M. tectos
femotls, Lhls ls noL a physlcally naLural degree of flexlon. 1hls chlld, Sk (20034), lay on lLs lefL slde,
orlenLed ln a souLhwesL norLheasL dlrecLlon, head Lo Lhe souLhwesL, faclng norLheasL, wlLh Lhe head
flexed onLo Lhe Lorso. 1he rlghL upper llmb was flexed aL Lhe elbow and medlally roLaLed aL Lhe
shoulder. 1he rlghL forearm, rlsL and hand were ln a pronaLed poslLlon. 1he lefL upper llmb was
beneaLh Lhe Lorso and lylng on Lhe floor of Lhe grave, flexed aL Lhe elbow, wlLh Lhe forearm, wrlsL
and hand ln a suplnaLed poslLlon. 8oLh lower llmbs were flexed aL Lhe hlps and knees and adducted
Lowards Lhe mldllne of Lhe body. 8oLh feeL were sllghLly dorslflexed and boLh medlally roLaLed. ln
essence, Lhls was a feLal poslLlon. 8emalns of whaL appear Lo be an lnfanL were exposed ln Lhe
norLhern parL of Lhe plL, and Lhese remalns have yeL Lo be excavaLed. AL presenL, Lhe remalns of Lwo
addlLlonal adulLs represenLed by Lhelr rlghL hlps (one wlLh Lhe sacrum also appearlng ln laLeral
view), lower llmbs and pedal exLremlLles have been exposed ln Lhe norLhern parL of Lhe plL and
clearly exLend beyond Lhe currenL excavaLlon cuL. 1hey currenLly have no asslgned skeleLal
numbers. 1he more easLern of Lhese Lwo presenLs Lhe lefL fooL uppermosL, wlLh Lhe Loes of Lhls fooL
held ln hyperexLenslon and Lhe forefooL elemenLs ln a sLrongly flexed poslLlon wlLh respecL Lo Lhe
Figure 6.12. Burials within pla55orm F.3442
127
128

hlndfooL (as seen ln Chlnese fooL binding, for example, Lhough Lhls ls nC1 an lo vlvo example of
foot blndlng). 1hls appears Lo be a very unnaLural poslLlon (l.e. beyond whaL would be physlcally
posslble wlLhouL consLralnL of some Lype). 1he rlghL fooL lay lmmedlaLely beneaLh Lhe lefL and ln
conLacL wlLh lL, perhaps suggesLlng LhaL Lhey may have been bound LogeLher.

WQB8PB<X [L

l.J478, 5k (J0900), cot (19880), llll (19877)
l.3478 represenLs Lhe prlmary burlal of a
relaLlvely compleLe and well preserved
subadulL. 8ased on Lhe sLage of denLal
developmenL and erupLlon, Sk (30900) was
esLlmaLed Lo be 3 / 1 years of age and
asslgned Lo Lhe 'infant age caLegory. Sk
(30900) was burled ln a flexed poslLlon and
lylng on lLs lefL slde (llg. 6.13). 1hls
lndlvldual was orlenLed on an easL wesL axls
wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL and faclng
Loward Lhe norLheasL. AlLhough Lhe body
was placed on lLs lefL slde, the eft bia and
flbula were lylng on Lop of Lhe rlghL femur,
lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhe flexed lower llmbs were
crossed aL Lhe knee. 1he cranlum and
mandlble of Sk (30900) were locaLed
dlrecLly below a small cuL once LhoughL Lo be a reLrleval plL, buL whlch ls now lnLerpreLed as Lhe
burlal cuL (19880) for Lhls lndlvldual. 1hls small, bell shaped cuL appears Lo be sLraLlgraphlcally laLer
Lhan Lhe burlal cuL (19896) for l.3481 as well as Lhe largesL cuL (19891) assoclaLed wlLh l.3479.
Therefore, l.3478 ls lnLerpreLed as Lhe flnal burlal wlLhln Lhe norLheasL plaLform (l.3473) of 8.89.
1he dlsLance beLween l.3478 and l.3481, as well as Lhe small slze of boLh Lhe cuL (19880) and
skeleLon (30900), has precluded any dlsLurbance Lo Lhe burlal feaLure (l.3481) of Lhe chlld skeleLon
(19887) locaLed farLher souLh wlLhln Lhe plaLform (and see below).

l.J481, 5k (19887), cot (19896), llll (19897)
l.3481 ls Lhe prlmary burlal of a relaLlvely compleLe and well preserved subadulL. 8ased on Lhe sLaLe
of eplphyseal fuslon and Lhe sLage of denLal developmenL and erupLlon, Sk (19887) was esLlmaLed
Lo be 6 / 2 years of age and asslgned Lo Lhe 'child age caLegory. Sk (19887) was burled ln a flexed
poslLlon and lylng mosLly suplne, wlLh sllghL roLaLlon of Lhe body onLo lLs lefL slde. 1he body was
lnLerred ln an easL wesL orlenLaLlon wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL. 1he cranlum and mandlble were
flexed so LhaL Sk (19887) faces Loward Lhe easL, alLhough Lhe cranlum ls roLaLed Lo Lhe lefL so LhaL
Lhe face ls also ln a sllghLly prone poslLlon. A band of phyLollLh was presenL along Lhe rlghL slde of
Lhe cranlal and faclal elemenLs (fronLal and maxllla) and was sampled for furLher analysls (19887.s1).
AL Lhe Llme of lLs excavaLlon, l.3481 represenLed Lhe only known prlmary (undlsLurbed) burlal ln Lhe
norLheasL plaLform (l.3473) of 8.89 and was Lherefore LhoughL Lo be Lhe flnal burlal wlLhln Lhls
plaLform. Powever, as excavaLlon of Lhe plaLform proceeded farLher Lo Lhe norLh lL was deLermlned
Figure 6.13. Sk (30900) in burial F.3478.
128
129

LhaL l.3478 was sLraLlgraphlcally laLer Lhan l.3481, Lhus, alLhough l.3481 was undlsLurbed by any
oLher burlal cuLs, lL does noL represenL Lhe flnal lnLermenL wlLhln Lhe norLheasL plaLform (and see
above for furLher dlscusslon).

WQB8PB<X LR

l.700J, 5k (20810), cot (20811), llll (20809)
l.7003 represenLs Lhe prlmary burlal
of a relaLlvely compleLe buL poorly
preserved probable male adulL (llg.
6.14). Age aL deaLh was esLlmaLed
based on Lhe compleLlon of
eplphyseal fuslon and Lhe erupLlon
of Lhe permanenL Lhlrd molar, buL
Lhe poor preservaLlon of Lhe osso
coxoe prevenLs a more speclflc age
esLlmaLlon Lhan 'adult (20 years) aL
Lhls Llme. Sex was recorded as
probable male based on Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe cranlum and
mandlble. Sk (20810) was very LlghLly
flexed and lylng on lLs lefL slde wlLh
Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL and feeL Lo Lhe
easL. 1he cranlum and mandlble
were also LlghLly flexed, and Lhe face
was Loward Lhe norLheasL. 1hls lndlvldual was very LlghLly flL lnLo Lhe burlal cuL (20811), and boLh
Lhe cranlum and Loes were sLrongly flexed agalnsL Lhe sldes of Lhe cuL.

l.7008, 5k (20824), cot (20825), llll (2082J)
l.7008 ls Lhe prlmary burlal of a parLlally compleLe and poorly preserved adulL female. 1he Lop of
Lhe cranlum was parLly exposed ln Lhe 2012 fleld season. 1he resL of Lhe skeleLon was excavaLed
and llfLed Lhls season. 1he burlal lnflll was compacL and was parLly removed as flll unlL (20818)
because Lhe boundary beLween Lhls unlL and Lhe flll (20823) of l.7008 was noL vlslble ln Lhe upper
sLraLa. AddlLlonally, Lhe souLhern porLlon of Lhe acLual burlal was dlsLurbed Lo some exLenL by burlal
F.7001, whlch was on Lop of lL.

1hls was a neolithic burlal of a LlghLly flexed lndividual ylng on lLs rlghL slde wlLh head orlenLed wesL
and feeL orlenLed easL (llg. 6.15). 1he neck was flexed and roLaLed rlghL, leavlng Lhe skull faclng
souLh and somewhaL downward. Many small fragmenLs of some klnd of carbonlzed subsLance were
found wlLhln Lhe Lhoraclc reglon, and Lhe lnLerlor aspecL of Lhe rlghL rlbs had a dark, almosL burnL
appearance. A sample of Lhe carbonlzed maLerlal was Laken for furLher analysls. 8oLh lower llmbs
were LlghLly flexed aL Lhe hlp and knee, and dorslflexed and medlally roLaLed aL Lhe ankle. 1he
poslLlonlng of Lhe upper exLremlLles was more compllcaLed. 1he lefL shoulder was roLaLed medlally,
Figure 6.14. Burial F.7003 and skeleton (20810). Photography: ScoCC Haddow
129
130

adducLlng Lhe llmb across Lhe
mldllne of Lhe body. 1he lefL elbow
was flexed aL an acuLe angle, leavlng
Lhe lefL forearm suplnaLed and
descendlng almosL dlrecLly beneaLh
Lhe lefL arm. 1he lefL wrlsL and hand
were also suplnaLed and LlghLly
flexed. 1he lefL hand appears Lo be
cradllng Lhe rlghL elbow. 1he rlghL
shoulder was medlally roLaLed and
sllghLly adducLed, wlLh Lhe rlghL arm
passlng under Lhe rlb cage Loward
Lhe flexed legs aL an obllque angle.
1he rlghL elbow was sllghLly flexed
(ca. 140) and Lhe forearm, wrlsL
and hand were all suplnaLed. 1he
rlghL wrlsL and hand appear Lo have been exLended so LhaL Lhe bones of Lhe hand ulLlmaLely resLed
aLop Lhe lndlvldual's lefL os coxoe. 1hls lndlvldual's lower back seems Lo have been esLlng agalnst
an ob[ecL comprlsed of phyLollLh bearlng maLerlal, posslbly a reed maL. 1hls mlghL, however, belong
lnsLead Lo a burlal locaLed boLh physlcally and sLraLlgraphlcally beLween l.7007 and l.7008.

Age was esLlmaLed based on Lhe compleLlon of eplphyseal fuslon and Lhe erupLlon of Lhe
permanenL Lhlrd molars, buL Lhe poor preservaLlon of Lhe osso coxoe dld noL allow for a more
speclflc age esLlmaLlon Lhan 'adult (20 years) aL Lhls Llme. Sex was recorded as female based on
Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhe cranlum and mandlble. uurlng cleanlng and processlng of Sk (20824) ln Lhe
lab, lL was noLed LhaL mulLlple healed, depressed fracLures were presenL along Lhe saglLLal suLure of
Lhe cranlal vaulL. 1herefore, Lhls lndlvldual wlll be an lnLeresLlng addlLlon Lo Lhe ongolng analysls of
cranlal Lrauma (see above) when Lhls research conLlnues durlng Lhe 2014 fleld season.

Some loose subadulL long bones were uncovered under Lhe bones of Lhls lndlvldual's rlghL shoulder
and upper Lhoraclc reglon by Lhe lefL hand. lnltially, L was LhoughL LhaL Lhls mlghL represenL an
lnfanL cradled ln Lhe arms of Sk (20824). AfLer Lhe resL of Lhe lnfanL skeleLon falled Lo maLerlallze,
however, Lhese bones were relnLerpreLed as dlsarLlculaLed bones from Lhe burlal lnflll. Additionally,
some loose plasLer and a loose human lnclsor were found ln Lhe burlal flll under Lhe lndlvldual's
abdomlnal area. llnally, below Sk (20824), bones from an adulL were vlslble. 1hese bones are
presumed Lo belong Lo anoLher prlmary lnLermenL whlch wlll llkely be excavaLed ln 2014.

l.7010, 5k (208J0), cot (20828), llll (20827)
l.7010 represenLs Lhe secondary deposlLlon of an adulL cranlum (llg. 6.16). 1he lnLerpreLaLlon of a
secondary deposlLlon (raLher Lhan prlmary dlsLurbed) was reached based on Lhe sLraLlgraphlc
sequence of cuLs (l.e., 20833 ls earller Lhan 20828) and Lhe elemenLs presenL (l.e., cranlum only no
mandible, hyold, or cervlcal verLebrae were ln arLlculaLlon). AlLhough fragmenLary, Lhe cranlum of
Sk (20830) has reLalned a dlsLlncLlve, rounded vaulL shape, as opposed Lo belng flaLLened. 1hls may
lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe cranlum was deposlLed relaLlvely soon afLer deaLh, whlle some sofL Llssue was sLlll
presenL Lo preserve Lhe rounded shape (and see above for furLher dlscusslon). Age was esLlmated
Figure 6.15. Burial F.7008, with skeleton (20824). Photography: ScoDD Haddow
130
131

based on Lhe erupLlon of Lhe permanenL Lhlrd molars, and Sk (20830) was asslgned Lo Lhe 'adult
(20 years) age caLegory. 8ased on Lhe sexually dlmorphlc characLerlsLlcs of Lhe cranlum, Lhe sex of
Lhls lndlvldual was recorded as probable female.

l.7011, 5k (208J2), cot (208J5), llll (208J6)
l.7011 ls Lhe prlmary burlal of a
relaLlvely compleLe buL poorly
preserved adulL female. Age was
esLlmaLed based on Lhe aurlcular
surface phase of Lhe lllum, and Sk
(20832) was asslgned Lo Lhe 'older
adult caLegory. Sex was recorded
as female based on Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe cranlum,
mandible, and osso coxoe. 1hls
lndlvldual was lnLerred ln a LlghLly
flexed poslLlon and lylng on lLs
rlghL slde (see llg. 6.16). 1he
burlal orlenLaLlon was easL west,
wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL and Lhe
face Loward Lhe souLheasL. 1he
cranlum of Sk (20832) ls almosL ln
dlrecL conLacL wlLh Lhe cranlum of
Sk (20830), whlch represenLs a secondary deposlLlon LhaL was llkely dellberaLely placed ln
assoclaLlon wlLh Lhls lndlvldual.
1C (1eam oznan Connect|on) ost-Cha|co||th|c bur|a|s

l.J974, 5k (J0215), cot (20296), llll (20295)
l.3974 represenLs Lhe prlmary
undlsLurbed burlal of a mlddle
adulL female. Age was esLlmaLed
based on Lhe degeneraLlve
changes of Lhe publc symphysls
and aurlcular surface of Lhe lllum,
respecLlvely. 1he body was placed
on lLs rlghL slde ln an exLended
position, wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe
wesL and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL (llg.
6.17). 1he ead was exLended and
roLaLed Lo Lhe rlghL so LhaL Lhe
skull faced souLh. 1he lefL hand
was locaLed above Lhe lower
abdomen and Lhe rlghL upper llmb was abducLed from Lhe body and Lhe hand pronaLed on Lhe floor
of Lhe grave cuL. 1he lefL lower llmb was exLended and Lhe fooL planLarflexed. 1he rlghL hlp was
Haddow
Figure 6.16. Primary burial F.7011 with cranium (20830). Photography: ScoAA
Figure 6.17. Islamic burial F.3974, skeleton (30215). Photogrphy: ScoFF Haddow
131
132

abducLed and Lhe lower llmb was flexed 90 aL Lhe knee. 1he rlghL fooL was dorslflexed. 8ased on
Lhe orlenLaLlon of Lhe body Lhls burlal can confldenLly be asslgned Lo Lhe lslamlc perlod.

Cbserved paLhologlcal leslons lnclude osteocbooJtltls Jlssecoos on Lhe glenold fossae of boLh
scapulae as well as Lhe Lrochlear surfaces of boLh humerl, reacLlve bone formaLlon on Lhe lnferlor
anLerlor surface of Lhe sacrum and spondylolysls of Lhe 4
th
and
th
lumbar verLebrae neural arches.

l.J989, 5k (J02JJ), cot (oot osslqoeJ), llll (J02J6)
l.3989 ls a probable lslamlc perlod burlal exLendlng lnLo Lhe easL secLlon of 1C 1rench 2. Cnly Lhe
cranlum was recovered durlng Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season. As only Lhe cranlum was recovered, Lhe
age of Lhls lndlvldual could only be esLlmaLed as an adulL. WlLhouL Lhe dlagnosLlc bones of Lhe osso
coxoe, Lhe sex of Lhls lndlvldual could noL be accuraLely deLermlned. no cuL number was asslgned Lo
Lhls feaLure.

l.J994, 5k (J0251), cot (J0249), llll (J0250)
l.3994 ls a osL ChalcollLhlc adulL prlmary dlsLurbed burlal exLendlng lnLo Lhe wesL secLlon of 1C
1rench 2. 1he upper body of Sk (30231), from Lhe level of Lhe second lumbar verLebra, remalns ln
Lhe wesLern Lrench wall. 1he body ls orlenLed ln an exLended suplne poslLlon wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe
wesL and Lhe feeL Lo Lhe easL. 1he rlghL hand ls exLended and pronaLed beslde Lhe rlghL os coxoe
and Lhe lefL hand ls exLended and pronaLed above Lhe lower abdomen. 1he rlghL fooL ls
plantarflexed and roLaLed laLerally. 1he lefL fooL has been LruncaLed by a large clrcular plL. 8ased on
Lhe morphology of Lhe osso coxoe, Lhls lndlvldual appears Lo be a female. Clven Lhe exLended
suplne orlenLaLlon of Lhls skeleLon, Lhe burlal mlghL belong Lo Lhe 8oman/8yzanLlne perlod, buL
wlLhouL knowlng Lhe orlenLaLlon of Lhe skull we cannoL be cerLaln. lf Lhe skull ls roLaLed Lo Lhe rlghL
(faclng souLh) lL could also belong Lo Lhe early lslamlc perlod.

l.7179, 5k (J0775), cot (J0777), llll (J0776)
l.7179 represenLs Lhe prlmary burlal of a osL
ChalcollLhlc adulL male. Age was esLlmaLed ln
Lhls case based on Lhe erupLlon of Lhe
permanenL Lhlrd molars, buL a more speclflc
categorization could noL be made aL Lhls Llme
due Lo Lhe absence of Lhe osso coxoe. 1hus, Lhls
lndlvldual was asslgned Lo Lhe broad caLegory
of adult (l.e., 20 years of age). Analysls of Lhe
sexually dlmorphlc characLerlsLlcs of Lhe
cranlum and mandlble led Lo Lhe conclusion
LhaL Lhls lndlvldual was male. 1hls lndlvldual
was burled ln an exLended poslLlon and lylng
suplne. 1he burlal orlenLaLlon was easL west
wlLh Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL (llg. 6.18). 1he
cranlum and mandlble were roLaLed Lo Lhe
rlghL such LhaL Lhls lndlvldual was faclng
souLheasL. Clven Lhe exLended suplne poslLlon, lL ls llkely LhaL Lhls burlal daLes Lo Lhe
8oman/8yzanLlne perlod. Powever, Lhe face was orlenLed Loward Lhe souLheasL, so Lhe posslblllLy
Figure 6.18. Burial F.7179
132
133

LhaL Lhls ls an early lslamlc burlal cannoL be dlscounted, as early lslamlc burlals may represenL a
LranslLlonal perlod characLerlzed by suplne burlal raLher Lhan placemenL of Lhe body onLo Lhe rlghL
slde. l.7179 exLended lnLo Lhe easLernmosL wall of 1rench 3 such LhaL all skeleLal elemenLs lnferlor
Lo Lhe distal humerus remaln lo slto.

+:*-& ECEC

l.7450, 5k (J0414), cot (J0416), llll (J0415)
l.7430 ls Lhe prlmary lnLermenL of a osL ChalcollLhlc subadulL LruncaLed by Lhe MellaarL
excavaLlons of Lhe 1960s. 1hls 1960s dlsLurbance, along wlLh anlmal burrowlng, has resulted n Lhe
dlsplacemenL and fragmenLaLlon of many of Lhe skeleLal elemenLs, especlally Lhose of Lhe feeL,
ankles, and lower llmbs. uesplLe Lhese dlsLurbances, Lhe bones remaln ln falrly good condlLlon.
l.7430 exLends lnLo Lhe walls, l.7471 and l.7472, of whaL ls belleved Lo be 8.ll.3 as presenLed on
Mellaarts plan of Level ll, and elemenLs recovered malnly derlve from Lhe lower llmbs. Sk (30414)
was burled ln an exLended poslLlon and lylng suplne. 1he burlal ls orlenLed on an easL wesL axls wlLh
Lhe head Lo Lhe wesL. 8ased on Lhese characLerlsLlcs, lL ls llkely LhaL Lhls burlal daLes Lo Lhe
8oman/8yzanLlne perlod. Age was esLlmaLed based on Lhe sLaLe of eplphyseal fuslon, whlch
suggesLs Lhls lndlvldual Lo be roughly 12 16 years old aL deaLh, and therefore, an early 'adolescent.

l.7480, 5k (J042J), cot (oot osslqoeJ), llll (J0425)
l.7480 ls a osL ChalcollLhlc burlal ldenLlfled laLe ln Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season. 1he burlal was
heavlly dlsLurbed by Lhe MellaarL excavaLlons of Lhe 1960s and more recenLly by anlmal burrowlng,
as a resulL Lhe skull, much of Lhe Lhoraclc reglon, and Lhe lefL upper llmb are no longer presenL. 1hls
burlal was covered wlLh geoLexLlle and wlll requlre aLLenLlon early ln Lhe 2014 season. no cuL
number has yeL been asslgned Lo Lhls feaLure.
133
134

O? 36>= a:QI +,-.
Jennifer nes
1
, 8lchard Madgwlck, !acqul Mulvllle
1
, Kamllla awlowska
3
, Adrienne Powell
1
,
KaLheryn 1wlss
1,2
1
Cardlff unlverslLy,
2
SLony 8rook unlverslLy,
3
Adam Mlcklewlcz unlverslLy

Introduct|on
1he alms of Lhe conLlnulng Lranche of excavaLlons and sLudy seasons conLlnue Lo focus on obLalnlng
a comprehenslve serles of radlocarbon daLes and provldlng secure chronologlcal conLexLs for Lhe
Podder levels, llnklng Lhe SouLh and 1 excavaLed areas LogeLher vla Lhe 1eam oznan ConnecLlon
excavaLlon (1C), and exLendlng Lhe spaLlal and chronologlcal exLenL of Lhe slLe. 1hls ls belng
achleved by furLher explorlng Lhe earllesL acLlvlLy on Lhe LasL Mound ln Lhe SouLh area and by
exLendlng excavaLlons ln Lhe north.

1hls year Lhere are changes ln Lhe composlLlon of Lhe aLalhyuk faunal Leam reporL wlLh uavld
Orton, responslble for Lhe WesL Mound faunal remalns, now reporLlng ln Lhe WesL Mound secLlon
of Lhe archlve reporL.

1he revlew of Lhe research alms and ob[ecLlves of Lhe faunal analysls conLlnued wlLh exLenslve
dlscusslon and debaLe boLh wlLhln Lhe faunal Leam and across Lhe wlder pro[ecL Leam LhaL helped ln
Lhe developmenL of new research agendas and sLraLegles.

Cne dlrecL resulL of our 2012 revlew of Lhe research poLenLlal of maLerlal from earller excavaLlon
campalgns resulLed ln a 8rlLlsh Academy Small CranL award for a collaboraLlve pro[ecL wlLh Lhe
Puman 8emalns Leam Lo assess Lhe poLenLlal of unrecorded osLeologlcal maLerlal from Lhe konya
8asln alaeoenvlronmenL pro[ecL (kCAL). 1hls pro[ecL, All Mlxed up, alms Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe
lnLerLwlned naLure of human anlmal relaLlons ln Lhe earllesL phases of CaLalhyuk, as expressed ln
Lhe unlque seL of co mingled emalns found lylng exLernal Lo Lhe maln seLLlemenL. usually human
and anlmal remalns are dlsposed of separaLely, wlLh Lhe former belng sub[ecL Lo formal burlal on
slLe. As a resulL, Lhe locaLlon, early daLe, and relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe human and faunal
composlLlon of Lhe kCAL deposlL are all of lnLeresL. As a resulL a pro[ecL Lo fully record all Lhe
KCAL osLeologlcal maLerlal uslng one slngle recordlng mechanlsm Lo allow for full comparablllLy
beLween humans and anlmals was adopLed, wlLh a greaLer focus on Laphonomlc changes. (1he new
KCAL faunal daLa were noL recorded dlrecLly lnLo Lhe cenLrallzed onllne daLabase, Lhey wlll be
added lnLo lL ln fuLure.)

A second pro[ecL, funded by Cardlff unlverslLy, LargeLed unlLs for a plloL sLudy of prevlously
recorded maLerlal uslng mulLlvarlaLe sLaLlsLlcs Lo explore varlaLlon ln dleLary and deposlLlonal
pracLlce ln mldden unlLs. 1hls work focused on a small number of carefully LargeLed unlLs from
wlLhln and ad[acenL Lo Lhe 'hlsLory houses' (36, 63 and 44).

A lrd pro[ecL was underLaken ln collaboraLlon wlLh !ames 1aylor, who ls researchlng Lhe deLalled
LemporallLy of atalhyk, uslng lnLra slLe ClS Lo model dlachronlc developmenLs ln Lhelr spaLlal
conLexLs. launal daLa (prlmarlly denslLy daLa, Lhus far) are belng lnLegraLed wlLh oLher maLerlal
134
135

culLure aL Lhe slLe ln compuLerlzed vlsuallzaLlons of bulldlng consLrucLlon, use, modlflcaLlon,
abandonment, and desLrucLlon. 1he faunal Leam ls Lhus parLlclpaLlng ln Lhe 1aylor led atalhyk
1emporal Worklng Croup, whlch plans Lo presenL a synLheslzed bulldlng llfe hlsLory aL an
lnLernaLlonal conference ln 2014. launal lnLern Pannah Bowden led Lhe faunal push Lo acqulre
denslLy daLa for all unlLs assoclaLed wlLh Lhe chosen sLrucLure, welghlng all remalns from unlLs
contalnlng redeposlLed or nolse" fauna, whlch were deemed lnsufflclenLly faunally lnformaLlve for
full analysls (e.g., ashy rakeouLs from flres, consLrucLlon maLerlal).

AddlLlonal pro[ecLs lncluded flnallzlng recordlng of Lhe 199 caprlne asLragall dlscovered ln 2012 ln
Space 494 of Lhe 1C area (see 2012 Archlve 8eporL, launal 8eporL, unlLs 20233, 20276, 20277,
20278, 20279, 20280, and 20281), and composlLlon of a granL appllcaLlon (submlLLed AugusL, 2013)
Lo sLudy Lhe Llmlng and characLer of caLLle domesLlcaLlon aL Lhe slLe. 1he laLLer pro[ecL ls parL of a
faunal Leam push Lo learn more abouL Laxa oLher Lhan caprlnes aL Lhe slLe, and Lles ln wlLh a ro[ecL
wlde lnLeresL ln Lhe myrlad changes LhaL occur across mulLlple daLa seLs mldway Lhrough Lhe
occupation sequence.

Finally, as 2013 was an excavaLlon season, work was dlvlded beLween keeplng pace wlLh Lhe LasL
Mound excavaLlons ln Lhe SouLh, orLh and 1C areas and recordlng maLerlal from prevlous
excavaLlon seasons. 1he number and slze of prlorlLy unlLs creaLed by on golng excavaLlons resulLed
ln a focus on Lhls maLerlal Lo feedback Lo excavaLors and oLher analyLlcal Leams, only small
quanLlLles of oLher maLerlal from 2013 or from prevlous season was analysed.

ln summary Lhe alms for 2013 were
1. Lo provlde feedback on slLe prlorlLy unlLs
2. Lo lnlLlaLe recordlng of newly generaLed excavaLed maLerlal from Lhe LasL Mound
3. Lo conLlnue Lo record maLerlal excavaLed ln prevlous seasons
4. Lo provlde samples for radlocarbon daLlng (see below, also 8ayllss, Lhls reporL)
5. Lo analyse Lhe faunal (and human) osLeologlcal maLerlal from kOPAL.
6. Lo explore varlaLlon ln dleLary and deposlLlonal pracLlce ln mldden unlLs wlLhln and close Lo
Lhe hlsLory houses
7. Lo collecL bone welghL daLa for collaboraLlve maLerlal culLure denslLy analyses

kesu|ts
uurlng Lhe elghL week season Lhe faunal Leam recorded over 40,000 fragmenLs of bone. 1hls sum
comprlsed full recordlng of around 3,000 ISP), newly excavaLed speclmens (400 ulagnosLlc Zones
(uZ)) from Lhe LasL Mound, ln addlLlon Lo exLendlng and enhanclng Laphonomlc lndlces for [usL
under 23,000 fragmenLs from Lhe hlsLory houses. A furLher 20,193faunal fragmenLs from kOPAL
were also fully recorded.

Newly excavaLed maLerlal derlved from Lhe north, SouLh and 1C areas of Lhe slLe. 1he ma[orlLy of
maLerlal derlved from Lhe SouLh area, wlLh only sllghLly smaller quanLlLles from 1C and slgnlflcanLly
less from Lhe norLh area. Sampllng 8C daLlng was also underLaken for 1C.

135
136

5A9HAB9C 7] #H96 69
1he dlsLrlbuLlon of recorded maLerlal (boLh nlS and uZ) by area (where avallable) ls shown ln
Tables 7.1 and 7.2. WlLhln Lhe LasL Mound Lhe SouLh area produclng around 33, 1C 43 and Lhe
NorLh less Lhan 1. 1he kCAL pro[ecL produced an addlLlonal 20.193 fragmenL of bone.

Mound Area NIS D2
Last South 2604 151.7
Last North 14 3
Last TPC 2134 177.6
kopa|

20195 n/a
1ota| 24947 332.3
Table 7.1. Distribution of faunal material by area
Cf Lhe maLerlal asslgned Lo a Podder hase, Lhe LasL Mound 72 overall derlved from SouLh.C,
17 from SouLh.M wlLh 4 asslgned Lo SouLh.C and SouLh. (1able 7.2). All oLher levels conLrlbuLed
less Lhan 1 each. MaLerlal wlLh Lhe 1C excavaLlon 2013 ls as yeL unasslgned.

Area Leve| NIS D2
South H 7 2

L 9 8.5

M 301 5

N 74 3

O 1279 52.2

P 74 37

Q 6 3

R

T 11 5.5
Unassigned 841 37
TPC Unassigned 2134 210
Table 7.2. Distribution of faunal material by phase
@J9EB9>e@Bf9 67Q<P6<E9
MaLerlal wlLhln Lhe assemblage was asslgned Lo 42 dlfferenL ldenLlflcaLlon classes. Cverall Lhe
recorded assemblage was domlnaLed by caprlnes (Sheep and CoaL and Sheep slzed) for boLh Lhe
NlS and uZ quanLlflcaLlon wlLh a subsLanLlal proporLlon of bovlne specles (and CaLLle slze) (Lable
3). CLher noLable classes of maLerlal lnclude canlds (dogs and foxes), ln parLlcular derlved from a
number of dog burlals locaLed wlLhln 1C and cervlds (deer). A few bones of equlds (horses), sulds
(pigs), bear, medlum fellds, hare and hedgehog were also noLed, as well as snake, LurLle and frog. All
specles have been prevlously recorded, alLhough bear remalns are exLremely rare, wlLh only Lwo
oLher examples encounLered durlng prevlous seasons of excavaLlon.

136
137

1axon NIS D2
Ovis 182 87.2
Capra 12 8.7
Ovis/Capra 437 97.0
Ovis/Capra/Capreolus 1

Sheep size 1014 16.0
Bos taurus 5 3.0
Bos primigenius 7 3.0
Bos sp. 104 38.5
Cow size 410 1.5
Aurochs/bison size 4 1.5
Large bovid 1 0.5
Equus sp. 6 0.0
Large equid 1 1.0
Small medium equid 7 1.0
Sus scrofa 9 5.0
Cervus elaphus 73 0.5
Large cervid 5 1.0
Canis sp. 261 61.4
Vulpes sp. 2

Vulpes vulpes 1 2.0
Small canid 1

Medium carnivore 1

Medium felid 1

Ursus 1 0.0
Erinaceus europaeus 2 1.0
Lepus 6

Hare size 4

Rodent 2
Medium dog to wild
boar 4 1.5
Medium sheep to
medium cattle 1 1.0
Microfauna 3

Small bird 1

Medium bird 2

Large bird 4

Bird 27

Reptile 3

Snake 1

Turtle 1

Amphibian 3

Frog 1

Fish 6

Indeterminate 2135

4752 332.3
Table 7.3. NISP for each identification category
137
138

1he 2013 daLabase conLalns a LoLal of 232 measuremenL records and 179 denLal records (boLh
upper and lower LeeLh, 47 speclmens have ayne and/or CranL denLal wear daLa). 1he ma[orlLy of
Lhese daLa derlve from caprlds, and Lhe evldence avallable Lo examlne changes ln bovlne slze and
age sLrucLure over Lhe slLe hlsLory remalns exLremely llmlLed. lL ls lmperaLlve Lo gaLher more
meLrlcal and aglng daLa for Lhe rare specles Lo exLend analyses of Lhelr soclal and economlc roles.
luLure research wlll LargeL enhanclng Lhese daLaseLs.
ueLalled reporLs on Lhe LasL Mound SouLh and 1C Areas follow. (Cnly fourLeen speclmens were
recorded from Lhe norLh Area.)
South Area
1he largesL assemblage was recorded from Lhe SouLh. A LoLal of 147 unlLs were recorded. 1hese
derlved from 43 spaces wlLhln whlch were sevenLeen lndlvldual bulldlngs. As noLed above, Lhe
ma[orlLy of Lhe assemblage, boLh ln Lhls area and overall, came from SouLh. C (Lable 2).

8esulLs from Lhe SouLh area ln 2013 have been lncorporaLed wlLh Lhose from prevlous years Lo
compare Lhe relaLlve abundance of maln specles groups l.e. caprlne, bovlne, equld, cervld, and suld
(domesLlc and wlld bovlnes and caprlnes). 1he predomlnance of caprlnes LhroughouL Lhe hlsLory of
Lhe slLe conLlnues Lo be clearly seen ln lgure 1. 1here are a few phases where bovlne proportions
increase, ln parLlcular SouLh.C where bovlnes are nearly as common as caprlnes. Powever, Lhe
SouLh.C bovlne nlS (n1741) are lnflaLed by Lhe presence of heavlly fragmenLed horn cores ln
unlLs 18376 and 18361(423 horn core spllnLers ln unlL 18376, 243 fragmenLs ln unlL 18361). lf one
counLs each collecLlon of spllnLers as a slngle speclmen, Lhe bovlne proporLlons ln SouLh.C, whlle
Figure 7.1. Proportion of major species NISP in all phases. Levels H,J, L and N have NISPs under 300. Only securely assigned chronological
data are included.
138
139

sLlll relaLlvely hlgh, do noL sLand ouL as dramaLlcally. 1As noLed ln Lhe 2012 faunal reporL, Lhe oLher
Lwo levels wlLh relaLlvely hlgh proporLlons levels of caLLle have small sample slzes (P and !).

1he ma[orlLy of maLerlal asslgned Lo Lhe SouLh area derlves from spaces 370 (8ulldlng 96), 470 and
473 (1able 7.4).

1C
Analysls conLlnued on Lhe assemblages from Lhe lnflll deposlLs and Lhe clusLer of anlmal bones
(20233, 20233.x38, 20233.x43, .x44, .x46, .x47) found beLween Lhe walls of 8ulldlngs 110 and 111
ln Lhe 2012 season. ln LoLal, Lhe number of anlmal bones from Lhls conLexL has lncreased Lo 601.
MosL of Lhe resulLs from Lhls deposlL have been presenLed ln Lhe 2012 archlve reporL. 1he
identification of Lhe dlsLal end of Lhe femur (as derlved from a calf) was verlfled. AsLragall wlLh
modlfled surfaces were dlvlded ln 4 groups, accordlng Lo Lhe degree of wear and Lhe slde of
modification.

ln Lhe 2013 season, dog skeleLons (30260) (30239), bones ln Lhe sequence of Space 486 of 8ulldlng
110, and evaluaLed deer anLlers (30779.x1) were developed from Lhe 1C Area. Samples for
radlocarbon daLlng were selecLed and prlorlLy unlLs were assessed (30293) (30703) (30716), and Lhe
resL of Lhe maLerlal from Lhe 1C Area as was brlefly scanned.
@J6E9 S,[I J:>=_G9:8B=FBE P:X 7QHB68
A dog skeleLon (30260) was found ln Lhe n parL of Lrench 2. 1he almosL compleLe skeleLon was lylng
on lLs rlghL slde ln an anaLomlcal poslLlon lndlcaLlng lnLenLlonal burlal. 1he cranlum, mandibles,
atlas, Lhree cervlcal verLebrae, Lhree lumbar verLebrae, sacrum, lefL scapula, femurs, paLellae, Lwo
metatarsals, Lhree flrsL phalanges, and four Lhlrd phalanges were noL found. Axls, pelves, and caudal
verLebra were recovered ln (30239). Conslderlng Lhe eplphyseal fuslon, Lhe skeleLon comes from an
adulL. ln Lhe absence of maxlllae and mandlbles, more preclse deLermlnaLlon of Lhe age ls noL
posslble. 1he bones have good surface condlLlon, belng llghL brown ln colour wlLh Lhe presence of
salL concreLlons on Lhe surface, and Lhe sllghLly shlny surface. no cuL marks were found, a fracLure
wlLh dlslocaLlon ls vlslble on Lhe lefL humerus, and osLeomyellLls ls presenL on Lhe rlbs, phalanx, lefL
Table 7.4. NISP for Buildings by Hodder Phase. UA is material as yet unassigned to a Level.
139
140

radius, and ulna. ln addlLlon, a few Lhoraclc and lumbar verLebrae have paLhologlcal leslons. SkeleLal
elemenLs were generally found ln anaLomlcal order. 1he parLlcular dlsplacemenL of some elemenLs
(Lhe phalanges, meLacarpals, and meLaLarsals), and Lhe posL deposlLlonal fracLure of Lhe humerus ln
Lhe mlddle of Lhe shafL (wlLh one shlny edge, Lhough noL due Lo a modlflcaLlon) suggesL LhaL Lhe
skeleLon underwenL sllghL posL deposlLlonal movemenL.
WQB8PB<X --,
1hree unlLs (30216) (30221) (30241) were recorded ln Lhe sequence of Space 486, 8ulldlng 110. Cne
of Lhe flrsL unlLs ln Lhe sequence (aL Lhe Lop) was (30216). 1hls unlL could poLenLlally sub[ecL Lo
conLamlnaLlon by laLer maLerlal. 1he relaLlve proporLlons of sheep/goaL and of caLLle ln lL are noL
slmllar (caprlne a llLLle more frequenL), and Lhese predomlnaLe over oLher Laxa (namely fox, cervld,
and homo). 1he condlLlon of Lhe maLerlal ls sLrlklng ln Lerms of surface condlLlon (good) and
fragmenLaLlon (ln case of sheep/goaL, mosLly cyllnders, wlLh no slgns of blLlng aL Lhe ends, and wlLh
one end and shafL). Such preserved long bones suggesL LhaL processlng lnvolved bone marrow
exLracLlon buL excluded Lhe bone grease exLracLlon sLage. 1he presence of Lhe heads and feeL of
caprlnes demonsLraLes LhaL Lhe early sLages of buLchery occurred. Skull elemenLs, lncludlng Lhe
maxillae, are underrepresenLed, as maLchlng wlLh [aws lndlcaLes. 1hls leads Lo a hlgher MnI
(mlnlmum number of lndlvlduals) Lhan does counLlng posLcranlal elemenLs. Such a low degree of
processlng of anlmal bones ls remarkable for Lhe neollLhlc ln atalhyk, and ls more remlnlscenL of
Lhe posL NeollLhlc. ln addlLlon, caLLle asLragall wlLh modlflcaLlon of Lhe dorsal surface may
sLrengLhen Lhls, as so far only one such asLragalus (norLh Area, 8ulldlng 38, Space 227, 10203.l138)
has been descrlbed from the eollLhlc conLexL. Conversely, were Lhe conLexL Lo be Lhe neolithic,
Lhls would be unusual. MeasuremenLs of caLLle asLragall uslng Lhe log raLlo (LSl) meLhod fall ln Lhe
domesLlc range. 1he cuL marks on Lhe one of Lhe asLragall would be unusual lf consldered as
buLchery marks, as Lhey are noL mldway along Lhe bone buL on Lhe dlsLal arLlcular surface. 1hls unlL
has provlded a fluLe/whlsLle, among oLher worked ones. lL ls made of a caprlne femur wlLh Lwo
holes and evldence of buLchery marks.

1he unlL also conLalns an asLonlshlng quanLlLy of human bones wlLh good surface condlLlon, grey ln
colour, and wlLh sllghLly shlny surfaces. 1helr sLaLe of preservaLlon ls comparable Lo LhaL of bones
from CAL. Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhese bones do noL have Lhe orange dark brown paLlna observed
at OPAL.

Aslde from Lhe lssue of daLlng, Lhe assemblage ls homogeneous. ArLlculaLed pleces, Lhe presence of
dellcaLe lLems llke cosLal carLllage and hyolds, and Lhe presence of [uvenlle elemenLs lndlcaLe a lack
of posL depositional dlsLurbances. 1he assemblage was covered falrly qulckly (as shown by Lhe good
surface condlLlon of Lhe elemenLs) buL was also exposed for aL leasL some Llme (as seen from Lhe
few gnawlng marks and Lhe low percenLage of dlgesLed).

AlLhough Lhe unlL's xonomlc and anaLomlcal dlsLrlbuLlon ls conslsLenL wlLh a mldden, lL has much
more lnLegrlLy. 1he characLerlsLlcs of Lhe unlL are so conslsLenL LhaL lL looks Lo have come from a
slngle evenL. Pence, lL seems Lo be fresh posL consumpLlon ln orlgln, wlLh also some prlmary
buLchery parLs.

140
141

1he unlL below (30221) ls comparable Lo (30216), buL addlLlonally conLalns plg remalns (Mnl 2)
and an avlan long bonepresumably a femur wlLh paLhology ln Lhe [olnL. 1he mlnlmum number of
lndlvlduals ls 10 sheep/goaLs (lefL mandlbles) and 2 caLLle (lefL humerl). Sheep/ goaL verLebrae were
found ln arLlculaLlon, as were caLLle carpals. 1he nexL ln Lhe lnflll sequence ln Space 486 ls (30241),
whlch ls slmllar Lo (30216) and (30221). Among Lhe human bones, a calcaneus has red sLalnlng ln
rooL eLchlngs.
@J6E9 S-M
ln an lnflll layer of Space 314 ln 8ulldlng 121, a deer anLler was found (30779.x1). 1hls has noL yeL
been compleLely recorded, buL several characLerlsLlcs were already vlslble durlng exploraLlon. 1he
presence of flrsL, second, and mlddle Llnes, as well as of aL leasL Lwo Lermlnal polnLs, allows us Lo
speclfy LhaL Lhe anLler represenLs developmenLal sLage 10 or 12 polnLs of Lhe cervld anLler, and LhaL
lL comes from an adulL male. 1he anLler base ls noL preserved, so lL ls noL posslble Lo deLermlne
wheLher lL has been shed and collecLed or comes from hunLed lndlvldual. lL ls noLeworLhy LhaL Lhls
flnd ls one of Lhe besL preserved anLlers ln aLalhyuk. AnoLher example of deer anLlers from
prevlous years comes from, e.g., 8ullding 7.

ln addlLlon, slx seLs of arLlculaLed bones from dlfferenL conLexLs were prepared for radlocarbon
dating. uurlng Lhelr selecLlon, several unlLs (20134) (20133) (20232) (20283) (20293) (30203)
(30211) (30232) (30243) (30239) (30269) (30713) were scanned Lo quallLaLlvely and quanLlLaLlvely
evaluaLe Lhe maLerlal for Lhelr research value. lrom Lhe Laphonomlc polnL of vlew, conslderlng Lhe
homogenelLy of Lhe maLerlal, (30203), (30243), and (30239) worLh furLher sLudy. ln Lurn, (30713) ln
Space 308which lncludes parLs of a skeleLon from a dlsLurbed burlal of a dog LogeLher wlLh a cow
slze scapulawlll be able Lo, once fully recorded, provlde measuremenL daLa for Lhls Laxa,
regardless of Lhe facL LhaL lL has posL NeollLhlc daLlng.

Additionally, some fleld measuremenLs of x flnds were made ln dlfferenL spaces of Lhe norLh Area.
1hese lnclude a caLLle mandlble (30367.x3, Space 18, 8ulldlng 102), sheep horn cores lncorporaLed
lnLo a bench (.x1 6, no unlL number as noL yeL excavaLed ln Lhls season, buL [usL exposed, Space 94,
8ulldlng 32), caLLle horn cores (20963.x24 and 20963.x23, Space 311), a caLLle scapula (20988.x11,
Space 311), a caLLle Llbla and humerus, represenLlng Lhe mosL llkely foundaLlon deposlLs, whlch
have noL been excavaLed or llfLed Lhls season, and horse scapula, caLLle horn cores, and caLLle pelvls
(Space 312, 8ulldlng 119). 1hose LhaL have been consolldaLed and llfLed from Lhe ground are fully
recorded.

141
142

Area Year Building Space unlL number GID Element Taxon
TPC 2012 110 486 20232 20232.F1 sacrum Ovis/Capra

2013 110 486 30216 30216.F2 lumbar ertebra sheep size

30216.F3 lumbar ertebra sheep size


30216.F5 sacrum sheep size

2013 110 486 30245 30245.F1 metacarpal III+IV Ovis

2013 110 486 30269 30269.F1 lumbar ertebra sheep size


2013

508 30260 30260.F12 metacarpal I Canis

30260.F13 metacarpal II Canis

30260.F14 metacarpal III Canis

30260.F15 metacarpal IV Canis

30260.F16 metacarpal V Canis

2013 110 486 30716 30716.F1 axis Ovis
30716.F2 cervical vertebra Ovis
Table 7.5. TPC area, samples selected for radiocarbon dating.
kCAL Ana|yses Done |n 2013
1he ma[orlLy of human remalns from aLalhyuk are recovered from lnLramural formal burlals wlLh
faunal maLerlal recovered from floors, mlddens and lnflll layers. 1he human burlals comprlse small
groups of lndlvlduals selecLed for lnLernmenL and Lhls comblned wlLh Lhe low numbers recovered
suggesLs LhaL few people were burled on Lhe mound. ln1993 Lhe konya 8asln alaeoenvlronmenLs
excavaLed a Lrench exLernal Lo Lhe mound wlLh osLeologlcal maLerlal (c7000 6700cal 8C) LhaL
postdates Lhe lnlLlal mldden deposlLs on Lhe mound, buL predaLes Lhe flrsL bullL sLrucLures and
provldes Lhe only evldence for off slLe burlal (8oyer et ol. 2007). 1he remalns of several
dlsarLlculaLed adulL human lndlvlduals were co mlngled wlLh fragmenLed anlmal remalns (Molleson
et ol. 2007). lnlLlal assessmenL of Lhe human remalns lndlcaLed good preservaLlon and a lack of
compleLe lndlvlduals wlLh many, buL noL all, parLs of Lhe body presenL. Some of Lhe bones were
noLed Lo have dry fracLures lndlcaLlve of a secondary deposlL, Lhese comblned wlLh Lhe body parL
represenLaLlon conLrasL wlLh Lhe generally compleLe prlmary burlals encounLered wlLhln sLrucLures
on Lhe mound. lor anlmals lnlLlal analysls revealed an unusual predomlnance of wlld specles
(cattle, deer & wlld boar) wlLh enLlre carcasses presenL (8ussell and MarLln 2003).

Comlngled human & anlmal remalns are noL uncommon occurrences on archaeologlcal slLes, buL
Lhelr lnLerpreLaLlon can be flawed. ln mosL cases Lhey are analysed separaLely by dlfferenL
researchers worklng lndependenLly leadlng Lo lnLerpreLaLlons LhaL reflecL lmpresslons upon
dlscovery raLher Lhan derlvlng from deLalled assessmenL & comparlson of Lhe mlxed assemblages.
CfLen such deposlLs are lnLerpreLed Lo have resulLed from dlsLurbance, Lo represenL cannlballsm
(wlLh anlmals & humans sub[ecL Lo buLchery) or consldered Lo be resulL of funerary rlLes. 1o
dlsLlngulsh among Lhese posslblllLles researchers musL deflne Lhe processes LhaL led Lo whaL appear
Lo be superflclally slmllar conLexLs. lnLerpreLaLlon depends on parL represenLaLlon, fragmenLaLlon
analysis, bone breakage paLLerns & assessmenL of Laphonomlc effecLs (weaLherlng, anlmal gnawlng,
burning, & rooL acLlvlLy).

1hls pro[ecL alms Lo galn an ln depLh undersLandlng of Lhe formaLlon of Lhls deposlL by
supplemenLlng and enhanclng Lhe sLandard osLeoarchaeologlcal analyses by drawlng on recenL
142
143

research on Laphonomy, mldden formaLlon (Madgwlck eLc) and lnLegraLlve meLhods of recordlng
human & anlmal bone (CuLram & Cnusel 2004).

F&$%"8"5"G0
8oLh human and faunal maLerlal was fully recorded uslng common analyLlcal Lechnlques (zonaLlon
& preservaLlonal) and Lhe same recordlng meLhodology as ls generally employed for faunal remalns.
1hls was enhanced vla Lhe use of Lhe more deLalled CuLram & knusel (2004) zonaLlon meLhod and
Lhe recordlng of addlLlonal Laphonomlc evldence. Puman bone was recorded by Lhe human
osLeology Leam (knusel) wlLh faunal maLerlal recorded by Lhe faunal Leam (!ones). A sub sample of
maLerlal wlll be sub[ecL Lo supplemenLary Laphonomlc, hlsLologlcal & collagenlc analysls afLer
Madwlck & Mulvllle (2011, 2012), oon eL al. (2010). uaLa from kCAL wlll be compared Lo a sub
seL of maLerlal from pre & posL KCAL conLexLs. rellmlnary resulLs on specles abundance, body
parLs and Laphonomlc lndlcaLors are presenLed below.

Spec|es NIS ercentage of NIS
Ovicaprids 797 21.3
Capra 22 0.6
Ovis 7 0.2
Bos . 598 16.0
Human 184 4.9
Canls famlllarls 170 4.5
Sus 124 3.3
S M Lquld 63 1.7
Cervus elaphus 31 0.8
Vulpes sp. 3 0.1
Canls sp. 2 0.1
Large equld 2 0.1
Turtle 2 0.1
Microfauna 2 0.1
Bird 6 0.2
Amphibian 2 0.1
Pare slzed 19 0.5
Small canld 8 0.2
Medlum canld 7 0.2
Large canld 1 0.0
Medlum carnlvore 2 0.1
Small carnlvore 1 0.0
Large mammal 400 10.7
Medlum mammal 318 8.5
lndeLermlnaLe mammal 969 25.9
Table 7.6. Species NISP representation from KOPAL

143
144

H&6,5$6
1he enLlre kCAL assemblage was analysed wlLh Lhe resulL LhaL a LoLal of 20,193 bone fragments,
boLh human and anlmal, lS) were examlned. Cf Lhese 3,740 fragmenLs, or 19, were
ldenLlflable Lo specles, specles group or slze class. launal speclmens were presenL ln 119 unlLs ln
LoLal and Lhe largesL number of speclmens were found wlLhln 6010 lS 827), 2010 (nlS 244),
2412 lS 230). Puman remalns were presenL ln 37 unlLs, Lhe largesL number of ldenLlflable
speclmens were presenL ln unlL 6023 (nlS 26). CLher noLable unlLs conLalnlng elevaLed numbers of
ldenLlflable human speclmens were 6028 (nlS 13), 6010 (nlS 13) and 6040 (nlS 13).

1here was a usual concenLraLlon of Canld speclmens wlLhln unlL 6047 comprlslng predomlnanLly of
arLlculaLlng dlsLal llmb bones, some of whlch are arLlculaLed. lurLher arLlculaLlng Canld speclmens
(radlus and ulna) were presenL ln unlL 6023. 1hese examples represenL Lhe only ticulaLlng maLerlal
wlLhln Lhese kCAL depslLs, and poLenLlally lndlcaLe burlals or parLlal burlals.

5pecles AbooJooce
Cvl/caprlds remalns domlnaLe Lhe ldenLlflable speclmens nlS accounLlng for over 22 of Lhe LoLal
ldenLlflable specimens, 8os specles (lncludlng aurochs) represenL a furLher 16 wlLh human and dog
accounLlng for 3 (1able 7.6). CLher fauna represenLed lnclude Sus, Lquld and Cervlds presenL ln
smaller quanLlLles

A mlnlmum of 17 caprlnes, 14 bovlnes, 7 sulds and 3 were esent Lhln Lhe OPAL poslLs (1able
7.7).

Species MNI
Ovicaprid 17
Bovine 14
Sus 7
Human 5
Cervid 3
Equid 4
Canis 4
Table 7.7. Kopal MNI values
L|ement representat|on
8ody parL represenLaLlon was explored for Lhe ma[or specles presenL (ovlcaprlnes, bovlnes, humans
and sulds) uslng Lhe Mlnlmum number of LlemenLs calculaLed from zone daLa.

rellmlnary analsysls of a resLrlcLed sulLe of body parLs (head and llmbs) reveals LhaL mosL of Lhese
elemenLs were presenL. Lower llmb bones (e.g. meLapodla and Larsals) are less commonly
represenLed ln boLh Lhe human and Lhe faunal speclmens (llgure 7.2). 1he meLapodla are larger,
robusL bones ln Cvlcaprlnes and 8os and Lhelr absence may lndlcaLe removal prlor Lo deposlLlon.
1he absence of Lhe Larsals and Lhe smaller meLapodlal elemenLs ln Sus and Pomo, could resulL from
posL deposlLlonal dlsLurbances, whlch can cause smaller bones Lo be losL, for example relocaLlon of
middens. his lll be explored furLher by conducLlng deLalled Laphonomlc comparlsons of surface
texture, weaLherlng, fragmenL slze and posL deposlLlonal alLeraLlons boLh wlLhln unlLs and beLween
unlLs. PlsLologlcal analysls of faunal remalns from exporLed samples wlll enable a greaLer
undersLandlng of deposlLlonal hlsLory of faunal remalns.
144
145

1he ma[orlLy of bone wlLhln Lhe human or faunal
bone assemblages had noL been sub[ecL Lo dlrecL
heaL wlLh only around 3 of maLerlal affecLed
(Table 7.8). 1hls ls slmllar Lo Lhe Laphonomlc
slgnaLure of maLerlal from Lhe LasL and WesL
Mounds, where dlrecL heaLlng of bone ls noL a
commonly observed phenomenon wlLhln faunal
deposlLs. ln Lhe kCAL assemblage human
remalns are more commonly sub[ecL Lo hlgh
LemperaLures (calclned) wlLh faunal remalns
showlng more vidence of low LemperaLure
burning.

No gnawlng was observed on any of Lhe human
speclmens and only 1 of Lhe faunal speclmens
had been affecLed, by mlnlmal carnlvore and
rodenL gnawlng. 1hls lack of gnawlng lndlcaLes
LhaL bones were sub[ecLed Lo relaLlvely prompL
disposal, prevenLlng scavenglng anlmals from
accesslng Lhe carcasses. 8ooL eLchlng showed a
very dlfferenL paLLern wlLh hlghly conLrasLlng
values for human and anlmal bone, lL was
observed on 26 of Lhe human bone speclmens and on only 7 of Lhe ldenLlflable fragmenLs. 1hls ls
lndlcaLlve of dlfferences ln Lhe LreaLmenL of human and faunal remalns found wlLhln Lhe kOPAL
deposits.

of bone fragmenLs Fauna Humans
Unburnt 96.4 96.7
Calcined 0.8 2.6
Burnt 2.8 0.7
Table 7.8. Burning within the KOPAL human and animal bone remains
Analysls of bone fracLure paLLerns uslng Lhe lraLure lreshness lndex (lll) (CuLram 2001) also
revealed dlfferences beLween Lhe human and anlmal remalns. 1he lll demonsLraLed LhaL over 80
of Lhe anlmal bones exhlblLed dry fracLures (llgure 7.2) and suggesLs LhaL faunal remalns were
broken afLer a perlod of Llme had elapsed slnce deaLh, when bone collagen was no longer fresh.
1hese resulLs suggesL LhaL bone was noL hlghly processed (e.g. for marrow cracklng) and Lhe breaks
may be lndlcaLlve of Lhe re deposlLlon of dry bones, causlng anclenL fracLures Lo be observed. 1here
were fewer dry fracLures observed ln Lhe human bone speclmens. ln addlLlon Lhere ls a hlgher
proporLlon of compleLe elemenLs (flgure 3) whlch may lndlcaLe LhaL human remalns were sub[ecLed
Lo a lesser degree of posL deposlLlonal lnLerference.

revlous assessmenL of Lhe faunal remalns from Lhe kCAL area noLed LhaL caLLle domlnaLe Lhe
NlS (8ussell and MarLln 2003). 1he full analysls of Lhe kCAL maLerlal Lhls year demonsLraLed LhaL
ovlcaprld remalns were Lhe mosL numerous specles presenL, wlLh 8os belng Lhe nexL mosL
commonly represenLed specles. revlous analysls also hlghllghLed Lhe lmporLance of wlld specles
Figure 7.2. Element representation within KOPAL
145
146

wlLhln Lhe assemblage (e.g. 8os, Cervus, Lquld, and Sus) (8ussell and MarLln 2003), Lhls year Lhe
analysls conflrmed LhaL LhaL wlld specles are numerous wlLhln Lhe kCAl faunal deposlLs, however
fewer Cervus elaphus speclmens were observed Lhan prevlously noLed, and were exceeded ln
number by Sus and Lquld.

1he scarclLy of arLlculaLlng remalns ln Lhe maLerlal, comblned wlLh Lhe mlxed Laphonomlc hlsLory of
Lhe assemblage, and comlngllng of human and anlmal remalns lndlcaLes LhaL Lhese deposlLs may
noL necessarlly represenL prlmary refuse deposlLs, buL may lnsLead be lndlcaLlve of processes such
as mldden relocaLlon, or bulldlng clearance. lurLher fragmenLaLlon analysls comparlng nlS Lo MnI,
fragmenL slze, and Laphonomlc feaLures wlLhln lndlvldual unlLs and beLween unlLs wlll allow Lhls
concepL Lo be explored furLher.

ermlsslon Lo exLracL 33 faunal speclmens for hlsLologlcal analysls was granLed, whlch wlll be
lnvaluable ln explorlng Lhe deposlLlonal hlsLory of Lhe kCAL faunal remalns. lurLher analysls of Lhe
human and faunal daLaseLs from Lhe kCAL deposlLs Lhls year wlll ald wlLh undersLandlng Lhe
deposlLlon and posL deposlLlonal processes affecLlng Lhe bone assemblage ln Lhls area Lo further
explore human: anlmal relaLlons ln Lhese early phases of Lhe slLe.

||ot study on stat|st|ca| approaches to m|dden un|t var|at|on

A new lnlLlaLlve for Lhe 2013 season was Lhe commencemenL of a focused plloL sLudy explorlng
varlaLlon ln dleLary and deposlLlonal pracLlce beLween mldden unlLs. 1he problem of esLabllshlng
meanlngful varlaLlon beLween unlLs whlch can lead Lo lnLerpreLaLlons of soclal pracLlce has long
been recognlsed. 1he relaLlvely few ln slLu unlLs have conslderable poLenLlal Lo Lhls end, buL Lhe vasL
Figure 7.3. Fracture patterns within the KOPAL deposits
146
147

numbers of secondary deposlLs have proved far more problemaLlc, ofLen appearlng Lo exhlblL an
averaged slgnaLure, comprlslng mlxed remalns from a range of lndlsLlngulshable processes. 1hls
plloL sLudy wlll aLLempL a new approach Lo esLabllsh varlaLlon beLween seemlngly homogeneous
deposlLs by lncorporaLlng addlLlonal Laphonomlc lndlces and uslng a mulLlvarlaLe sLaLlsLlcal
approach Lo analysls LhaL ls lnfrequenLly used for archaeologlcal daLa.

1hree new Laphonomlc varlables were lncorporaLed ln analysls, as Lhey have proved useful ln
esLabllshlng varlaLlon ln deposlLlonal pracLlce beLween homogeneous conLexLs aL laLer prehlsLorlc
mlddens ln 8rlLaln (Madgwlck 2011). llrsLly, Lhe fracLure freshness lndex (CuLram 2001) ls a meLhod
for ecordlng fracLure paLLerns and ls useful for ldenLlfylng Lhe explolLaLlon of marrow and grease
(Lhrough fresher fracLures) and Lhe degree of posL depositional worklng LhaL a unlL has
undergone (Lhrough dry fracLures). Secondly, weaLherlng was recorded following ehrensmeyer
(1978) and ls lndlcaLlve of prolonged sub aerlal exposure, elLher prlor Lo deposlLlon or afLer
dlsLurbance. 1hls has much greaLer poLenLlal for reconsLrucLlng Laphonomlc Lra[ecLorles Lhan non
speclflc lndlces of preservaLlon. 1hlrdly, he Ser[eanLson (1996) zonaLlon meLhod of recordlng Lhe
elemenL parLs presenL and approxlmaLe percenLage compleLeness was also employed. 1hls meLhod
was lnsLlgaLed as parL of Lhe recordlng proLocol alLeraLlons LhaL commenced ln 2012 and ls
Lherefore now employed ln all recordlng. lor expedlency and analyLlcal flexlblllLy daLa was recorded
lnLo MS Lxcel, raLher Lhan uslng a modlfled verslon of Lhe maln daLabase.

ln order Lo maxlmlse Lhe chance of meanlngfully dlfferenLlaLlng deposlLs ln Lerms of Lhelr
composlLlon and Laphonomy, a small number of carefully LargeLed unlLs were lnlLlally re recorded
for Lhe sLudy. lnflll unlLs from Lhe 'hlsLory houses' (36, 63 and 44) and unlLs lmmedlaLely ouLslde of
them, poLenLlally relaLlng Lo Lhe dwelllngs, were selecLed. lnflll unlLs from oLher houses LhaL could
be compared Lo exLerlor unlLs, poLenLlally assoclaLed wlLh Lhose houses, were also LargeLed Lo
lncrease Lhe sample slze. lourLeen unlLs were re analysed ln Lhelr enLlreLy, buL only elghL of Lhese
comprised fficienL speclmens for sLaLlsLlcal analysls Lo be underLaken (1629, 1376, 1668, 1873,
11644, 16260, 17070, 17306). 1hls was Lhe case as luu's someLlmes lndlcaLed a large number of
speclmens were recorded, buL Lhls comprlsed a subsLanLlal proporLlon of fragmenLs LhaL are non
recordable followlng Lhe 2012 changes ln recordlng proLocol. A LoLal of 22,606 speclmens were
recorded for Lhe plloL sLudy, of whlch 2667 were ldenLlflable and 389 were long bone spllnLers (for
whlch all Laphonomlc daLa was recorded).

The xL sLage of Lhe plloL sLudy wlll be Lo underLake sLaLlsLlcal analysls of Lhe new daLaseL. luzzy
clusLerlng ls Lhe analyLlcal approach Lo be applled, a meLhod rarely employed for archaeologlcal
daLa (8axLer 2009). 1hls bullds upon aLLempLs Lo characLerlse unlLs Lhrough sLandard clusLer analysls
(?eomans 2003). 1hls research used a more llmlLed sulLe of varlables buL on a far larger number of
unlLs and represenLs an lmpresslve and novel approach Lo dlfferenLlaLlon. Powever, as lL esLabllshed
relaLlvely llLLle varlaLlon ln mosL lnsLances, a modlfled approach ls requlred. 1he problem wlLh
clusLer analysls ls LhaL lL asslgns all cases (ln Lhls case, unlLs) Lo a clusLer. ln mldden deposlLs, unlLs
may ofLen be poorly sulLed Lo membershlp of any clusLer buL raLher represenL an amalgamaLlon of
processes and deposlLs and Lherefore fuzzy clusLerlng represenLs a more flLLlng approach. luzzy
clusLerlng has Lhe capaclLy Lo more clearly esLabllsh Lhe sLrengLh of a case's membershlp Lo a
parLlcular clusLer, by lndlcaLlng Lhe percenLage probablllLy LhaL each case belongs Lo each clusLer.

147
148

lnlLlally CaLegorlcal rlnclpal ComponenLs Analysls (CA1CA) ls Lo be carrled ouL Lo provlde some
lndlcaLlon of Lhe approprlaLe number of clusLers and Lo ldenLlfy ouLlylng cases. 1hls ls a relatively
coarse Lool, lL does noL explaln all varlaLlon and ls mosL useful for seLLlng parameLers for Lhe nexL
sLage of analysls. All subsequenL sLaLlsLlcal analysls ls Lo be carrled ouL uslng 8 sLaLlsLlcal sofLware as
nelLher asL nor l8M SSS have Lhe capaclLy Lo underLake fuzzy clusLerlng. 1hls ls an exploraLory
Lechnlque LhaL has, Lo our knowledge, noL prevlously been used Lo analyse zooarchaeologlcal daLa
and Lherefore lLs success ls noL assured. 1he number of clusLers, Lhe number of varlables, Lhe
comblnaLlon of varlables employed and oLher sLaLlsLlcal parameLers (M value, clusLer funcLlon) wlll
have Lo be experlmenLally LesLed ln order Lo provlde Lhe mosL lnformaLlve resulLs. lL mlghL be
expecLed LhaL heavlly mlxed unlLs would provlde an averaged slgnature, lndlcaLlng a hlgh
percenLage probablllLy for membershlp of several groups. A unlL whlch has undergone llLLle
dlsLurbance and may come close Lo represenLlng a slngle evenL, would be expecLed Lo show a
clearer paLLern of membershlp of a slngle clusLer. 1he varlables whlch brlng ouL Lhese paLLerns wlll
demonsLraLe Lhe processes LhaL formed Lhe unlLs. lor example, lf LesLlng focuses on varlables
lndlcaLlve of degradaLlon and exposure, mlxed unlLs may show clear membershlp of a slngle clusLer,
as Lhey are unlLed by Lhelr degree of dlsLurbance. Powever, lf varlables surroundlng processlng and
elemenL represenLaLlon are employed ln Lhe model, Lhe same unlLs mlghL show more dlsparaLe
membershlp. As excepLlonally few unlLs are llkely Lo represenL a slngle evenL or process, lL ls hoped
LhaL fuzzy clusLerlng can Lease ouL more subLle varlaLlon ln deposlLlonal and dleLary pracLlce LhaL
Lhe more rlgld sLandard clusLer analysls could noL.

1hls lnlLlal phase of Lhe plloL sLudy, LesLlng only elghL unlLs, ls very small due Lo Lhe llmlLed Llme LhaL
could be lnvesLed ln fresh daLa collecLlon. Powever, lL ls a proof of concepL sLudy and lL was deemed
necessary Lo re record wlLh a broader sulLe of varlables ln order Lo maxlmlse Lhe poLenLlal for Lhe
approach Lo be successful. 1hls plloL sLudy ls cruclal for esLabllshlng whlch varlables are mosL
lnformaLlve and whlch are less useful for modelllng varlaLlon. Cnce Lhls has been esLabllshed, Lhe
sLudy can be exLended Lo a broader range of unlLs recorded on Lhe maln daLabase. lL may be LhaL
one or more of Lhe newly recorded Laphonomlc varlables are useful for dlscrlmlnaLlng unlLs. 1hls
creaLes a problem ln LhaL Lhe varlable has noL been recorded ln Lhe faunal daLabase and
consequenLly Lhe approach cannoL be employed ln Lhe same way for Lhe maln daLaseL. 1o
overcome Lhls, lL ls wlll be necessary Lo run exploraLory correlaLlon analysls Lo esLabllsh wheLher
oLher varlables LhaL are recorded ln Lhe maln daLabase show slgnlflcanL co occurrence wlLh Lhe
lmporLanL varlable. lf a slgnlflcanL correlaLlon ls ldenLlfled, Lhe co occurrlng varlable can be
subsLlLuLed ln fuzzy clusLerlng on Lhe maln daLabase. 1hls ls far from a perfecL scenarlo buL
represenLs Lhe besL approach Lo lncorporaLlng a meanlngful varlable ln analysls by proxy.

This study ls ln lLs early sLages and lL remalns Lo be en whether lL wlll ldentify anlngful varlation
ln pracLlces LhaL oLher modes of analysls have falled Lo do. lL ls a complex and convoluLed approach
and several of Lhe parameLers wlll need Lo be LesLed Lo opLlmlse lLs funcLlon. lf successful lL could be
employed beyond only faunal daLa and exploraLory LesLlng may be posslble uLlllslng wlde ranging
daLaseLs ln a slngle analysls.

148
149

8|b||ography
Baxter, M. !.
2009 Archaeologlcal daLa analysls and fuzzy clusLerlng. ArchaeomeLry 31: 10331054.

Behrensmeyer, K.
1978 1aphonomlc and ecologlcal lnformaLlon from bone weaLherlng. aleoblology 4: 130
162.
Boyer Merrlck ! & 8oberLs Cn
2007. The OPAL slLe and off slLe excavaLlons aL aLalhyuk 1996 2001 lo Hodder
I (ed.) LxcavaLlng aLalhyuk. SouLh, orLh and kCAL Area reporLs from Lhe 1993 99
seasons aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL volume 3, Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal
8esearch / 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology aL Ankara Monograph pp 553 572
Knsel, C.!. and CuLram, A.k.
2004 lragmenLaLlon: Lhe zonaLlon meLhod applled Lo fragmenLed human remalns from
archaeologlcal and forenslc conLexLs. LnvlronmenLal Archaeology: 1he !ournal of Puman
Palaeoecology (1): 5 97. (lS8n: 1 84217 097 x, lSSn: 1461 4103)
Madgwick, 8.
2011 lnvesLlgaLlng Lhe oLenLlal of PollsLlc 1aphonomlc Analysls ln Zooarchaeologlcal
8esearch. unpubllshed hu Lhesls. Cardlff unlverslLy.
Outram, A.k.
2001 A new approach Lo identifying bone marrow and grease exploiLaLlon: why Lhe
lndeLermlnaLe fragmenLs should noL be lgnored. !ournal of Archaeologlcal Sclence 28: 401
410.
Russell, . and MarLln, L.
2005 The atalhyk mammal remalns. ln lnhablLlng atalhyk: 8eporLs from Lhe 1995
1999 Seasons (ed. l. Podder). Cambrldge: Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal 8esearch
3398.
Serjeantson, u.
1996 1he anlmal bones. ln S. needham and 1. Spence(eds.) 8unnymede 8rldge 8esearch
Excavations, volume 2 8efuse and ulsposal aL Area 16 Last, 8unnymede. pp 194 223.
London: 8rlLlsh Museum ress.
Yeomans, L.
2005 ulscard and dlsposal aL aLalhyuk: an lnvesLlgaLlon Lhrough Lhe characLerlsaLlon of
faunal remalns. ln l. Podder (ed.) lnhablLlng aLalhyuk: reporLs from Lhe 1993 1999 seasons.
pp.573 383. Cambrldge: Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal 8esearch.

149
150

[? `9>= a:Q<P N6Q<68 6<P `:Hd9P W:<9 /9J:H=I +,-.
uavld CrLon
1
& Camllle lllouglne
2
1
Cambrldge unlverslLy,
2
unlverslLe de arls 1

Iauna| keport
(ConLrlbuLlon by uavld CrLon)
Cverv|ew
LlmlLed Llme was avallable for faunal analysls on Lhe WesL Mound 1rench 3 maLerlal durlng 2013,
buL analysls was almed aL fllllng some key gaps and aL preparlng Lhe ground for lnLenslve analysls
durlng Lhe 2013 and 2016 sLudy seasons. ln parLlcular, much Llme was puL lnLo selecLlng
radlocarbon samples and lnLo exLracLlng and reglsLerlng worked bone speclmens for sLudy by
Camllle lllouglne, who we are very happy Lo have on board as our new bone Lool speclallsL.
Nonetheless, more Lhan a Lhousand new speclmens were enLered lnLo Lhe daLabase, 400 of Lhem
identified, wlLh Lhe number of recorded ulagnosLlc Zones (uZ) rlslng by 213.
rlor Lo Lhe fleld season, conslderable efforL was also puL lnLo preparlng Lhe aLalhyuk daLaseL
boLh Lhe ongolng WesL Mound work and Lhe 1993 2008 LasL Mound daLa for onllne publlcaLlon as
parL of a wlder AnaLollan daLa poollng pro[ecL. More deLalls of Lhls are glven ln Lhe launal chapLer
of Lhls archlve reporL.

1axonom|c frequenc|es

Upto
2012 2013
1axon NIS D2 NIS D2
Cattle (mainly domestic) 103 40.5 24 13
Sheep/goat 1157 234.5 168 60.5
Sheep 1005 693 149 110.5
Goat 198 135.5 26 20
Pig (wild?) 8 0.5 2 0.5
Large equid 13 9 3 1
Small medium equid 39 23 10 7
Large cervid 26

8 0
Red deer 21 4.5 6 0
Fallow deer 4

1 0
Roe deer

2 1
Dog (domestic) 24 8.000000015 1 0
Dog/wolf 3 2 0 0
Fox 2 2.200000003 1 0.199999997
Wildcat 1 1 0 0
Badger

1 0
Small mustelid

1 2
Small carnivore 2 1 0 0
Hare 1 0.200000003 0 0
Bird 33 3
TOTAL 2640 1154.9 406 215.7
Table 8.1. The taxonomic distribution of specimens identified in 2013, by NISP and DZ, along with the figures for Trench 5 units
studied in previous years.
150
151

Contexts stud|ed
revlous work on Lhe WesL Mound 1rench 3 anlmal bones has concenLraLed on 8.106, 8.98,
parLlcularly spaces 340 and 449, and Lo some exLenL 8.103. Work ln Lhe 2013 season focused on
Lhree dlfferenL areas:

5poce J4J/46J (8ollJloq 107)
1wo flll unlLs (16993, 16988) were sLudled from Lhls area. 1hese are lmmedlaLely overlylng arblLrary
layers from Lhe SW corner of Lhe space and should probably be consldered a slngle sLraLlgraphlc
context, alLhough Lhere are some mlnor dlfferences ln Lerms of faunal composlLlon and Laphonomy.
8oLh unlLs are rlch and very heLerogeneous ln Lerms of fragmenLaLlon and surface condlLlon,
suggesLlng a varleLy of Laphonomlc hlsLorles. 1hey can perhaps besL be characLerlsed as mldden,
Lhough overall condlLlon ls conslderably beLLer Lhan ln Lhe classlc LasL Mound mlddens. 8oLh unlLs
lnclude an appreclable fracLlon of very fresh maLerlal, marked ouL by lo slto arLlculaLlons and ln Lhe
case of (16993) by Lhe survlval of several perlnaLal (l.e. unfused cenLrally) sheep slzed verLebrae.
1he mosL sLrlklng feaLure of Lhe Lwo unlLs, however, ls Lhe evldence for bone worklng. 1he lower
unlL (16988) lncludes seven caprlne scapulae whlch have all been worked ln Lhe same way,
removlng much of Lhe blade buL reLalnlng Lhe posLerlor edge and Lhe glenold process ln order Lo
make some klnd of scraplng Lool. Cf anoLher seven more or less lnLacL caprlne scapulae ln Lhe
overlylng (16993) only one has been worked ln Lhls way, buL Lhe oLhers should probably be seen ln
Lerms of bone worklng raw maLerlal, rLlcularly glven Lhe caches prevlously noLed from 8.98. 1here
ls also a spaLula formed on a caLLle scapula blade (16988) and a uLlllsed plece of plg scapula (16993).
CLher evldence for bone/horn worklng ls concenLraLed ln Lhe lower unlL: aparL from some worked
and uLlllsed pleces of long bone Lhere are several apparenL anLler blanks maLchlng Lhose noLed from
8.98 and a large number of horn cores ln Lhe unlL . unforLunaLely boLh Lhe anLler and Lhe horn core
suffered exLenslve excavaLlon damage, buL aL leasL slx of Lhe laLLer were presenL based on Llps and
seem llkely Lo be relaLed Lo horn worklng glven Lhe oLher flnds ln Lhe unlL.

5poce J41 (8ollJloq 98)
1he basalmosL unlL (16980) from Lhls space was sLudled lasL year, and Lwo lmmedlaLely overlylng flll
layers were analysed ln 2013 (16972, 16973). ln Lerms of rlchness and Laphonomy, Lhese unlLs fall
somewhere beLween Lhe very fresh deposlLs seen ln Spp.449, 430 and Lhe much more scrappy,
reworked maLerlal from Sp.340. 1he upper of Lhe Lwo unlLs (16972) ls unremarkable ln Lerms of
composlLlon: almosL excluslvely sheep and goaL, wlLh an even anaLomlcal represenLaLlon. Whlle Lhe
underlylng (16973) also has Lhe Lyplcal WesL Mound domlnance of sheep and goaLs (aL 93), lL has
a sLrlklng preponderance of fooL bones, lncludlng 22 phalanges from aL leasL flve lndlvlduals based
on specles, age, and slze. Carpals, Larsals, and meLapodla are also well represented, whlle oLher
elemenLs are qulLe scarce. unlL (16973) also feaLures several cases of unfused eplphyses present lo
slto, lndlcaLlng llmlLed posL deposiLlonal dlsLurbance, Lhough Lhere were surprisingly no
unequlvocal arLlculaLlons beLween Lhe varlous phalanges.

5poce 449 (beoeotb floot of 8.98)
1owards Lhe end of Lhe 2012 season a small LesL sondage was dug Lhrough Lhe floor of 8.98 (16977)
ln Lhe souLh parL of Sp.449. 1he small amounL of faunal maLerlal from Lhls sondage was sLudled ln
2013 wlLh a vlew Lo ldenLlfylng posslble
14
C samples, buL may noneLheless help Lo lnform Lhe
151
152

sLraLlgraphy. 1hree unlLs conLalned anlmal bones. llrsLly, a clusLer of clay balls (18369) lmmedlaLely
beneaLh floor (16977) conLalned [usL flve small fragmenLs LhaL look llke background nolse. 8eneaLh
Lhls clusLer was a second floor (18376) LhaL acLually lay lmmedlaLely beneaLh (16977) ln mosL of Lhe
bulldlng. 1he excavaLlon of parL of Lhls floor ln Lhe 2012 sondage produced 11 bone fragmenLs
which, whlle falrly fragmenLary, seem Loo large genulnely Lo be parL of Lhe floor and probably elLher
represenL remalns lmmedlaLely on Lhe surface or more ikely derlve from Lhe underlylng flll. 1he
excavaLed porLlon of Lhls flll (18377) produced 33 speclmens, agaln domlnaLed by small, reworked
looklng pleces, buL wlLh a few fresher looklng speclmens lncludlng a human meLaLarsal and Lwo
cattle LeeLh.

kad|ocarbon samp||ng
1he currenL radlocarbon pro[ecL for 1renches 3 and 7 allowed for 13 samples, of whlch 13 were
submlLLed followlng Lhe 2012 season. Slnce Lwo of Lhese falled, and are Lhus charged aL half prlce,
Lhe Leam currenLly has credlL for Lhree more samples ln LoLal. lL was declded Lo LargeL Lhese aL 8.98,
sLarLlng by exporLlng Lwo samples of arLlculaLed bone from lmmedlaLely on floor (16977), excavaLed
durlng 2012 ln unlLs (16980, 16981). ln order Lo brackeL Lhe consLrucLlon of 8.98, Lhe Leam also
soughL a good sample from beneaLh Lhe floor durlng lLs excavaLlon Lowards Lhe end of Lhe 2013
season, and Lhls was evenLually found and exporLed ln Lhe form of a phalanx (wlLh unfused
eplphysls presenL lo slto) om (31227) a flll unlL whlch lles beneaLh Lhe make up layer for 8.98
and above Lhe floor of Lhe precedlng bulldlng (31218).

ln preparaLlon for a planned exLenslon of Lhe daLlng pro[ecL, 10 more arLlculaLed samples were
exporLed from varlous key conLexLs ln 1rench 3, assoclaLed wlLh earller bulldlng phases Lhan Lhose
daLed so far and/or wlLh bulldlngs LhaL have yeL Lo be daLed. ln addlLlon, a new seL of seven samples
was exporLed from Lhe 1rench 7 sequence Lhls Llme excluslvely arLlculaLed bones.
Worked 8ones
(ConLrlbuLlon by Camllle lllouglne)

1hls ls a prellmlnary reporL on Lhe WesL Mound Worked bones collecLlon from 1rench 3. uurlng
AugusL 2013, l examlned 310 worked bones from 1rench 3, all found beLween 2009 and 2013 on Lhe
WesL Mound. 1hey come from 8.98, 8.103, 8.106 and 8.107.

A porLlon of Lhe bone arLefacLs was ldenLlfled ln Lhe fleld, oLhers were recognlsed durlng faunal
analysls and some worked bones were exLracLed from prevlous seasons faunal craLes for Lhe sLudy.
1hese requlred some laboraLory Llme as Lhey were noL reglsLered as worked bones and had never
been sLudled before. 1hls flrsL sLudy was meanL Lo enable a beLLer ldea of Lhe collecLlon and of Lhe
posslblllLles lL glves us ln Lerms of Lechnologlcal, funcLlonal and soclal analysls.
rlorlLy has been glven Lhls year Lo Lypologlcal lssues as pology ls Lhe key Lo Lruly masLer an
unknown archaeologlcal collecLlon and Lhe flrsL sLage of any collecLlon sLudy.

1ypologlcal analysls of Lhe worked bones has already been underLaken for Lhe arLefacLs found ln Lhe
North, SouLh and kCAL areas (nerissa ussell, 2003 , !aneL CrlfflLLs, 2011).
lor Lhls prellmlnary reporL l chose Lo presenL Lhe maln Lypes, raw maLerlals, morphology of Lhe
acLlve parL, and anaLomlcal elemenLs.
152
153

W:<9 =::8>
o|nted bone too|s
1hls ls by far Lhe mosL common bone Lool Lype ln 1rench 3 of Lhe WesL Mound (1/3 of Lhe
collecLlon). 1hls group lncludes any bone Lool wlLh a sharp polnL. ln Lhe 1rench 3 assemblage we can
flnd polnLed bone Lools on meLapodla, ulnae, rlbs, scapulae or on un deLermlned long bones. Cn
metapodia, Lhe bone ls longlLudlnally spllL and polnLed aL Lhe dlsLal exLremlLy. copto or Ovls
meLapodla were used Lo creaLe very Lhln polnLs. Cne of Lhese, 13180.x6, whlch was found ln 2010,
presenLs a carved head of an anlmal, posslbly a goaL (see llg. 8.1).

lor ulnae, Lhe bone ls sharpened aL Lhe dlsLal exLremlLy of Lhe Lool. Cnly Lhree polnLs on ulnae were
found ln Lhe collecLlon l examlned Lhls summer (eg 16997.x3, 13333.f39). 1he olecranon process of
Lhe bone ls sLlll presenL on Lhese Lools.

CuL of Lhe 310 worked bones, Lwo were polnLed Lools from large rlbs (posslbly 8os or quids):
13340.f23 and 18328.f36. Pere agaln, bone has been sharpened aL one exLremlLy.

Cn medlum slze rlbs, we can dlsLlngulsh beLween sharpened perforaLed Lools and sharpened
unperforaLed Lools. ln boLh cases, Lhe rlb ls longlLudlnally spllL and polnted aL one exLremlLy. 1hls
Lype of Lool ls noL so common ln Lhe examlned collecLlon (elghL pleces so far). Cf Lhose, our are
perforaLed Lools: 15174.f34 31189.x17 34 16964.x1 18302.x4.

Figure 8.1. Pointed bone tool with carved animal
head, 15180.x6. Photography: Jason Quinlan.
Figure 8.2. Cylindrical sticks extracted from long
bones and sharped at both extremities: (left to
right) 16981.x3, 16981.x4, 18351.x43, 16981.x5,
16992.f39. Photography: Camille Piliougine
153
154

ln addlLlon, Lwo scapulae fall lnLo Lhls caLegory of Lool. 1he eplphysls of Lhe bone has been removed
and Lhe dlsLal exLremlLy polnLed. arL of Lhe subscupularls fossa has been removed and presenLs
lrregular edges.

Finally, elghL cyllndrlcal sharpened Lubes can be noLlced ln Lhe collecLlon (see llg. 8.2). 1hey have
been exLracLed from long bones (sheep slze) and sharpened aL boLh exLremlLles (Lwo acLlve parLs).
As Lhese sLlcks have been exLracLed from long bones apparenLly by double groovlng, lLs lmposslble
Lo deLermlne preclsely Lhe bone used or Lhe Laxon.

8eve|ed bone too|s
8eveled bone Lools are Lhose wlLh a bevelled acLlve parL. 1he bevel can be acuLe or obLuse, wlLh a
sLralghL or a convex llnear edge. lL can be locaLed aL Lhe exLremlLles (eg: Llbla) or on Lhe sldes of Lhe
bone (eg: scapula). 1he bevels examlned here are unlfaclal.

MosL of Lhe beveled bone Lools are made on Ovls and copto Llbla (abouL 2/3 of all beveled Lools).
Along wlLh Lhe polnLs on meLapodla, Lhls ls Lhe mosL common Lype Lo be found on Lhe WesL
Mound 1rench 3. 1he Llblae have been bevelled aL Lhe dlsLal exLremlLy of Lhe bone. ln mosL cases,
Lhe bevel ls qulLe large, wlLh a sLralghL or sllghLly convex llnear edge. Powever arLefacL 16966.f43
presenLs a very LlghL bevel wlLh a marked convex llnear edge (see llg 8.3).

AnoLher group of beveled bone Lools was made on Ovls and copto scapulae. ln Lhls case, Lhe
scapula was beveled on Lhe laLeral edge of Lhe bone. 1hls edge presenLs a sllghLly concave shape
and nstiLuLes Lhe acLlve parL of Lhe Lool.

Double beveled Lools are also Lo be noLlced ln Lhe collecLlon. 1hese are all made on radll and
presenL a unlfaclal qulLe large bevel aL boLh exLremlLles. 1he llnear edges of Lhe Lwo bevels are
dissymmetrical, wlLh a global convex shape, more pronounced on one slde (eg: 17263.l1).

Figure 8.3. Beveled bone tools made on tibial: (left to right) 16966.f45,
16967.f3 16850.x1, 16966.f151, 16988.f2, 17259.x20, 16995.f43.
Photography: Camille Piliougine
Figure 8.4. Beveled bone tools made on
scapulae: (left to right) 16966.f145,
15335.f56, 31199.x5. Photography:
Camille Piliougine
154
155

kounded edged bone too|s
1hls morphologlcal aspecL ls Lo be been on some large rlbs and on Lwo scapulae from Lhe examlned
collection. Cn rlbs, Lhe edges of Lhe bones exLremlLles have been rounded. o spllLLlng ls Lo be
noLlced on Lhese rlbs (eg:17288.l1). Next, Lhe scapula 18336.f3 presenLs a rounded llnear edge on
one slde. Finally, anoLher scapula, one from a large mammal, has a rounded edged dlsLal parL and
regular edge sldes.

Ant|er too|s
AnLler Lools from WesL Mound 1rench 3 are less numerous Lhan bone Lools (abouL of Lhe
collecLlon) buL Lhey are neverLheless as lmporLanL Lo sLudy. 8one maLerlal and anLler do noL share
Lhe same lnLrlnslc proprleLles and are consequenLly noL used wlLh Lhe same purpose.
l dlsLlngulsh here beveled Lools, hollowed Lools, Lools wlLh a convex surface acLlve parL and blunL
polnLed Lools.

8eve|ed ant|er too|s
As for Lhe beveled bone Lools, Lhls Lype lncludes any Lool wlLh a beveled acLlve parL. 1hey are found
on beam or tines. ln Lhe examlned assemblage, only one beveled Lool ls so far Lo be observed on
beam. 18336.x21 have been found ln unlL 18336, wlLh several oLher anLler Lools (see llg. 8.5). he
beam have been secLloned on boLh sldes and beveled aL lLs dlsLal exLremlLy. 1he bevel ls large, wlLh
a marked convex llnear edge.

8eveled Lools on Llnes lnLroduce a new dlfflculLy
for classlflcaLlon: lf Lhey seem Lo be more
numerous Lhan bevels on beam, we have Lo be
careful abouL lL as Lhe bevel" locaLed aL Lhe very
end of Lhe Llne mlghL be a naLural break and noL
an anLhroplc one. lndeed, breaks aL Lhls locaLlon
of Lhe anLler are qulLe common durlng Lhe llfe
Llme of Lhe anlmal. 1herefore, even lf Lhe Llne has
obvlously been secLloned by humans on Lhe oLher
exLremlLy of Lhe worked anLler, lL could mean LhaL
we are deallng wlLh a producLlon wasLe and noL
necessarlly a Lool.

no||owed ant|er too|s
1wo klnds of anLler Lools fall ln Lhls caLegory. The
more common one (aL leasL Len pleces) ls made
on a Llne whlch has been secLloned aL boLh sldes
and parLy hollowed aL one or boLh sldes. Cne of
Lhe pleces, 13337.x9, bears a deep groove of 3cm
of lengLh on one slde. An oLher, 13343.x23, ls
more LlghL on one slde because of Lhe naLural
morphology of Lhe Llne whlch has been
conserved. lL also has a groovlng llne golng around Lhe Lool near lLs largesL slde. 1he oLher Lool
whlch enLers ln Lhls caLegory ls a slngle plece, 18336.x21 (see llg 8.3). lL ls made on an anLler fork.
to right): 18356.X21: hollowed antler fork; 18356.X20: beveled
beam; 18356.X41: tine with a convex surface active part.
Photography: Camille Piliougine
Figure 8.5. Antler tools found in Unit 18356, B.105, sp 342 (le>>
155
156

1he Lwo Llnes have been removed by groovlng and sawlng. 1he fork has been hollowed sLarLlng
from lLs larger slde (exLremlLy of Lhe anLler beam). ln Lhe lnslde of Lhe Lool, Lhe archaeologlsLs were
surprlsed Lo flnd a deposlL of maLerlal looklng llke morLar.

Ant|er too|s w|th a convex surface act|ve part
A slngle Lool falls lnLo Lhls caLegory: 18336.x41 (see llg. 8.3). lL ls a large red deer Llne whlch has
been secLloned aL boLh exLremlLles. 1he secLlon of Lhe narrowesL exLremlLy consLlLuLes Lhe acLlve
parL of Lhe Lool and has a convex shape.

8|unt po|nted ant|er too|s
ln Lhe collecLlon we can flnd Lhls klnd of maklng on anLler Llnes. 1he Llne has been secLloned by
groovlng and sawlng aL lLs larger end whereas lLs oLher end presenLs a blunL polnLed exLremlLy.
However, llke for Lhe beveled anLler Lools made on Llne, we have Lo be carreful abouL Lhe reasons
of Lhe blunLlng. lndeed, lL mlghL be Lhe resulL of naLural wear of Lhe Llne. 1herefore, blunL polnLed
anLler Lools" mlghL posslbly be [usL wasLe.

Crnaments
1en pleces of Lhe WesL Mound Trench 3 collecLlon observed Lhls summer, can be classlfled as
ornamenLs. As Lhls sLudy ls noL abouL funcLlon of worked bones buL abouL Lypology, l wlll [usL brlefly
presenLs Lhem accordlng Lo Lhelr raw maLerlals and morphology.

W:<9 5H<6K9<=>
LlghL ornamenLal pleces are
made of bone. lour of Lhese
have perforaLed elemenLs, wlLh
one or Lwo holes (see llg. 8.6).
Cne of Lhe pleces, 17288.x8, has
an engraved decoraLlon of llnes.
1wo oLher bone ornamenLs are
carved ln a shape of LooLh.
Cne oLher, 18334.s1, ls carved
ln an oval form, wlLh a large
grooved ine n Lhe mlddle. The
lasL one, 16830.x2, cerLalnly one
of he flnesL pleces from 1rench
5, ls carved ln shape of a slx
polnLed sLar.

Dent|ne Crnament
1wo CrnamenLs are made on LeeLh of equlds or Ovls. Cne of Lhese presenLs four perforaLlons (see
16967.f5, ig. 8.6), Lhe oLher ls a fragmenLary plece.

31206.x3 15355.x4 17288.x8). Photography: Camille Piliougine.
Figure 8.6. Part of the bone and den44ne perforated ornaments: (le;; to right: 16967.f5
156
157

reforms and Wastes
1he ldenLlflcaLlon of unflnlshed Lools and dlscarded pleces of bone and anLler ls an essenLlal parL of
sLudylng a worked bones collecLlon. ln Lhe WesL Mound 1rench 3 assemblage, l ldenLlfled preforms
on Llblae (copto/Ovls) and on meLapodla (copto /Ovls) and l also noLlced wasLe from anLler (Llnes
and one fork).

reforms on Llblae (Lwo pleces so far) are characLerlzed by Lhe removal of a parL of Lhe Llblal plaLeau
which s eveled. herefore, Lhey are posslbly preforms for beveled bone Lools on Llblae
(eg:15368.x6, 13368.x1).

Four eforms on Ovls meLapodla presenL one or Lwo long parallel grooves along boLh sldes of Lhe
bone. ln addlLlon, Lhe eplphyses have been removed (eg:16930.x2 16930.f31 16967.f2 16980.x17).
Cn one copto metapodial, 13160.f14, half of Lhe eplphysls has also been removed and boLh sldes of
Lhe bone have been smooLhed.

0:<E8Q>B:<
1hls prellmlnary sLudy on 310 worked bones from WesL Mound 1rench 3 conflrms Lhe poLenLlal of
Lhls collecLlon ln Lerm of Lechnologlcal, funcLlonal and soclal analysls. lL shows us Lhe varleLy of bone
Lools and ornamenLs ln everyday llfe aL aLalhyuk durlng Lhe ChalcollLhlc perlod. 1hls varleLy ls
even more remarkable when one conslders Lhe Laphonomlc lssues whlch go along wlLh Lhe sLudy of
worked bones and bones ln general. 1hls year, l lnLend Lo focus on Lechnologlcal lssues of Lhe
collecLlon and, nexL summer, l wlll conslder lLs funcLlonal aspecL Lhough a Lraceologlcal sLudy.
157
158

L? "6=68Fb]cd #<=FH6E:8:X] #HEFBA9 /9J:H= +,-.
Ceren abukcu & Llenl AsouLl
ueparLmenL of Archaeology, Classlcs and Lgyptology, unlverslLy of Llverpool

29X9=6=B:< K6<6X9K9<= 69
lollowlng on from lasL season's lnLenslve laboraLory work on expandlng Lhe exlsLlng anLhracologlcal
sequence aL aLalhyuk, durlng Lhe 2013 season Lhe prellmlnary examlnaLlons of charcoal samples
from newly excavaLed mldden unlLs ln Lhe 1C and norLh Areas were compleLed. CurrenLly Lhe
analysls of new samples from Lhe 1C, orLh and SouLh areas ls ongolng and resulLs wlll be reporLed
ln deLall ln fuLure publlcaLlons. 1he ongolng analysls on wood dlameLer and curvaLure
measuremenLs ln Lhe Llverpool ArchaeoboLany LaboraLory wlll be comblned wlLh quallLaLlve
analyses of growLh rlng morphology Lo assess changlng sLraLegles of woodland managemenL aL
aLalhyuk. ln order Lo address some research quesLlons regardlng onslLe fuel use and Laphonomlc
processes a new recordlng sysLem for calculaLlng charcoal denslLles was puL lnLo place Lhls summer
lnvolvlng Lhe recordlng of number of fragmenLs, plus LoLal wood charcoal welghL and volume for
every sampled conLexL. lL ls hoped LhaL Lhe lmplemenLaLlon of such lndlces on a wlde scale across
Lhe slLe wlll asslsL ln addresslng wood charcoal dlscard pracLlces ln a range of conLexLs, especlally
wlLh regard Lo lndoor vs. ouLdoor pracLlce areas.

1wo mldden unlLs (30773 and 30774) from Lhe 1C area were examlned durlng Lhe fleld season.
8oLh unlLs conLalned a dlverse range of Laxa lncludlng [unlper (Ioolpetos), almond (AmyqJolos),
wlllow/poplar (Sallcaceae), elm/hackberry (ulmaceae), declduous oak (Ooetcos) and LereblnLh
(llstoclo) and were slmllar ln composlLlon Lo prevlously analysed 1 mldden samples (AsouLl ln
press). A number of bulldlng lnflll unlLs from Lhe 1C area provlded an lnLeresLlng opporLunlLy for
comparlson beLween mldden and lnflll conLexLs wlLh regard Lo Laxonomlc dlverslLy and preservaLlon
condlLlons. 1he anLhracologlcal assemblage of Lhe lnflll unlLs (30737, 30737, 30292, 30298, 30264,
30703) was domlnaLed ln mosL cases by [unlper alongslde oak charcoal. ulverslLy was lower ln Lhe
bulldlng lnflll unlLs compared Lo Lhe mlddens. A bln flll (30247) excavaLed ln Lhe 1C area also
conLalned hlgh proporLlons of [unlper, wlLh many of Lhe fragmenLs belonglng Lo larger slze sLems.
1hey were flaLLened along Lhe LangenLlal plane and a hlgh lncldence of boreholes, and mlghL
therefore represenL sLrucLural wood. A mldden unlL ln Lhe norLh area ylelded an lnLeresLlng mlx of
Lwlgs plus debrls from woodworklng lncludlng several dlagnosLlc fragmenLs (20963, Space 311). 1hls
sample has been exporLed Lo Llverpool for furLher deLalled analysis.

Wood charcoals from prlorlLy unlLs from all areas of excavaLlon were also examlned durlng Lhe 2013
fleld season. 14 hearLh/flre feaLures were fully sLudled. 1wo flre feaLures ln Lhe SouLh area
conLalned poorly preserved fragmenLs of declduous oak Ooetcos) wood ln 8ulldlngs 80 and 89
(unlLs 20032 and 19883 respecLlvely). Whlle oLher flre feaLures ln Space 310 ln Lhe SouLh area
conLalned mosLly elm (ulmos) and hackberry (celtls) wood (unlLs 30601, 30632, 30629). 1wo flre
feaLures examlned from Lhe 1C area conLalned mosLly elm and declduous oak wood (unlLs 30836
and 30842).

158
159

`:Hd9P C::P 6<P =BK79H
A number of hand collected lo slto carbonlsed worked wood fragmenLs were also analysed durlng
Lhe 2013 fleld season. erhaps one of Lhe mosL lnLeresLlng charcoal flnds of Lhe season was Lhe
wooden ob[ecL ln leaLure 7127, a subfloor burlal ln 8ulldlng 32 ln Lhe norLh area. A boaL shaped
carbonlzed wooden ob[ecL (see reporL on Lhe excavaLlon of l 7127, Lhls volume) was preserved
resLlng agalnsL Lhe cranlum of Lhe adulL burled ln Lhls feaLure. 1hls burlal feaLure of one adulL and 4
lnfanLs ylelded an array of organlc remalns, preserved mosL llkely Lhrough exposure Lo lndlrecL heaL.
1he wooden ob[ecL was Lhln (ca. 2 cm ln Lhlckness) and was ldenLlfled ln Lhe fleld as cf. Acet (maple)
wlLh Lhe ald of a dark field/bright fleld meLallurglcal mlcroscope rouLlnely used for all charcoal
ldenLlflcaLlons on slLe. As a resulL of Lhe burlal condlLlons Lhe charcoal fragmenLs showed slgns of
mlnerallsaLlon ln Lhelr vessels and some LangenLlal compresslon. Maple wood ls raLher rare ln
prevlously examlned samples aL aLalhyuk. lL has been ldenLlfled ln samples from Lhe north
South SouLh M and SouLh S phases (AsouLl 2003, ln press, kabukcu ln progress) 1he ob[ecL was
manufacLured by spllLLlng Lhe Lrunk along Lhe LangenLlal longlLudlnal plane by followlng Lhe graln of
Lhe wood. A maxlmum of 3 growLh rlngs were vlslble on Lhe examlned charcoal speclmens. 1helr
Lhlckness was more or less unlform ( 1 cm) wlLh sllghL Laperlng Lowards Lhe edges. 1he use of
maple ln arLefacL manufacLure suggesLs LhaL Lhls rare Laxon could have been broughL Lo Lhe slLe for
woodworking urposes.

llnally an lo slto Llmber from 8ulldlng 80 of Lhe SouLh area was examlned and assessed for
conservaLlon. 1hls halved oak Llmber was derlved from a sLem wlLh a mlnlmum dlameLer of 23 cm.
Speclmens from Lhls plece have been exporLed Lo Llverpool for furLher analysls and more preclse
measurements.

Acknow|edgements
Kabukcus fleldwork ln Lhe 2012 13 seasons was supporLed by a Lravel granL (Lhe eeL 1ravel rlze)
awarded by Lhe uepL. of Archaeology, Classlcs and LgypLology of Lhe unlverslLy of Llverpool.

keferences c|ted
Asouti, E.
in ess Woodland vegeLaLlon, flrewood managemenL and woodcrafLs aL neolithic
aLalhyuk. ln Podder, l. (ed.) nomoos ooJ looJscopes of otolboyok. tepotts ftom tbe 2000-
2008 seosoos. Monographs of Lhe CoLsen lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology, uCLA 2013
Asouti, L.
2005 Woodland vegeLaLlon and Lhe explolLaLlon of fuel and Llmber at eollLhlc aLalhyuk:
reporL on Lhe wood charcoal macro remalns. ln Podder, l. (ed.) lobobltloq otolboyok.
kepotts ftom tbe 1995-9 5eosoos. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL volume 4: Mcuonald
lnsLlLuLe Monographs/8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology aL Ankara.
Kabukcu, C.
in ogress Woodland managemenL, agroecology and vegeLaLlon change ln cenLral AnaLolla
durlng Lhe early Polocene. hu dlsserLaLlon. unlverslLy of Llverpoo
159
160

-,? $F9 #HEF69:7:=6<] /9J:H=I `9>= a:Q<P
LllzabeLh SLroud
University of Cxford

As parL of a larger uhll sLudy based aL Cxford, Lhls reporL provldes an overvlew of 149
archaeoboLanlcal samples from 1rench 3. 1hls assemblage comprlses samples from all excavaLlon
seasons (2006 2013) by Lhe currenL WesL Mound Leam. 1hls reporL adds Lo and lncludes daLa from
prevlous reporLs (8ogaard and Charles 2010, 8ogaard eL al. 2012). ln addlLlon Lo level 1 assessmenL
(see 8ogaard eL al. 2003) of 149 samples, 27 samples were also comprehenslvely analysed.

1he sampllng and recovery sLraLegy followed LhaL of Lhe LasL Mound (PasLorf 2003): 30 llLres or
more of sedlmenL were Laken from every excavaLlon unlL and processed uslng a floLaLlon machlne.
1he llghL fracLlon (floL) was collecLed ln a c. 300 mlcron mesh, whlle Lhe heavy fracLlon was
collecLed ln a c. 1mm mesh.

1he floL samples were assessed followlng Lhe slLe's archaeoboLanlcal procedure for level 1
assessmenL (8ogaard eL al. 2003). 1he floLs were sleved lnLo 4mm, 1mm, and 0.3mm fracLlons, and
Lhe volume of 1mm fracLlon was measured. lf Lhe 1mm fracLlon was greaLer Lhan 10ml, a random
subsample was Laken uslng a rlffle box Lo produce a subsample of 3 10ml n lume. he 1mm
maLerlal was Lhen sorLed, and absoluLe counLs were recorded uslng Lhe followlng caLegorles: graln
and chaff componenLs (glume bases or rachls lnLernodes) of barley, glume wheaL and free threshing
wheaL, culm nodes, pulse seeds (blLLer veLch, lenLll, pulse lndeLermlnaLe), sedge (Cyperaceae) seeds
and oLher wlld/weed seeds. Mlnerallsed seeds of celtls were counLed separately, as were
fragmenLs of nuLshell or frulLsLone.

uaLa from prevlously assessed samples (2006 Lo 2010) are lncluded ln Lhls reporL ln addlLlon Lo all
samples from 2011 and 2012. 1hree quarLers of Lhe samples excavaLed ln 2013 are also lncluded (38
samples excavaLed aL Lhe end of Lhls season wlll be assessed ln Lhe comlng monLhs).

1he 149 samples were obLalned Lhrough Lhe floLaLlon of a LoLal of 3142 llLres of sedlmenL. A LoLal of
1604 llLres of sedlmenL was floaLed ln 2013 from 1rench 3, comprlslng of 114 samples. Some of
Lhese samples (e.g. from grldded excavaLlon of floors) were merged for Lhe purposes of prellmlnary
assessment.

kesu|ts of pre||m|nary scans
Figures 0.1 4 summarlse Lhe resulLs of Lhe prellmlnary assessmenL of 149 samples. Clume bases,
glume wheaL gralns, barley gralns and Cyperaceae seeds (sedges) occur ln hlgh numbers ln mosL
samples, whlle lLems such as pulse and free Lhreshlng wheaL gralns are llmlLed ln Lhelr presence and
abundance.

160
161

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
107
107
107
107
345
345
446
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Number of |tems
8
u
|
|
d
|
n
g

n
u
m
b
e
r

glume wheaL glume bases
glume wheaL graln
barley graln
barley rachls
free-Lhreshlng wheaL
grain
free-Lhreshlng cereal
rachis
cereal lndeLermlnaLe
grain
culm odes
Pulse
ed/wild ed
Cyperaceae
fruit
Figure 10.1. Bar chart summarising the composition of the 149 samples examined: Absolute counts. (N/A denotes
samples which are not directly related to a building or space, F denotes fill and B denotes building material e.g.
mudbrick or plaster).
161
162

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
107
107
107
107
107
345
345
345
446
448
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

B

B

B

B

B

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

B

B

B

B

B

F

F

F

F

F

B

B

B

F

F

F

F

F

F

B

F

F

F

F

F

B

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

Number of |tems per ||tes of so|| oated
8
u
|
|
d
|
n
g

a
n
d

h
|
|

c
|
a
s
s

glume wheaL glume bases
glume wheaL graln
barley graln
barley rachls
free-Lhreshlng wheaL graln
free-Lhreshlng cereal rachls
cereal lndeLermlnaLe graln
culm odes
Pulse
ed/wild ed
Cyperaceae
fruit
Figure 10.2. Bar chart summarising the composition of the 149 samples examined: Absolute count densities of
items per litre sediment processed s. (N/A denotes samples which are not directly related to a building or space, F
denotes fill and B denotes building material e.g. mudbrick or plaster).
162
163

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
103
106
109
112
115
118
121
124
127
130
133
136
139
142
145
148
ercentage of samp|e
C
u
m
|
a
n
v
e

n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
a
m
p
|
e
s

glume wheaL glume bases glume wheaL graln barley graln barley rachls
free-Lhreshlng wheaL graln free-Lhreshlng cereal rachls cereal lndeLermlnaLe graln culm odes
Pulse ed/wild ed Cyperaceae fruit
Figure 10.3. Bar charts showing the percentages composition of samples: Ordered by glume base percentage
163
164

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
107
107
107
107
107
345
345
345
446
448
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
ercenLage of sample
8
u
l
l
d
l
n
g

n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
a
m
p
l
e
s

23456 7869: 23456 ;9<6< 23456 7869: 2=9>? ;9=36@ 2=9>? ;9=36@ =9A8><
B=66C:8=6<8>?2 7869: 2=9>? B=66C:8=6<8>?2 A6=693 =9A8>< A6=693 >?D6:6=5>?9:6 2=9>? A435 ?ED6<
/43<6 766DF7>3D <66D .@G6=9A696 B=4>:
Figure 10.4. Bar charts showing the percentages composition of samples: Ordered by building or space from
which they originated.
164
165

1he denslLy of lLems (llg. 10.2) ls varlable, ranglng from samples wlLh no maLerlal Lo 100 lLems per
llLre sedlmenL processed. 8elaLlvely hlgh denslLles of lLems occurred malnly ln samples derlved from
bulldlng maLerlals: Lhe floLaLlon of slngle mud brlcks produced some of Lhe hlghesL concenLraLlon of
boLanlcal lLems per llLre of soll floaLed (up Lo 36 lLems per llLre) (llg. 10.2). 1he maln excepLlon Lo
Lhls ls Lhe sample from unlL (16969) ln bulldlng 98. 1hls sample was Lhe densesL sample floaLed, wlLh
108 lLems per llLre. lLs hlgh denslLy ls aLLrlbuLable Lo Lhe hlgh abundance of glume bases wlLhln Lhe
sample. Some of Lhe lowesL denslLy samples were from plasLer layers.

Comparlson of Lhe bulldlngs/spaces dld noL reveal any dramaLlc dlfferences. Slmllar Lrends occur
wlLhln each of Lhe bulldlng/space wlLh regards Lo denslLy, bundance and relaLlve proporLlons of
caLegorles (llgs 10.1 4). lL appears LhaL Lhere ls a Lyplcal 'background nolse' slgnaLure LhroughouL all
samples, conslsLlng of glumes, some cereal gralns and wlld planL seeds, predomlnanLly sedges
seeds.

1he Lwo mosL abundanL caLegorles of archaeoboLanlcal maLerlal were glume bases (Lhe hulls LhaL
reLaln Lhe gralns of glume wheaLs ln splkeleLs afLer lnlLlal Lhreshlng) and sedge seeds. More Lhan
half of Lhe samples were comprlsed of 40 glume bases, wlLh only Len samples havlng no glume
bases (llgure 10.4). Sedge seeds comprlsed a lower proporLlon of each assemblage buL also have
hlgh ublqulLy wlLh only 12 samples noL havlng any sedge maLerlal. 1he wlld/weed seed caLegory
also has a hlgh ublqulLy, wlLh 139 samples ouL of a LoLal of 149 havlng aL leasL one weed seed.
8egardlng Lhe ma[or crop Lypes, barley gralns are Lhe domlnanL cereal graln wlLhln Lhe assemblage,
wlLh 111 ouL of 149 samples conLalnlng speclmens. Clume wheaLs and free Lhreshlng wheaL gralns
are found ln lower numbers compared Lo Lhe barley (87 samples conLalnlng glume wheaL gralns and
38 conLalnlng free Lhreshlng gralns). 1he oLher crop Laxa are Lhe pulses, whlch are much less
frequenL Lhan Lhe cereal gralns and comprlse less Lhan 1 of Lhe LoLal assemblage, lenLll ls Lhe mosL
frequenL pulse occurrlng ln 29 of 149 samples.

In-depth ana|ys|s
As parL of my uhll research, l fully analysed 27 samples from 1rench 3, selecLed on Lhe basls of
conLexLual lnLegrlLy and archaeoboLanlcal rlchness. 1he 1 mm maLerlal was sorLed ln lLs enLlreLy or
unLll 300 crop lLems were ldenLlfled. 1he 0.3 mm maLerlal was also sorLed, ofLen followlng
subsampllng Lo no less Lhan 1/8
th
of Lhe 1mm sorLed. All of Lhe 4mm maLerlal was examlned. 1axa
were ldenLlfled Lo specles wherever possible.

Crops
1he research poslLlvely ldenLlfled occurrences of Len crop specles (1able 10.1). lor all cereal specles
boLh graln and chaff maLerlal was ldenLlfled. Cf noLe ls Lhe ldenLlflcaLlon of Lhe new Lype" glume
wheaL ln boLh graln and chaff from a couple of conLexLs, suggesLlng conLlnulLy ln Lhe use of Lhls crop
from Lhe LasL Mound (8ogaard eL al. ln press). 1he domlnanL crop remalns are glume bases: only
one sample dld noL conLaln glume bases. Cf Lhe 26 samples, whlch dld, glume bases made up er
65 of Lhe crop componenLs. 1he 'new Lype' glume bases occurred ln slmllar proporLlons Lo emmer
glume bases ln Lhese samples, whlle elnkorn was presenL aL low levels ln a few samples. Pulled
barley gralns were Lhe mosL ublqulLous cereal graln wlLhln Lhe assemblage, Lh 23 ouL of 27
samples conLalned speclmens. Pulled barley was also Lhe mosL abundanL graln, wlLh 84 gralns
positively ldenLlfled.
165
166

LxamlnaLlon of Lhe crop specLrum shows a domlnance of cereals graln over pulses seeds (1able
10.1, ig. 10.3). WheLher Lhls ls purely Laphonomlc (e.g. Lhe cereals are beLLer/more llkely Lo
preserve) or ls lndlcaLlve of acLual use requlres more work.

Number of samples: 27 Ubiquity Abundance
!,;I&# "4
6*;:5&6
J"$*5
6,;
F*K.;,;
:&# 6*;:5&
Cereals L*$.' '*;&6
Naked barley graln notJeom volqote var.
ooJom
6 6 1
Pulled barley graln notJeom volqote 2J 84 9
Pulled barley graln, sLralghL notJeom volqote 8 10 2
Cf. Pulled barley graln notJeom volqote 1 1 1
8arley graln lndeLermlnaLe notJeom 21 87 9
8arley rachls notJeom 9 14 J
Free Lhreshlng wheaL graln 1tltlcom
oestlvom/Jotom
8 11 J
cf ree 1hreshlng graln 1tltlcom
oestlvom/Jotom
4 7 2
8read wheaL rachls 1tltlcom oestlvom 10 28 5
Llnkorn graln, one seeded Lype 1tltlcom mooococcom J J 1
Llnkorn graln, one seeded
posslble wlld Lype
1tltlcom
boetlcom/mooococcom
9 10 2
Llnkorn graln, Lwo seeded Lype 1tltlcom mooococcom J 5 J
Llnkorn graln, cf. one seeded
type
1tltlcom mooococcom 2 4 J
Llnkorn graln, cf. Lwo seeded
type,
1tltlcom
mooococcom/1tltlcom
Jlcoccom
2 J 2
Llnkorn graln, Lwo seeded
Lype/Lmmer graln
1tltlcom mooococcom 1 1 1
Lmmer graln 1tltlcom Jlcoccom 7 10 J
cf. Lmmer graln 1tltlcom Jlcoccom 1 1 1
"New 1ype glume wheaL graln 1tltlcomsp. 5 6 2
cf. ew 1ype glume wheaL
grain
1tltlcomsp. J 4 2
Clume wheaL graln
indeterminate
1tltlcomsp. 11 J2 5
Clume wheaL graln
indeterminate 2 seeded Lype
1tltlcomsp. 11 JJ 8
WheaL lndeLermlnaLe graln 1tltlcom sp. 26 174 15
Cereal lndeLermlnaLe graln 27 287 23
166
167

Chaff
Llnkorn glume bases 1tltlcom mooococcom 4 7 J
Lmmer glume bases 1tltlcom
Jlcoccom/1tltlcom
momococcom
2J J66 147
Emmer/New 1ype glume bases 1tltlcom Jlcoccom 26 578 76
"New 1ype glume bases 1tltlcomsp. 26 J62 5J
1ermlnal glume bases 1tltlcom Jlcoccom/sp. 18 119 16
Cereal lndeLermlnaLe glume
base
26 1268 181
Pulses
8lLLer veLch vlclo etvlllo 4 4 1
Chickpea clcet otletloom 0 0 0
Lentil leos collootls 1J 20 J
Pea llsom sotlvom 5 5 1
cf. ea llsom sotlvom 1 2 2
vlcla/LaLhyrus Lype vlclo/lotbytos 2 2 1
Lathyrus lotbytos sotlvos 1 1 1
ulse lndeLermlnaLe Leguminosae 21 38 6
Table 10.1. The crop taxa found identified in the 27 West Mound samples fully analysed showing the ubiquity of the taxon, its total
number of identified items and the maximum number of items per sample.

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
8arley gralns lree Lhreshlng gralns Clume wheaL gralns
WheaL lndeLermlnaLe graln Cereal lndeLermlnaLe graln 8arley rachls
8read wheaL rachls Clume bases pulse
Figure 10.5. A bar chart showing relative proportions of crop types identified in the fully analysed samples
167
168

W||d p|ants
A LoLal of 83 dlfferenL wlld planL Laxa have been ldenLlfled. A small proporLlon of Lhese Laxa ls edlble
and lncludes wlld almond, plum, plsLachlo and hackberry.

A wlde range of 'weed seeds was ldenLlfled and lncludes classlc arable crop weeds as well as
weLland/marshy specles. Plgh numbers of small seeded grasses and cruclfers are noLable. 1he
domlnanL Laxon ls a member of Lhe sedge famlly: 8olboscboeoos sp., whlch ls ublqulLous.

Conc|us|ons and further research

rellmlnary analysls of Lhe 1rench 3 archaeoboLanlcal assemblage lndlcaLes slmllarlLles as well as
dlfferences ln comparlson Lo LhaL of Lhe LasL Mound (8ogaard eL al. ln press). 1he overall
composition of Lhe assemblage ls comparable Lo Lhe LasL Mound assemblage, wlLh a slmllar
background slgnaLure" of glume bases, some gralns and weed seeds conslsLlng malnly of sedge
seeds (8ogaard eL al. ln press). Cne noLable dlfference ls Lhe slgnlflcance of hulled barley gralns on
Lhe WesL Mound compared Lo Lhe co domlnance of naked barley and glume wheaL gralns on Lhe
LasL Mound (8ogaard eL al. ln press). ulfferences are yeL Lo be fully explored, as ln depLh analysls ls
ongoing.

1he hlgh abundance of glume wheaL chaff supporLs Lhe ldea LhaL Lhese crops were sLored as
splkeleLs and dehusked frequenLly, as opposed Lo belng fully Lhreshed upon harvesL. 1hls mosL llkely
occurred on a day to day basls, as Lhe graln was requlred. 1hls hlgh abundance ls seen ln more
detall ln Lhe 27 samples analysed ln depLh. Clume bases far ouLnumber Lhe amounL of free
Lhreshlng wheaL or barley rachls ldenLlfled wlLhln Lhe samples. 1he domlnance of glume bases
suggesLs dlfferences ln Lhe crop processlng sequences of Lhese Lwo Lypes of cereal.

A number of dlfferenL Lheorles have been proposed Lo explaln Lhe reason for sLorage wlLhln glumes.
lL ls posslble LhaL Lhe sLorage of gralns wlLhln Lhe glumes provlded proLecLlon durlng sLorage agalnsL
pests, fungal lnfesLaLlon and lnclemenL weaLher (SlgauL 1988). Also sLorage of graln wlLhln Lhe
glumes spreads processlng labour LhroughouL Lhe year lnsLead of belng concenLraLed durlng one or
Lwo key monLhs followlng Lhe harvesL. lor soclal groups LhaL rely on Lhe labour avallable wlLhln a
household or famlly group, sLorage of glume wheaLs wlLhln Lhelr glumes may have been Lhe only
way Lo fully harvesL a crop wlLh Lhe labour avallable Lo Lhem. Such reasonlng has led Lo lnferences
abouL soclal organlsaLlon (e.g., wheLher co operaLlon was household or communlLy based (SLevens
2003)). 8elaLed hypoLheses wlll be LesLed laLer ln Lhls research.

1he prellmlnary daLa also lndlcaLe LhaL Lhe lnhablLanLs of Lhe WesL Mound had access Lo weLlands,
as demonsLraLed by Lhe ublqulLy and abundance of sedge seeds. 1he hypoLhesls LhaL Lhe reglon
was becomlng more arld lacks subsLanLlal supporL from Lhe archaeoboLany. Powever, analysls of
Lhe ecologlcal nlches of all weed seeds found ls yeL Lo be conducLed.

ln addlLlon Lo culLlvaLed crops, some evldence for Lhe collecLlon of wlld foods ls sLarLlng Lo emerge.
1he presence of plsLachlo nuLshell fragmenLs, as well as frulL sLone fragmenLs from wlld almond and
plum, demonsLraLes LhaL wlld foods wlLhln Lhe landscape were exLenslvely uLlllzed. Packberry
168
169

(celtls) sLones are also found wlLhln Lhe assemblage, buL are presumably over represenLed relaLlve
Lo oLher Laxa due Lo Lhe facL LhaL Lhese frulL sLones are preserved wlLhouL charrlng.

1he presence of a number of small seeded grasses wlLhln Lhe 0.3 mm fracLlon of Lhe floLs could be
suggesLlve of Lhe use of dung as a fuel. revlous research on Lhe LasL Mound suggesLs LhaL Lhe
presence of Laxa such as 5potobolos, ctypsls and Aelotopos reflecL dung use (8ogaard eL al. ln
press). lurLher research lnLo Lhls lssue ls requlred before any concluslon can be made.

lurLher research wlll be conducLed on Lhls maLerlal ln Lhe comlng year, wlLh sLaLlsLlcal analysls Lo
explore Lrends ln Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of lLems. undersLandlng Lhe ecology of wlld/weed seeds wlll shed
llghL on relevanL hablLaLs, lncludlng arable flelds. SLable lsoLope analysls of crop remalns from Lhe
slLe ls also planned wlLh Lhe alm of deLermlnlng speclflc aspecLs of crop growlng condlLlons (e.g.
waLer sLaLus), whlch have lmpllcaLlons for farmlng pracLlces.

8|b||ography:
Bogaard, A., eL al.
in ess 1he archaeoboLany of mld laLer occupaLlon levels aL neolithic aLalhyuk. ln
Pumans and Landscapes of aLalhyuk: 8eporLs from Lhe 2000 2008 seasons. l. Podder, ed.
Los Angeles: Monographs of Lhe CoLsen lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology, unlverslLy of Callfornla aL
Los ngeles.
Bogaard, A., and M. Charles
2010 Archaeobotany !"#$%$&'!( *"+,!- ,& ."/- 0,1&2 3!"&45"/ 67 '&2 9: ;&
!"#"$%&'() +,-, ./0%123 4356/#7 857 99 69.
Bogaard, A., eL al.
2005 Macro !"#$%&'$( *+,$&%-. /% 0$#$(12345 6778 9*'1&:+ ;+<"*#. =<. >86 155.
Bogaard, A., eL al.
2012 Macro and Mlcro Botani!"# %&'"()*+ ,) -"."#/0123 4564 78!/(9& %&:;8.+
!"#"$%&'() +,-,"./% 0.12,/#3
Hastorf, ChrlsLlne. A.
2005 MacroboLanlcal lnvesLlgaLlon: fleld meLhods and laboraLory analysls procedures. ln
!"#$%&$% (#)*+&#,&)&*- #) .#)#,"/0123 +*45+)- 6+57 )"* 899: 1999 seasons. l. Podder, ed.
Pp. 129 136. Cambridge and London: Mcuonald Institute Monographs/British Institute of
Archaeology aL Ankara.
Sigaut,
1988 A MeLhod for ldenLlfylng Craln SLorage 1echnlques and lLs AppllcaLlon for Luropean
AgrlculLural PlsLory. . 1ools and 1lllage 6:3 32.
Stevens,
2003 An lnvesLlgaLlon of agrlculLural consumpLlon and producLlon models for rehlsLorlc
and 8oman 8rlLaln. LnvlronmenLal Archaeology 8:61 76.

169
170

--? "6=68Fb]cd NBXQHB<9 /9J:H= +,-.
Llndsay uer
1
, Lynn Meskell
1
, Carolyn nakamura
2
1
SLanford unlverslLy,
2
Lelden unlverslLy

1hls year only 19 flgurlnes were recorded, largely because excavaLlon was focused on bulldlngs
raLher Lhan mlddens from whlch mosL of our examples are derlved. 1he 2013 corpus can be broken
down lnLo 7 quadrupeds, 6 horns, (13 zoomorphlc LoLal), 3 abbrevlaLed flgures and 2
anLhropomorphlc examples. 1he Lwo human flgures closely resemble Lhose we have ldenLlfled
prevlously. llgurlne 30242.x1 was recovered from a layer of flll ln Space 308 from Lhe 1C area and
ls a clay Lorso wlLh a proLrudlng belly and sway back. 1he head ls mlsslng and lL was also broken aL
boLh legs and arms. 1he second human form also found ln 1C, 30783.x1 ln Space 316, has an
overall recLangular body shape, wlLh a large broad back, a non dlfferenLlaLed head, buL wlLh a
dellneaLed sLomach and breasLs. no legs were deplcLed and Lhe arms would have been
dlsproporLlonaLe Lo Lhe body. Agaln ln 1C Space 484, a large quadruped 30734.x2 was recovered.
1hls ls an unusual example wlLh a sLocky body, long Lall, and shorL legs remlnlscenL of a fellne.
unforLunaLely Lhe head ls mlsslng buL Lhe neck appears very Lhlck ln comparlson Lo Lhe Lorso. 1he
back ls relaLlvely flaL buL Lhere ls a small hump near Lhe neck. 1hls quadruped ls also hollowed ouL
underneaLh Lhe Lorso, whlch ls anoLher unusual feaLure for anlmal flgurlnes found aL Lhe slLe.

Slnce several researchers on slLe are lnLeresLed ln looklng more closely aL Lhe zoomorphlc forms
oLher Lypes of analysls have been conducLed on Lhls speclflc daLaseL. lor example, uer ls conducLlng
Lhesls research Lo explore human anlmal relaLlons broadly across Lhe slLe, Meskell and MarLln have
focused on comparlsons wlLh Lhe faunal maLerlal (MarLln & Meskell 2012) and Meskell ls worklng on
ideas of scale and specles speclflclLy. 1o LhaL end, uer conducLed a plloL sLudy on all Lhe quadrupeds
now ld slLe uslng x8l wlLh Lhe ald of Lee urake (8ruker LlemenLal) and Adam nazaroff, and
wlLh many helpful commenLs by Chrls uoherLy, and we Lhank Lhem for Lhelr supporL Lhls season.
g_H6] N8Q:H9>E9<E9 Ug/NV 6
ConLrlbuLlon by Llndsay uer

A new analyLlcal Lechnlque explored by Lhe flgurlnes Leam Lhls year was LhaL of x ray fluorescence
Lo lnvesLlgaLe elemenLal composlLlon. 1here are several advanLages Lo handheld porLable x8l
(PPpx8l) whlch are parLlcularly relevanL Lo Lhe atalhyk flgurlnes. erhaps mosL lmporLanLly,
PPpx8l ls non desLrucLlve and can be deployed ln Lhe fleld. 8oLh Lhese polnLs are slgnlflcanL ln llghL
of sLrlcL exporL and permlLLlng regulaLlons whlch prevenL analysls of Lhe flgurlnes beyond Lhe fleld
laboraLory. ln addlLlon, PPpx8l can measure a large number of samples ln a relaLlvely shorL Llme aL
llLLle cosL. ln Lhe 2013 fleld season, we prlmarlly focused on Lhe quadruped flgurlnes, buL for
comparaLlve purposes our sample also lncluded some bucranla, anLhropomorphlc, and abbrevlaLed
flgurlnes. Cur ob[ecLlve was Lo use geochemlcal daLa generaLed by x8l Lo help deLermlne Lhe level
of varlablllLy ln Lhe clay chosen for flgurlne manufacLure. Cur analysls ls quallLaLlve as we do noL
have samples of source maLerlal wlLh whlch Lo compare our flgurlne measuremenLs. Pere we polnL
Lo Lhe work of lorouzan eL al. ln whlch porLable x8l was uLlllzed Lo ldenLlfy clay populaLlons ln Lhe
arLlfacL assemblage of Larly ChalcollLhlc zoomorphlc flgurlnes, sllng bulleLs and Lokens aL Chogha
Gavaneh, lran (2012). revlous research aL atalhyk regardlng clay sourclng, lncludlng
170
171

petrographlc analysls (uoherLy and Camlzull 2008, uoherLy 2013), has shown LhaL flgurlnes were
largely manufacLured from backswamp clay LhroughouL Lhe neollLhlc occupaLlon of Lhe slLe.
Further, alLhough uoherLy ldenLlfles slx maln maLerlal Lypes for clay ob[ecLs, he noLes LhaL Lhese
maLerlal Lypes were elLher derlved from lelsLocene Lake konya clays or Polocene alluvlal clays, Lhe
laLLer posslbly burylng Lhe former. Cnly poLLery ls belleved Lo have been manufacLured from clays
sourced beyond Lhe slLe.

We used a handheld x8l devlce from Lhe 8ruker LlemenLal AxS 1racer serles and S1x8l sofLware
Lo gaLher specLra for a LoLal of 83 quadrupeds, 4 bucranla, 2 abbrevlaLed forms and 1
anthropomorphic flgurlne. We dld noL selecL for parLlcular areas of Lhe slLe or occupaLlonal levels.
Rather, we slmply soughL Lo analyze as many of Lhe quadrupeds as posslble. lL ls worLh noLlng here
LhaL only a parLlal selecLlon of Lhe quadruped assemblage resldes ln on slLe sLorage wlLh Lhe
ma[orlLy resldlng ln varlous museums ln 1urkey. Llkewlse, we measured flgurlnes LhaL fell wlLhln Lhe
compleLe range of quallLy, from Lhe flnely modelled Lo Lhe coarser examples. AL Lhe suggesLlon of
Lhe 8ruker represenLaLlve, measuremenLs were Laken wlLh a baud raLe of 113200 aL 40 kv for 60
seconds. We used an anode currenL of 32A and a red fllLer (1 mll Al, 1 mll 1l, 1 mll Cu). lor specLra
analysls we used A81Ax sofLware, deflnlng our own parameLers for evaluaLlng Lhe daLa lnsLead of
deploylng Lhe defaulL ceramlcs meLhod ln Lhe program. under our own parameLers, we ldenLlfled
Lhe followlng elemenLs: Al, Ar, Au, 8a, 8l, 8r, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, le, Ca, , Mn, b, i, b, d, 8b, 8e,
Rh, Sl, Sn, Sr, 1l, Zn, Zr. Cf parLlcular concern were Lhe Lrace elemenLs, such as Lhe rare earLh
elemenLs of 8b, Zr, and Sr. Lmphaslzlng Lhese rare earLh elemenLs can help Lo counLeracL error
generaLed from lnconslsLenL absorpLlon of x rays on uneven surfaces such as Lhe Lhree dlmenslonal
and curved planes whlch make up Lhe flgurlne forms (lrahm 2013:1082, LlrlLzls and Zacharlas
2011:132 3, lorsLer eL al. 2011).

SpecLra obLalned for Lhe clay flgurlnes aL flrsL glance seemed Lo lndlcaLe relaLlvely homogenous
geochemlcal slgnaLures (llg. 11.1). Powever, blvarlaLe comparlsons of several Lrace elemenLs show
LhaL Lhere appears Lo be a conLlnuum from marl Lo sllLy clays and LhaL some flgurlnes appear Lo be
ouLllers (llg. 11.2, 11.3, 11.4,
11.3). Cne dlsadvanLage of
porLable x8l ls LhaL lL does noL
accounL for differing
concenLraLlons of elemenLs, only
ratios, whlch can be problemaLlc
for quallLaLlve analysls (Shackley
2010:19). ConsequenLly, uslng
specLra readlngs alone can be
very mlsleadlng as arLlfacLs wlLh
Lhe same mlneraloglcal
composlLlons buL dlfferenL
elemenLal proporLlons wlll
appear Lo be from Lhe same
source. 1he slmllarlLy ln Lhe
elemenLal make up of flgurine
clays can be aLLrlbuLed Lo Lhe
Figure 11.1. Spectra of clay figurines (has been smoothed and normalized for
comparison)
171
172

clays aL atalhyk havlng orlglnaLed from Lhe same
mountains.

As a conLrol, we also analyzed Lhe elemenLal
composlLlon of a sLone quadruped flgurlne (llg. 11.6).
Calclum and sLronLlum measuremenLs are greaLer for
Lhe sLone example (19101.P3) whlch maLches our
expecLaLlons glven LhaL Lhls flgurlne was carved from
Lufa. ln conLrasL, Lhe clay flgurlne (14186.x16)
dlsplays resulLs conslsLenL wlLh marl. Powever, boLh
Lhe clay and sLone quadrupeds appear Lo have slmllar
chlorlne measuremenLs, llkely lndlcaLlve of some sorL
of conLamlnaLlon.

ln addlLlon we chose Lo compare x8l daLa from a
mudbrlck and red clay packlng sample taken site
Lhls year Lo our clay flgurlne measuremenLs (llg
11.7). Agaln, Lhe specLra seem qulLe slmllar.
However, a blvarlaLe comparlson of calclum and lron
seLs Lhe red clay packlng aparL from Lhe mudbrlck
and flgurlnes (llgure 8). 1hls resulL ls noL altogether
surprlslng glven LhaL mudbrlck, llke Lhe flgurlnes, was
manufacLured from backswamp clay unLll level SouLh
M. AfLer SouLh M, mudbrlcks are found wlLh more
sllLy clay fabrlcs due Lo Lhe depleLlon of backswamp
clays and Lhe subsequenL need for alLernaLlve clay
sources (uoherLy 2013).

1he appllcaLlon of PPpx8l ln archaeology has been a
wldely debaLed Loplc ln recenL years (LlrlLzls and
Zacharlas 2011, lrahm and uoonan 2013, lrahm
2013, Shackley 2010). uesplLe lLs convenlence and
potential, a llLeraLure survey conducLed by lrahm
and uoonan (2013:1429 30) found LhaL only 4 of
researchers uLlllzed Lhls Lechnlque ln an site
laboraLory or fleldhouse, perhaps due Lo a preference
for benchLop x8l machlnes and laboraLory condlLlons
Lo whlch many researchers aLLrlbuLe greaLer
reliability (Shackley 2010). Powever, LesLs on obsidian
mimicking on laboraLory condlLlons show LhaL
geochemlcal measuremenLs uslng porLable x8l are
credlble so long as measuremenLs were Laken ln a
conslsLenL manner (lrahm 2013). ln Lhese LesLs
lrahm was able Lo achleve a 94 success raLe
regardless of 'sub optimal condlLlons whlch lncluded
Figure 11.2. Zr vs. Rb bivariate comparison
Figure 11.3. Mn vs. Rb bivariate comparison
Figure 11.4. Ca vs. Sr bivariate comparison
Figure 11.5. Ca vs. Fe bivariate comparison
172
173

a lack of callbraLlon and Lhe
presence of lrregular
arLlfacL surfaces. 1hus,
Lhese LesLs demonsLraLe
LhaL preclslon ls cruclal Lo
Lhe ldenLlflcaLlon of sources
amongsL arLlfacLs whereas
accuracy plays a greaLer
role ln sLudles LhaL aLLempL
Lo maLch measuremenLs Lo
known sLandards.

Several crlLlclsms have been
levelled agalnsL porLable
XRF, lncludlng mlnlmal slze
requlremenLs for
malnLalnlng accuracy
(lrahm 2013:1082). ln our
case, Lhls was a non lssue as
all Lhe flgurlnes measured
had a Lhlckness greaLer
Lhan 2mm and a dlameLer
larger Lhan 1mm. Powever,
had we chosen Lo measure
Lhe zoomorphlc horn
figurines, many of whlch fall
below Lhese slze Lhresholds,
Lhls would have llkely
played a facLor ln daLa
rellablllLy. Cn Lhe oLher
hand, Lhe deposlLlon of
flgurlnes ln secondary
contexts, such as mlddens
and fllls, almosL cerLalnly
affecLed our resulLs.
llgurlnes were ln conLacL and mlxed ln wlLh a varleLy of maLerlal lncludlng soll, oLher arLlfacLs, and
faunal remalns (Meskell eL al. 2007, Meskell 2008). 8eyond any prehlsLorlc conLamlnanLs, modern
resldues from arLlfacL handllng, sLorage, eLc. are also poLenLlal facLors. 1he resulLanL surface
conLamlnaLlon makes lL dlfflc ulL Lo Lell wheLher Lhe x8l readlngs are of Lhe clay's ochemical
slgnaLure or LhaL of Lhe conLamlnanL. Cne way Lo poLenLlally mlLlgaLe error and surface
heLerogenelLy would be Lo analyze mulLlple areas on each flgurlne. uue Lo Llme consLralnLs,
were unable Lo lmplemenL such a procedure Lhls season. SLlll, Lhls ls noL a foolproof soluLlon as Lhe
enLlre ob[ecL may have been conLamlnaLed. Moreover, lnLernal varlablllLy ls a known lssue ln
poLLery analysls (and by relaLlon, clay ob[ecLs) (LiriLzls and Zacharias 2011:119).
Figure 11.6. Spectra of clay quadruped figurine vs. stone quadruped figurine.
Figure 11.7. Spectra of clay quadruped gurine vs. red clay packing vs. mudbrick
173
174

erhaps Lhe largesL dlfflculLy we found wlLh
uslng PPpx8l Lo evaluaLe clay sources for
Lhe flgurlnes has Lo do wlLh Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe aLalhyuk clays
Lhemselves. Clay conLalns llghL elemenLs,
such as alumlnum and slllcon, whlch x8l
cannoL deLecL or Lends Lo underrepresenL.
Likewise, Lhe hlgh magneslum conLenL of
clays does noL read ln Lhe x8l resulLs, nor
does Lhe sodlum whlch characLerlzes Lhe
volcanlc maLerlal. nonetheless, we sLlll
belleve LhaL PPpx8l can be a useful Lool ln
lnvesLlgaLlng clay sourclng when used ln
comblnaLlon wlLh oLher analyLlcal meLhods.

#<BK68 ;BXQHB<9> 6E689> 6= G9:8B=FBE "6=68Fb]cd
ConLrlbuLlon by Lynn Meskell

1he aLalhyuk pro[ecL currenLly has recorded some 2300 flgurlnes of humans, anlmals and
abbrevlaLed forms LhroughouL Lhe 1400 year sequence. We have done lnLenslve work on denslLles
of all flgurlne Lypes Lhrough Llme, by lndlvldual excavaLlon unlL. 1here ls a peak ln anlmal flgurlnes
(lncludlng boLh quadrupeds and lsolaLed horns), from Lhe SouLh Area ln Level and ln Lhe north
Area (speclflcally Lhe 4040 excavaLlon area) aL Level l. 1hese Lwo levels are roughly
contemporaneous ln daLe Lhough come from Lhe souLh and norLh areas of Lhe LasL Mound
respectively c. 64006300 cal. bc). 1he 4040 excavaLlon area of Lhe slLe has Lhe greaLesL
concenLraLlon of quadrupeds and Lhe wldesL range of Laxa, lncludlng much less frequenLly depicted
boar, bear and fox, plus a wlder varleLy of forms. uurlng Lhls Llme Lhere are slgnlflcanL changes ln
house slze, envlronmenLal shlfLs Lowards an lncreaslngly dry landscape, change ln mud brick
composition, an lncrease ln ceramlcs, caLLle domesLlcaLlon and an lncrease ln sheep and goaL
herdlng wlLh more complex herd managemenL suggesLed (PenLon 2013, 8ussell eL al. 2013). ln Lhe
case of aLalhyuk Lhe focus ls upon crafLlng exoLlc anlmals, wlLh an eye Lo Lhe world ouLslde, even
Lhough domesLlcaLed anlmals were assumlng a greaLer role ln vlllage llfe. ln LhaL way flgurlnes are
slgnlflers of a larger landscape, a world of wlder resources, experlences, and places.

Cne lnLerpreLaLlon ls LhaL Lhese ob[ecLs were more akln Lo ptoxles. physlcal embodlmenLs of real or
deslred anlmals LhaL could be hunLed, oLhers herded, some owned, borrowed, some shared and
eaLen. roxles could be used ln hunLlng plans, negoLlaLlons abouL flock managlng, exchanglng, or
dlsLrlbuLlng anlmals Lhemselves and parLs Lhereof, or employed ln narraLlng sLorles or passlng on
knowledge abouL anlmals Lhelr behavlor, producLs, locaLlon ln landscapes (MarLln and Meskell
2012). ln Lhe upper levels of Lhe slLe we know from Lhe human remalns LhaL Lhere was lncreased
mobillLy for boLh males and females (Larsen eL al. 2013), evldence LhaL flLs nlcely wlLh Lhe
lncreaslngly wlde use of Lhe landscape for herdlng sheep and managlng domesLlc caLLle (8ussell eL
al. 2013, PenLon 2013). ln conLrasL, wlld bulls play a dlsproporLlonaLe role ln feasLlng and
delineate clay figurines while the red and yellow markers indicate the
mudbrick and red clay packing samples respectively.
Figure 11.8. Ca vs. Fe bivariate comparison. The blue markers
174
175

archiLecLural lnsLallaLlons durlng Lhe same perlod (8ussell, eL al. 2013: 230). 1aken LogeLher, Lhe
consumption, curaLlon and dlsplay of cerLaln wlld specles lncreases aL a Llme when people were
connecLlng Lo an expandlng world beyond Lhe slLe.

Conslderlng Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe human maker and Lhe Lhlng reduced (Lhe anlmal) forces
us lnLo 'an anLhropocenLrlc world where Lhe scale of Lhe human dlcLaLes all spaLlal relaLlonshlps'
(8alley 2003: 29) and has Lhe concomlLanL effecL of masLery. ?eL lf we look comparaLlvely aL Lhe slze
ranges of boLh anlmal and human flgurlnes lL ls clear LhaL Lhere ls no naLural or reallsLlc slze
relationship, ln facL many human flgures are ofLen smaller Lhan Lhelr zoomorphlc counLerparLs. 1hus
boLh seLs of flgurlnes were noL meanL Lo reallsLlcally work LogeLher, Lo be assembled or be ln
obvlous narraLlve dlalogue LogeLher. Puman flgurlnes llkely slgnlfy concerns llke personhood, ging,
sexuality, maLurlLy and a pre occupaLlon wlLh flesh (Nakamura & Meskell 2009). 1heir oles, llke
Lhelr anlmal counLerparLs, could be lnLerpreLed as dldacLlc. Anlmals Loo could be shown ln varlous
sLages of Lhelr llfecycles, lndlcaLed for example by Lhe rounded nose of adulL boar or Lhe flaL
upLurned snouL of a [uvenlle (MarLln and Meskell 2012: 411). 1helr aLLenLlon Lo anaLomlcal specles
speclflc deLall suggesLs a famlllarlLy, knowledge and lnslghL LhaL was shared and clrculaLed as well. lL
ls noL slmply LhaL Lhey are proxles for hunLed beasLs, and only 12 show slgns of sLab or puncLure
marks. A broader lnLerpreLaLlon mlghL be LhaL 'control of anlmals was Lhe wlder preoccupaLlon
Lhe process of mouldlng Lhem beLween human hands, showlng and represenLlng Lhem Lo oLhers,
ultlmaLely leadlng Lo wlder dlscusslon, famlllarlLy and negoLlaLlon.

!"# %&'(# )* +&,& -.#'+-*-#. -' +"# *-(/%-'# 0)%1/2 .)#2 ')+ -'03/.# &'4 &'-5&3 )% 6type +"&+ "&2 ')+
!""# %&'#( )# %*'#*+ ,"-*)#. */ 0*/*+123456 7"/ /1" %*'#*+ ,"-*)#. )#8+'(" * !,&*( range of
animals, such as blrds, flsh, rodenLs, small carnlvores and repLlles LhaL are noL found as flgurlnes.
eople mosL commonly made caLLle flgurlnes (44), followed by boar/plg (13), Lhen equld (9) and
deer (8). Caprlnes overall number 11, and Lhe represenLaLlons of goaLs far ouLnumber sheep. 1hls
presenLs an opposlLe plcLure Lo Lhe raLlo of sheep:goaL ln Lhe faunal remalns, where sheep always
ouLnumber goaLs by far (8ussell & MarLln 2003, 8ussell eL al. 2013). 1here are even examples LhaL
could have been fashloned by Lhe same lndlvldual, such ls Lhelr slmllarlLy. 1wo equlds from Lhe
SouLh Area (12308.P3 and 12302.P4) are almosL ldenLlcal, as are Lwo 22 foxes or small carnlvores
(12648.x2 and 12980.P8) boLh from 4040P. 1wo very slmllar goaLs (2230.x2 and !"#$%&'%( *+, -./0
small, '()*$+ ",-*$*- .(/0 *1/2*"*$+ -*/#($*- *#2! #)- 0,2)!3 4*,5$* #/ 6#/#$07+89 '#:,;2*-
maklng a parLlcular range of quadrupeds (prlmarlly caLLle, boar, equld, deer, and goaL), raLher Lhan
reptiles, fellds, blrds and oLher local taxa, and lndeed raLher Lhan domesLlc sheep. 1he ma[orlLy of
flgurlnes probably represenL wlld anlmals, wlLh Lhe mosL belng wlld caLLle, so we mlghL say LhaL
wildness was prlzed ln some way (MarLln and Meskell 2012: 413). 8uL Lhls furLher prompLs us Lo
quesLlon why lgnore Lhe anlmals wlLh whlch one has greaLer famlllarlLy and dally proxlmlLy was lL
LhaL very famlllarlLy LhaL bred conLempL

Spec|es spec|f|c|ty
lor 8alley (2005: 29) Lhe mlnlaLure ls noL a model, lL does noL convey compleLe accuracy and
precision, raLher lL resulLs from human experlmenLaLlon wlLh Lhe wlder world. Lach flgurlne
comblnes Lhe maker's eye, hand and knowledge Lo manlpulaLe Lhe world. l would go furLher,
suggesLlng here LhaL small anlmal flgurlnes from aLalhyuk are abouL sub[ecLlve and selecLlve
represenLaLlon and care, Lhey maLerlally embody Lhe lnhablLanLs' preoccupaLlons and concerns.
175
176

lndeed Lhelr small slze forces a klnd of selecLlvlLy and so archaeologlsLs musL be aLLenLlve Lo whaL ls
deLalled and whaL ls omlLLed. MlnlaLurlsm galns force, accordlng Lo 8alley, from lLs lnherenL
quallLles of compresslon. As a resulL value ls enhanced: 'mlnlaLurlsm concenLraLes and dlsLlls whaL is
normal ln people's rouLlne day to day acLlvlLles and LhoughLs and Lhen produces a denser
expresslon of LhaL parL of LhaL reallLy' (2003: 32).

8ecalllng LhaL Lhe mlnlaLure affords selecLlve represenLaLlon and prlorlLlzaLlon, l Lurn now Lo Lhe
NeollLhlc preoccupaLlon wlLh renderlng cerLaln anlmal LralLs and dlsregardlng oLhers. lor example,
flgurlne makers were noL lnLeresLed ln showlng Lhe LexLure of anlmal coaLs, elr parLlcular paLLerns
or oLher marklng, whlch Lhey cerLalnly had Lhe sklll Lo perform lf deslred. AlLhough ln some cases
equids manes or boar's backs were elaboraLed by plnchlng, maklng rldges or scorlng (e.g.
12972.H1, 12308.P3, 12324.x8). ln general lL ls Lhe shape of Lhe anlmal head and body LhaL ls
sallenL raLher Lhan lLs exLerlor (for parallels see PorwlLz & Corlng Morrls 2004: 172). 1aken LogeLher
and examlned as a corpus Lhey are hlghly deLalled, flnely modeled and anaLomlcally speclflc. 1hey
seek Lo capLure Lhe qulnLessenLlal elemenLs of each anlmal specles and Lhere ls a careful, ofLen
exuberant, selecLlon of Lhe horse's mane, Lhe boar's snouL, Lhe deer's anLlers and Lhe goaL's beard.
1hls Lendency lends welghL Lo Lhe ldea LhaL Lhey served dldacLlc purposes and LhaL Lhey were
knowledgeable condulLs beLween humans and beLween oLher medla.

8enderlng heads and Lalls ln deLall, regardless of flgurlne slze or modellng quallLy, was paramounL.
We see a slmllar Lendency ln Lhe anLhropomorphlc examples, where aLLenLlon Lo heads,
headlessness and head removal (Meskell 2008) as well as dellneaLlng Lhe buLLocks (nakamura
Meskell 2009) was a cenLral concern. 8uL wlLh Lhe anlmals lL ls always Lhe presence of Lhe head, Lhe
aLLenLlon Lo parLlcular head shape, and correcL renderlng of Lhe ears, horns, Lusks and beards LhaL ls
compelllng. 1he raLlo of head Lo body among Lhe quadrupeds also underllnes Lhe domlnance of Lhe
head over Lhe body (1:1 raLlo 4, 1:1.3 raLlo 29, 1:2 raLlo 38, 1:2.3 16, 1:3 13).
Loulse MarLln developed a meLhodology Lo record Lhe morphology of Lhe dlscreLe 'body parLs' LhaL
make up each flgurlne, such as heads, horns, necks and Lorsos, legs and Lalls. ln Lhls sLudy of several
hundred quadrupeds MarLln found LhaL head shape ls conslsLenLly specles speclflc and ranged from
belng long and polnLed Lo shorL and blunL, Lo Lrlangular and wedge shaped. Wlld caLLle, Lhe mosL
Figure 11.9. Dog gurine 19342.X16
176
177

prevalenL anlmal deplcLed, have a heavy Lrlangle wedge shaped head whereas deer have flnely
modeled heads and relaLlvely long narrow snouLs (one has evldence of removable anLlers). Lqulds
have long faces wlLh rounded or polnLed snouLs, someLlmes wlLh upsLandlng ears qulLe dlfferenL
from Lhose of oLher ungulaLes and ln one lnsLance a mane. Porn morphology and placemenL also
reveals deLalled knowledge: wheLher Lhe horn base was round, ovold or flaLLened, wheLher Lhey
came off aL Lhe slde of Lhe head or from Lhe Lop, V shaped or verLlcal (see also SchmandL Besserat
1997). lor caLLle, Lhe shape of Lhe head, placemenL horns, followed by Lhe bulk of Lhe neck and
shoulders were Lhe crlLlcal slgnlflers (MarLln and Meskell 2012). 1hls same paLLern ls observed ln Lhe
LreaLmenL of plasLered faunal lnsLallaLlons where Lhe head and horns of caLLle ls Lhe prlmary
common, aL Lhe expense of Lhe resL of Lhe anlmal (see Lhe examples of 8ulldlngs 32 and 77, 8ussell
eL al. 2013: 221).

Lqually lmporLanL as Lhe head was Lhe presence of a Lall, regardless of flgurlne Lype, slze or
modelllng quallLy. Whlle parLlcular Lalls seem Lo characLerlze equlds and carnlvores, for mosL of Lhe
quadrupeds lL was Lhe perslsLenL presence of a Lall LhaL was crlLlcal raLher Lhan lLs accuracy Lo
specles. Anlmal Lalls are Lyplcally large and exaggeraLed ln Lhe wall arL (bulls, deer, boar, leopard).
Moreover, our analysls shows LhaL desplLe a wlde varlaLlon ln Lhe manufacLure, morphology and
slzes of flgurlnes classed LogeLher as a 'taxon, Lhese bodlly preoccupaLlons wlLh heads and Lalls do
seem Lo hold from Lhe earllesL Lo Lhe laLesL neollLhlc levels of Lhe slLe (MarLln and Meskell 2012:
417). 1he remalnder of Lhe quadruped body ls ofLen robusL and nondescrlpL, Lhe legs non specific,
and Lhe hoofs are baslcally absenL. Many of Lhe quadrupeds are made wlLh dellberaLely flaLLened
hooves or bases lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhey were meanL Lo be free standing, as opposed Lo many
anLhropomorphlc examples LhaL do noL and Lhus may have been more moblle (Meskell 2007).
Cuadrupeds ofLen have flaLLened undersldes, even where Lhe four legs are schemaLlcally depicted.
1he base of Lhe legs, slnce Lhere are no hoofs, ls ofLen slmply squashed. Pence Lhey are noL rellanL
upon belng held or placed ln sLands and could easlly have been assembled ln groups.
eople aL aLalhyuk were concerned wlLh crafLlng a llmlLed range of Lypes: prlmarlly ungulaLes and
herblvores (caLLle, equld, sheep, goaL, cervlds), one omnlvore (boar), and far fewer represenLaLlves
of carnlvores (dog, fox, felld). WlLh Lhe excepLlon of Lhe carnlvores, mosL of Lhe represenLed anlmals
are found as food remalns on slLe. 1hls paLLern ls also evldenL ln Lhe wall palnLlngs and rellefs where
wlld caLLle domlnaLe (46 ln Lhe wall rellefs) yeL only consLlLuLe 13 overall of Lhe anlmal remalns
Figure 11.10. Bear gurine 19390.x3
177
178

deposlLed on slLe (8ussell & MarLln 2003). uomesLlcaLed sheep largely comprlse Lhe slLe's faunal
remalns and regular source of meaL consumpLlon (aL leasL 36), yeL are never Lhe sub[ecLs of
plcLorlal represenLaLlon and Lhelr body parLs reporLed ln wall rellefs ln [usL 19 of cases, alLhough
many ldenLlflcaLlons may be doubLful (8ussell & Meece 2003, able 14.3).

A matter of sca|e
uouglass 8alley (2003) has wrlLLen eloquenLly on maLLers of scale wlLh human flgurlnes, an
approach LhaL ls even more compelllng when applled Lo an anlmal corpus and lLs relaLed faunal
remalns and represenLaLlons on a slLe llke aLalhyuk. 1oo small a scale, he noLes, and Lhe flgurlne
and Lhe deLalls become blurred and deLalled renderlng becomes lmposslble. 1oo large a scale
becomes redundanL or physlcally lmposslble. All scale ls relaLed Lo Lhe human body as Lhe
qulnLessenLlal relaLlonshlp, so ob[ecL maklng ls elLher llfe size, smaller Lhan llfe slze or larger Lhan
life slze. Pere l examlne Lhe embodled dlfferences of engaglng wlLh flgurlnes as compared wlLh Lhe
slgnlflcanLly larger, more lmposlng plasLered feaLures and narraLlve wall palnLlngs feaLurlng humans
and anlmals LogeLher. Whlle Lhe concerns for Lhe same specles and Lhelr anaLomlcal characLerlsLlcs
remalns consLanL, Lhe soclal llves of Lhese flgural represenLaLlons was llkely very dlfferenL.

l have argued above LhaL Lhe recognlzable characLerlsLlcs of lndlvldual flgurlnes Lo an anlmal Laxon
seem Lo have been lmporLanL. 1hose concerns also exLend beyond Lhe flgurlne corpus and are also
presenL ln Lhe specles speclflclLy of Lhe wall palnLlngs (Nakamura & Meskell 2006, Podder 2006).
However, wall palnLlngs deplcLlng anlmals are found ln only 16 houses, a relaLlvely small number of
Lhe LoLal bulldlngs (Czeszewska 2014). 1helr vlsual cues mlghL only leglble Lo parLlcular subseL of Lhe
community, and may acLually lmpose an experlence of dlsLance, whereas lnLeracLlng wlLh Lhe
flgurlnes lnvlLed a more lmmedlaLe and perhaps personal connecLlon. MellaarL noLes (1967) that
Lhe famous bull palnLlng (Shrlne Alll.l) was over 6fL long and Lhe wall wlLh Lhe palred leopards
(Shrlne vl.8.44, palnLed wlLh over 40 layers) was almosL as long. Such monumenLal producLlons
were noL always Lhe norm LhroughouL Lhe slLe. MlLchell (2006) remlnds us LhaL Lhe 'prlnclples of
vlLallsm and anlmlsm requlre LhaL we also Lake accounL of whaL are someLlmes called lower forms
of consclousnessmere senLlence, for lnsLance, or sensuous awareness, responslveness, as well as
forms of memory and deslre.'

Small, expedlenL flgurlnes promoLe a klnd of democraLlzaLlon: everyone can make and engage wlLh
zoomorphlc flgurlnes, as evldenced by Lhelr ublqulLy and dlsLrlbuLlon across Lhe slLe. 1hey are parL
of a sulLe of rouLlnlzed and repeLlLlve pracLlces aL aLalhyuk (Podder & Cessford 2004). And ln Lhe
socleLy of Lhlngs flgurlnes are ready Lo hand and lmmedlaLe, whlle havlng Lhe capaclLy Lo reference
more elaboraLe, complex and hlghly skllled Lhlngs LhaL may have been ouL of reach for some
lndlvlduals. Pere l am Lhlnklng of Lhe elaboraLe plasLered, horned benches, wall mounLed bucranla
(1wlss & 8ussell 2009) and Lhe large narraLlve wall palnLlngs. 1he anlmal arL and body part
lnsLallaLlons also show a preoccupaLlon wlLh wlld anlmals such as caLLle, boar, deer and leopards,
raLher Lhan Lhe domesLlcaLed sheep and goaL LhaL Lhe lnhablLanLs clearly relled on ln pracLlce. We
mlghL be able Lo say Lhen, LhaL maklng flgurlnes was noL a mlmeLlc process of food producLlon nor
was lL focused on Lhe household economy, buL raLher a broader symbollc economy of deslre,
distance, danger and posslbly even dread (WhlLehouse & Podder 2010, Podder & Meskell 2011).
Moreover, Lhe sub[ecLs of Lhe lnsLallaLlons overlap slgnlflcanLly wlLh Lhe famous palnLlngs of wlld
cattle, deer, boar, [usL as Lhey do wlLh Lhe anlmal flgurlnes. 1he lmages of wlld beasLs are
178
179

represenLed on a scale LhaL dwarfs human acLors, whereas Lhe plasLered faunal remalns ln walls and
benches wlLhln bulldlngs were obvlously Lo scale and enabled more llved lnLeracLlon. 1he flgurlnes
are Lhe opposlLe, Lhey demand Lo be regularly handled, manlpulaLed, and masLered. Such a
reducLlon ln slze demands closer scruLlny and an embodled proxemlcs. 1hls lnLlmacy mlghL enable
new ways of seelng and poLenLlally undersLandlng Lhe sub[ecL (8alley 2003: 38). 1aken LogeLher,
would argue LhaL Lhese mlnlaLure anlmals effecLlvely connecL Lo, enllven, and make real Lhe ma[or
beastly sub[ecLs of some hlsLorlc or myLhlc evenLs.

!"#$%"&'( *+, -+.' -+/ %01'( "& + 2"/' +%%+, 03 %'+1 '&#+#'*'&4( 4-+4 50$&/ 6'061' +&/ +&"*+1( "&
the #&'(!"() (* +(,('-. /-0+ !"-! !"# 1-!-'"2034 /-'' 5-(*!(*6+ '(*4 /(!" !"#,#+ &7 "8*!(*6 -*9
balLlng wlld anlmals, and Lhe anlmal parL lnsLallaLlons appear Lo llnk wlLh consumpLlon pracLlces of
key anlmals. 8uL unllke Lhese more flxed, dlsplayed anlmal represenLaLlons, Lhe flgurlnes seem more
llkely Lo be LransacLlonal Lhlngs, made, used and dlscarded. 1hls lnLerpreLaLlon accords well wlLh Lhe
depositional conLexL of quadruped flgurlnes ln mlddens and exLernal areas, regardless of where Lhe
LransacLlons wlLh real anlmals and anlmal carcasses Look place, elLher on or off slLe. 8ecause of Lhelr
small slze and ease of manufacLure flgurlnes could be LhoughL of condulLs for soclal acLlon
(exchanges, Leachlng, negoLlaLlons, rlLual) LhaL concern human anlmal relaLlonshlps. As 8erger
(1980: noLed ln hls dlscusslon on looklng aL anlmals, lL ls because Lhelr 'llves are dlsLlncL buL run
parallel. lor example, Lhe plasLered bucranla and horned benches llkely relaLe Lo hunLlng evenLs,
LhaL have been accompanled by feasLs, LhaL would noL have been common evenLs aL Lhe slLe. Clven
Lhe relaLlvely small number of bucranla preserved from Lhe slLe, mosLly form burned hence
preserved bulldlngs, we mlghL poslL LhaL such remalns were prlzed and curaLed, Lhen reLrleved and
relnsLalled ln laLer bulldlngs (Loulse MarLln pers. comm.). PunLlng wlld caLLle and boar musL have
involved conslderable sklll and bravery and would noL have been posslble for all members of Lhe
communlLy. Many of Lhese evenLs musL have been relegaLed Lo hlsLory, and ln Lhe case of Lhe wall
paintings, probably Lo generaLlonal memory or myLh. So ln Lhls socleLy of Lhlngs (MlLchell 2003: 122)
flgurlnes offer a moblle and maLerlal connecLor beLween very dlfferenL Llme scales LhaL are
represenLed ln oLher medla.

Llke humans, anlmals are born, Lhey are senLlenL and morLal, 8erger wroLe (1980: 4). Anlmals
resemble us, buL ln Lhelr anaLomy, hablLs, physlcal capaclLles and Llme Lhey dlffer. 1hey are boLh llke
and oollke. Wlld anlmals came from over Lhe horlzon, Lhus Lhey belong tbete and bete. Fabricating
and uslng anlmal flgurlnes medlaLes LhaL proxlmlLy and dlfference, Lhe fundamenLal Lenslon LhaL
Lhey are llke us and knowable Lo us, buL aL Lhe same Llme fundamenLally sLrange and oLher. 1he
flgural scale ls key: Lhey are ln our hands, shaped by us. 1hose posslblllLles for masLery are more
Lenuous when one confronLs Lhe real remalns of large anlmals curaLed Lo Lhelr llfe llke forms, or
even more compelllng, Lhe llvlng beasL ln Lhe landscape.
PRESENT: FIGURINES
scale smaller than life size, handle-ability, immediacy, democratization,
personal, conduits for representations on different scales
HISTORY: INSTALLATIONS
MEMORY: PAINTINGS
scale is life size, real animal remains, not personal and not in every house,
repeated plastering and painting
scale larger than life size, animals dwarf humans, distant history, memory or
myth, inaccessible to some
179
180

Small, flnely modeled anlmal flgurlnes, parLlcularly Lhose of exoLlc, non domesLlcaLed specles
domlnaLe Lhe flgural assemblage aL aLalhyuk. ALLenLlon Lo specles speclflclLy ls largely arLlculaLed
by a conslsLenL deplcLlon of head Lypes and Lalls. lor Lhelr makers a flgurlne should be a
recognlzable anlmal, llkely ldenLlflable Lo oLher people across Lhe seLLlemenL (MarLln and Meskell
2012: 402). 1hese mlnlaLure beasLs were regularly made from locally sourced maLerlals, probably ln
exLernal spaces, and were handle able, moblle, and wldely clrculaLed. 1hey could accompllsh whaL
real anlmals, or plasLered anlmal lnsLallaLlons and wall palnLlngs cannoL: Lhey enable democraLlzed
access and lndlvldual soclal relaLlons beLween humans and wlld anlmals. 1helr small scale enabled
an lnLlmacy, conLrol and acLlon LhaL are noL posslble wlLh large scale palnLlngs or plasLered bucranla
relegated Lo a mlnorlLy of bulldlngs. ln Lhls socleLy of Lhlngs, flgurlnes are condulLs beLween very
dlfferenL maLerlal scales and Lhey effecLlvely embody and communlcaLe across Lhe specles dlvlde ln
expedlenL and lnLlmaLe ways. lrom Lhls perspecLlve, Lhe ldea of whaL flgurlnes wanL or whaL
flgurlnes do mlghL provlde more evocaLlve quesLlons Lhan whaL do flgurlnes mean

8|b||ography:
Bailey, u.W
2005 rehlsLorlc llgurlnes: 8epresenLaLlon and CorporeallLy ln Lhe neollLhlc. London:
Routledge.
Berger,
1980 AbouL Looklng. new ?ork: vlnLage lnLernaLlonal.
Czeszewska,
2014 Wall palnLlngs aL aLalhyuk. lo lnLegraLlng aLalhyuk: 1hemes from Lhe 2000 2008
Seasons. l. Podder, ed. Los Angeles: CoLsen lnsLlLuLe.
Henton,
2013 Cxygen sLable lsoLope and denLal mlcrowear evldence of herdlng pracLlces aL
atalhyk. lo Pumans and Landscapes of aLalhyuk: 8eporLs from Lhe 2000 2008 Seasons.
l. Podder, ed. Los Angeles: CoLsen lnsLuLlLe.
Hodder,
2006 1he Leopards 1ale: 8eveallng Lhe MysLerles of aLalhyuk. London: 1hames and
Hudson.
Hodder, and C Cessford
2004 ually pracLlce and soclal memory aL aLalhyuk. Amerlcan AnLlqulLy 69(1):17 40.
Hodder, and L. M Meskell
2011 A curlous and someLlmes a Lrlfle macabre arLlsLry': Some aspecLs of symbollsm ln
Neolithic 1urkey. CurrenL AnLhropology 32(2):233 263.
Horwitz, L.k, and n Corlng Morris
2004 Anlmals and rlLual durlng Lhe LevanLlne n8: a case sLudy from Lhe slLe of kfar
Hahorsh, lsrael. AnLhropozoologlca 3(1):163 178.
Larsen, C., eL al.
2013 1he Puman 8emalns ll: lnLerpreLlng LlfesLyle and AcLlvlLy ln neollLhlc aLalhyuk. lo
Pumans and Landscapes of aLalhyuk: 8eporLs from Lhe 2000 2008 Seasons. l. Podder, ed.
Pp. 339 396. Los Angeles: CoLsen lnsLlLuLe.

180
181

Martin, and L. Meskell
2012 Anlmal flgurlnes from eollLhlc aLalhyuk: flgural and faunal perspecLlves.
Cambrldge Archaeologlcal !ournal 22(3): 401 419.
Mellaart,
1967 aLal Puyuk: A neollLhlc 1own ln AnaLolla. London: 1hames and Pudson.
Meskell, L. M
2007 8eflgurlng Lhe corpus aL aLalhyuk. lo MaLerlal 8eglnnlngs: A Clobal rehlsLory of
llguraLlve 8epresenLaLlon. A.C. 8enfrew and l. Morley, eds. p. 137 149. Cambrldge:
Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe Monographs.
Meskell, L. M
2008 1he naLure of Lhe beasL: curaLlng anlmals and ancesLors aL aLalhyuk. World
Archaeology 40(3):373 389.
Mitchell, W. !. 1.
2006 WhaL do plcLures wanL lnLervlew wlLh W. !. 1. MlLchell by Asb[rn CrnsLad and
yvlnd vgnes. lmage and narrative ovember(http://www.visual
sLudles.com/lnLervlews/mlLchell.hLml):consulLed 6 AugusL 2013.
Nakamura, and L. M Meskell
2006 aLalhyuk llgurlnes. Archlve 8eporL on Lhe CaLalhyuk Season 2006
www.catalhoyuk.com.
Nakamura, and L. M Meskell
2009 ArLlculaLe bodles: forms and flgures aL aLalhyuk. !ournal of Archaeologlcal MeLhod
and Theory 6:205 230.
Russell, , and L MarLln
2005 1he aLalhyuk mammal remalns. lo lnhablLlng aLalhyuk: 8eporLs from Lhe 1993
1999 Seasons. l. Podder, ed. p. 33 98. Cambrldge: Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe.
Russell, ., eL al.
2013 More on Lhe aLalhyuk Mammal Remains. lo Pumans and Landscapes of
aLalhyuk: 8eporLs from Lhe 2000 2008 Seasons. l. Podder, ed. Los Angeles: CoLsen
Institute.
Schmandt Besserat,
1997 Anlmal symbols aL Aln Chazal. LxpedlLlon 39(1):48 58.
Twiss, , and n 8ussell
2009 1aklng Lhe bull by Lhe horns: CaLLle horns aL neollLhlc aLalhyuk, 1urkey. aleorlenL
35(2):19 32.
Whitehouse, and l Podder
2010 Modes of rellgloslLy aL aLalhyuk. lo 8ellglon ln Lhe Lmergence of ClvlllzaLlon:
aLalhyuk as a Case SLudy. l. Podder, ed. Cambrldge: Cambrldge unlverslLy ress.
181
182

-+? 36>= a:Q<P iH:Q<P @=:<9I +,-.?
ChrlsLlna 1sorakl, Lelden unlverslLy

1eam members: MarkeLa SLovlckova
1
, !udre SapranauskalLe
1
, George ambouroglou
1
, 8arney
Harris
1
, AsLrld 8ormann
2
. (
1
University

Sheffield, K,
2
unlverslLy of Aberdeen, )

uurlng Lhe 2013 fleld season a Leam of slx people worked on Lhe aLalhyuk ground sLone maLerlal.
Work was dlvlded beLween assesslng newly excavaLed maLerlal from Lhe SouLh, orLh and 1C
areas and recordlng maLerlal from prevlous excavaLlon seasons. As mosL of Lhe Leam members were
[olnlng Lhe Leam for Lhe flrsL Llme and had no prlor experlence wlLh Lhe recordlng of ground sLone
assemblages, Llme was devoLed ln Lhe Lralnlng of Lhe sLudenLs ln Lhe ldenLlflcaLlon, Lhe lnlLlal
processlng and Level 1 recordlng of ground sLone ob[ecLs.

1he maln alms of Lhe 2013 season was
a) To updaLe Lhe ground sLone craLe reglsLer on Lhe flnds daLabase sysLem (see Cround SLone
Archlve reporL 2012).
b) 1o provlde feedback on maLerlal derlved from excavaLlon unlLs deslgnaLed as prlorlLy durlng
Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season and lnlLlaLe Lhe recordlng of newly excavaLed maLerlal from Lhe
LasL Mound.
c) 1o conLlnue Lhe deLalled recordlng of backlog maLerlal from Lhe SouLh Area excavaLed
during he 009 2012 fleld seasons.
d) 1o lnlLlaLe a research pro[ecL focuslng on Lhe sLudy of ground sLone maLerlal found ln
clusLers ln order Lo address quesLlons abouL Lhe lnLenLlonal deposlLlon and desLrucLlon of
objects.
e) 1o lnlLlaLe a deLalled Lechnologlcal and conLexLual sLudy of all sLone axes from boLh
Mellaarts and Podder's excavaLlons.

4HB:HB=] ^<B=>
1he ground sLone Leam Look parL aL Lhe Lrl weekly prlorlLy Lours and assessed maLerlal from 46
prlorlLy unlLs excavaLed durlng Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season (slx from Lhe norLh area, 22 from Lhe
SouLh Area and 18 from Lhe 1C area). ln addlLlon, maLerlal from 13 prlorlLy unlLs from Lhe 2012
fleld season noL assessed ln Lhe prevlous year was sLudled. All commenLs from Lhe assessmenL of
Lhe maLerlal were enLered ln Lhe rlorlLy leedback Culck LnLry forms. 8elow ls a prellmlnary
assessmenL of unlLs of parLlcular lnLeresL:

2012
1lc Ateo (20255), 5p. 494, l.J978 clostet
ln Sp. 494 an lnflll deposlL and a mlxed clusLer of arLefacLs and ecofacLs (20233), (20276), (20277),
(20278), (20279), (20280), (20281) was found beLween Lhe walls of 8ulldlngs 110 and 111 and oven
(l.3924). lL conLalned a large amounL of bone, poLLery sherds, ground sLone, shells, and phyLollLhs.
NoLable among Lhls clusLer was a collecLlon of 199 caprlne asLragall, 30 of whlch have been
flaLLened on one or boLh sldes (8esL eL al. 2012, Archlve reporL 2012). Cverall, Lhe quanLlLy of Lhe
182
183

maLerlal deposlLed here and Lhe characLerlsLlcs of Lhe maLerlal suggesL an acL of dellberaLe
deposlLlon as a speclal/foundaLlon deposlL.

1he ground sLone assemblage from (20233) sLands ouL noL only ln Lerms of number of arLefacLs
deposited, buL also ln Lerms of ob[ecL Lypes and raw maLerlals represenLed. 1hls concenLraLlon
conLalns a large number of boLh worked and naLural sLones. 1here ls varlaLlon ln Lhe raw maLerlals
represented, malnly aL leasL Lwo dlfferenL Lypes of andeslLe, schlsL, greensLone (posslble dlabase),
limestone, meLamorphosed llmesLone/marble, quarLz, crysLal, cherL, and sedlmenLary quarLzlLe.
Upper and lower grlndlng Lools (l.e. querns and grlnders) are Lhe maln Lool Lypes occurrlng wlLhln
Lhls deposlL, whlle Lhere are also Lwo posslble examples of grlndlng Lool rough outs, deblLage from
Lhe producLlon or modlflcaLlon of grlndlng Lools (angular wasLe by producLs, flake and mlcro
debitage), pollshers, an abrader, a posslble paleLLe, small slzed sLone balls, seven unmodlfled pleces
of crysLal, naLural llmesLone pebbles of varlous slzes and elghL cherL ob[ecLs (20233.x1, 20233.x2,
20255.x7, 20233.x14, 20233.x22, see below). 1he lack of reflLs beLween fragmenLs and Lhe varlaLlon
ln raw maLerlal Lypes suggesLs LhaL Lhe deposlLed fragmenLs come from dlfferenL grlndlng Lools. ln
Lerms of use paLLerns, no Lools had reached a worn ouL sLaLe (perhaps wlLh Lhe excepLlon of
20233.x23) before Lhey were dlscarded, and Lherefore Lhey could have been modlfled and
conLlnued Lo be used, lf needed. 1hls ln facL ls evldenL only ln one case (20233.x31). 1here ls
varlaLlon ln Lhe surface condlLlon of Lhe sLone ob[ecLs ln Lhe clusLer: mosL of Lhe ob[ecLs show no
evldence for burnlng and only some of Lhe grlndlng Lools are burnL. ln some cases Lhe burnlng ls
also vlslble on broken surfaces, Lhls suggesLs LhaL Lhe Lools were burnL afLer Lhey had been broken,
buL Lhe fragmenLaLlon paLLerns do noL suggesL LhaL breakage had resulLed from conLacL wlLh flre.
1hls ln Landem wlLh varlaLlons ln Lhe fracLure condlLlon of Lhe broken marglns (l.e. boLh Lools wlLh
fresh and sLlll sharp edges and Lools wlLh heavlly worn and rounded broken marglns occur LogeLher
ln Lhe clusLer), and Lhe lack of reflLs beLween grlndlng Lools suggesL LhaL Lhe ob[ecLs come from
dlfferenL prlmary conLexLs.

A close look aL Lhe ob[ecLs deposlLed ln Lhls clusLer suggesLs LhaL Lhelr deposlLlon ls noL accldenLal
and Lhls concenLraLlon of maLerlal has some 'lnLernal loglc' Lo lL. 1he characLer of Lhe sLone ob[ecLs
deposlLed make clear references Lo Lhe sLages ln Lhe llfe cycle of a grlndlng Lool: raw maLerlal ln Lhe
form of naLurally weaLhered large slze cobble (20233.x20) (raw maLerlal ocuremenL sLage), rough
ouLs for grlndlng Lools LhaL sLlll reLaln parL of Lhe naLural weaLhered surface, (20233.x24, 20233.x29)
(lnlLlal producLlon sLage), deblLage LhaL relaLes Lo Lhe producLlon of grlndlng Lools (boLh lnlLlal
shaplng and modlflcaLlon sLages are represenLed, e.g., 20233.x8,20223.x16), Lools wlLh use faces
LhaL were pecked prlor Lo use, e.g., 20233.x32, and a compleLe Lool (spherlcal grlnder) LhaL shows
all over pecklng (20233.x23) (producLlon sLage), numerous examples of Lools wlLh one or Lwo
opposed use faces (e.g., 20233.x4 & 20233.x30) exhlblLlng dlfferenL degrees of wear (from llghL use
Lo heavlly used surfaces), Lhese make a clear reference Lo Lhe grlndlng acLlvlLles Lhe Lools were used
for (consumpLlon sLage). 8eferences Lo Lhe malnLenance sLage ln Lhe llfecycle of grlndlng Lools are
made by Lools wlLh repecked use faces e.g., 20233.x33, whlle grlnder 20233.x31 shows evldence for
the use of Lhe Lool ln anoLher grlndlng acLlvlLy once Lhe Lool broke and before lL was deposlLed, a
fragmenL from a grlndlng Lool wlLh no use faces survlvlng (20233.x8) clearly lndlcaLes a Lool LhaL has
reached Lhe end of lLs use llfe as grlndlng Lool and has now enLered a sLaLe of dlscard. 8eferences Lo
dlfferenL Lypes of grlndlng acLlvlLles are also made by Lhe lncluslon of schlsL paleLLes and pollshers
wlLhln Lhls clusLer of ob[ecLs. WlLh Lhls ln mlnd, lL ls lnLeresLlng Lo explore furLher Lhe relaLlonshlps
183
184

beLween Lhe sLone ob[ecLs and oLher elemenLs of Lhls clusLer, especlally see Lhe grlndlng/abraslve
Lools ln relaLlon Lo Lhe caprlne asLragall whlch exhlblL flaLLened sldes. lurLhermore, he clusLer does
noL only lncorporaLe dlfferenL Lypes of ob[ecLs buL raw maLerlals as well. 1hese dlverse raw
maLerlals were procured from dlfferenL local and non local geologlcal sources, and Lhus carry wlLh
Lhem speclflc assoclaLlons Lo parLlcular places ln Lhe landscape.

1he dellberaLe characLer of Lhls deposlLlon ls furLher relnforced by Lhe presence of elghL cherL
ob[ecLs (20233.x1, 20233.x2, 20233.x7, 20233.x14, 20233.x22) LhaL are lnLeresLlng ln morphologlcal
Lerms, alLhough Lhese are noL heavlly modlfled ob[ecLs (l.e. a few pleces have very coarsely shaped
marglns by flaklng or abraslon, whlle Lhe resL seem naLural), Lhere ls a conslsLency ln Lhelr shape, all
belng ovaLe/Lrlangular ln shape, and Lhey look very unlform ln characLer.

Nottb Ateo, (20965), 5p.511, mlJJeo loyet lo obooJooeJ bollJloq
1hls unlL was parLlcularly rlch ln quanLlLy and Lype of arLefacLs. 1hls mldden layer conLalned malnly
fragmenLs of grlndlng (23 ln LoLal) and abraslve Lools (10 ln LoLal) among whlch Lwo compleLe and
Lwo fragmenLs of small slzed paleLLes (20963.x13 and 20963.x17) and one furLher posslble paleLLe
fragmenL. 1he unlL also ylelded a fragmenL of a marble braceleL, a compleLe dlsc sLone bead (found
wlLhln floLaLlon sample 10338), a sLone ball (20963.x12), several flre cracked rocks wlLh no wear on
Lhelr surfaces (ca. 20 ln LoLal), and numerous small slzed naLural pebbles and cobbles. 1he unlL also
conLalned deblLage (secondary and LerLlary flakes) from Lhe producLlon of andeslLlc Lools. 1he
ma[orlLy of Lhe flakes come from Lhe Peavy 8esldue floLaLlon sample 10338. lnLeresLlngly 12 flakes
come from Lhe same reducLlon eplsode and some reflL. More reflLs were found beLween quern
fragments, and beLween flre cracked cobbles. 1he presence of flakes from Lhe worklng of Lhe same
nodule suggesL posslble ln slLu producLlon of andeslLlc Lools, Lhls LogeLher wlLh oLher ground sLone
reflLs and ln Landem wlLh Lhe characLer of oLher maLerlals found wlLhln Lhls unlL lndlcaLes qulck
accumulaLlon of maLerlal and llLLle posL deposlLlonal movemenL. 1he maLerlal from (20965)
highlights Lhe facL LhaL mlddens need noL necessarlly have been sLrlcLly percelved as dumplng
places, buL lnsLead exLernal areas mlghL have been acLlvely used as places where dally acLlvlLles
were conducLed.

1he characLer of Lhls mldden ln Sp.311 dlffers greaLly wlLh Lhe mldden excavaLed ln Lhe 1C Area.
(30773) and (30774), flagged as prlorlLy unlLs durlng Lhe 2013 season, were very poor n ground
sLone maLerlal, when compared Lo oLher mldden fllls. 1hls plcLure, whlch requlres furLher
lnvesLlgaLlon ln Lhe comlng years, suggesLs varlaLlons ln Lhe formaLlon of mlddens LhaL mlghL relaLe
Lo Lemporal paLLerns of use and/or Lhe naLure of acLlvlLles LhaL led Lo Lhe accumulaLlon of Lhe
mldden maLerlal ln Lhe flrsL place. 1he sLudy of ground sLone maLerlal from mlddens/exLernal areas
wlll be a prlorlLy for Lhe 2014 fleld season.

5ootb Ateo, (J0615), Jltty floot of 5p.510, 8.118, noJJet level. 5ootb.n
AlLhough poor ln arLefacL quanLlLles, Lhls unlL ls lnLeresLlng as lL offers an lnslghL lnLo lndoor sLone
worklng acLlvlLles. 1he unlL ylelded a fragmenL of a plnk andeslLe grlnder and debitage found wlLhln
Lhe floLaLlon sample 10664 from Lhe worklng of plnk andeslLe (one prlmary flake, LerLlary flakes
and debrls, 6 pleces ln LoLal). All flakes come from Lhe same nodule/Lool suggesLlng LhaL Lhe
dlfferenL sLages of Lhe worklng of plnk andeslLe Look place wlLhln Lhe lnLerlor of Lhe bulldlng.

184
185

ln addlLlon Lo Lhese prlorlLles unlLs, Lhere
were several noLable flnds from Lhls season's
excavaLlons ln Lhe norLh Area. 1he flnds were
assoclaLed wlLh Lhe mulLlple burlal l.7127
wlLhln plaLform l.3694 ln 8.32, whlch
conLalned one adulL skeleLon and four
subadulLs (LxcavaLlon uaLabase, leaLure
SheeL). AL Lhe boLLom of Lhe flll (30303) a
compleLe marble braceleL (30303.x8) was
found (llg. 12.1). 1he braceleL has an ouLer
dlameLer of ca. 64mm, lnner dlameLer of ca.
50mm, ls ca. 8mm Lhlck and welghs 19g. lL ls
almosL spherlcal ln plan vlew, buL Lhe
braceleL does noL form a perfecL clrcle and ls
sllghLly lrregular. 1he surface ls malnly
ground and no Lraces of colour are vlslble on
lLs surface, whlch looks a blL weaLhered and
noL survlvlng ln a prlsLlne condlLlon. Cverall,
ln Lerms of quallLy of worklng, Lhls ls noL Lhe
flnesL example of braceleLs found so far aL
aLalhyuk: Lhe lack of regularlLy ln Lhe form,
Lhe uneven Lhlckness, Lhe rough flnlsh of Lhe
braceleL surface (wlLh manufacLurlng wear sLlll vlslble on Lhe surface) all suggesL a lack of aLLenLlon
Lo deLall or even lack of Lechnlcal sklll especlally when compared Lo oLher examples e.g. braceleL
fragmenL from mldden (20963) ln Sp.311 or braceleL fragmenLs (19486.x2, 19486.x3, 19486.x2)
found ln Lhe mldden ln Sp.489, all exhlblLlng well pollshed surfaces and are of very regular form.
1he braceleL was noL found ln dlrecL assoclaLlon wlLh any of Lhe skeleLons, lLs small dlameLer,
however, cannoL be Laken as a dlrecL lndlcaLor abouL Lhe age of Lhe user, slnce Lhe same braceleL
could have been worn from a young age unLll well lnLo adulLhood (lfanLldls 2011: 128).

AnoLher lnLeresLlng sLone flnd from Lhls unlL was a pendanL (30303.k1) made of a mlneral wlLh a
very dlsLlncLlve meLalllc and shlny appearance (posslble galena buL Lhe exacL ldenLlflcaLlon ls sLlll
pendlng) whlch has perfecL cleavage. lLs overall dlmenslons are 18.6x14.4x2.4mm and lL welghs less
Lhan 1g. A perforaLlon (1.48mm ln dlameLer) was locaLed aL Lhe narrow end of Lhe pendanL, Lhe
area around Lhe perforaLlon has losL lLs shlny appearance and lnsLead looks very rough suggesLlng
LhaL a maLerlal of rough LexLure was used durlng Lhe drllllng of Lhe perforaLlon. 1he perforaLlon ls
off cenLre and lL looks LhaL durlng drllllng a layer of Lhe maLerlal came off accldenLally. A serles of
successlve Lrlangles have been formed on Lhls face, whlch Lake advanLage of Lhe naLural sLrucLure of
Lhe mlneral, creaLlng an lnLeresLlng vlsual paLLern.

@=QP] :; 76Ed8:X XH:Q=:<9 K6=9HB68 ;H:K =F9 +,,L_+,-+ 9DE6A6=B:< >96>:<>?
ln addlLlon Lo Lhe maLerlal from Lhe 2013 excavaLlon season, Lhe Leam devoLed conslderable Llme ln
Lhe sLudy and deLalled recordlng of backlog maLerlal from Lhe 2009 2012 fleld seasons. 1o speed up
Figure 12.1. Complete marble bracelet from burial F.7127.
Photography: Jason Quinlan.
185
186

Lhe recordlng of Lhe maLerlal, ln 2013 Level 1 recordlng was lnLroduced. Level 1 assessmenL records
baslc lnformaLlon abouL Lhe maLerlal lncludlng conLexLual daLa, raw maLerlal Lype, rock slze
category, ob[ecL Lype, welghL, slze caLegory. ln LoLal, we carrled ouL Level 1 assessmenL for maLerlal
from 89 unlLs lncludlng maLerlal from 39 heavy resldue samples (ca. 636 ob[ecLs) from Lhe 2009
2012 excavaLlons ln Lhe SouLh Area of Lhe LasL Mound, and all Lhe lnformaLlon was enLered on Lhe
Level 1 daLabase.

MaLerlal from 40 unlLs (ca. 132 ob[ecLs) were lncluded ln Lhe Level 2 daLabase, Lhls lnvolves deLalled
recordlng of maLerlal ln Lerms of meLrlcs, raw maLerlal use, Lechnologlcal characLerlsLlcs,
manufacLurlng Lechnlques, use wear, fragmenLaLlon paLLerns and conLexLual lnformaLlon. 1he
recordlng sysLem lnLroduced durlng Lhls fleld season bullds upon Lhe prevlous recordlng sysLem
followed by k. WrlghL (WrlghL 2013), buL wlLh some changes. Among Lhe new aLLrlbuLes lnLroduced
are: number and locaLlon of use faces, fragmenLaLlon (recordlng four sLaLes: old, new, boLh, noL
applicable), fracLure condlLlon (recordlng Lhe degree of wear seen on broken surfaces: sharp, fresh
looklng edges, worn, rounded, abraded edges), shape of use face, percenLage of naLurally
weaLhered surfaces vlslble on ob[ecL surfaces, manufacLurlng wear recorded separaLely for Lhe
body, marglns, and ends (or blL and buLL lf lL ls an axe), degree of wear for boLh prlmary and
secondary use faces (none, llghL, moderaLe, heavy, worn ouL, lndeLermlnaLe), macroscoplc use wear
on all use faces, degree of pollsh (noL appllcable, noL well pollshed, well pollshed, hlghly pollshed,
lndeLermlnaLe), modlflcaLlon/malnLenance of use face.

1he analysls of Lhe maLerlal from 8ulldlngs 76, 79, 80, 96, 89 ln Lhe SouLh Area ls now compleLed.
B.76, 8.79, and 8.80, aLLrlbuLed Lo Podder Level. SouLh.C, seem Lo have been conLemporaneous
sLrucLures LhaL were desLroyed by flre durlng one slngle evenL (Lddlsford 2009: 20, Archlve reporL
2009). 1he resulLs of Lhe comparaLlve analysls of Lhe maLerlal from Lhese bulldlngs wlll be presenLed
elsewhere, buL prellmlnary observaLlons suggesL varlaLlons ln assemblage composlLlon beLween
Lhese Lhree bulldlngs. 8rlefly, 8.76 was raLher poor ln quanLlLy of ob[ecLs wlLh 19 ob[ecLs ln LoLal
derlvlng from Lhe whole bulldlng sequence. AparL from Lhree compleLe flakes, Lhe only oLher
compleLe ob[ecL found ln Lhls bulldlng ls an andeslLlc ovaLe grlnder LhaL comes from Lhe flll (18421)
of Lhe posL reLrleval plL (18428). 1hls conLrasLs greaLly Lo Lhe slLuaLlon encounLered ln 8.79,
heavily burnL bulldlng where 'much of Lhe maLerlal fllllng Lhe bulldlng appears Lo have been
deposlLed durlng Lhls burnlng evenL' (Lddlsford 2009: 19, Archlve reporL 2009). 1he bulldlng
conLalned a wlder range of formal Lools among whlch a compleLe grlndlng slab (18343.x2), Lhree
compleLe or almosL compleLe grlnders (18393.x1, 18393.x2, 18393.x3) and a compleLe marble
pollshlng Lool (18392.x4). AnoLher compleLe burnL grlnder (18396.x1) was found LogeLher wlLh a
concenLraLlon of dehusked glume wheaL graln LhaL was assoclaLed wlLh bln l. 3031. Cverall, 8.79
conLalned a larger number of compleLe ob[ecLs (44.8 of Lhe assemblage) Lhan 8.76 (21.1).
CuallLaLlve and quanLlLaLlve varlaLlons ln Lhe ground sLone sub assemblages from Lhese bulldlngs
could shed llghL on abandonmenL pracLlces and closure evenLs, as well as lnform dlscusslons abouL
Lhe accldenLal or lnLenLlonal naLure of Lhe flre LhaL desLroyed all Lhree bulldlngs. lurLhermore, Lhe
analysls of Lhe maLerlal from 8.76, 8.79 and 8.80 could lnform wlder dlscusslons abouL how
dlfferenL seLs of pracLlces maLerlallsed on Lhe level of Lhe nelghbourhood movlng beyond Lhe
lndlvldual household/bulldlng as Lhe unlL of analysls.

186
187

/9>96HEF JH:j9E=>
uurlng Lhls season a research pro[ecL was
lnlLlaLed LhaL alms Lo undersLand acLs of
lnLenLlonal deposlLlon and desLrucLlon of
ob[ecLs as seen Lhrough Lhe analysls of
maLerlal deposlLed ln clusLers. 1he
caLegory of 'clusters ls one of Lhe
excavaLlon caLegorles employed by Lhe
Podder excavaLlon Leams, and refers Lo a
group of arLefacLs or ecofacLs found
LogeLher ln a deposlL (larld & Podder
2013: 33). ulfferenL Lypes of clusLers have
been ldenLlfled LhaL cover a wlde range
of pracLlces such as clusLers llnked Lo
early consLrucLlon evenLs, placed
deposlLs beLween walls or clusLers
assoclaLed wlLh closure evenLs and
abandonmenL rlLuals. 1he alm ls Lo
undersLand Lhe underlylng prlnclples LhaL
gulde Lhe selecLlon of maLerlals and
ob[ecL Lypes Lo be deposlLed wlLhln Lhe
dlfferenL Lypes of clusLers and Lhe
condlLlon ln whlch Lhe maLerlal ls
deposlLed (compleLe, fragmenLed, burnL
etc), and Lo elucldaLe Lhe assoclaLlons
beLween Lhe ground sLone and oLher
maLerlals LhaL make up Lhe dlfferenL
clusLers. 1he maln quesLlon Lo address ls
wheLher clusLers llnked Lo parLlcular
rlLuals/pracLlces (foundaLlon deposlL,
closure evenLs eLc) lncorporaLed dlsLlncL
seLs of maLerlals/ob[ecLs. lor Lhe
purposes of Lhls sLudy, maLerlal excavaLed prlor Lo Lhe 2009 fleld season and maLerlal from Lhe
currenL phase of Lhe Podder excavaLlons wlll be consldered LogeLher. uurlng 2013, ln addlLlon Lo
Lhe clusLer from Sp.494 ln Lhe 1C area (see above), a sLudy of clusLers of ground sLone ob[ecLs from
Lhe 8.63 B.56 B.44 8.10 sequence ln Lhe SouLh Area was underLaken. ln LoLal, maLerlal from 10
clusLers was assessed. 1hls sLudy focused malnly on Lhe Lype of ob[ecLs represenLed ln Lhe clusLers
(e.g., querns, abradlng Lools, xes, unworked nodules) and Lhe acLlvlLles LhaL are referenced, Lhe
naLure of Lhe raw maLerlals, Lhe degree of wear exhlblLed on Lhe Lool surfaces (unused, llghLly used,
heavlly used, worn ouL), and Lhe fragmenLaLlon paLLerns encounLered ln order Lo assess
deposlLlonal pracLlces and Lhe dellberaLe desLrucLlon of ob[ecLs prlor Lo Lhelr deposlLlon. A reflLLlng
sLudy of Lhls maLerlal was underLaken as well. 1hrough Lhe reflLLlng sLudy lL became apparenL LhaL
some clusLers were made up of fragmenLs LhaL do noL reflL and orlglnally came from dlfferenL Lools
wlLh dlfferenL use hlsLorles and oLher clusLers e.g., clusLer (14078) conLalned fragmenLs from Lhe
same grlndlng Lools. Cne of Lhe lnLeresLlng resulLs of Lhe reflLLlng sLudy was LhaL a fragmenL from a
Figure 12.2. Refitted grinding tool from clusters (13370) and (14078).
Photography: Andja Petrovic.
187
188

grinding Lool found ln clusLer (13370) ln Sp.299 (ouLslde area) of 8.63 reflLs wlLh fragmenLs of a
grlndlng Lool from clusLer (14078), whlch ls a sLone packlng layer wlLhln oven l. 2090 ln 8.63, and
form a small quern (llg. 12.2). 1he analysls of Lhe daLa ls sLlll work ln progress, buL lnlLlal
observaLlons suggesL varlaLlons beLween dlfferenL clusLers boLh ln Lerms of ob[ecLs represenLed and
Lhe fragmenLaLlon paLLerns encounLered.

Finally, a pro[ecL focuslng on Lhe deLalled Lechnologlcal and conLexLual sLudy of all sLone axes and
relaLed deblLage from boLh MellaarL's and Podder's excavaLlons was lnlLlaLed. lL ls expecLed LhaL
Lhls sLudy wlll be compleLed durlng Lhe 2014 fleld season.

8|b||ography:
Best, !. eL al.
2012 launal 8emalns, 2012. Archlve 8eporL. aLalhyuk 2012 Archlve 8eporL.
Eddisford, u.
2009 Building 79. aLalhyuk 2009 Archlve 8eporL.
Farid, S. and l. Podder
2013 Excavations, 8ecordlng and Sampllng MeLhodologles, ln l. Podder (ed.), otolboyok
xcovotloos. tbe 2000-2008 5eosoos, 35 51. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL Serles volume
7.CoLsen lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology ress.
Ifantidis, l.
2011 Cosmos ln fragmenLs: Spondylus and Clycymerls adornmenL aL neollLhlc ulsplllo,
Greece, ln l. lfanLldls & M. nlkolaldou (eds.), Spondylus ln rehlsLory: new uaLa and
Approaches ConLrlbuLlons Lo Lhe Archaeology of Shell 1echnologles, 123 137. 8rlLlsh
Archaeologlcal 8eporLs, lnL. Ser. 2216. Cxford: Archaeopress
Tsoraki, C.
2012 Ground sLone Archlve reporL, 2012. aLalhyuk 2012 Archlve 8eporL.
Wright, .I.
2013 1he Cround SLone 1echnologles of aLalhyuk, ln Podder, l (ed.), 5obstootlve
1ecbooloqles ot otolboyok kepotts ftom tbe 2000-2008 5eosoos, 365 416. aLalhyuk
8esearch ro[ecL Serles volume 9. CoLsen lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology ress.

188
189

-.? `9>= a:Q<P iH:Q<P @=:<9I +,-.
!acob 8rady, SLaLe unlverslLy new ?ork aL 8uffalo

1he prlmary goal of Lhe laboraLory analysls of Lhe WesL Mound ground sLone Lools ln 2013 was Lo
lnLenslvely record Lools LhaL were lnvolved ln grlndlng acLlvlLles. uue Lo Lhe slze of Lhe sLone Lool
sample, a subsample of Lools was selecLed based on fragmenL slze. MosL of Lhe pleces larger Lhan 3
10 cm were sLudled, Lhough a cursory analysls of Lhe smaller fragmenLs suggesLs LhaL Lhey were
mosLly end llfe fracLures wlLh no furLher use of Lhe plece afLer fracLure. 1he recordlng focused on
form, wear paLLerns, manufacLured elemenLs, vlslble resldues, and raw maLerlal ldenLlflcaLlon.
1he resulLs of Lhe formal analysls have ylelded some new worklng hypoLheses. Several Lypes of
grlndlng Lools have been ldenLlfled based of form, use wear, and raw maLerlal. Crlndlng handsLones
are deLermlnably one handed, apparenLly manufacLured lnLo Lhelr currenL form by spllLLlng a larger
tool, osLenslbly a Lwo handed handsLone, resulLlng ln Lwo roughly equal halves. 1hls ls presumed
from Lhe exLerlor curve of Lhe Lools and Lhe wear on Lhe fracLures. lf Lhe WesL Mound grlndlng
handsLones are made by spllLLlng a larger plece, LhaL begs Lhe quesLlon of wheLher Lhe plece(s)
were made as a Lwo handed handsLone and used LhaL way unLll spllL, made on Lhe WesL Mound
speclflcally Lo be spllL lnLo Lwo Lools, or made and used earller on Lhe LasL Mound and recovered by
Lhe lnhablLanLs of Lhe WesL Mound and shaped Lo meeL Lhelr needs.

lL ls Lhls flnal concluslon LhaL ls Lhe mosL lnLrlgulng, slnce Lhe one handed handsLones from Lhe WesL
Mound are slmllar ln form and raw maLerlal Lo Lhe Lwo handed handsLones from Lhe LasL Mound.
Clven LhaL sLone Lools are lncredlbly durable and would be compleLely usable afLer Lhousands of
years and Lhe lmmedlaLe avallablllLy of oLherwlse laborlously acqulred and manufacLured Lools on
Lhe LasL Mound, Lhe lnhablLanLs of Lhe WesL Mound may very well have been salvaglng sLone Lools
from Lhe LasL, a place Lhey llkely had memorles, sLorles, and ancesLral llnks Lo. lf so, dld Lhe acL of
Figure 13.1. Handstone examples
189
190

reLrlevlng and uslng sLone Lools from Lhe 'old Lown' have a slgnlflcanL meanlng for Lhe people, was
lL dlsLlncL from Lhe meanlng aLLached Lo Lools manufacLured aL Lhe presenL

1wo oLher new Lypes deserve menLlon. 1he flrsL ls a large, hexagonal Lwo slded morLar. 1wo
examples were recorded, Lhe flrsL example, 13163.x1, made of porphyrlLlc andeslLe, peared Lo
have been used exLenslvely, wlLh Lhe morLar depresslons (4 3 cm deep) nearly connecLlng (whlch
would have formed a hole). 1he depresslons are qulLe polnLed, slnce no pesLles have been found
narrow enough Lo flL such a depresslon, lL ls llkely wood or oLher sofL maLerlal pesLles was used wlLh
lL. 1he oLher example, 17214.x4, ls a serpenLlnlzed basalL hexagonal Lwo slded morLar, Lhough wlLh
very shallow depresslons, apparenLly ln Lhe process of belng manufacLured or only llghLly used. 8oLh
Lhe form and Lhe wear paLLerns are slmllar Lo 13163.x1, Lhough Lhe exLenL of Lhe wear and Lhe raw
maLerlal dlffer.

1he oLher noLeworLhy Lype ls a comblnaLlon shallow morLar and grlndlng slab. A few examples of
Lhls Lype were recoded (13196.x6, 13343.x8, 17213.x1, 13227.x1), all of Lhem lncluded a broad,
shallow depresslon surrounded by a grlndlng surface. 1hls ls lnLeresLlng ln LhaL lL correlaLes well
wlLh recenL flndlngs from our archaeoboLanlcal laboraLory LhaL conflrm Lhe presence of hulled
barley WesL Mound Archaeobotany, Ch.10). Pulled barley requlres a Lwo sLep processlng ln whlch
lL ls llghLly crushed Lhen rolled (llghLly ground) Lo remove Lhe husks w lLhouL grlndlng Lhe graln Lo
flour (SLroud, personal communlcaLlon 8/2013). A common use for hulled barley grains, raLher Lhan
flour, ls malL for beer, so Lhls llghL processlng of Lhe gralns may provlde supporLlng evldence for Lhe
LreaLmenL of barley for brewlng. 1he whole graln ls also commonly used as feed for llvesLock Loday,
and so may have been ln Lhe pasL, as well as belng used as food by Lhe people of Lhe WesL Mound.

A number of Lhe Lools had manufacLured ergonomlc or comforL feaLures, lncludlng palm resLs,
flnger grlps, and posslbly handedness. 1hese feaLures are qulLe clearly Lhe resulL of manufacLurlng
and noL [usL Lhe resulL of wear conLacL wlLh Lhe users' hands. Cne Lool, 16898.x8, found ln 1rench 3
ln 2008, ls an ergonomlcally well deslgned Lool. 1hls Lool has a maln grlndlng face, wlLh red plgmenL
resldues on Lhe use face, and poundlng wear on Lhe proxlmal end. 1he Lool, when held ln Lhe rlghL
hand, has a palm resL made by removlng large flakes from Lhe palm slde and four dlsLlncL flnger
grips, wlLh Lhe lnner Lwo flngers sharlng a grlp. 1he palm resL ls well worn, wlLh chemlcal alLeraLlon
Figure 13.2. Ergonomic hand tool with pigment
Figure 13.3. Mul-- tool
190
191

(llkely from olls on Lhe hands of Lhe users) on Lhe Lop rldge. 1he flnger grlps were made by llghL
chlpplng and also show heavy chemlcal alLeraLlon. 1he dlrecLlonal shlfL ln denslLy of Lhe plgmenL on
Lhe use face and Lhe locaLlon of Lhe poundlng wear also supporL Lhe manner of holdlng Lhe Lool.

ln addlLlon Lo Lhe vlsual observaLlon of Lhe sample, l also made observaLlons wlLh a handheld x ray
lluorescence SpecLromeLer. 1hls analysls was deslgned Lo augmenL Lhe vlsual analysls of grlndlng
tools, so Lhe sLudy sample was composed of Lhe varleLy of andeslLes (whlch are by far Lhe most
common rock for grlndlng Lools) and a few basalLs ln order Lo esLabllsh a basellne for Lhe
deLermlnaLlon of Lhe Lype of rock. 1he sample lncluded 43 pleces, wlLh flve polnLs recorded on each
plece. Lach polnL was recorded for 90 seconds, ln order Lo lncrease Lhe number of polnLs so LhaL an
average for each rock could be deLermlned. 1he goal of Lhe x8l analysls ls Lo sub Lype Lhe andeslLe
ln order Lo check for correlaLlons ln rock Lypes wlLh Lool Lypes. Cne of Lhe problems wlLh andeslLe,
and oLher phanerlLlc or porphyrlLlc lgneous rocks, ls Lhe heLerogenelLy of Lhe crysLalllne sLrucLure of
Lhe rocks. 1hls ls why l have elecLed Lo record more polnLs aL lower resoluLlon, whlch can be
manlpulaLed Lo accounL for poLenLlal ouLllers. luLure analysls wlll expand Lhe daLa seL Lo lnclude
poLenLlal source rocks, buL Lhe currenL daLa seL ls excluslvely composed of Lhe WesL Mound sample.

Many new sLone Lools were excavaLed durlng Lhe 2013 fleld season, Lwo of whlch are parLlcularly
noLeworLhy. Cne, 31210.x1, ls Lhe largesL grlndlng slab Lo have been found so far on Lhe WesL
Mound. 31210.x1 ls 34 cm long and 18 cm wlde aL Lhe wldesL polnL and ls made of grey porphyrlLlc
andeslLe. 1hls Lool was found ln 8. 103 (Sp. 342) wlLh one corner resLlng lnslde of an lnLernal,
construcLed mudbrlck feaLure (unlL 18372). Accordlng Lo Lhe paLLern of Lhe use wear, Lhe curve of
Lhe use face, and Lhe paLLern of chlpplng along Lhe edges, Lhe slab had been used ln Lhe locaLlon
and poslLlon LhaL lL was found ln. 1hls would make 31210.x1 and lLs assoclaLed unlLs and maLerlals
Lhe flrsL lo slto grlndlng acLlvlLy area found on Lhe WesL Mound. 1he soll surroundlng Lhe slab was
well sampled for floLaLlon so LhaL seeds and oLher boLanlcal remalns can be recovered. Some planL
remalns were noLlced ln Lhe soll durlng excavaLlon, especlally whaL appears Lo be hackberry. 1he
slab was sub[ecLed Lo heavy alLeraLlon, lnvolvlng chlpplng of Lhe edges (causlng roundlng) and
Lhlnnlng of Lhe Lool's wldLh (on one half). 1hese alLeraLlons resulLed ln reduced usable surface area
and lL ls currenLly unclear whaL Lhe purpose of lL was.

Figure 13.4. Big slab
191
192

1he oLher excepLlonal flnd from Lhe 2013 season
also comes from Sp. 342 ln 8. 103 and ls a large,
deep morLar wlLh a hole ln Lhe depresslon
(31238.x1). 1he boLLom of Lhe Lool has heavy
chlpplng around Lhe hole, lndlcaLlng clear
lnLenLlonallLy ln lLs manufacLure, and whaL may
be a small, chlpped channel runnlng from Lhe
hole Lo Lhe exLerlor edge. lf Lhe hole was
intentional, Lhen whaL use would a morLar wlLh a
hole ln lL be 1he apparenLly obvlous reason for
a hole would be Lo allow someLhlng Lo fall or
flow Lhrough lL. lf Lhe hole were covered wlLh a
plece of fabrlc, or some oLher seml permeable
membrane, Lhen lL could allow llqulds Lo exlL Lhe
hole whlle reLalnlng more subsLanLlve maLerlals.
So, Lhls morLar may have been used Lo exLracL
water, [ulce, oll, or some oLher llquld from planL
or anlmal maLerlals.

1he 2013 ground sLone analysls ylelded many lnLeresLlng concluslons and new hypoLheses,
suggesLlng poLenLlally producLlve avenues of lnqulry for fuLure research. 1he x8l analysls of lgneous
rocks wlll conLlnue wlLh Lhe goal of expandlng Lhe sample Lo lnclude basalLs and dlorlLes and
poLenLlal source locaLlons. 1he vlsual analysls wlll conLlnue and be expanded Lo lnclude oLher
classes of Lools, such as abraslve Lools, poundlng Lools, pollshlng Lools, and axes. 8esldue and
plgmenL analysis, whlch was begun ln 2013, wlll be greaLly expanded Lo lnclude x8l analysls of
plgmenLs on Lhe ground sLone, poLLery, and plasLer ln order Lo lllumlnaLe Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lhese
pigments. on vlslble resldues, parLlcularly sLarches, are envlsloned for fuLure analysls as well. 1he
2013 research season was producLlve ln boLh provldlng new answers and new quesLlons abouL Lhe
sLone Lools of Lhe WesL Mound of aLalhyuk.

Figure 13.5. Holey Mortar.
192
193

-M? 36>= a:Q9 `:Hd
ln 2012, Lhe neollLhlc aLalhyuk poLLery was caLegorlzed ln deLall by ware groups by Lhe poLLery
lab. ln 2013, Lhe maLerlal ln quesLlon was dlscussed accordlng Lo Lhelr surface LreaLmenLs, flrlng
condlLlons and Lypology. 1hus we have deLermlned Lhe feaLures Lo furLher analyze and reglsLer ln
Lhe daLabase. 1he prevlous sLudles ylelded a very deLalled form Lo record Lhe body sherds ln Lhe
daLabase. Powever, we reallzed LhaL recordlng on Lhese forms consume a loL of Llme and whaL ls
more lL was only Lhe ware groups we look aL for Lhe body shers. 1haL ls why, Lhe crlLerla for
recordlng Lhe body sherds ln Lhe currenL daLabase were changed and slmpllfled. ln addlLlon Lo
these, wlLh Lhe 1C area excavaLlons Lhe number of posL NeollLhlc maLerlal sLarLed accumulaLlng ln
large amounLs. 1hus, we came up wlLh a separaLe form Lo record and evaluaLe speclflcally Lhe 1C
area poLLery. 1he meeLlngs wlLh Lhe daLabase developers ylelded a new daLabase whlch meeLs Lhe
labs requlremenLs. 1he form we have deslgned worked on Lhe new daLabase sysLem and as Lhe
records were enLered lnLo Lhe daLabase, Lhe malfuncLlonlng aspecLs of Lhe daLabase were
deLermlned and flxed.

N:HK 06=68:XQ9 4:>=9H> 6J86]
1he examples of all Lhe poLLery drawn and lllusLraLed by
speclallsLs ln Lhe poLLery lab have been drawn Lo Lhelr exacL
scale dlmenslon and scanned. 1he scans have been grouped
under Lhe newly deslgnaLed caLegorles and each are placed
wlLhln lLs new caLegory. 1hus we have come up wlLh a
caLalogue of Lhe poLLery of Lhe neollLhlc aLalhyuk perlod.

1he Lypology caLegorlzaLlon we have developed conslsLs of
maln groups based on Lhelr funcLlons. lor Lhe new Lypology
categorization, we have prepared large scale posLers for
dlsplay. 1he posLers below help us Lo boLh deflne Lhe Lypology
of Lhe poLLery and reglsLer Lhem on Lhe daLabase. 1he posLers
also represenL an example lnsLrucLlve maLerlal boLh for Lhe
sLudenLs and Lhe speclallsLs who are lnLeresLed ln poLLery.

We have also puL on dlsplay a small group of poLLery wlLh
orlglnal pleces whlch represenLs examples of Lhe newly
deflned form caLegorles and Lhe lasL year's ware
categorizations. ln Lhls dlsplay l Lhe caLegorles were
deplcLed wlLh an example. 1he dlsplay funcLloned as an
lnsLrucLlve Lool ln demonsLraLlng aLalhyuk neollLhlc poLLery
tradition.
Figure 14.1 The categorical display of the East
Mound Pottery
193
194

26HB:Q> #<68]>9>
1he flrsL year member of Lhe poLLery Leam, MarLa 8arLkowlak who ls currenLly dolng her hu on
Lhe llpld analysls of Lhe poLLery LradlLlon ln norLh WesL AnaLollan neollLhlc slLes carrled ouL her
llpld analysls research on Lhe ceramlcs excavaLed from Lhe 1 area beLween 2000 2011. P
excavaLlons have almed aL sheddlng llghL lnLo undersLandlng Lhe sequences of Lhe upper levels ln
the eollLhlc aLalhyuk. 130 ceramlc pleces were plcked ouL of safe unlLs of Lhe upper vels for
analysls whlch correspond Lo MellaarL's Level lll 0. 1hese levels accordlng Lo Lhe new sLraLlgraphlcal
levelllng Lermlnology ln lan Podder's new excavaLlon perlod maLch wlLh 1.M, 1.n, 1.C, 1.,
TP.Q, 1.8 and 1.S. 1hey are from seven dlfferenL sLraLlgraphlcal levels. 1he pro[ecL and Lhe poLLery
lab wlll beneflL from Lhls research wlLh lLs ouLcome ln deLermlnlng Lhe funcLlons and Lhe areas of
uLlllzaLlon of Lhe ceramlcs ln Lhe laLer phases of Lhe aLalhyuk's eollLhlc ceramlcs Lradltion.

1he 130 sherds were all selecLed ouL of very clear poLLery samples of Lhe body close Lo Lhe rlms and
lugs. 1hese samples have been largely drawn, and Lhelr Lypology have been recorded ln our
daLabase. 1he samples have been phoLographed. 1he samples wlll be reLurned back Lo Lhe slLe ln
2014 season. And, Lhe analysls wlll be done wlLh Lhe exLracLs from a small drlll on Lhe pleces. 1he
remalnlng small number of Lhe samples wlll be drawn and recorded ln 2014. 1he resulLs of Lhe
analysls wlll be avallable laLer ln 2014.

Figure 14.2. Typology characterization.
194
195

1hls year, Lo evaluaLe Lhe flrlng Lechnlques of Lhe neollLhlc poLLery, we have chosen 6 samples.
1hese samples have been exporLed Lo ML1u for SLandard x8u and x8l analysls, and Lo Lo uC
8erkeley unlverslLy for 1LM, mlcro dlffracLlon and crystallography, mlcro XRF, LM and mlcro
Lomography analysls. agla Meral wlll be worklng on Lhese exporLs.

/9>=:H6=B:<k

The poLLery examples whlch
were reassembled ln Lhe pasL
buL have had resLoraLlon
problems and Lhose
reassembled baslcally for
cerLaln analysls have been
conserved and resLored Lhls
year agaln. 1hese poLLery
samples had been ln dlsplay
durlng Lhe season and were
senL Lo Lhe museum by Lhe end
of Lhe season.

i9<9H68 3A68Q6=B:<
ln 2013, Lhe poLLery samples from 887 unlLs, whlch have been excavaLed beLween 2009 2013 have
been analyzed. 1he mosL slgnlflcanL aspecL of Lhe analysls was recordlng Lhe Lypology of these
maLerlals ln Lhe daLabase. Some of Lhe poLLery pleces lefL unreglsLered lasL year were accounLed on
an excel sheeL due Lo Lhe lnablllLy Lo connecL Lo Lhe lasL year's server or Lhe old daLabase. 1hese
records on Lhe excel sheeLs have been reevaluaLed wlLhln Lhe framework of our lab's new
caLegorlzaLlons and sLarLed Lo be reglsLered on Lhe new daLabase Lhls summer. WhaL we have noL
been able Lo achleve Lhls summer buL wlll puL emphasls on compleLlng ls Lhe drawlng and
phoLographlng of Lhe each dlagnosLlc ieces.

1hls year Lhe work has concenLraLed on Lhe 377 unlLs LhaL came from Lhe 1C area slnce 2012. 1he
maLerlal compromlses of lslamlc era, 8oman 8yzanLlne perlod, Classlcal erld, PellenlsLlc erlod,
lron Age, 8ronze Age, ChalcollLhlc and neolithic erlods. 1hese sherds have been dlvlded by Lhelr
perlods flrsL and Lhen were reglsLered on Lhe daLabase afLer Lhelr welghlng. 1hls was followed by
Lhe deLalled analysls of Lhe neollLhlc perlod poLLery samples.

1he SouLh and norLh areas ylelded very small number of poLLery samples. Slmllar Lo 2012, ln 1C
area Lhe upper level unlLs have been excavaLed whlch produced many heLerogeneous maLerlals.
Besides, Lhe unlLs ln Lhe 1C area bear poLLery examples LhaL are slmllar Lo Lhe Larly ChalcollLhlc
pottery Lhe WesL Mound. 1hese examples were found ln mlxLure wlLh neolithic, onze and lron
Age poLLery examples. 1hey haven'L been yeL relaLed Lo a sLraLlgraphlcal level or a speclflc
Figure 14.3. Restored vessel examples sent to the Archeology Museum of Konya
195
196

archlLecLure sLrucLure. Lxamples of large poLLery Lypes from ChalcollLhlc erlod resembllng Lo
plLhos were unearLhed. WheLher Lhese polnL Lo a seLLlemenL level conLemporary Lo Lhe WesL
Mounds ChalcollLhlc one wlll be undersLood wlLh Lhe furLher excavaLlons ln Lhe area.

1hls year wlLhln Lhe maLerlals LhaL came from Lhe 1C area, we have found unusual poLLery
examples whlch we have noL came across before. 8elow are Lhese examples:

30866.S1
We have reassembled half of a cooklng poL wlLh Lhe
maLerlal from 1C area. 1hls poL ls Lhe blggesL poL we
have so far unearLhed. 8efore Lhls, Lhe 2004 flnd, unlL no
10044, from norLh Area was regarded Lhe blggesL.

AlLhough Lhe boLLom of Lhls vessel has noL been found, lL
is finiLely hlgher Lhan Lhe unlL 10044.S2 poL by 11 cm.
Like 0044.S2 vessel, Lhls one also has a lug close Lo lLs
rlm. 1he lug only has an lmpresslon on Lhe phoLograph.
1he lug has a hole on. Cf Lhe pleces we haven'L been
able Lo reassemble, Lhere ls parL wlLh a lug aLLached. 1he
wldLh of Lhe lug ls 14 cm maklng lL Lhe wldesL lug ever
found aL CaLalhoyuk. Moreover, Lhe form of Lhe lug
found ln Lhese klnd of poLLery examples should be
named a handle.

1hls vessel was found ln unlL 30866 ln 1C area wlLhln a
mlxed conLexL of dlfferenL perlods maLerlals. Powever, Lhe rlm of Lhe vessel ln a sLyle called S
profile a characLerlsLlc of Lhe upper levels and Lhe Lypology of Lhls vessel locaLes Lhe vessel aL a
laLer level elLher afLer SouLh S. or afLer Mell lll.

Un|t (20703) Cva| Vesse|
1hls year,
agaln ln 1C
area an oval
vessel wlLh a
decoration
on has been
unearthed.
This essel
has
decorations
on hich
Figure 14.4. 30886.s1. Height 40cm (without base),
width 31cm, diameter 24cm.
Figure 14.5. Oval vessel from unit (20703). Photography: Ingmar Franz
196
197

resemble Lo bull horns along wlLh a baskeL handle remlndlng of Lhe facepoL vessel found ln 2006.

1hls vessel was found ln small broken pleces. 1he colour of Lhe vessel polnLs Lo Lhe facL LhaL lL had
been oken prlor Lo Lhe collapse of Lhe bulldlng and was spread around ln Lhe bulldlng. 1hls ls
because parLs of Lhe vessel were burned ln a flre and Lhe remalnlng parLs resumed Lhelr orlglnal
colour.

AnoLher lssue Lo be emphaslzed abouL Lhls vessel ls LhaL lL ls dlfferenL Lhan Lhe oLher vessels wlLh
legs. 1he below phoLo deplcLs a Lyplcal aLalhyuk vessel. 1he phoLo on Lhe lefL shows, unlL 20703,
Lhe vessel wlLh square shaped legs.

+,-M 486<>k
1he prevlously unrecorded daLa from 1 area beLween 2000 2011 wlll be analyzed and recorded on
Lhe daLabase.

1he flrsL reporL of Lhe 1 llpld analysls wlll be done and Lhe exporLs wlll reLurn Lo Lhe slLe.

1he poLLery LradlLlon of Lhe laLe levels of Lhe neollLhlc LasL CaLalhoyuk and posslbly of Lhe earllesL
levels whlch have been recenLly sLarLed Lo be excavaLed wlll be beLLer undersLood and lnLerpreLed
wlLh Lhe conLlnulng excavaLlons focus on Lhese areas.

Figure 14.6. Oval vessel from unit (20703). Photography: Ingmar Franz
197
198

-S? `9>= a:Q<P 4:==9H]I +,-.
lngmar lranz, lrele unlverslLL 8erlln

rocessed pottery 2013
1hls season more Lhan 230 kg of poLLery, mosLly from 2012, were sorLed, counLed and welghed. So
far more Lhan 1,200 kg of poLLery from 1renches 3 7 (2006 2012 maLerlal) were processed ln Lhls
way. 1hese masses of maLerlal conslsL of more Lhan 633 kg of undlagnosLlc poLLery (36,063 sherds)
and over 399 kg of dlagnosLlc poLLery (14,432 sherds).

Def|ned Vesse|s
1he search for vessel
proflles ln Lhe 1rench 5
maLerlal conLlnued. We
were able Lo deflne 12
new normal sized"
vessels from Lhe 2012 and
2013 poLLery, of whlch
one ls a baskeL handled
vessel and eleven vessels
are dlfferenL shaped bowls
(V191 V199, 01, 02,
V209) (Fig 13.1). The
bowls omprise five
elllpsold palnLed carlnaLed
bowls wlLh S proflle and
rlng bases (v191, v193,
V196, v199, v209), an
unpalnLed elllpsold bowl
with profile (v202), four
palnLed elllpsold bowls
wlLh dlfferenL C profiles
(V192, v193, v194, v201),
and a palnLed elllpsold
bowl wlLh C profile and
verLlcal handles (v197).

8eslde Lhese normal vessels also slx dlfferenL shaped mlnlaLure vessels were reglsLered, of whlch
one even has a flLLlng lld (v200, v203 V208) (Fig 13.2). SLrlklng ls LhaL Lhe mlnlaLure vessels
represenL Lyplcal normal slzed vessels, llke unpalnLed and palnLed bowls (v203, v204), necked [ars
(V208), baskeL handled vessels (v207), cooklng poLs (v203), and flaL bowls wlLh rlng bases (v200).
1he mlnlaLure vessel v206 ls ln facL a lld, whlch perfecLly flts o Lhe mlnlaLure bowl v203.

Figure 15.1. Defined vessels within Trench 5 in 2013
198
199

vessel 198 ls Lhe mosL compleLe palnLed
basket handled vessel from 1rench 3 so far,
whlch nlcely shows Lhe shape of such
conLalners. 1hls vessel Lype ls one of Lhe
mlsslng llnks connecLlng Lhe LasL Mound
poLLery assemblage wlLh such from Lhe
WesL Mound, as baskeL handled vessels
were already made by Lhe people durlng
Lhe LasL Mound occupaLlon (llg. 15.3, also
uuygu 1arkan Lhls Archlve 8eporL).

Additionally, Lhls season also nlne vessels from Lhe LasL Mound were glven a vessel number Lo
faclllLaLe fuLure comparlsons wlLh Lhe WesL Mound poLLery (v210 Lo v218). 1hey comprlse flve
different slzed cooklng poLs (so called hole mouLh [ars), Lwo elllpsold baskeL handled vessels, an
elllpsold bowl wlLh C proflle and verLlcal perforaLed lugs, and a small recLangular bowl wlLh a
relocaLed rlm for holdlng a lld (llg. 15.3, also see LasL Mound oLLery, Ch. 14).

Figure 15.2. The miniature vessels of West Mound, Trench 5 in 2013.
Figure 15.3. Basket handled vessel, vessel 198.
199
200

Unf|red pottery and bad|y f|red pottery
ln 8ulldlng 107 ln unlL 31101 a masslve
clusLer of unflred poLLery and some pleces
of badly flred poLLery were dlscovered Lhls
year. 1hls ls Lhe largesL clusLer of unflred
poLLery excavaLed ln 1rench 3 so far. lL
conslsLs of fragmenLs of dlfferenL vessels,
whlch was shown by carefully cleanlng,
sorLlng and reflLLlng of sherds. Some
lmpresslve clusLers of sherds were
consolldaLed by conservaLor Ashley Llngle
as Lhey sLlll were ln Lhe room flll. ln Lhls
way we were able Lo preserve some of Lhe
orlglnal sLacklng of broken vessels parLs, Lo
lllusLraLe how Lhey were laylng on Lop of
each oLher ln Lhe room flll (llg. 15.5, a e).
1he pleces of badly flred poLLery are Lhe
second example of such klnd of flnds, as
we found slmllar sherds ln unlL 18346 ln
Building 103 (lig. 13.5, f & g). Surprisingly,
Lhls season Lhe flrsL probable pleces of
unflred poLLery from Lhe LasL Mound were
recognlzed beLween Lhe clay ob[ecLs from
unlL 30221 and unlL 30736 of Lhe 1C
Area. 1hey all show a flaL sllghLly curved
shape resembllng flred poLLery sherds. 1he
plece from unlL 30221 even shows layers
of clay, as Lhey were folded or pressed
Figure 15.4. East Mound vessels registered in 2013
Figure 15.5. Unfired and badly fired pottery from Building 107, Unit
31101 in Trench 5 and for comparison pieces of badly fired pottery from
Building 105, Unit 18346. Additionally, the first probable pieces of
unfired pottery from Unit 30221 and Unit 30756 of the TPC Area.
200
201

LogeLher. lnLeresLlngly Lhese pleces seem Lo be examples of Lwo dlfferenL fabrlcs: Lhe ones from
unlL 30736 show a flne gralned charcoal Lempered clay, and Lhe one from unlL 30221 shows a
coarser gralned mlneral Lempered clay (llg. 15.5, h & l, see uuygu 1arkan Lhls Archlve 8eporL).

Sherd too|s and sherds w|th basket |mpress|ons
1o conLlnue Lhe daLa collecLlon on Lhe evldences of poLLery manufacLure 12 new sherd Lools and
four sherds wlLh baskeL lmpresslons were reglsLered. As Lhe Lools show dlfferenL shapes and slzes lL
ls obvlous LhaL Lhey were used ln dlfferenL ways. Pow Lhey were posslbly used wlll be sub[ecL of
fuLure analyses. 1he baskeL lmpresslons wlll also be sLudled ln deLall Lo Lell someLhlng abouL Lhe
posslble baskeL moulds whlch were used Lo make Lhe poLLery (llg. 13.6).

C|ay ob[ects
CuL of Lhe clay ob[ecLs from 1rench 3 and Lhe 1C Area susplclous ob[ecLs were reglsLered, whlch
could be relaLed Lo poLLery manufacLure. llrsL of all, several remalns whlch prove ob[ecL shaping
wlLh clay, llke burned clay slaps, burned squeezed clay, and pleces of burned clay colls. 8eslde Lhelr
dlsLlncLlve shape also Lhe vlslble flngerprlnLs were lmporLanL for recognlLlon. orLunaLely we also
could reglsLer dlfferenL slzed and shaped balls of rolled raw maLerlals llke clay and marl, whlch
hlghly resemble Lhe unflred clay balls found ln 1rench 3, especlally from 8ulldlng 98, Space 449 (see
lranz 2011). A new klnd of ob[ecL was reglsLered ln form of a flred clay dlce wlLh used edges and
surfaces, whlch ls Lhe flrsL burnlshlng Lool of Lhls klnd.

Figure 15.6. Sherd tools and sherds with basket impressions.
201
202

I|gurat|ve representat|ons
A zoomorphlc spouL was found by Sophle vloleL Moore and her Leam on Lhe wesLern slope of Lhe
WesL Mound ln area 027 41 of Lhelr survey around aLalhyuk. WlLh Lhls survey Lhey were looklng
for probable seLLlemenLs relaLed Lo Lhe anclenL graveyards on Lhe mounds of aLalhyuk (llg. 6,
027 41 S.1, see Sophle vloleL Moore Lhls Archlve 8eporL). 1he oLher slx ob[ecLs were excavaLed
durlng Lhe lasL seasons ln 1rench 3 and 7, buL were noL presenLed yeL. Cnly one plece shows a parL
of a palnLed human represenLaLlon on a base sherd of an open bowl (llg. 6, 13104). lour fragmenLs
show zoomorphlc shapes, as one ls a very naLurallsLlc looklng small caLLle head appllcaLlon on Lhe
ouLslde of a former small vessel (llg. 6, 18314), and Lhree of Lhem are handles of duck shaped bowls
or spoons (llg. 6, 14212, 13121/S.3, 16870). Such klnd of vessel was found ln 2011 ln 8ulldlng 106,
unlL 16967 (see lranz Archlve 8eporL 2011). 1he fragmenL from unlL 13100 ln 1rench 7 shows lLself
noL really a flguraLlve represenLaLlon, buL mosL llkely lL ls a fooL or leg of an zoomorphlc or
anLhropomorphlc vessel (llg. 6, 13100).

1he represenLaLlons on Lhe small necked [ar vessel 187, found ln 8ulldlng 107, unlL 16988 ln 2012,
were lnLenslvely sLudled, Lo reconsLrucL Lhe probable scenes deplcLed on lL.

Figure 15.7. Figurative representations, West Mound Pottery, 2013
202
203

Sherds w|th depos|ts
Finally, beslde all Lhe poLLery manufacLurlng evldences shown above, also some good examples of
sherds showlng Lhlck consplcuous deposlLs are presenLed. 1hey provlde good lnformaLlon abouL Lhe
way some poLLery vessels were used by people aL Lhe Llme Lhe aLalhyuk WesL Mound seLLlemenL
was occupled. 1he sherd covered wlLh red plgmenL from unlL 13163 ln 8ulldlng 106, shows LhaL red
plgmenL was processed or sLored ln poLLery vessels. 1he sherds covered wlLh a Lhlck yellow whiteish
deposlL show LhaL, elLher calcareous waLer was bolled repeaLedly ln Lhem, or calcareous maLerlals
were processed or sLored ln Lhem. Cne sherd ls covered ln a very rough and hard, mlxed deposlL.
1hls klnd of deposlL was noL observed yeL and wlll Lherefore be sLudled ln deLall ln Lhe future.

Acknow|edgements
l wanL Lo Lhank Lhe WesL Mound 1eam for helplng processlng Lhe masses of poLLery and uuygu
1arkan for her dlscusslons abouL poLLery Lechnology aL aLalhyuk.

8|b||ography:

Franz, lngmar
2011 WesL Mound oLLery, 2011. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL 2011 Archlve 8eporL

203
204

-R? 0:<>9HA6=B:<
Ashley Llngle, aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL

1he 2013 season broughL abouL many changes for Lhe conservaLlon program aL aLalhyuk. 1hls
year slLe and arLlfacL conservaLlon was carrled ouL ln collaboraLlon wlLh Lhe conservaLlon sLudenLs
from Cardlff unlverslLy, lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology UCL, and Seluk unlverslLy. 1he focus of Lhe season
was Lo sLudy Lhe prevlously LesLed susLalnable conservaLlon LreaLmenLs of Lhe bulldlngs and use
LhaL lnformaLlon Lo lmprove and expand Lhe work belng done Lo preserve Lhe slLe.

Conservat|on and Ma|ntenance of the North She|ter
Across Lhe slLe Lhls year, under Lhe advlsemenL of ConservaLor Chrls Cleere, modlflcaLlons were
made Lhe Lo LreaLmenLs carrled ouL on Lhe 8ulldlngs aL aLalhyuk. lL was agreed LhaL Lhe grouLlng
method, prevlously deslgned by lrank MaLero, and carrled ouL aL Lhe slLe over Lhe years (see 2009
Archlve 8eporL), needed Lo be phased ouL. A new sysLem was devlsed uslng perllLe (amorphous
volcanlc glass) and aralold 8 72 (LLhyl meLhacrylaLe copolymer) ln aceLone. 1he declslon Lo use Lhls
new sysLem was based off Mr. Cleere's prevlous successes wlLh Lhe maLerlal aL ChedworLh 8oman
vllla ln Lhe unlLed kingdom, a need Lo creaLe a less vlsually abrupL flll, and mosL lmporLanLly a flll
LhaL would lasL longer. uurlng Lhe season Lhe flll proved Lo be more successful Lhan Lhe prevlous
treatments, a more comprehenslve assessmenL wlll be carrled ouL nexL season.

ConservaLlon and malnLenance was underLaken ln bulldlngs boLh wlLh on golng excavaLlon as well
as on open dlsplay. 8ulldlngs 3 and 119 requlred Lhe mosL malnLenance. 8ulldlng 3 has an ongolng
problem wlLh molsLure and salLs (see Archlve 8eporL 2010), ln an aLLempL Lo furLher undersLand
Lhese agenLs of decay samples were Laken for SLM analysls Lo be compleLed aL Cardlff unlverslLy.
8ulldlng 119, however was a newly excavaLed bulldlng Lhls year, and suffered from rapld
deslccaLlon. 8ulldlng 119 was LreaLed Lo lLs full exLenL durlng Lhe 2013 season, and Lhen covered
wlLh geo LexLlle and parLlal backfllled for Lhe off season. CLher bulldlngs ln Lhe norLh ShelLer had
Figure 16.1. Conservation Team Block Lifting a Bucranium Installation from Building 52
204
205

sacklng added where needed for supporL, and spoll removed whlch had accumulaLed over Lhe off
season.

8ased on Lhe recommendaLlons of Chrls Cleere, several modlflcaLlons were made Lo Lhe exLerlor of
the orLh ShelLer. 1he lnLended ouLcome of Lhese modlflcaLlons was Lo help creaLed a more sLable
envlronmenL wlLhln Lhe shelLer and Lo mlLlgaLe waLer run off ln Lhe wlnLer. 1o lmpede waLer runoff
durlng Lhe wlnLer addlLlonal flapplng maLerlal was run along Lhe wesL slde of Lhe shelLer from Lhe
lowesL lnLer wood beam Lo Lhe exLerlor, Lhls blanked Lhe surroundlng ground and was covered ln
several cenLlmeLers of earLh. 1he openlngs ln Lhe shelLer aL Lhe norLh end were fllled wlLh
lnsulaLlon and plywood, allowlng less alrflow Lhrough Lhe shelLer wlll faclllLaLe Lhe mlcrocllmaLe ln
stabilizing, ln Lurn causlng fewer problems wlLh molsLure and salL efflorescence. lurLher
assessmenLs wlll be made ln Lhe 2014 season Lo gauge Lhe success of Lhese modlflcaLlons as well as
Lhe need for any furLher modlflcaLlons.

Lxpans|on of the Lxper|menta| Capp|ng ro[ect
uurlng Lhe 2010 season an experlmenLal capplng pro[ecL was under Laken ln 8ulldlng 3 (see 2010
Archlve 8eporL). 1he capplngs were done lnlLlally wlLh marl Lo mlmlc Lhe orlglnal neollLhlc plasLer,
Lhls was repeaLed ln Lhe 2011 season (see 2011 Archlve 8eporL). ln Lhe 2012 season, Lhe declslon
was made Lo Lry an alLernaLlve capplng program wlLh a llme wash barrler beLween Lhe orlglnal mud
surface and a new mud wash (see 2012 Archlve 8eporL). 1he lnLenL of Lhls llme mud comblnaLlon
was Lo creaLe a sLurdler barrier, ln need of less malnLenance and wlLh an obvlous vlsual barrler
beLween orlglnal and new maLerlal. ln Lhe 2013 season Lhls meLhodology was reassessed. 1he
capplngs had degraded over Lhe year aL an unaccepLable raLe, however Lhe loss occurred unlformly
aL Lhe llme layer. 1hls suggesLs LhaL Lhe eroslon of Lhe walls of 8ulldlng 3 ls occurrlng due Lo lnLernal
as opposed Lo exLernal facLors. 1o address lnLernal problems a capplng more porous Lhan Lhe
orlglnal mud brlck needed Lo be devlsed. Clven Lhe llmlLed amounL of Llme Lhe conservaLlon Leam
has Lo devlse, LesL, and assess Lhe capplngs, raLher Lhan LesL one maLerlal/meLhodology several
were LesLed Lhls season.

1he mud wash from Lhe 2012 season where Lhe llme dld noL come away was sLlll ln good condlLion.
1hls mlxLure of excavaLed spoll, chaff, and waLer (see 2012 Archlve 8eporL) was used as a conLrol for
Lhe furLher experlmenLs. 1o begln wlLh LesL brlcks were made wlLh Lhe followlng maLerlals and
Figure 16.2. Cappings at the Beginning of the 2013 Season
205
206

proporLlons: 30 chaff/ 33 mud/ 33 coLLon, 30 chaff/ 33 mud/ 33 wool, 30 chaff/ 33
mud/ 33 medlum perllLe, 30 chaff/ 33 mud/ 33 medlum perllLe, and 30 chaff/ 33 mud/
33 large perllLe. 1he brlcks were all made wlLh Lhe same dlmenslons. Cnce drled Lhe perllLe brlcks
were Lhe llghLesL, whlle Lhe coLLon brlck was mosL vlslbly porous. CoLLon and wool were selecLed for
Lhls experlmenL was Lhey are readlly avallable ln Lhe area, and could have acLed as more soclally
accepLable replacemenL Lo human or horse halr whlch are commonly used ln mud brlck fabrication.
1he nexL phase of LesLlng was Lhe appllcaLlon meLhod. lnlLlally, a Lhrown or splaLLer" meLhod was
used ln an efforL Lo llmlL allgnmenL of Lhe slllcaLes ln Lhe clay Lo allow for Lhe maxlmum poroslLy.
Whlle Lhls meLhod lnlLlally proved Lo have good conLacL, once drled Lhe capplng became unsLable,
addlLlonally Lhls meLhod was aesLheLlcally unpleaslng. 1he splaLLer meLhod resulLed ln a capplng
approx 3 cm Lhlck. 1he second appllcaLlon meLhod was a smear," where ln Lhe maLerlals were
mlxed Lo a more aqueous conslsLency and Lhen genLly rubbed on Lhe wall Lo ensure conLacL. 1hls
meLhod was very successful lL was easy Lo apply, aesLheLlcally pleaslng, and dld noL cause Lhe
mlxLure Lo separaLe, Lhe capplng was less Lhan 1 cm Lhlck. 1he Lhlrd appllcaLlon meLhod was a wash,
Lhls mlxLure was Lhe mosL aqueous and was applled Lo Lhe wall wlLh a rag. More Lhan one coaL was
needed for appllcaLlon, addlLlonally Lhe addlLlonal waLer caused Lhe chaff Lo separaLe from Lhe
mlxLure somewhaL, maklng appllcaLlon dlfflculL, Lhe wash meLhod resulLed ln a capplng
approxlmaLely .3 cm Lhlck.

urylng also proved Lo be an lmporLanL
componenL Lo Lhe capplng procedure.
Cne seL of capplngs was allowed Lo alr
dry ln 8ulldlng 3, whlle Lhe oLhers
were covered. Cne wall was covered
wlLh a damp coLLon sheeL, whlle Lhe
oLher was covered wlLh a sheeL of
Sympa1ex (waLerproof fabrlc wlLh a
breaLhable membrane). 1he coverlngs
were llghLly welghLed whlle drylng
wlLh sandbags. 1he Sympa1ex was Lhe
mosL successful, afLer Lrlal ln oLher
areas Lhough slmllar resulLs could be
achleved wlLh Lhe damp cloLh lf lL was
monlLored and dampened Lwlce a day.
1he addlLlon of Lhe sandbags helped
Lo ensure good conLacL Lo Lhe orlglnal mud brlck as well. 1he capplng allowed Lo alr dry had
sLrucLural cracks Lo Lhe orlglnal maLerlal wlLhln a day, whlle Lhe covered capplngs had noLhlng more
Lhan flne superflclal cracks.

AL Lhe end of Lhe season Lhe conservaLlon Leam had come Lo Lhe followlng concluslons regardlng
Lhe capplng experlmenLs: flrsL, LhaL Lhe coLLon and wool dld noL have Lhe deslred characLerlsLlcs and
Lended Lo clump. Secondly, Lhe splaLLer and wash meLhods were less pracLlcally ldeal Lo Lhe smear
meLhod. 1he medlum perllLe was less vlsually obvlous once Lhe capplng was dry, however, Lhe large
perllLe ls more llkely Lo perform ln Lhe deslred manner, drawlng molsLure and salL away from Lhe
way and passlng Lhrough Lhe new mud maLerlal causlng lL Lo preferenLlally deLerlorate.
Figure 16.3. Capping tests.
206
207

As parL of Lhe capplng program, Lhe conservaLlon
Leam declded LhaL lL needed Lo expand lL's LesLlng
area ouLslde of 8ulldlng 3 Lo geL a beLLer
undersLandlng of how Lhe capplngs could poLenLlally
perform ln oLher areas of Lhe slLe. lor Lhls reason
8ulldlng 4 ln Lhe SouLh ShelLer was also selecLed for
capplngs durlng Lhe 2013 season. 8ulldlng 4 ls an
excellenL parallel Lo 8ulldlng 3 as lL has been on long
Lerm open dlsplay and ls found ln a slmllar locaLlon
wlLhln Lhe shelLer. As Lhe preservaLlon envlronmenL ls
very dlfferenL ln Lhe SouLh ShelLer, as well as Lhe
mechanlcs of deLerloraLlon affecLlng Lhe mud brlck lL
ls an lmporLanL nexL sLep for Lhe conservaLlon Leam Lo
compare Lhe behavlor of Lhe capplngs ln Lhe 2014
season.

South She|ter
8ulldlngs under excavaLlon and Lhose on open dlsplay
were regularly checked and LreaLed by Lhe
conservaLlon Leam as necessary durlng Lhe 2013
season. 1he process of replaclng some of Lhe old
falled fllls ln Lhe walls wlLh Lhe new perllLe mlxLure
also began. Work ln bulldlng 80 was llmlLed Lhls year,
as Lhe 8ulldlng ls now belng excavaLed once agaln,
wlLh an emphasls on Lhe sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlps of
Lhe plasLer layers. AfLer some debaLe, Lhe declslon
was made Lo furLher consolldaLe Lhe wall palnLlng l.
3014 and leave a small secLlon on open dlsplay durlng
Lhe offseason Lo see how lL falrs. An addlLlonal
geomeLrlc paLLern was dlscovered ln 8ulldlng 96 aL Lhe
sLarL of Lhe 2013 season, buL due Lo Llme consLralnLs and Lhe acLlve excavaLlon ln Lhe bulldlng, it
was declded Lo walL Llll Lhe 2014 season Lo furLher expose Lhe palnLlng.

1C 1renches
Cne very exclLlng flnd Lhe 2013 season was from Lhe 1C ll Lrench, a new Lype of geomeLrlc paLLern
ln grey and whlLe. 1he palnLlng was dlscovered Lowards Lhe end of Lhe season, and Lhe conservaLlon
Leam worked Llrelessly Lo expose Lhe palnLlng before Lhe close of Lhe season. 1he paLLern was
prlmarlly found on Lhe easL wall of 8ulldlng 121, buL also occurred on Lhe norLh and wesL walls as
well. 1he SouLh wall ls currenLly behlnd where Lhe Lrench ls secLloned, and only furLher excavaLlon
of Lhe bulldlng wlll reveal lf Lhe palnLlng conLlnues. 1he palnLlng was llghLly consolldaLed wlLh 2.3
Figure 16.4. Capping experiments at the end of the 2013
season.
Figure 16.5. Conservation Student Uncovering Painted
Plaster in Building 96
207
208

Paraloid 72 ln 30:30 aceLone:alcohol and covered ln !apanese Llssue and geoLexLlle Lo preserve lL
ln Lhe offseason.

Conservat|on of Sma|| I|nds
uurlng Lhe 2013 season, work was carrled ouL ln Lhe lab on a varleLy of flnds excavaLed ln Lhe fleld
and maLerlals excavaLed ln pervlous seasons. Conserved maLerlals lncluded horn cores and oLher
anlmal bones, human bones, poLLery, clay flgurlnes, wall palnLlngs, and sLone Lools. 1hls year Lhe
Conservation Leam along wlLh Lhe llnds Leam conLlnued Lhe lnLegraLed esL ManagemenL rogram
seL up ln 2012 ln Lhe sLorage depoLs. 1raps from 2012 were collecLed and speclmens revlewed.
Additionally, new Lraps were placed ln all Lhree depoLs aL Lhe end of Lhe season. 1he llnds and
ConservaLlons Leams also underLook a revlew of Lhe prevlously conserved faunal maLerlal from
prevlous seasons. Cb[ecLs ln need of furLher conservaLlon were reLreaLed durlng Lhe 2013 season.

Acknow|edgements
1hank you Lo everyone for all Lhelr hard work, maklng Lhe 2013 season a huge success
Figure 16.6. Conservation Team Working to Uncover Painted Wall Plaster in Building 121
208
209

-O? &96A] /9>BPQ9 #HEFBA9 /9J:H= +,-.
Mllena vaslc, lrele unlverslLL 8erlln

1he heavy resldue processlng sLarLed on !une 27
th
and ended on AugusL 23
th,
whllsL Lhe sorLlng of
Lhe samples ended on AugusL 7
th
. 1he Leam comprlsed flve sorLers (Lbru Slvaz, Sallha Slvaz, ezban
Sivaz, ubra Cuven, PaLlce ellk and enay ?asli) who were overseen by Mllena vaslc and !ovana
1rlpkovlc. ln addlLlon Lo sorLlng, Lbru Slvaz was also responslble for slevlng Lhe smaller samples LhaL
were processed fully, as well as wrlLlng Lhe labels for maLerlals afLer sorLlng was completed.
As usual, Lhe backlog from 2012 was dealL wlLh flrsL. 1he flrsL Lwo weeks were dedlcaLed Lo
processlng 333 samples from Lhe prevlous year from Lhe norLh Area (n=83), SouLh Area (n=113)
and 1C (n170) as well as Lwo samples from Lhe WesL Mound.

1hls season, 831 samples were floaLed. 1hese samples came from 781 unlLs, meanlng LhaL Lhere
were a number of dupllcaLed samples (see Peavy 8esldue Archlve 8eporL 2012). 1hese samples
have been merged and recorded as such ln Lhe Peavy 8esldue uaLabase.

1he enLlreLy of soll samples Laken Lhls year from Lhe north 224) and SouLh Areas (n178) have
been fully processed. Samples from Lhe 1C area have only been parLlally compleLed (78 have been
fully processed lncludlng 28 samples from Lhe deslgnaLed prlorlLy unlLs, whllsL 128 have been sleved
and lefL for sorLlng ln 2014). Samples from Lhe WesL Mound have been sLored for 2014. As a resulL
Lhe backlog for Lhe 2014 season comprlses 128 samples from Lhe 1C Area and 43 samples from Lhe
WesL Mound.

Unfortunately, Lhe daLabase changes have noL happened Lhls year (see Archlve 8eporL 2012).
However, all Lhe addlLlonal lnformaLlon for each maLerlal was enLered ln Lhe 'comments fleld. Also,
followlng Lhe prevlous agreemenL wlLh Lhe llnds Cfflcer Llsa Cuerre, Lhe search for maLerlal ln Lhe
Peavy 8esldue uaLabase has been slmpllfled by followlng Lhe daLa sorLed fleld. All Lhe maLerlals
from Lhe backlog have been recorded under 01/07/2013
1
. 1wo samples from Lhe SouLh Area LhaL
were Laken ln 2011 were recorded under 02/07/2013. All Lhe samples Laken ln 2013 have been
recorded under 01/08/2013 aparL from Lhe samples from prlorlLy unlLs LhaL were glven dlfferenL
dates.

North Area
1hls year Lhree bulldlngs (8.32, 8.77 and 8.102) were excavaLed ln Lhe norLh Area. As bulldings .77
and 8.102 have been LenLaLlvely allocaLed Lo level norLh.C Lo whlch bulldlng 8.32 belongs, Lhe
samples from Lhe floor deposlLs of Lhese Lhree bulldlngs have Lherefore had only a prellmlnary
comparlson whlch wlll need Lo be developed furLher.

As expected, heavy resldue samples show LhaL Lhe plaLforms ln Lhese bulldlngs are slgnlflcanLly
cleaner Lhan Lhe 'general floor' deposlLs.

1
NoLe LhaL 33 samples from Lhe 1C Area from 2012 were recorded under 02/07/2013.
209
210

1he floors of 8102 have a slgnlflcanLly hlgher denslLy of bone Lhan Lhe oLher Lwo, whllsL bulldlng
B.32 has by far more mollusc and obsldlan on Lhe floors. lanL remalns are approxlmately equally
dlsLrlbuLed among Lhese bulldlngs wlLh bulldlng 8. 102 havlng a sllghLly hlgher denslLy.

Worked bone ls noL presenL ln any of Lhe floor deposlLs of all Lhree bulldlngs, whllsL fllnL was found
only ln Lhe nlche (19098) of bulldlng 8.77. A fragmenL of clay ball was found ln Lhe sample Laken
from Lhe souLh easL plaLform (19293) where Lhe ladder used Lo be ln bulldlng 8.77. 1hree oLher
floor deposlLs ln bulldlng 8.77 conLalned clay ob[ecLs (19017, 19307 and 30133) whllsL Lwo were
found ln Lhe floor deposlL (30343) of 8.102. oLLery fragmenLs were reLrleved from one sample
(19303) from bulldlng 8.77 and Lwo samples from bulldlng 8.102 (30132 and 30334).lurLhermore,
Lwo sLone dlsc beads were reLrleved from Lhe floor deposlL (19293) of bulldlng 8. 77 whllsL a sLone
and clay bead found on Lhe plaLform ln SL corner of Lhe bulldlng (19339) boLh had Lraces of
malachlLe. 1wo shell beads were recovered from a paLch of floor ln Lhe norLh easLern corner of
8.102 whllsL anoLher bead made of sLone was recovered from anoLher floor deposlL (30334) ln Lhls
bulldlng. Peavy resldue samples from Lhe floor deposlLs of 8ulldlng 8.32 dld noL yleld any beads.

When compared Lo Lhe oLher bulldlngs ln level north.G, bulldlng 8.102 and 8.32 have a slgnlflcanLly
hlgher denslLy of bone, whllsL 8.77 has a deflnlLe lower denslLy of bone Lhan Lhe sLandard for Lhe
level (see MlLrovlc and vaslc 2013). Cn Lhe oLher hand, Lhe denslLy of bone ln bulldlng 8.32 ls ln
keeping wlLh Lhe sLandard denslLy for Lhe floor deposlLs ln level north.G, whllsL bulldlngs 8.77 and
8.102 had noLably lower denslLles.

South Area
1wo bulldlngs (8.80 and 8.97) from Lhe level SouLh.C have been excavaLed Lhls year and Lhese
heavy resldue samples wlll be brlefly compared ln Lhls reporL wlLh Lwo bulldlngs from Lhe same level
LhaL had been excavaLed ln Lhe prevlous seasons (8ulldlngs 8.76 and 8.96).

Samples from Lhe floor deposlLs ln bulldlng 8.97 have a hlgher dlverslLy of maLerlals (n6) Lhan Lhe
oLher bulldlngs from Lhls level, however, Lhls mlghL be due Lo a larger number of samples from Lhls
building.

Clay ball fragmenLs were reLrleved only from bulldlng 8.97 (18637, 18697, 19646, 19633 and
19661). lragmenLs of flgurlnes were collecLed from Lwo floor deposlLs ln bulldlng 8.97 (18639 and
20342) and one deposlL ln bulldlng 8.80 (18976). CLher ob[ecLs made of clay were also reLrleved
from Lhese Lwo bulldlngs, one from a floor deposlL ln 8.80 (18976) and Lhree from floor deposlLs ln
building .97 (18679, 19646, 20342). lragmenLs deflned as shaped clay have also been found ln Lhe
samples from 8.97 (18697, 19613 and 19646), as well as Lhree deposlLs ln bulldlng 8.76 (18476,
18710 and 18739).

lloor deposlLs of bulldlngs 8.76 and 8.97 ylelded beads made of sLone and shell. lour sLone beads
were found ln bulldlng 8.87 (18417, 18429, 18462 and 18443), whllsL 20 beads made of sLone and
shell were found ln Lhe floor deposlLs of bulldlng 8.97. A hearLh rake ouL deposlL (19604) conLalned
nlne compleLe and Lwo fragmenLed dlsc beads.

210
211

lllnL was recovered from four deposlLs ln bulldlng 8.76 and four deposlLs from bulldlng 8.97, whllsL
poLLery shards were found ln Lhree samples from bulldlng 8.76 and flve samples from bulldlng 8.97.
When Lhe denslLles of flve ublqulLous maLerlals from Lhe floor deposlLs of Lhese four bulldlngs are
compared, bulldlng 8.97 seems slgnlflcanLly rlcher wlLh obsldlan and bone, denslLles of planL and
eggshell are hlgher ln bulldlng 8.80 whllsL mollusc has Lhe hlghesL denslLy ln bulldlng 8.76. Cverall,
Lhe floors of bulldlng 8.86 seem Lo have been Lhe cleanesL.

1hls ls [usL a prellmlnary overvlew of Lhe samples from Lhese bulldlngs and an ln depLh analysls wlll
be conducLed ln Lhe fuLure.

8|b||ography:
Mitrovi, S and M. Vasi
2013 An lnLegraLed perspecLlve on Lhe uses of maLerlals aL aLalhyuk based on Lhe
analysls of heavy resldues. ln Podder, l. (ed.) 5obstootlve 1ecbooloqles ot otolboyok.
kepotts ftom tbe 2000-2008 seosoos. Los Angeles: Monographs of Lhe CoLsen lnsLlLuLe of
Archaeology, uCLA.

211
212

-[? .\ \BXXB<X 4H:j9E=> _ @96>:< +,-.
Maurlzlo lorLe
1
, icolo uell'Unto
2
, lcola Lercarl
1

1
uuke unlverslLy,
2
Lund unlverslLy

Introduct|on
1he excavaLlon season was scheduled from !uly 6 Lo AugusL 6, 2013. 1he goal was Lhe conLlnuaLlon
of excavaLlon of Lhe 889, orth ShelLer, LasL mound, Sp.379 (lig.18.1).

Lxcavat|on Goa|s: excavaLlon of reLrleval plLs, make up and floors of 889, burlals under Lhe
platform, recognlLlon of wall palnLlngs, excavaLlon of Lhe dlrLy" floor and hearLh ln Lhe souLh parL
of Lhe house, lasL room lnflll over Lhe floor, excavaLlon of burlals under Lhe plaLform.

1echno|og|ca| goa|s: sysLemaLlc use of LableL pc wlLh CClS and erspecLlve 8ecLlfler. ulglLal
workflow: dlglLal phoLos wlLh LableL (Lenovo 1hlnkpad) and dlglLal camera, lmporLlng rasLer phoLos
ln erspecLlve 8ecLlfler or CClS. CrLho recLlflcaLlon ln CClS or 8. vecLorlal drawlng wlLh CClS uslng
speclflc graphlc llbrarles and Lable aLLrlbuLes (see flnal reporL): Lhls lncludes elevaLlon polnLs,
polygons, llnes and polyllnes characLerlzlng Lhe excavaLlon area. Ceoreferenclng of all Lhe 3u
models ln hoLoscan ro and lmplemenLaLlon ln ArcClS. Cn slLe paperless documenLaLlon by LableL
Figure 18.1. 3D Model of B.89, 2013.
212
213

Cs (dlglLal drawlng of all Lhe unlLs and sLraLlgraphy): plcLures Laken by LableL camera, recLlfled ln
erspecLlve 8ecLlfler (or CClS) and Lhen exporLed ln CClS.

SLandardlzaLlon of all Lhe graphlc layouL, aLLrlbuLe Lables and codes for CClS and A8CClS. Laser
scannlng of Lhe norLh and SouLh ShelLer. hoLomodelllng and laser scannlng of all Lhe layers of 889.
ulsLlncLlon of Lhe unlLs ln separaLed and georeferenced 3u models.

1ab|et C
1he LableL Cs (Le novo e MlcrosofL Surface) have been used ln 3 Lrenches ln Lhe SouLh ShelLer
(B89, 80, 23) by Lhree dlfferenL users: L.8lanclflorl, !.lssavl, !. SLuarL 1aylor. ln Lhe 889 Lhe
documenLaLlon relaLed Lo drawlngs, maps and secLlons was compleLely paperless and made wlLh
Lhe Lablet.

1he enLlre experlence wlLh Lhe LableL afLer a few days of pracLlce was very poslLlve. 1he followlng
dlglLal workflows have been LesLed.

Workflow n.1
- oslLlonlng of LargeLs and conLrol polnLs on Lhe ground (3 5)
- Ceoreferenclng of Lhe LargeLs/conLrol polnLs by LoLal sLaLlon (uslng Lhe grld
coordlnaLes of excavaLlon)
- ulglLal phoLos by LableL lnLernal camera (8 mp).
- 8asLer lmporL of Lhe phoLos on CClS
- Photo 8ecLlflcaLlon by Lhe geo referencer module of CClS (or, ln alLernaLlve by
erspecLlve 8ecLlfler)
- CreaLlon of a geo Llf plcLure
- ulglLal drawlng (wlLh sLylus) over Lhe recLlfled phoLos
- CreaLlon of shape flles (by layer)
- SLandardlzaLlon of graphlc layouL, graphlc codes, eLc. ln relaLlon wlLh Lhe masLer ClS
of excavaLlon (so LhaL all Lhe layers are compaLlble wlLh Lhe general guldellnes)
- lnLegraLlon of all Lhe daLa ln ArcClS

Workflow n.2
Slmllar Lo workflow n.1 buL wlLh Lhese dlfferenL opLlons:
- use of uS8 cameras (18 mp) for a beLLer recognlLlon of feaLures and conLrol polnLs.
- use of Llbrecad for drawlng secLlons or a beLLer conLrol of graphlc feaLures.
- use of hoLoscan for Lhe generaLlon of orLo phoLo or phoLo mosaics.

1he Lenovo was equlpped wlLh CClS and erspecLlve 8ecLlfler, Lhe Surface wlLh ArcClS and
erspecLlve 8ecLlfler. ln Lhe flrsL case (Le novo) Lhe lnLernal camera of Lhe LableL was used for Laklng
photos, someLlmes ln assoclaLlon wlLh an exLernal dlglLal camera (Canon LCS M). ln Lhe second case
(Surface) all Lhe phoLos have been Laken by an exLernal camera (nlkon) connecLed vla uS8 wlLh Lhe
tablet.

ros and cons ln Lhe use of lnLernal or exLernal camera. 1he use of lnLernal LableL camera (8 mp) ls
very useful when Lhe LargeL ls small or medlum slze (for example a small unlL or [usL a parL of a
213
214

bulldlng): Lhe resoluLlon ls sufflclenL and Lhe shooLlng poslLlon has Lo be orLhogonal. When Lhe
LargeL ls large or Lhere ls Loo much dlsLorLlon ln uslng Lhe LableL camera, beLLer Lo use a uSL8 and Lo
download Lhe plcLures on Lhe LableL. Cne more opLlon for on slLe dlglLal drawlng can be Lhe
generation of an orLophoLo by 3u modellng ln hoLoscan.

Cutcome
1he lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe LableL ln all Lhe phases of documenLaLlon and daLa recordlng and Lhe
sLandardlzaLlon of Lhe workflow from compuLer vlslon Lo ArcClS/CClS, has subsLanLlally lncreased
the sLandardlzaLlon and quallLy of dlglLal daLa avallable on slLe. 1he procedure ls qulck and very
accuraLe (always under 1 cm) and Lhls ls posslble because of Lhe use of vecLorlal conLrol polnLs (LoLal
sLaLlon) and orLo phoLos (rasLer daLa). Moreover wlLh Lhls approach lL ls posslble Lo mlnlmlze
mlsLakes of Lhe drawer and Lo compare daLa lnLerpreLaLlon (ouLllnes) wlLh archaeologlcal evldence
(rasLer daLa and sLraLlgraphy). ln facL Lhe LableL ls used only on slLe and Lhls allows Lhe drawer and
Lhe excavaLlon Leam Lo check Lhe dlglLal map durlng Lhe excavaLlon and noL ln posL processlng. ln
oLher words, all Lhe dlglLal drawlng ls processed on slLe and lL ls compleLely conLexLuallzed ln Lhe
archaeologlcal fleldwork.

A second LableL was used for skeLchlng, Laklng noLes and commenLs on Lhe archaeologlcal
lnLerpreLaLlon of bulldlng and sLraLlgraphy. 1he lnLegraLed camera ln Lhe LableL ls an lmporLanL
addlLlonal Lool for Laklng snapshoLs durlng Lhe excavaLlon and for worklng on drafL commenLs,
meLadaLa and skeLches.

Documentary mov|e
1he parLlclpaLlon of a grad sLudenL from uuke Visual tudies (8raxLon Pood) has allowed
plannlng and recordlng a documenLary vldeo on Lhe dlglLal Lechnologles used ln Lhe excavaLlon and
more ln general on Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe 889. 1hls documentary movle wlll be Lhe flrsL mulLlmedia
producL on Lhe 3u ulgglng ro[ecL".

keport on D|g|ta| App||cat|ons and Genera| Strateg|es
1he season 2013 was qulLe successful ln Lerms of 3u dlglLallzaLlon of models and for Lhe
sLandardlzaLlon of Lhe enLlre workflow.

ln Lerms of sLraLegles, all Lhe sLraLlgraphlc layers of 889 were recorded ln 3u elLher by compuLer
vlslon or by laser scannlng. (see below Lhe deLalls). ln general compuLer vlslon was sysLemaLlcally
used ln micro scale (slngle excavaLlon Lrenches, bulldlngs, burlals) and 3u laser scannlng ln macro
scale (large scale survey).

More speclflcally, 3u daLa recordlng by compuLer vlslon was exLended Lo all Lhe burlals on Lhe LasL
mound, on 880, 889 , 1C and ln a sample of oLher bulldlngs (LasL mound).

1he use of hoLoscan ro has allowed Lhe georeferenclng of all Lhe models uslng Lhe excavaLlon grld
and ln LhaL way all Lhe 3u models were exporLed ln ArcClS Arc Scene and sLandardlzed ln a
geodatabase.

214
215

1he lmplemenLaLlon of 3u laser scannlng models for ArcClS was successful and all Lhe 3u models
are usable and georeferenced also ln Arcscene.

A furLher sLep was Lhe
lnLerpolaLlon of laser scannlng
daLa for Lhe generaLlon of uLMs
(ulglLal LlevaLlon Models) n 1ln
and rasLer formaL (ligs.18.2). 1he
creaLlon of uLMs by laser
scannlng ls able Lo vlsuallze very
deLalled feaLures of Lhe
archaeologlcal excavaLlon (north
and SouLh shelLer LasL Mound) ln
relaLlon wlLh Lhe surface model of
Lhe Lerraln. lor example dlfferenL
colors and conLour levels can
beLLer analyze Lhe enLlre area of
excavaLlon ln Lhe envlronmenLal
conLexL of Lhe mound.

1he overlay of Lhe uLM wlLh 3u models of bulldlngs reconsLrucLed ln compuLer vlslon (llg.18.3)
shows Lhe perfecL maLchlng beLween laser scannlng daLa and compuLer vlslon models. ln Lhls way lL
ls posslble Lo lnLerpreL correcLly Lhe complex sLraLlgraphy of Lhe slLe and Lhe sLaLe of Lhe arL of
archaeologlcal excavaLlon ln 2013.

llnally all Lhe MellaarL excavaLlon phases (spaLlally recognlzable, ig. 18.4) have been lnLegraLed ln
ArcScene wlLh Lhe more recenL 3u models made by compuLer vlslon. 1he spaLlal effecL ls very
Figure 18.3. The matching of DEM and excavation data.
Figure 18.2. DEM and laser scanning data combined
215
216

lmpresslve: Lhe
superlmposlLlon of
houses, bulldlngs
and flnds ln 3u
reveals Lhe
dlachronlc evoluLlon
of Lhe slLe across
the vll ldenLlflable
MellarL phases. 1hls
lnlLlal experlmenL
opens w
perspecLlves ln the
sLudy of Lhe
reconsLrucLlon of
Lhe cenLer and lLs
relaLlon wlLh Lhe
landscape.

Laser Scann|ng
1he laser
scanning
data
recording
had been
focused
on 9,
TPC II)
area,
South
Area and
North
Area. lor
the
second
year ln a
row Lhe
laser
scanning
survey
has been performed uslng a laro locus 3u ShlfL hase laser scanner, a powerful, porLable, and
accuraLe devlce for ouLdoor survey. 1hls equlpmenL ls capable of 2 mm preclslon on a 80m dlsLance
scan lasLlng abouL 13/20 mlnuLes and produclng a 40/30 mllllon colored polnL cloud (3u daLa seL
made of polnLs characLerlzed by x,Y,Z coordlnaLes and 8C8 colors produced by a bullL in olor
camera feaLurlng an auLomaLlc 70 megaplxels parallax free color overlay). 1hls lncredlbly hlgh
amounL of lnformaLlon proved lnadequaLe Lo Lhe scope of laser scannlng documenLaLlon aL
Figure 18.4. The integration of the Mellaart excavation phases in ArcScene
Figure 18.5. Part of the laser scanning work done in the North Shelter.
216
217

aLalhyuk belng Lhe amounL of daLa almosL unmanageable on slLe and way Loo accuraLe for our
processlng and vlsuallzaLlon workflow. 1herefore we adopLed a scan quallLy of and a resoluLlon of
and produced, ln a Llme span of less Lhan 3 mlnuLes per scan, accuraLe polnL cloud wlLh a
resoluLlon of abouL 3300 x 4000 plxels and abouL 11 mllllon polnLs per scan (for example, see llg.
18.5). Moreover Lhe bullL ln camera of Lhe laro locus 3u ls able Lo add adequaLe color lnformaLlon
Lo Lhe polnL clouds merglng brlghLness and color auLomaLlcally.

Lvery sLraLlgraphlc
unlL of 889 has
been scanned
several Llme Lo
allow
homogenous and
dense polnL cloud
Lo be generaLed. ln
addlLlon each scan
has been
automatically
allgned uslng
auLomaLlc allgned
funcLlonallLy and
processlng ln laro
Scene 3.1 sofLware,
and laLer
georeferenced
uslng LoLal sLaLlon polnLs provlded by Lhe LoLal sLaLlon survey Leam. 1he auLomaLlc allgnmenL of 3u
scans has been posslble by seml manual ecognlLlon of whlLe sphere LargeLs LhaL were placed
around Lhe perlmeLer of 889 and paper checkerboard LargeL Laped Lo Lhe perlmeLral wall of Lhe
SouLh ShelLer. A hlgh resoluLlon (18 Megaplxel) uSL8 camera has also been employed Lo Lake hlgher
quallLy phoLographs of each unlL of 889 ln order Lo add Lhe polnL clouds preclse and vlvld LexLure
colors (8C8 lnformaLlon). 1hese phoLos were evenLually added Lo Lhe reglsLered end edlLed polnL
clouds uslng LexLure parameLerlzaLlon Lools ln Lhe open source sofLware MeshLab.

1he same lA8C locus 3u laser scanner and sphere and checkerboard LargeLs have been also
employed on a macro scale level for Lhe dlglLal documenLaLlon of Lhe LasL Mound. Areas such as
SouLh Area, 1C, and norLh Area have been surveyed along Lhe excavaLlon season 2013 beLween
Lhe beglnnlng of !une and beglnnlng of AugusL. 1hls area wlde scannlng acqulslLlon occupled 2
operaLors for about 4 full work days for Lhe norLh and SouLh Areas and a couple of hours only for
Lhe 1C area. A conslderable amounL of laser scannlng daLa has been posL processed on slLe durlng
lab hours by Lhe uuke Leam, speclflcally Lhe one relaLed Lo Lhe 889. Clven Lhe greaL deal of daLa
from Lhe area wlde scannlng [usL a parL of 120 polnL clouds relaLed Lo Lhe north SouLh Shelter, and
1C areas have been processed on slLe.

Figure 18.6. Stratigraphic sequences in B.89.
217
218

Computer v|s|on (8u||d|ngs and bur|a|s)
1he phoLographlc campalgn was performed uslng a Canon Los 330 u (lens Slgma Lx uC 13mm).
Cnce acqulred Lhe lmages were processed ln AglsofL hoLoscan ro ln order (l) Lo esLlmaLe Lhe
poslLlon of Lhe cameras, (ll) Lo generaLe Lhe geomeLry, (lll) Lo pro[ecL Lhe color lnformaLlon
(auLomaLlc generaLlon of hlgh resoluLe LexLure) and (lv) Lo geo reference Lhe models ln relaLlon Lo
Lhe coordlnaLe sysLem ln use.

The erslon of hoLoscan employed durlng Lhls season allowed deflnlng a new and more efflclenL
workflow, reduclng exponenLlally Lhe Llme spenL Lo process Lhe lmages and Lo generaLe Lhe models.
ln order Lo be lmporLed lnLo Lhe ClS, Lhe models were opLlmlzed up Lo 34000 polygons and
exporLed ln collada (.dae). Cnce lmporLed lnLo ArcClS Lhe flles were Lransformed and archlved as a
multipatch, Lhe use of Lhls formaL allowed deflnlng a Lable of aLLrlbuLes Lo connecL wlLh Lhe 3u daLa.
AL Lhe end of Lhe season Lhe enLlre SouLh ShelLer was dlglLallzed and lmporLed lnLo Lhe geo
daLabase of Lhe excavaLlon. 1he use of Arcscene allowed vlsuallzlng Lhe 3u models ln spaLlal relaLlon
wlLh Lhe graphlc documenLaLlon prevlously reallzed on slLe.

Workf|ow Season 2012 Season 2013 descr|pt|on
Markers X use of speclflc markers
Acquisition
campaign
X X lmage acqulslLlon process
Photoscan X 1he lmages are processed ln order Lo reallze a
3D del
hoLoscan 8C X 1he lmages are processed ln order Lo reallze a
geo referenced 3D model.
Meshlab X 3u polnLs from Lhe LoLal sLaLlon are used ln
Meshlab Lo geo reference Lhe model.
3DSMax X 1he model ls opLlmlze and exporLed ln .3ds
ArcGIS X X 1he model ls lmporLed lnLo Lhe geo database
and vlsuallzed ln ArcScene
Table 18.1. The comparison between the workflow developed in 2012 and the workflow developed in 2013
uurlng season 2013, Lhls Lechnlque has been used ln Lhree dlfferenL conLexLs: (a) 3u acqulslLlon of
the sLraLlgraphlc unlLs of Lhe bulldlng 89, (b) 3u documenLaLlon of Lhe ongolng excavaLlons ln SouLh
Shelter, (c) 3u documenLaLlon of Lhe burlals.

uesplLe Lhe dlfferenL approaches adopLed durlng Lhe acqulslLlon campalgn (a speclflc sLraLegy has
been fined or every Lypology of maLerlal), Lhe same workflow of daLa developmenL has been
used Lo records unlLs, spaces, bulldlngs and feaLures. AL Lhe end of Lhe season all Lhe models have
been lmporLed ln Lhe excavaLlon geo daLabase and have been vlsuallzed ln Lhe ClS plaLform.

218
219

ata|hyk Q D|VL
1he ulvL, uuke lmmerslve vlsuallzaLlon LnvlronmenL ls a 3m x 3m x 3m sLereoscoplc rear pro[ecLed
room wlLh head and hand Lracklng and real Llme compuLer graphlcs. All slx surfaces Lhe four walls,
Lhe celllng and Lhe floor are used as screens onLo whlch compuLer graphlcs are dlsplayed.

All Lhe 3u models processed durlng Lhe excavaLlon of 889 have been lmplemenLed for Lhe ulvL
whlch allows a 1:1 scale, lmmerslve represenLaLlon of a mud brlck neoliLhlc house (lig. 18.8). 1he
dlglLal documenLaLlon process of 8ulldlng 89 has produced a rlch seL of mulLlmodal lnformaLlon
including LerresLrlal laser scannlng daLa, lmage based 3u models, ClS, drawlngs, plcLures, vldeos,
whlch can be . ln addlLlon, Lhe lmmerslve experlence ls enhanced by ln conLexL sLraLlgraphlc unlLs
layer menu, volumeLrlc vlsuallzaLlon of Lhe excavaLed areas, sboJets, and collaboraLlve lnLeracLlon.
Figure 18.7. DiVE, Duke Immersive Virtual Environment: B89, a Neolithic house, South Shelter
219
220

-L? W6Ed $: a98866H= # #H96k @QHA9] 5< %6=9 G9:8B=FBE #HEFB=9E=QH9
Marek Z. 8araskl, Cdansk unlverslLy

1he archlLecLure of LaLe neollLhlc aLalhyuk was lnvesLlgaLed ln Lhe course of 1C excavaLlon
and hu pro[ecL (8araskl 2011) wlLhln MellaarL A Area aL Lhe Lop of a mound. 1he maln focus
of Lhls one man survey was Lo reexamlne Lhe rellcs of Lhe bulldlngs LhaL were unearLhed durlng
Lhe 1960's seasons (MellaarL 1962, 1963). ln parLlcular, l lnLended Lo Lackle Lhe followlng lssues:
(1) accuracy of exlsLlng plans of MellaarL's (2) sLrucLural characLer and quallLy of Lhe bulldlngs ln
Lerms of brlckwork bonds and (3) sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe unearLhed bulldlng
structures.

1he research was regarded as lmporLanL because Lhe generally accesslble plans LhaL cover Lhe
very mosL of up Lo now unearLhed area of Levels l lll have become more and more problemaLlc
ln Lhe lasL few years. 1he recenL works on chronologlcal model of Lhe slLe (8ayllss, larld 2012) as
well as analysls of 1 and 1C archlLecLure (Marclnlak, llllpowlcz, Mlckel 2012, Czernlak,
Marclnlak ln press, 8araskl ln press) casLed conslderable doubL on pasL lnLerpreLaLlons of noL
only bulldlng Lechnlques and sLraLegles buL also spaLlal organlzaLlon of Lhe seLLlemenL ln lLs
laLesL phases of occupaLlon. 1he research slLuaLlon ls dlfflculL as Lhere ls noL much lnformaLlon
on laLe neollLhlc bulldlngs LhaL can be broughL from MellaarL's publlcaLlons (Podder 1996,
uurlng 2001, 8araskl 2011). under Lhe clrcumsLances Lhere was every reason Lo be susplclous
abouL Lhe accuracy of recordlng LhaL Look place ln Lhese early days. nevertheless, MellaarL's
plans LhaL were dlglLlzed and lnLegraLed lnLo Lhe slLe local grld (Mackle, Pall 2007, 8araskl
2010), are all we have. 1haL ls why Lhe ldea behlnd Lhe research was Lo make use of Lhem ln
order Lo open a dozen or so small Lrenches ln Lhe places where corners of Lhe bulldlngs were
recorded. lL was belleved LhaL reveallng upper parLs of Lhe walls and relnLerpreLlng bulldlng
sLrucLural relaLlonshlp would make lL posslble noL only Lo reassess Lhe bulldlng's ouLllnes and Lo
learn more abouL Lhe bulldlng Lechnlques and sLraLegles buL also flrsL and foremosL redeflne Lhe
spaLlal organlzaLlon of Lhe mound ln lLs laLesL phases of occupaLlon.

Pavlng 1rlmble S8 1oLal SLaLlon aL my dlsposal a roboLlc lnsLrumenL LhaL offers 1 angular
accuracy and LuM preclslon of 1 mm 1 ppm as well as good few years experlence on 1
archlLecLure and sLraLlgraphy (Marclnlak eL al ln press) seemed enough Lo geL resulLs. 1hls
approach, however, had Lo be modlfled durlng Lhe survey as all Lhe plans and some of Lhe pasL
lnLerpreLaLlons qulckly Lurned ouL Lo be hlghly lnaccuraLe and mosL of Lhe walls were heavlly
dlsLurbed and eroded.

Firstly, Lhere were mlsLakes ln locaLlons of mosL of Lhe unearLhed mud brlck walls. A greaL efforL
was made Lo rescale, roLaLe and, as a consequence, ad[usL Lhe plans Lo Lhe sLrucLures reveled on
Lhe surface, buL even so l falled due Lo lnconslsLency of Lhe pasL mlsLakes LhaL ranged beLween
abouL 0.3 and 2.3 m (). 1he corners of Lhe bulldlngs Lurned ouL Lo be dlfflculL Lo Lrace and many
of Lhe Lrenches had Lo be elLher enlarged or closed and opened ln oLher locaLlon. Moreover,
some of Lhe walls LhaL were revealed could noL be llnked wlLh Lhe ones recorded on Lhe plans,
220
221

whlch helghLen doubLs abouL whaL
was drawn and removed and whaL
was unearLhed and lefL
unexcavaLed durlng Lhe 1960's
excavaLlon season. All Lhls was very
frustrating.

Secondly, Lhe exlsLlng plans were
dlfflculL Lo assess as Lhey appeared
Lo be represenLaLlve of noL only
mulLlple phases of one bulldlng buL
also dlfferenL or even
uncontemporary bulldlngs LhaL
were someLlmes lncorrecLly
recognlzed as a consequence of
phaslng Lhe slLe by horlzonLal
levels. lL was conflrmed LhaL ln
Lhese early days MellaarL was really
flndlng hls feeL (larld 2013, pers.
comm.) and Lended Lo lnclude
mosL of Lhe mud brlck sLrucLures
he had seen on Lhe surface on [usL
one mulLl conLexL plan. 1he
challenge Lo relnLerpreL and
reconsLrucL laLe neollLhlc evenLs
Lurned ouL Lo be very dlfflculL as
Lhe research was generally
resLrlcLed Lo ground LruLhlng. 1rue,
there were some useful wall
secLlons and declslve sLrucLural
analysls wlLh respecL Lo brlck
bondlng made, buL sLlll llLLle sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlp could be seen wlLhouL proper excavaLlon.

Third, Lhe surface scraplng was underLaken ln a fasL Lrack mode LhaL precluded sampllng and dry
slevlng of Lhe removed deposlLs. nevertheless, Lhe backflll of Lhe former excavaLlon area
conLalned a greaL number of lncluslons and aggregaLes LhaL had Lo be collecLed even Lhough
Lhey were of llLLle archaeologlcal value. 1hls was undoubLedly Lroublesome, yeL whaL really
slowed down Lhe research were posL NeollLhlc burlals LhaL had been lefL parLly unexcavaLed by
Mellaarts Leam. 1he slLuaLlon came as an unpleasanL surprlse and forced conslderable changes
ln Lhe research plans.

lrrespecLlve of all Lhe dlfflculLles brlefly menLloned above 20 Lrenches were opened ln dlfferenL
parLs of Lhe Area, whlch enabled Lo reveal some upper parLs of walls aLLrlbuLed by MellaarL Lo
Levels lll. All Lhose sLrucLures were heavlly affecLed by Lhe posL deposlLlonal processes
Figure 19.1. The fields of investigation. Plan: Marek Z. Baranski
221
222

lncludlng LruncaLlon, eroslon and dlsLurbance by anlmals and planLs. 1here were hardly few
orlglnal brlck's dlmenslons LhaL could be measured. Moreover, none of Lhe bulldlngs or even
walls was unearLhed ln lLs enLlreLy due Lo general small area of all Lhe Lrenches. nevertheless,
Lhe followlng resulLs were obLalned:

Trench C.A (1.7 x 1.7 m)

LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld:
A (957.50, 991.30); B (957.50,
993.00), C (939.20, 993.00);
(959.20, 991.30) (llg. 19. 1);

1here were feaLures: l.7432
and l.7431 reglsLered wlLhln
Lhe Lrench afLer Lhe Lop soll
was removed as an arblLrary
layer (30400). They ere
deflned as parLs of walls of
bulldlngs: A.lll.3 and A.lll.2
respecLlvely (llg. 19.2).

leaLure l.7432 conslsLed of
Lwo perpendlcular sLrucLures
LhaL made up a norLh west
corner of bulldlng A.lll.3. lLs
brlckwork was clearly Lhlcker
Lhan Lhe wldLh of any of Lhe
lndlvldual brlcks. Powever, lL
was noL obvlous wheLher Lhe
courses were lald on Lop of one anoLher Lo bulld up whaL ls deflned Loday as one or one and a
half brlck Lhlck walls (abouL 0,8 or 1,2 m). 1hls confuslon resulLed from a small Lrench area as
well as heavy desLrucLlon of Lhe brlcks LhaL consLlLuLed Lhe lnslde corner of Lhe bulldlng. 1rue,
Lhere was a posslble floor make up (30427) revealed ln Lhe very souLh easL corner of Lhe Lrench,
whlch conslsLed of llghL grey and whlLe pebbles up Lo 4 mm ln dlameLer, buL lL was noL enough
Lo confldenLly deflne Lhe ouLllne of Lhe bulldlng's lnLerlor.

AnoLher Lhlng Lo conslder was Lhe exlsLence of only one or Lwo sklns of brlcks ln Lhe case of Lhe
exposed course of Lhe norLhern wall of Lhe bulldlng whlle Lhe easLern one seemed Lo have Lwo
or Lhree sklns dependlng on where Lhe wall's lnLernal ouLllne was. A verLlcal layer of posslble
morLar coverlng Lhe exLernal slde of Lhe preserved, norLhern wall mlghL be a hlnL Lo reconslder
lLs greaLer Lhlckness. Cn Lhe oLher hand, lL may lndlcaLe an exLernal face of Lhe wall LhaL was
bullL agalnsL anoLher, older sLructure.

Figure 19.2. Overview of Trench TPC.A. Photography: Marek Z. Baranski
222
223

lrrespecLlve of Lhese doubLs, Lhe Lwo walls of bulldlng A.lll.3 were made up of mld brown / llghL
orange mud brlcks wlLh more or less equal sllL and sand conLenL. 1he morLar had llghL / mld
grey colour and conLalned organlc maLerlal and aggregaLes.

leaLure l.7431 was deflned as a souLhern wall of 8ulldlng A.lll.2 and was slLuaLed Lo Lhe norLh
of 8ulldlng A.lll.3. 1he parallel walls of Lhe Lwo dlsLlncL sLrucLures, were slLuaLed on Lhe wesL
easL axls and were separaLed by a few centimeters Lhlck ashy layer expendlng upwards. 1hls ls
where a nlcely made, wooden spaLula and a worked sLone (30400: x2 and x3 respecLlvely) were
found.

1he menLloned fragmenL of Lhe wall conslsLed enLlrely of courses of sLreLchers. 1hls half brlck
Lhlck sLrucLure had lLs norLhern slde LruncaLed, whlch made lL lmposslble Lo reconsLrucL lLs
orlglnal wldLh. 1he wall was made up of hard, llghL grey / mld brown mud brlcks wlLh a
domlnanL sllL conLenL. 1he dlfference beLween Lhe brlcks and Lhe morLar was almosL lmposslble
to record as boLh elemenLs seemed Lo have Lhe same physlcal characLerlsLlcs. WheLher bulldlng
A.lll.2 was a laLer addlLlon Lo bulldlng A.lll.3 or was lL Lhe oLher way round was noL clear.
However, lL seemed llkely LhaL Lhe flrsL of Lhem was bullL agalnsL Lhe oLher causlng lLs parLlal
destruction.

Trench C.B (1.0 x 1.9 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld: A
(957.65, 988.30), 8 (937.63,
990.40); C (958.65, 90.40);
(958.65, 988.30) (llg. 19.1);

1he Lop soll LhaL mosLly
conLalned backflll and Lhe upper,
heavlly dlsLurbed courses of
bricks, was removed wlLhln an
arblLrary layer (30401). 1hen
Lhere were: flne layers of mldden
(30428) and a mud brlck wall
l.7433 reglsLered wlLhln Lhe
Lrench (llg. 19.3).

leaLure l.7433 was deflned as a
south wesL corner of bullding
A.lll.3 and seemed Lo be whaL ls
deflned Loday as one and a half
brlck Lhlck wall (abouL 1,2 m) wlLh
Lhree sklns of brlcks ln a stretcher
course and a brlckwork bond LhaL
comprlsed Lwo courses of
sLreLchers beLween a course of a
Figure 19.3. Overview of Trench TPC.B. Photography: Marek Z. Baranski
223
224

header. 1he wall was made up of mld brown / llghL orange mud brlcks wlLh more or less equal
sllL and sand conLenL. 1he morLar had llghL / mld grey and llghL brown colour and conLalned
conslderable amounL of aggregaLes and organlc maLerlal. lL ls qulLe posslble LhaL Lhe wall
conLlnued Lo Lhe wesL as Lhere were brlcks seen ln Lhe wesLern secLlon of Lhe Lrench. 1hls could
have meanL LhaL Lhe orlglnal ouLllne of Lhe bulldlng was blgger and Lherefore dlfferenL from Lhe
one recorded on MellaarL's plans of Level lll.

As far as flne layers of mldden (30428) are concerned Lhey were exposed ln Lhe souLhern parL of
Lhe Lrench. A very prellmlnary sLudy of Lhese sedlmenLs suggesLed shorL Lerm deposlLlon, whlch
casLed doubL on MellaarL's lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe area as a place where a proper sLreeL ran.

Trench C.C (1.3 x 1.3 m)
(961.90, 991.40), 8 (961.90,
992.90), C (963.40, 992.90);
(963.40, 991.40) (llg. 19.1).

1here were feaLures: l.7434,
l.7433 and l.7436 reglsLered wlLhln
Lhe Lrench afLer Lhe Lop soll was
removed (30402). 1hey were all
deflned as parLs of mud brlck walls
of whaL seemed Lo be Lhe norLh
easL corner of bulldlng A.lll.3, Lhe
wesLern wall of bulldlng 8.ll.2 and
Lhe souLh easL corner of bulldlng
A.lll.2 respecLlvely (llg. 19.4).

leaLure l.7434 was a masslve
sLrucLure as lLs brlckwork was
Lhlcker Lhan Lhe wldLh of any of Lhe
lndlvldual brlcks. Powever, down Lo
llmlLed Lrench area, lL was noL clear
wheLher Lhe courses were lald on
Lop of one anoLher Lo bulld up one
or one and a half brlck Lhlck wall.
lrrespecLlve of Lhe Lype of a bond, Lhe brlcks were of mld brown / llghL orange colour and had
more or less equal sllL and sand conLenL. 1he morLar had ln Lurn mld grey / llghL brown colour
and conLalned a conslderable amounL of aggregaLes and organlc maLerlal.

1here was also a wesLern wall l.7433 of bulldlng 8.ll.2, whlch, ln Lurn seemed Lo be a half brlck
Lhlck sLrucLure. lL was found ad[acenL Lo Lhe eastern, exLerlor face of Lhe masslve bulldlng A.lll.3.
1he norLhern face of Lhe wall was eroded, whlch made lL lmposslble Lo reconsLrucL lLs orlglnal
wldLh. Powever, lL seemed LhaL Lhe upper courses of brlcks had been exposed Lo flre, whlch
Figure 19.4. Overview of Trench TPC.C. Photography: Marek Baranski
224
225

mlghL suggesL LhaL Lhe bulldlng had been burnL. 1he lower courses were made up of llghL brown
/ llghL grey mud brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sllL conLenL. 1he dlfference beLween Lhe brlcks and Lhe
morLar was clear, Lhe laLLer havlng mld grey colour and conLalnlng organlc maLerlal.
1he mosL complex sLraLlgraphlc slLuaLlon occurred ln relaLlon Lo Lhe place, where souLh eastern
corner of bulldlng A.lll.3 was expecLed Lo be found. lL came as a surprlse when only souLhern
wall was revealed. lL was deflned as a half brlck Lhlck sLrucLure (abouL 0,43 m) and was made up
of llghL grey / mld brown brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sllL conLenL. llne layer of wall plasLer covered
Lhe norLhern face of Lhe wall and surprlslngly seemed Lo conLlnue on Lhe easLern face of Lhe
perpendlcular wall of bulldlng 8.ll.2. 1hls gave rlse Lo Lhe quesLlon abouL Lhe acLual relaLlon
beLween Lhe Lwo bulldlng sLrucLures. lL mlghL be posslble LhaL Lhe norLhern wall of bulldlng
A.lll.2 was elLher LruncaLed when bulldlng 8.ll.2 was erecLed or LhaL bulldlng A.lll.2 was bullL
agalnsL Lhe wesLern wall of bulldlng 8.ll.2. AnoLher lnLerpreLaLlon mlghL be LhaL Lhe Lwo
menLloned bulldlngs acLually made one, lnLegral bulldlng sLrucLure, yeL all Lhls dellberaLlon
should be LreaLed wlLh cauLlon due Lo very llmlLed Lrench area.

Trench C.D (1.3 x 1.8 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld: A (961.40,
988.60), 8 (961.40, 990.40), C (962.70, 990.40);
u (962.70, 988.60) (llg. 19.1);

1here were feaLures: l.7437 and l.7438
reglsLered wlLhln Lhe Lrench afLer Lhe Lop soll
was removed as arblLrary layer (30403). 1hey
were deflned as parLs of mud brlck walls of
bulldlngs: 8.ll.2 and A.lll.3 respecLlvely (llg.
19.5).

leaLure l.7438 was deflned as a souLh west
corner of bulldlng A.lll.3 and was one and a
half brlck Lhlck wall (abouL 1,2 m) wlLh Lhree
sklns of brlcks ln sLreLcher course. lLs brlckwork
bond seemed Lo comprlse Lwo courses of
sLreLchers beLween a course of a header. All
brlcks had mld brown / llghL orange colour and
more or less equal sllL and sand conLenL. 1he
morLar had llghL / mld grey and llghL brown
colour and conLalned conslderable amounL of
aggregaLes and organlc maLerlal.

1here was a posslble foundaLlon cuL along Lhe
souLhern face of Lhe wall observed. lL seemed Lo cuL Lhrough a mud brlck sLrucLure LhaL was noL
recorded on MellaarL's plans.
1he easLern face of Lhe wall LhaL was slLuaLed on Lhe norLh souLh axls was ad[acenL Lo feaLure
F.7457, whlch made up a south easL corner of bulldlng 8.ll.2. lL seemed Lo be half brlck Lhlck
Figure 19.5. Overview of Trench TPC.D. Photography: Marek
Baranski
225
226

wall (abouL 0,33 m). 1he upper coursers of brlcks bore Lhe Lraces of havlng been exposed Lo flre,
whlch mlghL suggesL LhaL Lhe bulldlng had been burnL. 1he lower coursers, ln Lurn were made
up of llghL yellow / llghL grey mud brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sllL conLenL. 1he morLar had mld grey
colour and conLalned organlc maLerlal.

Trench C.E (1.3 x 1.3 m)
993.20), 8 (934.30, 994.30), C (936.00;
994.30), u (936.00, 993.20) ig. 19.1);

1he Lop soll LhaL mosLly conLalned
consLrucLlonal maLerlal was removed wlLhln
an arblLrary layer (30403). 1hen Lhere were
feaLures: l.7439, and l.7460 reglsLered
wlLhln Lhe Lrench. 1hey were deflned as
parLs of unaLLrlbuLed mud brlck walls
slLuaLed on Lhe north souLh axls and
ad[acenL Lo each oLher (llg. 19.6). uue Lo
heavy eroslon Lhe characLer and
sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe walls
were hard Lo deflne. lL ls posslble LhaL Lhey
mlghL have made up one brlck Lhlck
sLrucLure LhaL was recorded on Mellaarts
plan Lo Lhe easL of A.lll.2 and A.lll.3.
However, no brlck bondlng was observed beLween Lhe Lwo unearLhed courses of Lhe brlcks of
Lhe walls. 8oLh feaLures were made up of llghL grey / llghL orange brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sllL
conLenL. 1he dlfference beLween Lhe brlcks and Lhe morLar was noL always clear as Lhe laLLer
had varlous colourlsLlc aLLrlbuLes ranglng beLween mld grey and llghL or mld brown. 1hls mlghL
suggesL LhaL Lhe sLrucLure elLher underwenL some repalrs or was made up of a reused
consLrucLlonal maLerlal.

Trench C.F (1.3 x 1.3 m)
989.03), 8 (934.10, 990.33), C (933.40, 990.35);
u (933.40, 989.03) (llg. 19.1);

llne layers of mldden (30428) and unaLLrlbuLed
walls: l.7461 and l.7462 were reglsLered wlLhln
Lhe Lrench (llg. 19.7) afLer Lhe Lop soll was
removed (30406).

leaLure l.7461 was one brlck Lhlck wall (abouL
1,2 m) LhaL can mosL probably be llnked wlLh an
unaLLrlbuLed sLrucLure slLuaLed on Lhe norLh
Figure 19.6. Overview of Trench TPC.E. Photography: Marek
Baranski
Figure 19.7. Overview of Trench TPC.F. Photography: Marek
Baranski
226
227

souLh axls and recorded on MellaarL's plan of Level lll easL Lo bulldlng A.lll.3. lL was made up of
llghL brown / llghL grey mud brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sllL conLenL. 1he morLar had mld grey colour
and conLalnlng organlc maLerlal.

1he souLhern end of Lhe wall was clearly LllLed Lowards souLh and seemed Lo be covered wlLh
flne layers of mldden (30428) LhaL were also exposed ln Lhe souLhern and easLern parL of Lhe
Lrench. 1han feaLure l.7462 made up of one course of brlcks of llghL brown colour was placed
dlrecLly on Lop of Lhls sequence. AL flrsL glance lL seemed Lo make up a separaLe sLrucLure, buL
could as well be a parL of feaLure l.7461 marklng lLs parLlal converslon or a corner of a bulldlng.
1here ls a posslblllLy LhaL all Lhe walls recorded wlLhln Lrenches 1C.l and 1C.8 consLlLuLe one,
masslve bulldlng sLrucLure. Powever, Lhls can only be conflrmed by a more complex survey LhaL
would lnclude exploraLlon.

Trench C.G (1.4 x 1.4 m)
986.33), 8 (934.30, 987.93), C (933.90,
987.93), u (933.90, 986.55) ig. 19.1);

1he Lop soll LhaL conLalned a greaL
number of lncluslons was removed
wlLhln an arblLrary layer (30407). 1hen
furLher flne layers of mldden (30408) and
feaLures l.7463 and l.7464 deflned as
walls were reglsLered wlLhln Lhe Lrench
(Fig. 19.8). leaLure l.7464 was a norLh
wesL corner of a posslble wesLern annex
of bulldlng A.lll.4. 1he walls were half
brlck Lhlck (abouL 0,33 m) and were
made up of dark orange / llghL brown
mud brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sand
conLenL. 1he dlfference beLween Lhe
bricks and Lhe morLar was more or less
clear, Lhe laLLer havlng mld grey colour.

Cnly a small parL of one course of brlcks LhaL consLlLuLed feaLure l.7463 was unearLhed ln Lhe
north easL parL of Lhe Lrench. lL seemed Lo be made up of llghL orange / llghL brown brlcks wlLh
more or less equal sllL and sand conLenL. 1he wall was erecLed on flne layers of mldden
conLalnlng a greaL number of lncluslons ln Lhe form of anlmal bones, poLLery, sLones and
obsldlans. A very prellmlnary sLudy of Lhese sedlmenLs suggesLed once agaln shorL term
deposlLlon and an open characLer of Lhe space, whlch casLed doubL on MellaarL's lnLerpreLaLlon
of Lhe area as a place where a proper sLreeL ran. arL of Lhe mldden was excavaLed (30407) and
sampled by mlcromorphologlsL Aroa Carcla Suarez Lo shed more llghL on Lhls deposlL and
characLer of Lhe area. 1he layers (30407 and 30408) were deflned as same as" flne layers of
mldden (30428) recorded ln Lrenches 1C.8 and 1C.l.
Figure 19.8. Overview of Trench TPC.G. Photography: Marek Baranski
227
228

Trench C.H (1.3 x 1.3 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld: A (964.40, 1013.30),
8 (964.40, 1014.80), C (963.90, 1014.80);
(965.90, 1013.30) (llg. 19.1);

1he Lrench was seL up ln a place where one of Lhe
corners of bulldlng 8.ll.3 was expecLed Lo be
found. 1here was an unaLLrlbuLed parLlLlon wall
l.7463 found lnsLead afLer Lhe Lop soll was
removed (30409) (Fig. 19.9). lL was abuLLed from
Lhe souLh by a posslble floor or plaLform (30429).
8oLh sLrucLures were hard Lo measure and
descrlbe because of Lhelr heavy damage and
erosion. Moreover, a small Lrench area and Lhe
lnaccuracy of MellaarL's plans made lL lmposslble
Lo llnk Lhem convlnclngly Lo anyLhlng LhaL was
recorded on Lhe plans of Levels ll and lll.

Trench C.I (2.7 x 3.2 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld: A (936.73, 1012.80),
8 (936.73, 1014.93), C (933.80, 1014.95);
(955.80, 1016.00), L (938.30, 1016.00), l (938.30,
1012.80) ig. 19.1);

1he Lrench was seL up on a sLeep slope ln Lhe
norLhern parL of MelllaarL's A Area. 1he Lop soll
was removed wlLhln an arblLrary layer (30410) and
conLalned a greaL amounL of loose fragmenLs of
consLrucLlonal maLerlal as well as some
dlsarLlculaLed human bones LhaL mlghL have
belonged Lo posL NeollLhlc burlal l.7480 found
wlLhln ad[olnlng Lrench 1C.n.

1here were feaLures: l.7473, l.7474 and l.7473
reglsLered wlLhln Lhe Lrench (llg. 19.10). hey were
all deflned as mud brlck walls slLuaLed on Lhe wesL
east axls. 1he flrsL Lwo seemed Lo be half brlck
Lhlck sLrucLures (abouL 0,40 m) LhaL abuLLed each
oLher. 1hey were slLuaLed ln Lhe norLhern parL of
Lhe Lrench on a layer of very compacL lnflll. 1he
wesLern parL of feaLure l.7473 was LruncaLed,
whlle Lhe easLern conLlnued ln Lhe Lrench 1C.n
and consLlLuLed a norLh easL corner of a space LhaL
mlghL have been a parL of shrlne A.ll.1. 1he wall
Figure 19.9. Overview of Trench TPC.H. Photography:
Marek Baranski
Figure 19.10. Overview of Trench TPC.I. Photography:
Marek Baranski
228
229

was made up of mld brown / mld orange mud brlcks wlLh more or less equal sllL and sand
conLenL. 1he morLar had llghL grey colour.

leaLure l.7474 was slLuaLed nexL Lo Lhe norLhern face of wall l.7473. lL was badly preserved
and seemed Lo have been exposed Lo flre, whlch mlghL suggesL LhaL Lhe bulldlng had been
burnL. uue Lo eroslon and a small area of Lhe Lrench lL Lurned ouL Lo be lmposslble Lo
convlnclngly llnk Lhe wall Lo anyLhlng LhaL had been recorded on Lhe plans of Level ll.
Wall l.7473 was slLuaLed ln Lurn ln Lhe souLhern parL of Lhe Lrench and mlghL have deflned one
of Lhe spaces of shrlne A.lll.8 as lL conLlnued ln ench C.K. lL was made up of llghL grey mortar
and llghL grey / mld yellow mud brlcks LhaL seemed Lo have equal sllL and sand conLenL. 1here
was a clusLer of dlsarLlculaLed human bones (30421) found aL Lhe base of Lhe wall ln Lhe
souLhern parL of Lhe trench.

Trench C.J (4.2 x 2.9 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld:
A (979.00, 1007.77); B
(970.51, 1010.62), C (974.64,
1009.89), u (974.34,
1008.21); (973.55,
1008.35); (973.34, 1007.17)
(Fig. 19.1);

1he Lop soll was removed
wlLhln an arblLrary layer
(30411) and lncluded mosLly
backflll wlLhln whlch
dlsarLlculaLed human bones
were found. 1hen feaLures:
F.7467, l.7468, l.7469 and
l.7470 were reglsLered
wlLhln Lhe Lrench (llg. 19.11).

1he flrsL Lhree were defined
as masslve mud brlck walls of
bulldlngs 8.ll.3 and 8.ll.4. Powever, bulldlng 8.ll.4 had Lo be dlvlded lnLo Lwo auLonomous
sLrucLures: 8.ll.4 (1) and 8.ll.4 (2) due Lo lncorrecL aLLrlbuLlon of Lhe walls Lo bulldlngs LhaL had
been proposed by Mellaart.

leaLure l.7469 seemed Lo be Lhe earllesL sLrucLure ln Lhe observed sLraLlgraphlcal sequence. lL
was deflned as norLhern wall of bulldlng 8.ll.4 (1) and was made up of hard llghL grey / llghL
brown ud brlcks wlLh a raLher domlnanL sllL conLenL. 1he dlfference beLween Lhe brlcks and
Lhe morLar was almosL lmposslble Lo record as boLh elemenLs seemed Lo have Lhe same physlcal
characLerlsLlcs. 1he wall was closely connecLed wlLh a relaLlvely well preserved plaLform or floor
Figure 19.11. Overview of Trench TPC.J. Photography: Marek Baranski
229
230

layer l.7470 LhaL abuLLed lL from Lhe souLh. lL could be sLaLed for cerLaln LhaL Lhose Lwo
sLrucLures consLlLuLed one of occupaLlonal phases of Lhe same bulldlng.

leaLure l.7468 was slLuaLed dlrecLly on Lop of boLh wall l.7469 and plaLform l.7470. 1herefore,
lL was consldered Lo be a laLer sLrucLure and deflned as a norLh easL corner of bulldlng 8.ll.4 (2).
1he feaLure was a masslve, one and a half brlck Lhlck wall (abouL 0,90 m) wlLh Lhree sklns of
mud brlcks ln a sLreLcher course. 1he lnner skln seemed Lo be made up of reused or less
quallLaLlve maLerlal. 1haL klnd of bond remalned of a slmple composlLe wall bullL of
comblnaLlon of Lwo masonry unlLs one formlng Lhe faclng of Lhe wall and Lhe oLher lLs lnner
parL. 1herefore, Lhe wall was made up of varlous llghL grey / llghL brown mud brlcks wlLh a
raLher domlnanL sand conLenL. 1he dlfference beLween Lhe brlcks and Lhe morLar was hard Lo
record, Lhe laLLer belng sllghL darker ln colour.

leaLure l.7468 was clearly LllLed Lowards souLh, whlch mlghL be parLly explalned by Lhe
pressure of masslve wall l.7467 LhaL was slLuaLed Lo Lhe norLh of lL. 1hls one and a half brlck
Lhlck sLrucLure (abouL 0,90 m) was deflned as a souLh easL corner of bulldlng 8.ll.3 and was
made up of a very slmllar maLerlal Lo bulldlng 8.ll.4.

Trench C.K (3.1 x 2.4
(952.95, 1011.10), 8 (932.93,
1013.60), C (936.00, 1013.60);
(956.00, 1011.10) (llg. 19.1);

1he Lop soll was removed wlLhln an
arblLrary layer (30412) and lncluded
mosLly loose backflll. 1hen feaLures:
F.7476, l.7477, l.7478 and l.7479
were reglsLered and deflned as
mud brlck walls of four
auLonomous bulldlngs (llg. 19.12).
Unfortunately, a small Lrench area
and flrsL and foremosL Lhe
lnaccuracy of MellaarL's plans made
lL lmposslble Lo convlnclngly
aLLrlbuLe Lhose sLrucLures Lo Lhe
bulldlngs recorded on Lhe plans of
Level ll, lll or vlA.

leaLure l.7476 seemed Lo be Lhe
earllesL sLrucLure ln Lhe observed
sLraLlgraphlcal sequence. lL was a
half brlck Lhlck wall (abouL 0,40 m)
LhaL consLlLuLed a norLh west
Figure 19.12. Overview of Trench TPC.K. Photography: Marek Baranski
230
231

corner of a bulldlng LhaL mlghL be llnked wlLh bulldlng 8.lvA.63, buL Lhls assumpLlon should be
Laken wlLh greaL cauLlon. 1he wall was made up of llghL grey morLar and llghL grey / llghL yellow
mud brlcks wlLh a domlnanL sand conLenL. 1here was a flne layer of plasLer (30417) LhaL
covered Lhe lnner face of Lhe walls. lL was sampled by 8urcu 1ung ln order Lo run a
mlcromorphologlc analysis.

lL looked as lf feaLure l.7479 LhaL was slLuaLed dlrecLly Lo Lhe norLh of Lhe wall l.7476, could be
conLemporary wlLh LhaL sLrucLure or mlghL be aL leasL nexL ln Lhe sequence. lL was made up of
llghL orange and very dlsLlncLlve brlcks ln Lerms of Lhelr wldLh, whlch was around 22 cm. 1hese
brlcks consLlLuLed walls LhaL seemed Lo deflne Lwo small and uncharacLerlsLlc spaces, among
whlch Lhe wesLern one bore Lraces of LruncaLlon.

1he menLloned damage was caused mosL probably when feaLure l.7478 was bullL on Lhe
compound layers of lnflll LhaL abuLLed wall l.7479 from Lhe wesL. lL was a half brlck Lhlck wall
(about 30 m) LhaL mlghL have consLlLuLed Lhe souLh easLern parL of bulldlng A.lll.12, buL once
agaln Lhls should be Laken wlLh cauLlon. 1hls heavlly eroded and dlsLurbed by planLs and anlmals
sLrucLure was made up of llghL brown / llghL orange mud brlcks and mld grey morLar.

leaLure l.7477 was [usL a small fragmenL of Lhe wall LhaL mlghL have orlglnally consLlLuLed Lhe
north easL corner of Lhe norLhern annex of bulldlng A.lll.10. lL was slLuaLed on compound layers
of lnflll LhaL abuLLed from Lhe easL wall l.7476 and seemed Lo be made up of mld grey mud
brlcks and llghL grey morLar.

1here was also anoLher wall l. 7473 recorded ln Lhe norLh secLlon of Lhe Lrench. lL was slLuaLed
above walls: l.7478 and l.7479 and Lherefore lL should be consldered as Lhe laLesL sLrucLure
LhaL was observed wlLhln Lhe Lrench. 1he wall was slLuaLed on an easL wesL axls and conLlnued
ln Lrench 1C.l. lL ls noL cerLaln wheLher lL consLlLuLed Lhe norLhern wall of shrlne A.lll.8.

Trench C.L (4.7 x 1.23 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe
local grld: A (969.70,
1012.93), 8 (969.92,
1014.16), C (974.55,
1013.33), u (974.32,
1012.10 ig. 19.1);

8urlal l.7430 was
unearLhed wlLhln
Lhe Lrench afLer Lhe
Lop soll was
removed as an
arblLrary layer
(30413). lL mosL
probably daLed Lo
Figure 19.13. Overview of Trench TPC.L. Photography: Marek Baranski
231
232

8oman or 8yzanLlne erlod as lL was suggesLed by Lhe poslLlon and lylng of Lhe body. 1he burlal
conslsLed of a dlsLlncL cuL, flne layered lnflll and a skeleLon (30414) LhaL was heavlly dlsLurbed
by anlmals and planLs, whlch resulLed ln dlsplacemenL of some of Lhe bones. 1he cranlum,
mandlble and parL of Lhe upper abdomen seemed Lo have been removed durlng MellaarL's
excavaLlon ln Lurn. 1here were many lncluslons found wlLhln Lhe lnflll of Lhe burlal, malnly ln Lhe
form of anlmal bones. Powever, no grave goods or adornmenL were observed and recorded.

1he maklng of Lhe burlal resulLed ln LruncaLlon of Lhe earller feaLures: l.7471 and l.7472, whlch
were deflned as Lhe walls of bulldlng 8.ll.3 (llg. 19.13). 1hey were all addlLlonally heavlly eroded
and dlsLurbed by anlmals and planLs, whlch made Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon dlfflculL. 1rue, Lhey
seemed Lo be masslve walls made up of varlous brlcks ln Lerms of colour and composlLlon, buL
Lhls should be LreaLed wlLh cauLlon.

1here was also an arblLrary layer (30418) deflned beLween fragmenLs of Lhe walls. lL was
recognlzed as a separaLe unlL as lL conLalned a clusLer of naLural sLones and a nlcely worked
sLones and horn core (x1, x2 and x3). Cnly a small parL of Lhe unlL was excavaLed as lL conLlnued
behind th, Lhe norLhern and easLern, secLlon llnes. lLs lnterpretation s noL clear and may vary
from Lhe plL's lnflll Lo a flll layer beLween Lhe Lwo bulldlngs.

Trench C.M (0.9 x 1.1 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld: A (967.03, 1014.83), 8 (967.03, 1013.93); C (967.93, 1013.93),
(967.95, 1014.83),

1he Lrench was seL up ln order Lo reexamlne one of Lhe corners of bulldlng 8.ll.3. Powever, no
mud brlck sLrucLures were unearLhed. 1here were ln reLurn fragmenLs of horn cores (x1, x2 and
x3) recorded aL Lhe very base of Lhe Lrench LhaL mosL probably marked Lhe lnlLlal depLh of Lhe
Mellaarts excavaLlon works. 1he Lop soll was removed wlLhln an arblLrary layer (30420).

Trench C.N (1.8 x 2.7 m)
LocaLlon wlLhln slLe local grld: A (938.30, 1014.93), 8
(958.50, 1016.00); C (960.30; 1016.00); D (960.30,
1013.30); (939.43, 1013.30); (939.43, 1014.95);

1he Lop soll was removed wlLhln an arblLrary layer
(30423). 1hen burlal l.7480 was unearLhed almosL [usL
below Lhe surface ln Lhe norLh wesLern parL of Lhe
Lrench (llg. 19.14). lL conslsLed of a skeleLon (30423)
deposlLed wlLhln mud brlck sLrucLure covered from Lhe
lnslde wlLh a flne layer of plasLer. All Lhose elemenLs
were heavlly eroded and dlsLurbed by anlmals and
rooLs. Moreover, Lhe norLhern and easLern parL of Lhe
burlal were badly LruncaLed mosL probably durlng Lhe
1960s excavaLlon season as a resulL of whlch only parL
of Lhe skeleLon was presenL. 1he burlal was slLuaLed
Figure 19.14. Overview
of Trench TPC.N.
Photography: Marek
Baranski
232
233

dlrecLly over an earller, half brlck Lhlck wall l.7473 LhaL consLlLuLed a norLh easL corner of
whaL mlghL have been one of Lhe spaces of shrlne A.ll.1. 1he souLhern end of Lhe wall was
LruncaLed and Lhe easLern conLlnued Lo Lhe easL and was reglsLered wlLhln ad[olnlng Lrench
1C.l. 1he Lop soll was removed wlLhln an arblLrary layer (30423).

Trenches C.C & 1C.P
1he ldea Lo follow Lhe ouLllne of Lhe walls LhaL could be vlslble [usL below Lhe surface was
implemented Lhe Llme when dlgglng Lrenches became Loo problemaLlc. 1hls ls how some
furLher walls of bulldlngs 8.ll.4 (2) and 8.ll.3 were revealed wlLhln Lrenches 1C.C and 1C.
respecLlvely (llg. 19.1). Powever, lL was very dlfflculL Lo lnLerpreL [usL ln plan wlLhouL excavaLlon
as all Lhe walls were heavlly eroded and nelLher sLraLlgraphlc relaLlonshlps nor brlckwork bonds
could e seen.

Conc|us|on
1he plans of MellaarL's have been a reference polnL for decades and for a few generaLlons of
varlous researches. MosL of Lhe Llme Lhese drawlngs were Laken for granLed as Lhey represenL
Lhe only avallable mulLl conLexL plans of laLe Levels. now, lL ls clear LhaL Lhey are of llmlLed value
down Lo lnaccuracy of measurlng devlces, as well as slmpllfled sLraLlgraphlc analysls and
exploraLlon Lechnlques aL Lhe Llme. noL only Lhe real ouLllnes of Lhe bulldlngs rarely maLch wlLh
Lhe plans, buL also some bulldlngs have dlfferenL orlenLaLlon, sLrucLural characLer and
sLraLlgraphlc relaLlons Lo each oLher. MalnLalnlng a crlLlcal aLLlLude Lowards MellaarL's phaslng
of Lhe slLe by horlzonLal levels seems Lo be a rlghL Lhlng. Pow can we reconsLrucL soclal
organlzaLlon of Lhe laLe neollLhlc seLLlemenL lf we are noL sure whaL consLlLuLed a slngle
bulldlng and whlch of Lhese bulldlng sLrucLures were conLemporary

8earlng all Lhls ln mlnd, Lhe reassessmenL of Lhe plans can be consldered as lmporLanL. ln 2013
season only very flrsL sLep was Laken Lo deal wlLh Lhe problem. 1he spaLlal organlzaLlon of Lhe
seLLlemenL ln lLs laLesL phases of occupaLlon sLlll remalns a nagglng puzzle. 1here are more
quesLlons Lhan answers. Popefully, some of Lhem can be answered nexL season due Lo a more
complex research based on sLrucLural analysls.

And flnally, l would llke Lo Lhank Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL ulrecLor lan Podder for
showlng confldence ln me and maklng Lhe research posslble. l am exLremely graLeful Lo my
supervlsors: Lech Czernlak and !akub Szczepaskl as well as Alex 8ayllss, Shahlna larld and
Arkadlusz Marclnlak for Lhelr useful commenLs and some hlnLs on how Lo lmprove Lhe workflow
next season. Many Lhanks also go Lo: 8arbara 8eLz, lcol uell'Unto, Llsa Cuerre, ScoLL Paddow,
!drze[ Pordeckl, !usLlne lssavl, Ashly Llngle, amlla awlowska, MaLLeo llaLl, !ason Culnlan,
!osh Sadvarl, mes 1aylor and 8urcu 1ung, whose paLlence and professlonal supporL Lurned ouL
Lo be cruclal on many occaslons.

8|b||ography:
Baraski M.Z.
2010 2ostosowoole cyftowycb NotzJzl Aoollzy 5ttotyqtoflczoej No ltzykloJzle
wykopo 1l No 5tooowlsko otolboyok (1otkey). Aspekty MetoJyczoe. Paper Presented
233
234

AL Conference ulqltol lost. 5tooJotJs lot ulqltlsotloo Of Atcboeoloqlcol netltoqe.
Warszawa: November 8
th
10
th
2010.
Baraski M.Z.
2011 lote Neolltblc Atcbltectote Of otolboyok. In Farid . (Ld.) otolboyok 2011
Atcblve kepott. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, Pp. 124 126.
Baraski M.Z.
ln ress New loslqbts loto 1be nlstoty Of 1be lote Neolltblc otolboyok. 1be
1ecbolcol AoJ 5ttoctotol Aspects Of 1be MoooJ AoJ 8ollJloq coosttoctloo. Settlement
Archaeology Symposlum Serles lv roceedlngs, Ankara: May 12
th
14
th
2011.
Bayliss A., Farid S.
2012 MoJellloq cbtoooloqy. ln 1ung 8. (Ld.) otolboyok 2012 Atcblve kepott.
aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, Pp. 236 237.
Czerniak L., Marciniak A.
ln ress otolboyok ost 1owotJs 1be oJ Of 1be 7
tb
Mllleoolom col. 8c. In: Biehl
P.F., Rosenstock . (Lds.): 1lmes Of cbooqe. 1be 1oto ltom 1be 7
tb
1o 1be 6
tb
Mllleoolom
8c lo 1be Neot ost AoJ 5ootbeost otope. lnLernaLlonal Conference roceedlngs, Berlin:
November 24
th
26
th
2011.
Dring B.
2001 5oclol ulmeosloos lo 1be Atcbltectote Of Neolltblc otolboyok. AnaLollan SLudles,
Vol. 1, p. 18.
Hodder I. 996
ke-Opeoloq otolboyok. ln PCuuL8 l. (Ld.) Oo 1be 5otfoce 199J-95. Mcdonald Institute
For Archaeologlcal 8esearch / 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe Of Archaeology At Ankara Monograph No.
22, . 18.
Mackie D. & Pall C.
2007 1be Ceomotlcs 1eom. ln larld S. (Ld.) otolboyok 2012 Atcblve kepott.
aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, Pp. 343 344.
Marcinial A., Filipowicz P., Mickel A.
2012 1be xcovotloos Of 1be 1lc Ateo lo 1be 2012 5eosoo. ln 1ung 8. (Ld.) otolboyok
2012 Atcblve kepott. aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, Pp. 62 64.
Marclnlak A., 8araskl M.Z., 8ayllss A., Czernlak L., Coslar 1., SouLhon !., 1aylor R.E.
ln 8evlew ltoqmeotloq 1lmes. lotetptetloq A 8oyesloo cbtoooloqy lot 1be lote
Neolltblc Occopotloo Of otolboyok ost, 1otkey. Antiquity
Mellaart J.
1962 Excavations At otol noyok. lltst ltellmlooty kepott, 1961. AnaLollan SLudles 12,
Pp. 41 65.
Mellaart J.
1963 xcovotloos At otol noyok. 5ecooJ ltellmlooty kepott, 1962. AnaLollan SLudles
13, . 119.

234
235

+,? a:P988B<X 0FH:<:8:X]
Alex 8ayllss & Shahlna larld, Lngllsh PerlLage

SLeady progress has been made on Lhe sclenLlflc daLlng programme over Lhe course of 2012/13,
lncludlng Lhe drafLlng of Lwo arLlcles for publlcaLlon.

First, followlng Lhe compleLlon of Lhe flnal model for Lhe 1 Area ln oland ln SepLember 2012,
Alex and Arek Marclnlak drafLed an arLlcle summarlzlng Lhls chronology and lLs lmpllcaLlons.
1he resulLs were also clrculaLed Lo Lhe posL excavaLlon Leam worklng on Lhe 1 Area Lo ald
Lhem ln compleLlng Lhelr dlscusslon LexLs for Lhe forLhcomlng volume on Lhe 1 neolithic
sequence (Marclnlak and Czernlak, ln preparaLlon). More deLalled modelllng conLlnues and wlll
be dlscussed ln a chapLer ln Lhls volume.

Second, lan, Alex, and Shahlna compleLed a drafL paper updaLlng Lhe chronology for Lhe deep
soundlng suggesLed by Cessford (2001). 1hls model lncludes furLher radlocarbon daLes on
arLlculaLed bone from Sp.181, whlch allows Lhe sequence of mldden deposlLs Lo be lncluded ln
Lhe model as lnformaLlve prlor lnformaLlon (Lhls was noL done by Cessford because of Lhe
uncerLaln Laphonomy of Lhe maLerlal he daLed). 1hls addlLlonal lnformation efines Lhe
chronology conslderably, and suggesLs LhaL Lhe four meLers of mldden ln Sp.181 accumulaLed ln
llLLle more Lhan a cenLury.

1he chronologles presenLed ln boLh papers would be much Lhe poorer wlLhouL Lhe lnpuL of our
collaborators from Lhe radlocarbon laboraLorles, and we Lhank llona 8rock (Cxford
8adlocarbon AcceleraLor unlL), Lrv 1aylor and !ohn SouLhon (keck Carbon Cycle AMS faclllLy,
unlverslLy of Callfornla, lrvlne), and 1omasz Coslar (ozna 8adlocarbon LaboraLory) boLh for
thelr lnpuLs lnLo Lhe respecLlve LexLs and for Lhe hard work underLaken, boLh by Lhem and Lhe
sLaff of Lhelr respecLlve laboraLorles, Lo produce Lhe accuraLe radlocarbon measuremenLs
wlLhouL whlch our lnLerpreLaLlve models would be noLhlng.

uaLlng of Lhe Lop 3m and boLLom 4m of Lhe easL mound ls Lhus nearlng compleLlon only Lhe
12m ln Lhe mlddle Lo go lollowlng Lhe excavaLlon of Lhe lasL space (Sp.492) ln 2012, whlch
compleLed Lhe 17 year campalgn Lo excavaLe a conLlnuous sequence Lhrough Lhe SouLh Area,
100 new samples were submlLLed for daLlng ln !anuary 2013. 8esulLs of [usL over half of Lhese
were reLurned ln Llme for prellmlnary modelllng Lo be underLaken so LhaL Lhe form of Lhe
overall model and Lhe sampllng sLraLegy requlred Lo brlng Lhe daLlng program Lo compleLlon
could be dlscussed on slLe ln AugusL 2013.

Sampllng ln 2013 was comparaLlvely llmlLed, belng largely resLrlcLed Lo maLerlal excavaLed
durlng Lhe 2012 and 2013 seasons. Alex sampled slx human skeleLons wlLh Lhe help of ScoLL
Haddow, and 70 groups of arLlculaLlng anlmal bone LhaL had been ldenLlfled by Adrlenne
Powell.

235
236

Away from slLe, work conLlnues on Lhe analysls of Lhe new plans from Lhe 1960s excavaLlons
whlch were klndly lenL Lo Lhe pro[ecL by !ames MellaarL before hls deaLh. Alex and Shahlna
have ldenLlfled Lhe 'mosL rellable' (usually largesL scale) plan on whlch each bulldlng recorded
by MellaarL appears, and Lhese have been dlglLlsed by Cordella Pall. 1hese plans have Lhen
been flLLed LogeLher uslng an expllclL hlerarchy of crlLerla (for example, flve plans show pegs 9
and 10 of Lhe 1963 grld). 1he nexL sLage of Lhe pro[ecL wlll be Lo Lle ln Lhe 1960s plans Lo Lhe
Podder grld and Lo assess Lhelr accuracy ln comparlson Lo bulldlngs whlch have been recorded
ln boLh Lhe 1960s and by Lhe currenL pro[ecL.

8|b||ography:
Cessford,
2001 A new daLlng sequence for aLalhyuk. Aotlpolty 75:717725.
Marciniak, and L. Czerniak,
ln preparaLlon lote Neolltblc ot otolboyok ost. excovotloos of oppet levels lo
tbe 1eom lozooo Ateo. Los Angeles, CA: CoLsen lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology ress.
236
237

+-? ^>9_C96H 6<68]>B>I +,-.
C.Lemorini
1
, D.DErrico
2

1
unlverslLy of 8ome,
2
Lelden unlverslLy

ln summer 2013 a sysLemaLlc use wear analysls of Lhe chlpped sLone Lools made of obsldlan
and cherL comlng from Lhe neollLhlc levels of aLalhoyuk has sLarLed. We declded Lo
concenLraLe Lhls flrsL analysls on one of Lhe besL preserved bulldlngs of Lhe neollLhlc sequence,
Building , wlLh Lhe alm of obLalnlng a funcLlonal plcLure of lLs llvlng spaces LhroughouL Lhe
chronologlcal span of lLs use. Moreover, we conslder lL crucial for a correcL undersLandlng of
Lhe acLlvlLles carrled ouL lnslde and ouLslde Lhe bulldlng, Lhe analysls of Lhe relaLed mlddens as
well, slnce ln Lhese areas Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe exhausLed Lools were abandoned.

We observed wlLh a sLeromlcroscope nlkon SZ ln reflecLed llghL (oculars 10x, ob[ecLlve 1x,
magnlflcaLlon range 0,75X 7,3x) all Lhe reLouched and un reLouched Lools wlLh Lhe excepLlon of
mldden n.314 for lack of Llme. nexL year, Lhe use wear analysls of Lhe relaLed assemblage wlll
be carrled ouL and Lhe funcLlonal plcLure of 8ulldlng 63 wlll be compleLed.

1he observaLlon wlLh Lhe sLereomlcroscope allowed Lo evaluaLe Lhe degree of conservaLlon of
Lhe llLhlc surface LhaL ls qulLe opLlmal. Some cases of edge damages caused by Lrampllng ln
anclenL Llmes and some cases of paraslLe sLrlaLlons (observed on Lhe obsldlan lLems aL a hlgher
magnlflcaLlon wlLh a meLallographlc mlcroscope) caused by anclenL Lrampllng, modern
manlpulaLlon and conservaLlon ln bags conLalnlng many Lools all LogeLher dld noL prevenL Lhe
use wear analysls of Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe assemblage. Furthermore, Lhe analysis th
sLereomlcroscope allowed Lo observe and Lo appralse Lhe macro traces, LhaL lnclude edge
removals, dge roundlng and abraslons, wlLh whlch a flrsL sLage of funcLlonal lnLerpreLaLlon
was achleved.

Accordlng Lo macro Lraces daLa, ln bulldlng 63 and near Lo bulldlng 63 varlous acLlvlLles were
carrled ouL relaLed Lo Lhe gaLherlng and processlng of sofL, medlum and hard maLerlals. 1he
ma[orlLy of Lhe Lools were used, sharpened and re used for a long Llme Lo aLLaln dlfferenL
Lasks or a unlque long procedure (as an example, Lhe processlng of hlde). Moreover, evldenL
slgns of Lhe sysLemaLlc lnserLlon ln a haft re tected; currently, Lools re hafLed and re
hafLed by changlng Lhelr poslLlon ln Lhe hafL.

218 lmplemenLs made of obsldlan and 3 lLems made of cherL ownlng macro Lraces of use were
successlvely analyzed wlLh a meLallographlc mlcroscope nikon M ln reflecLed llghL (oculars 13x,
ob[ecLlves 10x, 20x) for Lhe observaLlon of mlcro Lraces (pollshes, sLrlaLlons, edge rounding,
abraslons). lor lack of Llme, lL was lmposslble Lo make a deLalled lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe mlcro
Lraces observed. We show some example of use wear observed wlLh Lhe meLallographlc
sysLem, a prellmlnary lnLerpreLaLlon ls suggesLed.

237
238

as cutting medium material(10X)
Figure 21.2. B.65, space 297, Unit 13352, A4; use wear
interpreted as cutting herbaceous plants (10X) interpreted as scraping wood (10X)
Figure 21.1. B.65, space 297, Unit 13352, A66 115; tool and related use wear interpreted
Figure 21.3. B.65, space 297, Unit 13352, A3; use wear
238
239

AlLhough prellmlnary, Lhe analysls of mlcro Lraces conflrmed Lhe observaLlons achleved wlLh
Lhe analysls of macro Lraces. Moreover, a more deLalled specLrum of maLerlals worked was
hlghllghLed. ln bulldlng 63 and ln Ls mlddens arLlfacLs own Lraces of Lhe worklng of herbaceous
plants, lncludlng cereals, of buLcherlng (few cases) and, especlally, of wood and hlde.

1he processlng of hard anlmal maLerlals ls also presenL Lough noL ln large quanLlLles.
However, Lhese flrsL lmpresslons have Lo be conflrmed wlLh a more accuraLe analysls LhaL wlll
be carrled ouL ln Lhe LaboraLory of 1echno luncLlonal Analysls of re and roLo historic
arLlfacLs of Lhe unlverslLy of 8ome La Saplenza". Slllcon (rovll novo lasL, Peraeus) repllcas of
Lhe surface of Lhe Lools wlll permlL Lhe analysls wlLh Lhe same accuracy Lhan Lhe real Lools.
239
240

++? 4H98BKB<6H] H9>Q8=> :; g/N 6<68]>9> E:<PQE=9P B< +,-.
Lee urake, unlverslLy of new Mexlco

486>=9H N8::H>
1he followlng chapLer reporLs on Lhe elemenLal analysls of plasLer floor composlLlon ln space
133 of bulldlng 80 ln Lhe souLh excavaLlon area uslng porLable x ray fluorescence nstruments.
All measuremenLs were Laken on lnsLrumenLaLlon (8ruker 1racer III u)uslng a rhodlum Lube,
silicon drlfL deLecLor, and palladlum colllmaLor uaLa were Laken ln 30 cm lncremenLs across
unlLs (20023), (20029), feaLure l.3440, and Lhe maln space ln 8ulldlng 80. 1wo seLs of readlngs
were Laken. under Lhe flrsL seL, Lhe lnsLrumenLs were operaLed aL an energy of 40 kev, and a
currenL of 11 A, and made use of a fllLer composed of 12 mll Al/1 mll 1l. 1hese seLLlngs were
opLlmlzed Lo analyze Lrace elemenLal composlLlon, lncludlng Zlnc, 8ubldlum, SLronLlum,
Yttrium, Zlrconlum, and nloblum. A second seL of readlngs were Laken aL 13 kev, a currenL of
23 A, and no fllLer. 1hese seLLlngs were used Lo ldenLlfy ma[or elemenLal composlLlon,
lncludlng hosphorous, Sulfur, and Chlorlne Lo search for poLenLlal organlc resldues and
elements aL would ald ln Lhe conservaLlon of Lhe slLe.

1wo separaLe meLhods were employed Lo quanLlfy Lhe daLa. 1he flrsL meLhod employed
LradlLlonal emplrlcal callbraLlon Lo obLaln Lrace elemenLal composlLlon from raw phoLon counLs.
1hls was achleved by comparlng expecLed values Lo Lhose obLalned, produclng a besL flL llne
ploL whlch was used Lo quanLlfy, ln parLs per mllllon (ppm), elemenLs such as Copper, Zlnc,
Thorium, 8ubldlum, SLronLlum, ?LLrlum, Zlrconlum, and nloblum. 1he second meLhod employed
8ayeslan deconvoluLlon of Lhe raw specLra obLalned wlLh 9 sLrlpplng cycles from 1 40 kev. he
laLLer meLhod produced neL phoLons, whlch were subsequenLly used Lo map concenLraLlons of
elemenLs across Lhe floor of bulldlng 80. uaLa was Lhen mapped by block Lo lnfer spaLlal
paLLerns ln
elemental
distribution.

1he sLudy of Lhese
Lrace elemenLs
average LogeLher
mulLlple plasLer
layers. 1he depLh
of analysls ls
conLlngenL upon
Lhe energy of
phoLons belng senL
lnLo Lhe maLrlx of
Lhe analyzed
material, and can
Figure 22.1. Measurement depth in gypsum plaster. Note depth ranges from 0 to 5 cm.
240
241

be expressed as l/l
0
=
[ (/)x]
, where l ls Lhe quanLlLy of phoLons reLurnlng from Lhe sample,
0
is
Lhe quanLlLy of phoLons enLerlng Lhe sample, / represenLs Lhe mass aLLenuaLlon coefflclenL of
a glven elemenL for a parLlcular maLrlx, and x represenLs Lhe denslLy of Lhe ob[ecL. Assumlng a
llmlL of 1 reLurnlng phoLons from a slllcaLe maLrlx, Lhe depLhs of analysls of elemenLs vla x8l
can be deplcLed ln llgure 22.1.

A challenge when
analyzing
conglomerate
materials, such as
sediment, uslng x8l
is Lhe poLenLlal
varlablllLy of
constituent
maLerlals wlLhln Lhe
narrow ray fleld.
As a resulL,
lndlvldual readlngs
may be skewed and
noL necessarlly
represenL Lhe
deslred sample as a whole. A preferred meLhod Lo overcome Lhe lnherenL lnhomogenelLy of
sedimenL enLalls grlndlng Lhe sample lnLo a homogenlzed powder LhaL ls subsequenLly pressed
lnLo a pelleL or fused lnLo a dlsk, produclng a uniform maLerlal for analysis. Powever, Lhe
presenL experlmenLal appllcaLlon of Lhe porLable x8l ln a fleld laboraLory lacked Lhe means Lo
prepare Lhe samples ln such a manner.

1hls daLa was used Lo address:
1) Are plasLers used ln Lhe consLrucLlon of floors dlsLlngulshable from dlfferenL rooms
2) Can organlc or mlneral resldues relaLed Lo pasL human acLlvlLy be ldenLlfled uslng px8l
analysis?
3) Are Lhere any conservaLlon concerns LhaL can be revealed uslng Lhls Lechnlque

kesu|ts
1) Ate plostets Jlstloqolsboble ftom Jlffeteot tooms?

lasLer maLerlal from dlfferenL geologlc sources wlll be largely lndlsLlngulshable, as elLher
calclum sulfaLe (CaSC
4
) or, more commonly, llme(CaC) wlll be overwhelmlngly presenL ln Lhe
acqulred maLerlals. Powever, ln Lheory dlfferenL sources should be dlsLlngulshable due Lo
varlaLlon ln Lrace elemenLal composlLlon resulLlng from LlS1 from source Lo source. WlLh Lhls ln
mind, daLa was mapped spaLlally by a small seL of Lrace elemenLs, lncludlng zlnc (Zn), rubldlum
(Rb), yLLrlum (?), and zlrconlum (Zr). SLronLlum (Sr), whlle LradlLlonally used as a Lrace elemenL
ln obsldlan sourclng, was excluded as lL ls llkely Lo vary wlLh calclum owlng Lo a slmllar valence
elecLron sLrucLure ln Lhe ouLer elecLron shell.
Figure 22.2. Measurement depth in lime plaster. Note depth ranges from 0 to 1 cm.
241
242

Figure 22.3. 3 dimensional model of Zinc in plaster floors used in
this study. Feature F.3440 (black) and unit (20029) (light blue)
indicate lower levels of Zinc relative unit (20025) (yellow) and the
main floor of building 80 (red). Measurement depth of Zinc (K
alpha = 8.64 keV) is about 0.11 mm.
Figure 22.4. 3 dimensional model of Rubidium in plaster floors
used in this study. Feature F.3440 (black) and unit (20029) (light
blue) indicate lower levels of Rubidium relative to unit (20025)
(yellow) and the main space of building 90 (red). Measurement
depth of Rubidium (K alpha = 13.4 keV) is about 0.48 mm.
Figure 22.5. 3 dimensional model of Yttrium in plaster floors
blue) indicate lower levels of Yttrium relative to unit 0025
depth of Ytrrium (K alpha = 15.0 keV) is about 0.64 mm.
Figure 22.6. 3 dimensional model of Zirconium in plaster floors
blue) indicate lower levels of Zirconium relative unit (20025)
depth of Zirconium (K alpha = 15.8 keV) is about 0.77 mm.
242
243

ln all 4 Lrace elemenLs used ln Lhls sLudy, unlL (20023) and Lhe maln floor of bulldlng 80 boLh
show lsLlncLly hlgher concenLraLlons of Zlnc, 8ubldlum, ?LLrlum, and Zlrconlum. 1he dlsLlncLlon
ls greaLer for Zlrconlum and Zlnc. 1hese resulLs would suggesL LhaL Lhere ls a dlfference ln Lhe
source of plasLer maLerlals used ln Lhelr consLrucLlon. 1race elemenLal dlfferences ln Lhese
elemenLs are commonly used Lo source boLh obsldlan and ceramlcs. WheLher Lhls lndlcaLes LhaL
unlL (20029) and feaLure l.3440 were bullL aL dlfferenL Llmes Lhan unlL (20023) and Lhe maln
floor of bulldlng 80 cannoL be deLermlned vla XRF, however Lhere ls a geochemlcal dlsLlncLlon
beLween Lhe plasLer floors.

2) coo otqoolc ot mloetol teslJoes teloteJ to post bomoo octlvlty lJeotlfloble?

x8l analysls Lakes place close Lo Lhe surface of maLerlals dependlng on Lhe energy needed Lo
result ln Lhe fluorescence of dlfferenL elemenLs (See lig. 22.3). 1yplcally, for organlc resldues,
elLher sulfur or phosphorous wlll be mosL useful. ln blology, a common phrase Lo denoLe Lhe
crlLlcal elemenLs Lo llfe ls CPnCS (Carbon, Pydrogen, itrogen, Cxygen, hosphorous, and
Sulfur). Cf Lhese, hosphorous and Sulfur are deLecLable vla x8l (Lhe elemenLal llmlL for Lhe
SSD llash deLecLor used Lo gaLher daLa presenLed ln Lhls reporL had a lower llmlL of neon).
1hese elemenLs are more llkely Lo reflecL behavlor as Lhey are more llkely Lo orlglnaLe from
molecules from organlc orlglns. Powever, Lhese elemenLs could also orlglnaLe from organlcs or
mlnerals lncorporaLed lnLo Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhe plasLer floors Lhemselves. Powever, as
plasLer represenLs an arLlflclal surface, Lhe more llkely source for varlance ln hosphorous and
Sulfur ls deposlLlon of organlc maLerlals used by occupanLs of Lhe rooms. Powever, a key
excepLlon exlsLs for sulfur: aL CaLalhoyuk, gypsum (CaSC
4
) ls used aL Lhe slLe, and lL ls posslble
local deposlLs of gypsum could explaln large lncreases ln sulfur concenLraLlons.

Figure 22.7. 3 dimensional model of Sulfur in plaster floors used
in this study. A large, localized Sulfur deposit is identifiable in unit
(20029). Measurement of sulfur (K alpha = 2.31 keV) is about
0.03 mm.
floors used in this study. Two localized deposits of phosphorous
are visible in both unit (20029) (blue) and feature 3340 (black).
Measurement of sulfur (K alpha = 2.01 keV) is about 0.02 mm.
Figure 22.8. 3 dimensional model of Phosphorous in plaster
243
244

orLable x8l analysls ln 8ulldlng 80 deLecLed Lwo sLrong peaks for elemenLs sulfur and
phosphorus (llg. 2.6 22.7). 1he sulfur peak occurs along Lhe border of unlL (20029) and
feaLure l.3440, whlle Lhe phosphorous peak ls [usL wlLhln feaLure l.3440. 1here ls a second
phosphorous peak ln unlL (20029) ln llgure 22.8.

ln all cases of Lhese poLenLlal organlc concenLrations, Lhere ls no evldence LhaL elLher Lhe
alumlnum or slllca slgnal ls belng aLLenuaLed Lhus lndlcaLlng Lhey are noL surface deposlLs buL
raLher LhaL Lhey are mlxed lnLo Lhe maLrlx of Lhe plasLer lLself. Slllca, whlch fluoresces aL 1.7
keV, only reLurns a slgnal Lhrough 0.027 of a slllcaLe maLrlx (llg. 22.1). An organlc or salL
maLerlal overlaylng Lhe surface of Lhe plasLer, even lf only a few mlcrons Lhlck, would
slgnlflcanLly aLLenuaLe Lhe slgnal of slllca wlLhln Lhe plasLer.

3) Ate tbete ooy coosetvotloo coocetos?

Cne of Lhe mosL frequenL rlsks Lo slLe
conservaLlon aL aLalhyuk ls Lhe bulldup
of salL wlLhln Lhe slLe. 1hls ls mosL easlly
ldenLlfled by Lhe presence of chlorine n
x8l specLra. ln an earller examlnaLlon of
chlorlne on slLe, lL was observed LhaL Lhe
slgnal for slllca was aLLenuaLed by Lhe
presence of chlorlne. As such, a Cl/Sl raLlo
was made and Lhen examlned across unlL
(20029) and feaLure l.3440.

As can be seen, Lhere are elevaLed levels
of chlorlne presenL ln feaLure l.3440.
1hese concenLraLlons of chlorlne are
poLenLlally hlgh enough Lo be of concern.
8ased on specLral analysls, Lhere ls sLlll a
dlsLlncL presence of slllca, lndlcaLlng LhaL
chlorine s noL aLLenuaLlng lLs slgnal. 1hls
would lndlcaLe LhaL chlorlne ls noL on Lhe
surface, buL has lnsLead seeped lnLo Lhe
plasLer lLself. Whlle Lhls could be of
concern, a larger reglon of analysls would
be necessary Lo deLermlne lf Lhese resulLs are normal. Additionally, a seL of conLrols would be
needed for reference Lo deLermlne whaL an accepLable level of chlorlne ls.

Iuture rospects

x8l has LradlLlonally been used Lo source obsldlan, llLhlcs, and ceramlcs by uLlllzlng rare earLh
elemenLs. Powever, wlLh Lhe proper measuremenL parameLers, elemenLs from sodlum Lo
uranlum can be measured Lo address a dlverslLy of archaeologlcal quesLlons. LlemenLs such as
to feature F.3440 (black). Measurement depth for silica (K alpha
= 1.74 keV) is about 0.01 mm and for chlorine (K alpha = 2.62
keV) is about 0.04 mm. Chlorine over the surface of silica will
heavily attenuate its signal.
Figure 22.9. Chlorine/Silica ra44o. A spike of chlorine is localized
244
245

chlorlne (parLlcularly when radloed agalnsL slllca) can lndlcaLe Lhe presence of salLs, whlch ln
some conLexLs can represenL a LhreaL Lo long Lerm preservaLlon of archaeologlcal sLrucLures.
hosphorous and sulfur can lndlcaLe Lhe presence of organlc resldues presenL on an
occupaLlonal surface, or even poLenLlally wlLhln a ceramlc vessel. 1hese appllcaLlons of x8l
dlffer conslderably from Lhelr LradlLlonal use ln sourclng as Lhey

a) do noL assume homogenelLy, buL raLher assess heLerogenelLy
b) uLlllze a wlder group of elemenLs Lo lnform archaeologlcal concluslons
c) do noL quanLlfy daLa (as lnLerpreLaLlon relles upon dlsLlngulshable layers)

1hese facLors musL be Laken ln Lo conslderaLlon when maklng lnLerpreLaLlons of phoLon daLa.
An lncrease ln chlorlne does noL necessarlly reflecL an lncrease of chlorlne ln parLs per million
or welghL . When conLrasLed wlLh changes ln Lhe phoLon slgnal of slllca, Lhls can lndlcaLe Lhe
presence of a dlscreLe layer of chlorlde, llkely bound wlLh sodlum. 1hls heLerogenous naLure of
reallLy precludes aLLempLs Lo quanLlfy Lhls daLa dlrecLly. Powever, uslng seml quanLlLaLlve daLa
analysis, lL can be posslbly noL only Lo use x8l wlLhouL callbraLlons buL Lo ldenLlfy changes ln
surface deposlLs. WheLher Lhe goal ls Lo ldenLlfy organlc resldues or poLenLlal conservaLlon
concerns, heLerogenous maLerlals analysls ls noL a weakness, buL raLher a sLrengLh, of non
desLrucLlve x8l analysls.
09H6KBE> #<68]>B>

ln Lhe summer of 2013, mulLlple ceramlcs were analyzed Lo look for Lhe poLenLlal of organlc
resldue. 1hls was done prlmarlly as a LesL Lo see lf organlc resldues could be ldenLlfled Lhrough
x ray fluorescence (x8l). 1he hypoLhesls was LhaL organlc resldues could be lndlcaLed vla Sulfur
and hosphorous. ln blology, Lhe core elemenLs needed for llfe are Carbon, Pydrogen,
Nitrogen, Cxygen, hosphorous and Sulfur. WlLhouL Lhese elemenLs, noL even bacLerla could
survlve. WlLh x8l, lL ls posslble Lo ldenLlfy boLh Sulphur and hosphorous, as Lhe llghLesL
elemenL currenLly deLecLable wlLh handheld x8l ls neon.

1he hypoLhesls n Lhls sLudy was LhaL should organlc resldues be presenL, Lhey would block Lhe
slgnal of slllca, as Lhey should be ln Lhe hlghesL concenLraLlons on Lhe surface. 1o undersLand
Lhe raLlonal of Lhls hypoLhesls, a liLLle blL of physlcs explanaLlon ls needed.

LlemenLs fluoresce aL characLerlsLlc energles. lor example, Lhe k alpha peak of Slllca fluoresces
aL 1.7 kev, hosphorous fluoresces aL 2.01 kev, and Sulfur fluoresces aL 2.31 kev. As Lhe energy
of fluorescence increases, Lhe measuremenL depLh lncreases as well. 1hls ls condlLlonal upon
Lhe denslLy of Lhe maLrlx and Lhe mass aLLenuaLlon coefflclenL of each elemenL. 1hese can be
expressed by Lhe followlng formula:

I/I
0
=
[ (/)x]

where l ls Lhe quanLlLy of phoLons reLurnlng from Lhe sample,
0
ls Lhe quanLlLy of phoLons
enLerlng Lhe sample, / represenLs Lhe mass aLLenuaLlon coefflclenL of a glven elemenL for a
245
246

parLlcular maLrlx, and x represenLs Lhe denslLy of Lhe ob[ecL. Assumlng a llmlL of 1 reLurnlng
phoLons from a slllcaLe maLrlx, Lhe depLhs of analysls of key elemenLs should be no more Lhan
0.023 mm. 1hus, daLa comes from Lhe very surface of Lhe ceramlc. Any resldue on Lhe surface
wlll easlly aLLenuaLe Lhe slgnal of Slllca, hosphorous, and Sulfur.

Methods
uaLa was Laken ln Lwo seLs of condlLlons. llrsL, a number of ceramlcs were analyzed aL 40 kev,
currenL of 30 A and no fllLer ln open alr. A second seL of ceramlcs were analyzed aL 13 kev,
currenL of 23 A and no fllLer ln open alr. 1he laLLer seL of measuremenLs are closer Lo Lhe ldeal
for measurlng llghL elemenLs, buL as daLa was Lo be converLed lnLo a raLlo, Lhe effecL of Lhe
lncreased opLlmlzaLlon was mlnlmal.

uaLa was Lhen processed uslng 8ayeslan deconvoluLlon ln SpecLra 7.4.0.0 wlLh 10 stripping
cycles for 1 40 kev for Lhe flrsL daLa seL, and 1 13 kev for Lhe seconds. lollowlng Lhls
treatment, Lhe concenLraLlons of phosphorous and sulfur were summed and dlvlded by slllca.
A LesL measuremenL was run aL 40 kev, ln whlch cheese was added Lo a sample cup and
measured as a proof of concept, Lo esLabllsh lf Lhe meLhod could predlcL a known value.

kesu|ts

Figure 22.10. Phosphorous + Sulfur to Silica ra88os for data taken at 40 keV.
246
247

1he conLrol sample, ln whlch cheese was added Lo a ceramlc, dld lndeed produce some of Lhe
hlghesL hosphorous Sulfure Lo Slllca raLlos, lndlcaLlng LhaL Lhe underlylng meLhod shows
poLenLlal. Powever, archaeologlcal ceramlcs wlll be dlfferenL ln LhaL resldues wlll be much more
evenly spread across a surface and wlLhln Lhe sub surface of Lhe ceramlc.

A number of ceramlcs do show hlgh hosphorous and Sulfur relaLlve Lo Slllca. Powever,
deLermlnlng a Lhreshold for llkellness of an organlc resldue ls sLlll somewhaL dlfflculL. 8aLlos
above 100 may lndlcaLe hlgh llkellhoods, whereas raLlos above 20 may lndlcaLe a posslblllLy.
lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL Lhe occurrence of hosphorous and Sulfur ls noL deLermlnaLlve for
organlc maLerlal phosphaLes and sulfaLes are common ln many solls. Powever, Lhe decreaslng
concenLraLlons of Slllca do lndlcaLe LhaL a subsLance ls aLLenuaLlng lLs fluorescence. As such, Lhe
comblnaLlon of boLh llnes of evldence aL leasL may serve as an emplrlcal meLhod of selecLlng
samples poLenLlally more llkely Lo lndlcaLe organlc resldues.
57>BPB6<

Cbsldlan arLlfacLs were analyzed aL 40 kev wlLh a currenL of 30 A and a 12 mll Al, 1 mll 1l and 6
mll Cu fllLer ln open alr for 30 60 seconds on a 8ruker 1racer lll Su sysLem. 8esulLs were
quanLlfled uslng an emplrlcal reference seL of 40 sLandards developed by Mu88 ln parLnershlp
wlLh 8ruker LlemenLal. 1hese daLa were normallzed Lo background reflecLlon of Lhe specLra
beLween 9.8 10.33 kev. 1hese daLa were used Lo generaLe mulLlple llnear models, following
Lhe Lucas 1ooLh equaLlon:

C
i
=
0
+
i
[r
i
(r
in
I
n
)]
Figure 22.11. Phosphorous + Sulfur to Silica ra77os for data taken at 15 keV.
247
248

ln whlch C
i
represenLs Lhe concenLraLe of a glven elemenL of Lhe sample ln welghL or ppm,
0

ls Lhe lnLercepL/consLanL,
i
ls Lhe slope of phoLons for elemenL l,
in
ls Lhe slope of phoLons for
elemenL n LhaL lnfluence Lhe fluorescence of elemenL l,
i
ls Lhe quanLlLy of phoLons for elemenL
i, and l
n
ls Lhe quanLlLy of phoLons for elemenL n.

A second seL of daLa was obLalned vla a laboraLory x8l unlL housed ln McMasLer unlverslLy.
1hls was quanLlfled vla lnLernal procedures, and was used Lo compare wlLh Lhe handheld x8l
unit.

kesu|ts

The acer lll Su largely repllcaLed Lhe resulLs of Lhe laboraLory Lu x8l unlL, as noLed ln 3d ploL
ln llgure 2.11. 8oLh lnsLrumenLs largely agree on Lhe quanLlLy of 8ubldlum, SLronLlum, and
Nloblum ln aL leasL one source. As such, Lhere ls no reason Lo expecL LhaL addlLlonal obsldlan
samples analyzed devlaLe from acLual chemlcal concenLraLlons.

Figure 2.12 lllusLraLes Lhe dlfferenL sources LhaL appear Lo be lndlcaLed by x8l analysls of
obsldlan ln Lhe summer of 2013. AddlLlonal samples analyzed wlLh Lhe handheld x8l lndlcaLe aL
leasL 4 new sources ln addlLlon Lo Lhose obsldlan samples analyzed by Lhe laboraLory unlL.

Figure 22.12. Comparison of Tracer III SD (green) and laboratory
(black) XRF results in a trivariate plot including rubidium,
strontium, and niobium. While multiple sources are present in
this data set, the laboratory and handheld units appear to have
correctly identified obsidian from a common source.
niobium, colored by a hypothetical set of groups as defined by k
means cluster analysis.
Figure 22.13. Trivariate plot including rubidium, stron:: um, and
248
249

Append|x: 1ab|es

Table 22.1. 40 keV data, organized from highest to lowest Phosphorous + Sulfur to Silica ratio
Name k12 S k12 S| k12 [ +S]]S|
17670-s4 1549 107740 22437 487.09%
cheese exper|ment 1768 616 959 248.59%
1S820-s2 res|due 15991 2141 10179 178.13%
17670-s20 22693 11415 22176 153.81%
1S261-s10 547 38262 33599 115.51%
13S32-s4 1377 22843 24618 98.38%
17670-s1 448 23866 25674 94.70%
1S261-s9 768 22550 26059 89.48%
13S32-s2S 774 22538 28907 80.64%
17608-s3 506 30809 38983 80.33%
17608-s1 1543 11673 19685 67.14%
17608-s6 9257 8786 36851 48.96%
17608-s2 pee| of 759 9081 21990 44.75%
17608-s2 surface 636 16952 39457 44.58%
17697-s4 431 11611 28289 42.57%
17636-s6 8503 2953 32145 35.64%
17600-s4 1570 12787 42338 33.91%
17670-s6 2956 2152 15188 33.63%
1S820 -s2 outer surface 2082 13502 50227 31.03%
17670-s24 1388 8055 30501 30.96%
17698-s4 2574 5478 27284 29.51%
17670-s7 7265 7129 49263 29.22%
17697-s12 983 7734 30354 28.72%
17670-s2 1177 1050 8011 27.80%
17670-s3 617 9005 37560 25.62%
13S32-s8 681 8334 35786 25.19%
m|xed so|| cheese 482 207 2932 23.50%
17600-s7 2322 5126 33426 22.28%
17600-s6 1694 7576 43359 21.38%
1S803-s9 624 7244 37029 21.25%
17608-sS 741 3005 17746 21.11%
1S232-s2 6320 727 34783 20.26%
1S261-s3 3906 2307 31060 20.00%
17809-s1 2483 1799 25464 16.82%
17636-s23 1898 269 12922 16.77%
13S32-s24 2746 2312 31903 15.85%
1S820-s10 1328 692 13071 15.45%
17617-s1 644 5648 42631 14.76%
1S261-s4 612 5634 43145 14.48%
249
250

17670-s26 707 2597 23078 14.32%
13S32-s9 2397 3166 41455 13.42%
13S32-s3 455 4311 37648 12.66%
13S32-s10 1507 2580 32675 12.51%
17697-s10 517 1023 12741 12.09%
13S32-s6 1709 4000 48357 11.81%
13S32-sS 963 2362 29538 11.26%
13S32-s29 2283 2568 43906 11.05%
13S32-s7 1035 1599 24037 10.96%
17636-s4 1425 2396 38543 9.91%
17617-s17 2319 1263 36479 9.82%
17697-s3 658 3290 40633 9.72%
17617-s18 1317 1490 31234 8.99%
17617-s8 2240 1168 39043 8.73%
1S803-s1 325 1068 17666 7.89%
13S32-s2 702 1892 36241 7.16%
13S32-s30 418 1852 32315 7.02%
1S261-s1 863 1219 31854 6.54%
1S803-s2 1064 1216 37124 6.14%
17809-s2 256 968 20764 5.89%
17636-s2 585 438 17792 5.75%
17617-s13 1247 1200 43912 5.57%
17809-s3 584 1110 32209 5.26%
13S32-s26 662 547 23282 5.19%
17636-s3 852 865 40917 4.20%
13S32-s1 1002 779 44713 3.98%
Sed|ment Cup 447 116 14541 3.87%
13S32-s27 839 998 48691 3.77%

Table 22.2. 15 keV data, organized from highest to lowest Phosphorous + Sulfur to Silica ratio
Names k12 S k12 S| k12 [ +S]]S|
13S22-s1S 11327 3696 6554 229.22%
13S31-s2 7385 3344 8133 131.92%
13S22-s10 4835 1895 7520 89.49%
13S70-s13 203 7821 10147 79.08%
7842-s2 res|de 4130 549 6355 73.63%
7842-s2 outer surface 4368 7049 16372 69.73%
7864-sS 1969 3669 8269 68.18%
13S22-s100 844 2282 4607 67.85%
7864-s3 6631 2966 14539 66.01%
17630-s10 1209 3010 6639 63.55%
12278-s6 786 6754 12702 59.36%
13S70-s4 1838 5424 13513 53.74%
250
251

17630-s1 3558 5044 16150 53.26%
7867-s11 514 9125 19058 50.58%
13S70-s7 490 7912 17521 47.95%
789S-s1 317 6892 15334 47.01%
7864-s1 499 4347 11128 43.55%
13S32 -s2 outer surface 479 7545 18444 43.50%
12278-sS 1600 3557 12191 42.30%
13S22-s1 585 7339 19426 40.79%
13S22-s106 269 4963 12949 40.40%
13S22-s28 2015 4492 16341 39.82%
7867-sS 752 3528 11020 38.84%
13S22-s138 489 5862 17744 35.79%
7841-s8 383 5496 16441 35.76%
1S226-s2 804 2903 10832 34.22%
17630-s9 251 2476 8098 33.67%
13S70-s19 1746 2926 14235 32.82%
7841-s3 356 5538 18264 32.27%
13S22-s38 1001 4251 16340 32.14%
17630-s1S 433 4718 16877 30.52%
13S31-s1 322 3408 12398 30.09%
13S22-s6 704 3700 15705 28.04%
17630-s7 640 1765 9209 26.12%
13S70-s2 672 2741 13439 25.40%
17630-s8 344 4049 18528 23.71%
17630-s19 664 3730 18859 23.30%
13S09-s3 349 4350 20891 22.49%
13S22-s9 1041 2745 17218 21.99%
13027-s2 187 1784 9145 21.55%
1S224-s2 223 1598 8736 20.84%
789S-s3 842 2810 17592 20.76%
7810-s1 974 2678 17828 20.48%
7841-s1acorr 321 3778 20715 19.79%
13S22-sS 402 1940 11840 19.78%
7841-s2 267 2306 13319 19.32%
17630-s3 1742 1356 16645 18.61%
17630-s30 2083 1167 17755 18.30%
7864-s10 361 2530 15834 18.26%
13S22-s14 503 2189 15185 17.73%
13S22-s40 1001 1517 14772 17.05%
7867-s9 379 2831 19448 16.51%
17630-s2 377 1063 9097 15.83%
7864-s2 1845 878 17474 15.58%
13S22-s37 518 2613 20351 15.38%
13S22-s23 1000 1709 18113 14.96%
251
252

7841-s12 227 2652 19280 14.93%
11S11-s2 386 2371 18886 14.60%
17630-s11 452 1520 13696 14.40%
17630-s24 685 1246 13500 14.30%
7867-s1 288 1725 14353 14.02%
7841-s13 435 1783 15888 13.96%
7841-s1 904 1019 14128 13.61%
12278-s4 328 1461 13283 13.47%
17630-sS 811 595 11343 12.40%
13S22-s41 352 1339 13649 12.39%
1S839-s1S 998 349 11100 12.14%
17630-s6 345 1626 16474 11.96%
7810-sS 368 1875 18996 11.81%
17684-s1 611 1607 18945 11.71%
13S22-s76 677 1217 16686 11.35%
12278-s7 337 998 11915 11.20%
17630-s16 167 561 6724 10.83%
7867-s3 279 1284 14505 10.78%
1S839-s12 265 1235 14173 10.58%
7842-s1 778 737 14354 10.55%
17630-s12 793 772 14919 10.49%
13S28-s2 430 688 10859 10.30%
13S22-s13 302 833 11075 10.25%
7841-s9S 224 327 6168 8.93%
7810-s2 683 149 9524 8.74%
7841-s7 464 795 14544 8.66%
13S22-s12 387 616 11963 8.38%
17630-s20 373 1224 20240 7.89%
13S22-s18 296 1303 20903 7.65%
13S09-s4 267 697 12809 7.53%
7841-s6 614 549 16459 7.07%
12200-s4 390 320 10805 6.57%
17630-s4 292 321 9725 6.30%
7841-sS 418 401 14746 5.55%
7842-s4 249 516 15019 5.09%
7810-s3 450 376 16352 5.05%
7843-s6 471 468 20334 4.62%
12219-s4 340 366 16911 4.17%
13S28-s6 300 285 18275 3.20%
1S839-s2 371 152 18000 2.91%

252
253

Table 22.3. Trace elements of the most common elements used in obsidian sourcing.
Samp|e ID Dev|ce kbka1 Srka1 ka1 2rka1 Nbka1
11779 s1 Tracer 154.42 91.92 16.85 132.43 19.48
11779 s2 Tracer 162.31 92.26 22.38 138.46 20.80
11779 s3 Tracer 138.21 13.17 14.69 68.24 16.27
11779 s4 Tracer 104.90 66.12 14.67 92.75 13.34
11779 sS Tracer 167.65 94.48 21.97 142.54 20.50
12000 sS Tracer 150.39 88.27 20.44 128.20 18.92
12200 s1 Tracer 69.59 46.10 8.60 66.77 11.80
12200 s2 Tracer 154.79 84.37 20.51 127.51 17.99
12200 s3 Tracer 167.31 90.41 21.33 136.57 19.69
12200 s4 Tracer 147.83 11.45 19.08 71.32 19.06
1220S s1 Tracer 163.46 92.15 20.01 136.44 20.38
1220S s2 Tracer 107.63 66.61 13.02 98.85 15.10
1220S s3 Tracer 162.48 93.16 22.36 132.51 21.42
1220S s4 Tracer 162.06 89.09 18.85 135.37 21.21
1220S sS Tracer 149.68 82.50 21.08 124.28 18.69
13027 s1 Tracer 115.78 70.05 16.18 103.12 18.10
13027 s2 Tracer 147.84 81.43 16.47 127.19 19.29
13027 s3 Tracer 171.95 12.33 19.11 81.57 21.97
13027 s4 Tracer 167.76 13.59 21.23 85.18 18.83
13092 s1 Tracer 169.30 92.27 22.09 143.57 20.53
13092 s2 Tracer 46.40 36.25 5.67 46.72 11.49
13092 s3 Tracer 165.99 99.60 23.27 136.51 20.15
13S22 s1 Tracer 159.48 91.28 21.40 138.02 18.50
13S22 s2 Tracer 139.64 82.95 20.93 117.45 18.81
13S22 s3 Tracer 156.46 87.62 18.86 129.70 18.06
13S22 s4 Tracer 145.08 83.72 20.97 128.68 20.01
13S22 sS Tracer 159.47 85.03 21.29 134.88 19.46
13S22 s6 Tracer 157.19 93.09 21.83 133.46 20.64
13S22 s7 Tracer 156.12 86.58 21.69 137.67 20.15
13S32 b|ngo| Tracer 204.82 1.51 114.46 975.03 54.13
13S32 s2 Tracer 180.83 10.91 25.27 81.89 24.71
13S32 s3 Tracer 168.52 92.26 21.22 142.44 20.85
13S32 s4 Tracer 157.05 87.33 18.96 135.42 21.52
13S32 sS Tracer 161.15 90.12 17.95 133.15 20.74
13S32 x30 Tracer 137.17 77.98 16.69 117.52 17.23
13S70 s1 Tracer 156.75 89.29 19.91 126.71 17.49
13S70 s2 Tracer 161.65 86.80 22.38 135.81 18.02
13S70 s3 Tracer 155.91 92.65 21.11 138.45 19.65
13S70 s4 Tracer 153.46 91.71 24.08 133.41 18.26
13S70 sS Tracer 155.12 89.72 18.54 129.94 17.47
17600 s1 Tracer 161.76 88.47 24.30 138.66 19.80
17600 s10 Tracer 163.60 90.84 23.21 135.64 16.91
253
254

17600 s2 Tracer 162.45 90.93 22.96 137.01 18.16
17600 s3 Tracer 114.52 68.02 12.14 102.04 16.92
17600 s4 Tracer 154.02 85.14 22.47 127.72 16.01
17600 sS Tracer 138.92 79.24 20.75 121.49 17.74
17600 s6 Tracer 145.24 83.56 17.37 127.80 15.81
17600 s7 Tracer 146.28 82.99 15.30 126.31 16.57
17600 s8 Tracer 153.58 83.81 19.11 128.54 16.71
17600 s9 Tracer 156.57 88.51 23.50 138.84 16.59
17809 s1 Tracer 117.61 69.46 14.69 97.65 14.32
17809 s2 Tracer 148.81 86.23 16.03 121.93 15.97
17809 s3 Tracer 165.53 12.96 21.80 81.94 22.30
17809 s4 Tracer 147.55 82.01 18.77 123.45 18.06
17812 s1 Tracer 158.24 90.60 21.85 134.59 19.12
17812 s2 Tracer 143.27 82.08 19.74 123.34 17.47
17812 s3 Tracer 178.34 11.75 20.17 80.66 23.73
17812 s4 Tracer 51.30 34.27 7.82 53.16 10.70
17812 sS Tracer 135.96 77.11 19.85 120.22 15.50
20698 rb Red and Black 165.41 93.11 21.93 139.32 22.13
949.00 Tracer 155.06 90.61 21.84 136.27 17.64
MacMaster 165.00 93.00 22.00 139.00 22.00
Nenez| Dag g (.006-
.010)
MacMaster 168.00 96.00 20.00 149.00 23.00
Nenez| Dag g (.016-
.020)
MacMaster 157.00 93.00 20.00 137.00 22.00
Nenez| Dag I .001 MacMaster 172.00 97.00 23.00 146.00 20.00
Nenez| Dag I .00S MacMaster 186.00 108.00 22.00 153.00 24.00
254
255

Go||u Dag I .001 MacMaster 157.00 72.00 21.00 125.00 19.00
Go||u Dag I .00S MacMaster 172.00 74.00 20.00 132.00 22.00
Go||u Dag I .01S MacMaster 176.00 73.00 19.00 130.00 19.00
255
256

+.? 5<_>B=9 =6789= H9E:HPB<X
!ames 1aylor
1
& !usLlne lssavl
2

1
unlverslLy of ?ork,
2
SLanford unlverslLy

Cverv|ew
As parL of a larger goal Lo fully dlglLlze Lhe recordlng process aL aLalhyuk, 8ulldlngs 80 and
118 ln Lhe SouLh area were a parL of a plloL pro[ecL almlng Lo dlglLlze Lhe plannlng process.
Whlle parL of Lhls workflow was developed ln Lhe monLhs leadlng up Lo Lhe 2013 fleld season,
Lhe deLalls were lroned ouL on slLe wlLh Lhe addlLlonal help and lnpuL of Camllla MazzucaLo and
Nlcol uell'Unto.

1he hardware used lncluded Lhe wlndows based MlcrosofL Surface ro LableL and Lhe slLe
phoLography equlpmenL (camera and monopod). 1he sofLware used lncluded Lhe full ArcClS
10.1 sulLe, as well as erspecLlve 8ecLlfler. Cur hardware and sofLware cholces were made ln
llghL of prevlous pro[ecL pracLlces, as well as fuLure pro[ecL goals. lor example, by chooslng a
windows based LableL, we Lrled Lo ensure maxlmum compaLlblllLy wlLh Lhe pro[ecL's access
based daLabase. lurLhermore, lL allowed us Lo run Lhe full sulLe of ArcClS sofLware (whlch ls
used Lo manage Lhe slLe geodaLabase), well as Lhe MlcrosofL Cfflce rofesslonal SulLe.
AnoLher goal was Lo ensure LhaL Lhe LableL allowed deLalled drawlngs. 1he Surface ro
accommodaLed Lhls need and was sLlll robusL enough Lo be used ln fleld condlLlons.

Workf|ow
ln developlng Lhls workflow, one of our maln goals was ensurlng no daLa would be losL ln Lhe
LranslLlon from paper Lo dlglLal. Pere, we wlll presenL an abrldged verslon of Lhe workflow LhaL
was developed and used LhroughouL Lhe 2013 fleld season.

Setting up a Mlnl Crld ln 8ulldlng
o 8efore Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe excavaLlon, numbered, seml permanenL LargeLs
(2x2cm) should be placed ln Lhe excavaLlon area aL a 1x1m scale.
o 1hese LargeLs wlll Lhen be plcked up by Lhe LoLal sLaLlon and saved lnLo a
shapefile o be used as conLrol polnLs.
1aklng hoLos
o 1ake phoLos uslng slLe camera and monopod and keep dlsLorLlon Lo a mlnlmum
wlLh aL leasL 4 well dlspersed LargeLs.
o hoLos wlll Lhen be Lransferred unLo LableL uslng a uS8 cable.
Ortho rectifying/Georeferencing hoLos
o Ortho recLlfy lmages uslng ArcMap georeferenclng Lools and process.
o Save recLlfled verslon ln Llff formaL Lo be used ln dlglLlzlng.
ulglLlzlng ln ArcMap
o Pere Lhe dlglLlzaLlon process can begln uslng Lhe LdlLor Loolbar and edlLlng
shapefiles.
256
257

There wlll be Lwo seLs of shapeflles LhaL can be edlLed ln Lhe prepared mxd. Cne seL wlll
be used for mulLl conLexL plans (such as pre excavation, posL excavation, and phase
plans) and anoLher seL for slngle conLexL plans.
o Slngle conLexL plans have four Lypes of shapeflles:
8ase unlL olygon
unlL ueLall Llnes
Annotations
X finds
Elevations
o Lach shapeflle wlll have a number of preseL aLLrlbuLe flelds LhaL wlll need Lo be
fllled ln by Lhe excavaLor as Lhey are dlglLlzed. 1hey are descrlbed below:

8ase unlL olygon
uolt oombet 12345
xcovoteJ YES/NO/PARTIAL
Notes Unit interpretation
5ootce File name of photo source

unlL deLall llnes aLLrlbuLe flelds (for symbols see crlb sheeL: drawlng convenLlons):
1ype

Limit of excavation LOE
Extent of unit EU
Truncation TR
Uncertain limit UL
Slope SL
Inverted lope IS
Break of slope BS
Line of section LS
uolt oombet 12345
xcovoteJ YES/NO/PARTIAL
nlqbest 2 1234.5

AnnoLaLlons aLLrlbuLe flelds:
uolt oombet 12345
Notes Label

X flnds aLLrlbuLe flelds:
uolt oombet 12345
1ype BEAD/BLADE/WORKED BONE, ETC.
\-floJ oombet x1, x2, x3, etc.
\ 123.11
123.11
2 1234.11

LlevaLlon aLLrlbuLe flelds:
uolt oombet 12345
levotloo 1234.12

257
258

o unllke slngle conLexL plans, mulLl conLexL plans wlll have a graphlcs number
asslgned Lo Lhem ([usL as you would a hand drawn map).
o Multi conLexL plans have Lhree Lypes of shapeflles:
MulLlplans deLalls
MulLlplans elevaLlons
MulLlplans annoLaLlons
o Lach shapeflle wlll have a number of preseL aLLrlbuLe flelds LhaL wlll need Lo be
fllled ln by Lhe excavaLor as Lhey are dlglLlzed. 1hey are descrlbed below:

MulLlplans deLalls:
1ype

Limit of excavation LOE
Extent of unit EU
Truncation TR
Uncertain limit UL
Slope SL
Inverted lope IS
Break of slope BS
Line of section LS
uolt oombet 12345
Ctopblc oombet 13/400

MulLlplans elevaLlons:
levotloo 1234.12

MulLlplans annoLaLlons:
Notes Label

Post excavaLlon plans & secLlon/elevaLlon drawlngs
o CrLhophoLos obLalned from 3u models creaLed Lhrough dense sLereo maLchlng
Lechnlques can be used for deLalled posL excavaLlon plans and secLlon drawlngs.
1he presence of an archlved 3u model assoclaLed wlLh Lhe aforemenLloned plans
wlll also be a useful addlLlon Lo Lhe spaLlal daLaseL.
o uLlllzlng Lhe ArcClS 2.3u funcLlonallLy and dlglLlze secLlon/elevaLlon drawlngs
uslng ArcScene and a 3u model.

All daLa ls saved and backed up dally.

258
259

Lach Leam daLa package wlll conLaln Lhe followlng documenLs:

Item I||e 1ype Lxamp|e I||e Name keason for Inc|us|on
Source photo .raw img123 Archlval copy
Source photo .jpg 18080 Working copy for recLlflcaLlon
Source photo .tiff 18080Rec Working copy for dlglLlzlng
8ack-up Sn .shp unit_details, eLc. Archival/back up
Sn f||es .shp unit_details, eLc. Working copy
ArcMap f||e .mxd B.80_plans_2013 Worklng sLaLlon/plaL
ArcScene f||e .sxd B.80_plans_2013 Worklng sLaLlon 3d daLa
Sty|es .style Tablet_styles SLandardlzed SP symbols
1ota|St.Data .shp B.80_targets 8ulldlng conLrol polnLs
rev|ous data various Archive_Report_2012 useful lnformaLlon
Geodatabase .mdb site_geodatabase_date useful lnformaLlon
Work|ng 3D mode| .obj B80_preexc_model Used for section/elevation
drawlngs, Lo creaLe orLhogonal
photos

kesu|ts and Iuture Goa|s
Overall, Lhe resulLs of Lhls plloL pro[ecL have been successful and saLlsfacLory. A number of
small lssues (such as a sLylus malfuncLlon) were encounLered and overcome ln Lhe fleld. 1he
workflow also had Lo be ad[usLed a number of Llmes before lL was sufflclenLly opLlmlzed. lor
example, we sLopped uslng Lhe program erspecLlve 8ecLlfler as a meLhod for orLhogonal phoLo
recLlflcaLlon and lnsLead began uslng Lhe ArcMap 10.1 georeferenclng Lools lnsLead for a more
preclse and less dlsLorLed rasLer base. We hope Lo expand Lhls recordlng meLhod Lo Lhe
remalnlng excavaLlon pods LhroughouL Lhe slLe ln Lhe upcomlng excavaLlon seasons.
259
260

+M? $F9 5A9<> 6 :; "6=68Fb]cdk G9:8B=FBE 6<P 0F68E:8B=FBE
0::dB<X 6<P 4]H:=9EF<:8:X]
Sheena A ketchum, unlverslLy of lndlana

uurlng Lhe summer of 2013, l conLlnued my on golng dlsserLaLlon research of Lhe flre
lnsLallaLlons (ovens, hearLhs, flre spoLs, flre plLs, and flre scoops) aL aLalhyuk. l began Lhe
prellmlnary analysls of Lhe poLsLands from aLalhyuk LasL and WesL mounds, and began
conducLlng eLhnoarchaeologlcal research ln Kuukky regardlng consLrucLlon, manufacLure,
use, and repalr of Lhe exLernal earLhen ovens (ocak, Landir, and firin). 1hrough Lhe course of my
dissertation, l alm Lo lnvesLlgaLe how Lhe flre lnsLallaLlons aL aLalhyuk provlde lnslghL lnLo Lhe
food preparaLlon, food consumpLlon, and Lhe soclal llves of Lhe people who bullL and used
them, nearly 9,000 years ago. Pow dld people cook aL aLalhyuk

1he bulk of my Llme aL aLalhyuk was dedlcaLed Lo arLlfacL analyses of Lhe poLsLands,
eLhnoarchaeologlcal research (conducLed under lu8 l88 sLudy number 1304011170) on Lhe
ouLdoor earLhen ovens ln kkky, Lhe closesL vlllage Lo aLalhyuk, and fllllng ln Lhe gaps ln
my exlsLlng daLa abouL Lhe flre lnsLallaLlon feaLures.

l fully recorded nearly 400 poLsLands, whlch conslsLs of all of Lhe ldenLlfled poLsLands presenL
on slLe, lncludlng Lhe shape, form, sLyle, orlenLaLlon, decoraLlon, fragmenLaLlon, ware Lype, clay
maLrlx descrlpLlon and lncluslons, heaL Lreatment, slze, welghL, color, and wear paLLern. As parL
of Lhe larger problems wlLh Lhe classlflcaLlon of clay ob[ecLs, Lhere are poLenLlally oLher
poLsLands sLored wlLh clay balls, clay ob[ecLs, or elsewhere LhaL haven'L been recorded. ldeally,
ln fuLure seasons, as parL of Lhe reclasslflcaLlon of clay maLerlals, prevlously unldenLlfled
poLsLands wlll surface. lor analyLlcal reference, buL noL of publlcaLlon quallLy, l phoLographed
nearly 100 poLsLands Lo hlghllghL cerLaln sLyllsLlc aspecLs and decoraLlve moLlfs and qulckly
skeLched an addlLlonal 30 poLsLands. l declded Lo focus my analysls on Lhe laLe neollLhlc and
ChalcollLhlc poLsLands aL aLalhyuk ln order Lo explore how cooklng Lechnologles change over
Llme aL Lhe slLe. 1he WesL mound was prevlously dlfflculL Lo analyze ln Lhls sLudy, because of
Lhe general lack of flre lnsLallaLlon feaLures. 8uL wlLh Lhe lncluslon of Lhe poLsLands, l anLlclpaLe
belng able Lo analyze Lhe cooklng LradlLlons of boLh Lhe LasL and WesL mounds. uurlng Lhe
latest eollLhlc occupations, aL aLalhyuk, evldence suggesLs a shlfL away from Lhe use of
lnLerlor flxed archlLecLural flre lnsLallaLlons for cooklng, Lowards Lhe use of ceramlc vessels
balanced on poLsLands, placed over shorL Lerm Lemporary flre plL, flre spoL, and flre scoop
feaLures. 1hls ls evldenced by Lhe lncreased number of flre plLs, scoops, and spoLs ln Lhe laLer
levels of Lhe norLh area and Lhe appearance of some of Lhe earllesL crudely made poLsLands.

WlLh Lhe ald of Sema 8aci kaya and ur. Sonya ALalay, l vlslLed flve households in kky,
conducLed lnLervlews, documenLaLlon, and observaLlon of Lhe ocak, Landir, and firin earLhern
ovens, whlch are sLlll used dally for cooklng, LhaL are sLrlklngly slmllar Lo Lhose found aL
atalhyk ln Lerms of Lhelr consLrucLlon and raw maLerlal selecLlon. Through conLlnued
research on Lhe eLhnographlc use of earLhen ovens ln kuukky and some of Lhe oLher
260
261

surroundlng vlllages, l wlll develop eLhnographlc analogles for how Lhese feaLures mlghL have
been used, whaL sorLs of fuels work besL ln cerLaln slLuaLlons, and ldenLlfy raw maLerlal sources
for Lhe dlfferenL clays used ln Lhe consLrucLlon of Lhese earLhen ovens.

Acknow|edgements
l would slncerely llke Lo Lhank Lhe Ldward A. Schrader LndowmenL lund of Lhe rogram in
Classlcal Archaeology aL lndlana unlverslLy and ur. karen u. vlLelll for Lhe opporLunlLy and
fundlng LhaL made lL posslble Lo conducL Lhls research. 1he eLhnoarchaeologlcal componenL of
Lhls pro[ecL was conducLed under lndlana unlverslLy Bloomington nsLlLuLlonal 8evlew 8oard
(l88 sLudy number 1304011170).
261
262

+S? &:Q>9F:8P> B< E:<=9D=k # KBEH:>=H6=BXH6JFBE68 B<A9>=BX6=B:< :;
H9>:QHE9 Q>9 6B=9 <9=C:Hd>
Aroa Carcla Surez, unlverslLy of 8eadlng

1hls hu research represenLs an addlLlonal efforL aL undersLandlng mlcrosLraLlgraphy aL
aLalhyuk and follows Lhe earller work of MaLLhews (2003, 1996). 1hls wlder sLudy ls currenLly
focused on Lhe geoarchaeologlcal sLudy of bulldlngs, mlddens and open areas from Lhe
NeollLhlc slLes of 8oncuklu (9Lh 8Lh mlllennlum 8C uncal), aLalhyuk (8Lh 6Lh mlllennlum 8C
cal), and inarba;i (9Lh 7Lh mlllennlum 8C cal). 1hls research has as an ob[ecLlve noL only Lo puL
Lhe large communlLy aL aLalhyuk ln reglonal perspecLlve by comparlng Lraces of acLlvlLles aL
Lhese Lhree early agrlculLural seLLlemenLs, buL also Lo shed llghL lnLo Lhe resources and soclal
neLworks of lndlvldual bulldlngs across aLalhyuk ln order Lo develop a more deLalled
undersLandlng of Lhe dlfferenL culLural and ecologlcal household pracLlces LhaL were presenL aL
Lhls slLe.

1o achleve Lhese goals, an approach LhaL lnLegraLes Lhe mlcroarchaeologlcal record wlLh Lhe
macroarchaeology has been adopLed. 1hls lnvolves flrsL Lhe developmenL of a mlcro excavation
sLraLegy LhaL lncludes sLraLeglc secLlons Lhrough Lhe enLlre hlsLory of each space, mlcro
sampllng for all maLerlals and deposlLs and 3 u recordlng. 1hls new approach allows for hlgher
resoluLlon ldenLlflcaLlon, excavaLlon, documenLaLlon and undersLandlng of Lhe lnformaLlon
presenL ln Lhe lndlvldual mlcro layers (beLween 2 and 3mm ln Lhlckness) LhaL consLlLuLe a greaL
parL of Lhe aLalhyuk sequence. 1hls sLraLegy has been LesLed durlng Lhe 2013 fleld season ln
Lhe small buL complex 8ulldlng 114, orLh Area. From a meLhodologlcal polnL of vlew, Lhe well
deflned archlLecLural unlLs aL aLalhyuk provlde rlgorous conLexLual daLa for LesLlng new
Lechnlques and geoarchaeologlcal sLraLegles almed aL lnvesLlgaLlng deposlLlonal and
Laphonomlc processes and conLlnulLy and change ln acLlvlLles and resources aL hlgh spaLlal and
temporal resolution, whlch are crlLlcal Lo sLudy of Lhe naLure and scale of Lhe ecologlcal and
soclal sLraLegles LhaL susLalned Lhese communlLles.

ln a second sLage, Lhe sedlmenL samples collecLed durlng Lhls fleld season are processed for
mlcroanalyses. AL Lhe hearL of Lhls meLhodologlcal approach lles Lhln secLlon mlcromorphology,
a Lechnlque LhaL enables Lhe mlcroscoplc sLudy and ldenLlflcaLlon of Lhe naLure, deposlLlon, and
perlodlclLy of speclflc componenLs lndlcaLlng parLlcular human acLlvlLles and resource such as
storage, food procuremenL and cooklng pracLlces. lor Lhe purpose of Lhls research a number of
geochemlcal Lechnlques comprlslng SLM EDX, x8l, l1l8 and CC MS are belng lnLegraLed wlLh
mlcromorphology ln order Lo characLerlze speclflc deposlLs and elemenLs relaLed Lo varlaLlons
caused by human acLlvlLles. 1hls meLhodologlcal approach provldes llnks beLween macroscoplc
observaLlons ln Lhe fleld and Lhe lnformaLlon gaLhered Lhrough mlcroanalyLlcal Lechnlques LhaL
resulLs ln a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe whole archaeologlcal record (Coldberg & 8erna 2010,
ShllllLo & MaLLhews 2013).

262
263

Lxcavat|on and samp||ng
WlLh Lhe goal of documenLlng mlcrosLraLlgraphlc sequences, 8ulldlng 114 ln Lhe norLh Area of
aLalhyuk was carefully excavaLed ln verLlcal 'slices of co. 1x1.3m durlng Lhe 2013 fleld
season, leavlng aL leasL one secLlon exposed durlng Lhe process. 1hese secLlons provlded greaL
lnslghL lnLo Lhe deposlLlonal hlsLorles of Lhe bulldlng and enabled Lhe appllcaLlon of a range of
fleld and laboraLory sedlmenLologlcal characLerlzaLlons, such as px8l and mlcromorphology.
Pavlng a mlcromorphologlsL excavaLlng as well as sLudylng Lhe deposlLs under Lhe mlcroscope
ls expecLed Lo sLrengLhen Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhese conLexLs Lhrough a LlghL lnLegraLlon of
what ls happenlng aL Lhe macroscale wlLh Lhe mlcroanalyLlcal resulLs.

ln addlLlon Lo 8ulldlng 114, a number of conLexLs from oLher bulldlngs and open spaces were
sampled for comparaLlve analyses, lncludlng nelghbourlng bulldlngs ln Lhe norLh Area (8.77,
B.102) and SouLh Area (8.89, Sp.470). Collapsed maLerlals uncovered by Arek kllmowlcz ln
Sp.311 and lnLerpreLed as rare roof remalns or posslble fragmenLs of floors from Lhe upper
sLorey were also sampled Lo conflrm Lhls hypoLhesls and Lo compare Lhese maLerlals wlLh
lnLernal floors and plaLforms from bulldlngs. 1he sLudy of Lhls wlde range of samples wlll
conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe lnvesLlgaLlon of lnLer household relaLlonshlps across Lhe large aLalhyuk
communlLy and lnLo Lhe reglonal seLLlemenL landscape.

Sediment blocks and loose samples were Laken from:
1emporary secLlon proflles lefL durlng excavaLlon for sampllng.
Sequences exposed aL Lhe edge of burlals, posL reLrleval plLs and LruncaLlons.
Collapsed fragmenLs of roofs/floors from upper sLoreys.

A LoLal of 22 sedlmenL blocks from bulldlngs and open areas were collecLed and are currenLly
belng prepared lnLo large (14x7cm) mlcromorphologlcal Lhln secLlons aL Lhe Soll
Mlcromorphology unlL of 1he unlverslLy of 8eadlng. 8esulLs are expecLed Lo be avallable nexL
summer.

8u||d|ng 114
1he ma[or focus of fleld analysls and sampllng Lhls season was on 8ulldlng 114 whlch, alLhough
small co. 4x1.3m) when compared wlLh oLher bulldlngs aL aLalhyuk, shows Lhe whole range
of feaLures LhaL are presenL ln larger uildings, ncluding several burlals, wall palnLlngs and
plasLered plaLforms. 8esulLs from Lhe excavaLlon season lndlcaLe LhaL Lhls space was well
maintained, wlLh lLs ralsed n S plaLform (l.7114) showlng mulLlple layers of whlLe plasLer whlch
were pL almosL compleLely free from resldues. AlLhough so far only Lhe easLern half of Lhe
bulldlng has been parLlally excavaLed, lL seems LhaL Lhe boundarles ln Lhls space were well
defined, as Lhe dlfferences ln Lhe phases of archlLecLural consLrucLlon of Lhe sitting/sleeping
area and Lhe burlal plaLform lndlcaLe.

1he excavaLlon and sampllng of Lhls bulldlng wlll conLlnue nexL season. So far, 8ulldlng 114 has
proven Lo be of greaL lnLeresL Lo lnvesLlgaLe Lhe funcLlon of small buL lndependenL bulldlngs aL
atalhyuk and Lhe ecologlcal and socio culLural sLraLegles Lhey represenL wlLhln Lhe wlder
organlzaLlon of Lhe seLLlemenL.
263
264

Acknow|edgements
l am graLeful Lo Lhe konya Museum for Lhe permlsslon Lo exporL Lhe mlcromorphologlcal blocks
and sedlmenLs. l would llke Lo Lhank lan Podder, 8urcu 1ung and Lhe north, SouLh and 1C
Leams for supporL wlLh sampllng. 1hls fleldwork has been posslble Lhanks Lo a sLudy granL from
Lhe 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology aL Ankara.

8|b||ography
Goldberg, & Berna
2010 Mlcromorphology and conLexL. Oootetooty lotetootloool 214: 62.
Matthews, Wendy
2005 Mlcromorphologlcal and mlcrosLraLlgraphlc Lraces of uses and concepLs of space.
lobobltloq otolboyok. kepotts ftom tbe 1995-1999 5eosoos. l. Podder (ed.) Cambrldge:
Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe and 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology aL Ankara. Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe
Monographs/8lAA Monograph 40: 333 398.
Matthews, Wendy eL al.
1996 MulLlple surfaces: Lhe mlcromorphology. Oo tbe 5otfoce. otolboyok 199J-1995.
l. Podder (ed.) Cambrldge: Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe/8lAA Monograph 22: 301 342.
Shillito, isa Marie & endy Matthews
2013 Ceoarchaeologlcal lnvesLlgaLlons of Mldden lormaLlon rocesses ln Lhe Larly Lo
LaLe Ceramlc neollLhlc Levels aL aLalhyuk, 1urkey ca. 83308370 cal 8.
Ceootcboeoloqy 28(1): 49.

Figure 25.1. Eastern half of building 114 during excavation, facing west.
264
265

+R? @QHA9] 6 :; "6=68Fb]cd
+,-.
Mark !ackson, Sophle Moore, Lnlko Pudak and 1homas SuLcllffe
NewcasLle unlverslLy

A Leam of posLgraduaLe sLudenLs and recenL alumnl from newcasLle unlverslLy supporLed by
Lhe 8oman SocleLy and Lhe School of PlsLory, Classlcs and Archaeology newcasLle unlversity
were presenL aL aLalhyuk for Lwo weeks from Lhe elghLh Lo Lhe LwenLy second of AugusL
2013 Lo underLake a ceramlc survey ln Lhe area surroundlng boLh mounds speclfled by Lhe
1urklsh MlnlsLry of CulLure and 1ourlsm (shown ln Figure 26.1). 1he maln ob[ecLlves were Lo
conducL a program of fleld walklng and ceramlc collecLlon wlLhln Lhe fleld sysLem around Lhe
slLe whlch would allow us Lo ldenLlfy, locaLe and ldeally daLe any seLLlemenLs wlLhln Lhe
LargeLed survey area. Cf parLlcular lnLeresL was Lhe possibility of locating Lhe seLLlemenL daLlng
Lo Lhe flrsL or second mlllennlum Au relaLlng Lo Lhe cemeLery presenL on Lhe mounds. An
addlLlonal ob[ecLlve was Lo noLe any evldence of Lhe ChalcollLhlc cemeLery whlch ls expecLed Lo
be locaLed ln Lhe vlclnlLy of Lhe WesL mound no evldence was found of Lhls cemeLery.

1he area covered by Lhe Lhlrd degree of Lhe aLalhyuk permlL allowed us Lo conducL surface
survey wlLhln an area roughly 300m from Lhe ouLer llmlLs of boLh slLes (Fig. 26.1 shows Lhe
permlL map provlded by Lhe governmenL represenLaLlve aL aLalhyuk, Fig 26.2 shows Lhe
permlL boundary georeferenced ln ClS Lo map daLa consLrucLed from phoLosLlLched saLelllLe
lmagery of Lhe area avallable Lhrough 1eleA1LAS aerlal lmagery). 1he area covered by Lhe
permlL measured 2km
2
. We dld noL sample flelds ln whlch Lhe crops fully obscured Lhe ground
surface (39 of Lhe sLudy area). 1he sampled area was llmlLed Lherefore Lo 1.2km
2
of flelds
under sparse crop, ploughed flelds or flelds where Lhe wheaL had already been harvesLed.

Figure 26.1. Map of third degree permit boundary provided by the Ministry for Culture and Tourism
265
266

Survey Methodo|ogy
1he survey operaLed wlLhln sample unlLs deflned by Lhe shapes of flelds. 1he dlmenslons of
each fleld were deflned boLh Lhrough saLelllLe lmagery and Lhe collecLlon of CS daLa, whlle
deLalls of land use and arLefacLs were recorded on Lhe ground. hoLos were Laken of each fleld
surveyed and deLalled shoLs of Lhe ground surface Laken Lo record agrlculLural use and vlslblllLy.
1hese phoLographs, along wlLh lmages of Lhe collecLed ceramlcs are avallable wlLhln Lhe
aLalhyuk phoLographlc archlve.

WlLhln Lhe flelds avallable for survey our ceramlc sampllng sLraLegy was Lo walk LransecL llnes
aL 20m lnLervals sLopplng afLer each 20m Lo record Lhe quanLlLy of body sherds and Llle
fragmenLs from LhaL LransecL dlvlslon, and Lo collecL Lhe feaLure sherds (rlms, base sherds and
handles) and any glazed or oLherwlse decoraLed body sherds). 1hls collecLlon sLraLegy meanL
LhaL every sherd collecLed can be locaLed Lo wlLhln 20m of lLs flnd spoL. 1he ground vlslblllLy
wlLhln Lhe LransecL dlvlslon was raLed beLween 0 and 3 (where 0 was compleLe ground cover
and 3 was a hlghly vlslble ground surface wlLhouL any cover from crops or dlsrupLlon from
ploughlng). MaLerlal was collecLed and recorded from a maxlmum of 1m elLher slde of Lhe
LransecL llne belng walked.

8efore sLarLlng Lo walk along each LransecL llne, Lhe surveyors were poslLloned aL 20m lnLervals
along Lhe longesL axls of each fleld. 1he sLarLlng polnLs and end polnLs of each LransecL llne
Figure 26.2. Map constructed in GIS by Tom Sutcliffe with reference to TeleAtlas
satellite imagery and GPS data
266
267

were recorded uslng a Magellan professlonal CS runnlng ulgl1erra Lxplorer 3. 1he 20m
dlvlslons along each LransecL were usually paced raLher Lhan measured uslng a Lape or CS.

Cnce Lhey had been recorded ln Lhe fleld, Lhe daLa were lmporLed lnLo ClS. llrsL, Lhe ouLllnes of
Lhe flelds were dlglLlzed as polygons ln Lhe ClS. CS polnLs showlng elLher end of Lhe LransecL
llnes walked ln Lhe fleld were Lhen lmporLed. nexL Lhe LransecL dlvlslons were ploLLed every
20m by dlvldlng Lhe LransecL llne by Lhe number of dlvlslons made by Lhe fleldwalkers. (Slnce
Lhe Leam had paced ouL Lhe 20m dlvlslons along Lhe LransecL llnes, raLher Lhan measurlng
exacLly every 20m wlLh CS, Lhe LransecL dlvlslons beLween Lhe known endpolnLs were ln some
cases noL exacLly 20m.) 1ransecLs were walked ln dlfferenL dlrecLlons dependlng on Lhe
slLuaLlon ln each fleld, Lhls allowed flelds Lo be walked along Lhe llnes of planLed crops Lhereby
lncreaslng vlslblllLy.

Nam|ng convent|ons
CollecLlon Look place up Lo 1m each slde of Lhe LransecL llnes walked. 1he 20m dlvlslons of each
LransecL formed Lhe smallesL unlL of collecLlon and recordlng. We lmplemenLed Lhe namlng
convenLlon LhaL flelds would have a 3 dlglL lu number, LransecLs a 2 dlglL lu number and
LransecL dlvlslons slngle dlglL numbers. 1hese numbers bulld sequenLlally so LhaL whlle a fleld ls
ldenLlfled by lLs l number (e.g. fleld number 001), Lhe second LransecL ln LhaL fleld ls ldenLlfled
by boLh fleld and LransecL number (e.g. LransecL number 001.02) and Lhe fourLh LransecL
dlvlslon of Lhe second LransecL of fleld 001 would be 001.02.4. 1he poLLery sherds collecLed are
ldenLlfled wlLh Lhe same convenLlon, so LhaL Lhe flrsL sherd processed from Lhe LransecL dlvlslon
described bove was enLered lnLo Lhe access daLabase as sherd 001.02.4/s1, whlle Lhe physlcal
sherd ls labelled wlLhouL Lhe addlLlonal 0s Lo save space on Lhe ceramlc surface (01.2.4/s1).

1he survey meLhodology lmplemenLed Lhls year was based on Lhe lnLenslve survey
meLhodology developed by ur Andrew 8evan aL AnLlklLhera and ur kaLle Creen aL lsldla
(8evan and Conolly 2012, Creen 2013: 99).

GIS and d|g|t|zat|on methodo|ogy
CeospaLlal represenLaLlon and subsequenL analysls of Lhe daLa was compleLed uslng Lsrl's
ArcClS 10.1. lnlLlal CS daLa, conslsLlng of conLrol polnLs, were recelved ln Lhe geographlc
WGS1984 co ordlnaLe sysLem and were used Lo georeference rasLer saLelllLe lmages of Lhe slLe
and surroundlng area, obLalned from 1eleALlas. 1hough Lhls lmagery was several years old, lL
was sufflclenL Lo observe fleld boundarles and creaLe a polygonlsed fleld sysLem wlLhln Lhe
permlL llmlL descrlbed above. Cnly a few boundarles had been alLered slnce Lhe lmagery was
Laken and Lhese were easlly updaLed uslng Lhe CS daLa. 1he fleld sysLem was Lhen labelled
uslng Lhe convenLlons ouLllned above and dlvlded lnLo LransecLs and LransecL dlvlslons. 1he
unlque LransecL dlvlslon number repllcaLed on Lhe daLabase was used Lo connecL Lhe poLLery
daLa Lo Lhe ClS. 1hls was underLaken Lhrough an CLL u8 connecLlon Lo Lhe MlcrosofL Access
daLabase. ArcClS 10.1 ls noL compaLlble wlLh newer verslons of Access, so Lhe daLabase was
reverLed Lo a 2003 verslon wlLh Lhe flle exLenslon '.mdb, as supposed Lo Lhe more recenL
.accb.

267
268

Ceram|c Ana|ys|s methodo|ogy
1he alm of Lhe ceramlc analysls was Lo quanLlfy Lhe dlfferenL klnds of ceramlc maLerlal
accordlng Lo lLs provenance. Cb[ecLlves were Lo creaLe a represenLaLlve form and fabrlc Lype
serles from Lhe feaLure sherds collecLed and Lo quanLlfy all Lhe collecLed maLerlal accordlng Lo
fabric, form and provenance. 1he quanLlflcaLlon was recorded ln Access daLabase and
subsequenLly llnked Lo Lhe ClS.

1he feaLure sherds LhaL were collecLed were quanLlfled by number of sherds, welghL and ln Lhe
case of rlms and bases, also by LsLlmaLed vessel LqulvalenLs (LvLs). Cnly one sherd of each
Lype ln Lhe form serles was drawn. Pandles and spouLs were drawn as small flnds: Lop vlew,
slde vlew and proflle/cross haLch. 8lms and bases were drawn accordlng Lo poLLery drawlng
convenLlons wlLh proflles on Lhe lefL slde. urawlng numbers were asslgned sequenLlally as an
lndependenL lndex and can be consulLed ln Lhe archlve.

A fabrlc Lype serles was also creaLed for reference so LhaL all collecLed feaLure sherds could e
allocaLed Lo a fabrlc Lype serles ln Lhe daLabase. Sherds were cllpped wlLh a seL of pllers Lo
produce fresh breaks and were examlned wlLh a 30x21mm [eweller's loupe. Colour, hardness,
feel, fracLure were recorded wlLh regard Lo Lermlnology suggesLed by CrLon et ol. (1993: 233).
lncluslons were descrlbed ln Lerms of slze, frequency, sorLlng, shape and colour. Surface
LreaLmenL was also glven by lLs naLure and colour, e.g. cream sllp, red burnlshed, eLc.

1he feaLure sherds collecLed and Lhe form Lype serles and fabrlc Lype serles recorded are sLored
ln Lhe depoL aL aLalhyuk.

1he recordlng of each feaLure sherd accordlng Lo Lhe form and fabrlc Lype serles, as well as by
weight, LvL and dlameLer wlll enable more complex analysls and presenLaLlon of Lhe daLa Lo be
carrled ouL. lor Lhe purpose of Lhe maps ln Lhls fleld reporL (llgs. 3 and 3), 8oolean operaLors
were applled ln order Lo add varlous daLa flelds LogeLher (such as body sherd counL and feaLure
sherd counL) prlor Lo welghLlng Lhe flnal symbology ln ClS. naLural breaks were lmplemenLed
wlLh 10 classlflcaLlons Lo dlsplay Lhe daLa here. A zero value was used Lo hlghllghL areas where
no poLLery or oLher meLadaLa was presenL. ln cerLaln clrcumsLances, hlgh ranges were also
grouped LogeLher, whlch avolded anomalous quanLlLles affecLlng Lhe resL of Lhe daLa dlsplayed.

re||m|nary kesu|ts
Figure 26.3 shows Lhe areas surveyed and Lhe LoLal quanLlLles of ceramlc maLerlal recorded.
lleldwalklng and ceramlc collecLlon was [udged an approprlaLe means of aLLempLlng Lo locaLe
seLLlemenL of Lhe flrsL and second mlllennla Au. 1he presence of an alluvlal layer
(approxlmaLely 3m Lhlck) whlch separaLes Lhe prehlsLorlc levels from Lhe hlsLorlc levels meanL
LhaL we expecLed Lhe fleldwalklng Lo recover evldence for occupaLlon relaLlng Lo occupaLlon
from hlsLorlc perlods (8oberLs, 8oyer and Merrlck 2007: 333). We almed Lo dlscern wheLher Lhe
scaLLers of ceramlc on Lhe alluvlal plaln mlghL conslsL of run off from Lhe mound or up cast
maLerlal (lf prehlsLorlc poLLery was presenL), or conversely lf Lhe ceramlc scaLLers would
represenL an acLual seLLlemenL whlch had been lefL largely undlsLurbed. rellmlnary analysls
enables a number of concluslons Lo be drawn. 1hree maln hoLspoLs of poLLery were presenL
268
269

(shown ln llg. 26.3), one souLh of Lhe WesL Mound, one LasL of Lhe LasL Mound and one norLh
of Lhe LasL Mound.

1he poLLery souLh of Lhe dellneaLed exLenL of Lhe WesL Mound was almosL unlversally
composed of neollLhlc and ChalcollLhlc sherds. 1he denslLy of poLLery and Lhe shape of Lhe
flelds whlch follow Lhe Lopography here conflrm LhaL Lhe WesL Mound exLends sllghLly furLher
souLh Lhan Lhe fenced area. 1hls was Lo some exLenL expecLed as Lhe WesL Mound conLlnues Lo
slope away Lo Lhe alluvlal plaln beyond Lhe llmlL of Lhe fence. A zoomorphlc spouL
Figure 26.3. Map of surveyed area showing total quantity of ceramic found by sherd count
(body sherds, collected feature sherds and tile). Plan: Tom Sutcliffe
Figure 26.4. Sherd 027.02.01/s1. Photography: Sophie Moore
269
270

(027.02.01/s1) was recovered from Lhls area, and ls shown ln flgure 26.4. 1eqoloe (Llles) were
also noLed ln Lhls area, however ln Lhe absence of oLher hlsLorlc perlod poLLery lL seems
plauslble LhaL Lhese Llles were employed slmllarly Lo Lhose on Lhe mounds where Lhey are
assoclaLed wlLh laLer burlals (Moore and !ackson 2013). 1he presence of Lhese Llles wlLh llLLle
oLher laLer ceramlc evldence suggesLs LhaL Lhe 8oman and Medleval cemeLery may have
exLended Lo Lhe llmlL of Lhe mound. llgure 26.3 shows Lhe scaLLer of Llle LhroughouL Lhe survey
area, and when compared Lo ligure 26.3 can be used Lo dlscern dlfferenL paLLerns of landscape
use.

LasL of Lhe LasL Mound Lhere ls a hlgh concenLraLlon of body sherds, feaLure sherds and Llle
(Fig. 26.3). 1he poLLery ln Lhls area ls largely wheel made and prellmlnary analysls suggesLs LhaL
lL ls largely 8oman and 8yzanLlne wlLh a mlnlmal quanLlLy of laLer Creen Clazed ware. 1he hlgh
concentraLlon of pltbol and Llles ln addlLlon Lo Lhe presence of cooklng wares and flne wares
suggesLs LhaL Lhls ls a domesLlc assemblage raLher Lhan a conLlnuaLlon of Lhe flrsL and second
mlllennlum Au cemeLery presenL on Lhe LasL mound.

1he exLenL of Lhe scaLLer ln Lhe area easL of Lhe LasL Mound, lLs composlLlon and lLs
comparaLlvely hlgh denslLy compared wlLh elsewhere ln Lhe survey area as a whole comblne Lo
make lL llkely LhaL Lhls ls Lhe locaLlon of aL leasL one of Lhe seLLlemenLs assoclaLed wlLh Lhe flrsL
and second mlllennlum cemeLery whlch covers boLh WesL and LasL Mounds. 1he slze of Lhe
Sutcliffe
Figure 26.5. Map of surveyed area showing 88le counts by transect division. Plan: Tom
270
271

cemeLery (wlLh over 230 graves excavaLed so far) ralses Lhe quesLlon wheLher Lhere may have
been oLher seLLlemenLs ln Lhe surroundlng un surveyed area whlch could have used Lhe mound
as a cemeLery.

1he concenLraLlon of sherds souLh souLh wesL of Lhe LasL Mound appeared Lo be less
pronounced Lhan ln Lhe area easL of Lhe LasL Mound, buL lL lncluded a slmllar range of ceramlcs
and slnce Lhe vlslblllLy Lhere was poorer, may suggesL LhaL Lhls scaLLer so may ll
represenL seLLlemenL.

A column caplLal assoclaLed wlLh a concenLraLlon of ceramlcs 300m norLheasL of Lhe easL
mound drawn Lo our aLLenLlon ln 2012 ls ouLslde Lhe area covered by Lhe aLalhyuk permlL for
fleldwalklng and ceramlc collecLlon and was Lherefore noL lnvesLlgaLed.

re||m|nary conc|us|ons
1here are a number of dlsLlncL ceramlc scaLLers ln Lhe area surroundlng Lhe Lwo mounds of
atalhyk, some of whlch probably lndlcaLe Lhe locaLlon of prevlous seLLlemenL.

1he slgnlflcanL area (aL leasL 140m x 120m) of ceramlc maLerlal easL of Lhe LasL Mound lncluded
cooking, sLorage and flne wares ln addlLlon Lo Llle, Lhls ls llkely Lo lndlcaLe Lhe locaLlon of a
seLLlemenL relaLed Lo Lhe laLe cemeLery.

A concenLraLed area of ceramlc maLerlal norLh of Lhe LasL Mound whlch has a slmllar proflle of
Lypes lndlcaLes Lhe locaLlon of furLher seLLlemenL. 1he ceramlc evldence souLh of Lhe WesL
Mound probably does noL lndlcaLe Lhe presence of a laLe settlement, desplLe Lhe presence of
teqoloe, buL raLher shows Lhe llmlL of Lhe prehlsLorlc slLe beyond lLs modern deflned boundary
whlle Lhe teqoloe lndlcaLe Lhe exLenL of Lhe laLe cemeLery ln Lhe same area.

The esence of green glazed ware beLween Lhe mounds appears Lo be relaLed Lo Lhe locaLlon
of Lhe currenL farm house.

Bibliography
Bevan, A. & !. Conolly
2012 lnLenslve Survey uaLa from AnLlkyLhera, Creece. Iootool of Opeo Atcboeoloqy
uaLa 1(1), uCl: hLLp://dx.dol.org/10.3334/4f3bcb3f7f21d
Green, K
2013 8ural 8yzanLlne Landscapes of Lhe LasLern MedlLerranean: new Approaches Lo
CharacLerlsaLlon and Analysls. newcasLle unlverslLy: unpubllshed hu Lhesls.
Orton, C. eL al.
1993 oLLery ln Archaeology. Cambrldge. Cambrldge.
Roberts, . eL al.
2007 The OPAL slLe and Cff slLe LxcavaLlons and Sampllng' ln Podder l (ed.)
LxcavaLlng CaLalhoyuk SouLh, orLh and kCAL Area reporLs from Lhe 1993 99 seasons
Ankara: 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe AL Ankara Monograph 37 pp.333 572.
271
272

+O? /9;89DBA9 a9=F:P:8:X]
sa 8erggren, Sydsvensk rkeologi AB

1he aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL has over Lhe years kepL worklng wlLh Lhe reflexlve
meLhodology ouLllned aL Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe pro[ecL (Podder 2000) such as Lhe dlary and Lhe
prlorlLy Lours. 1he commlLmenL Lowards Lhls meLhodology has varled whlch has resulLed ln an
uneven record of e.g. Lhe dlary, buL generally Lhe meLhodology has been become a 'natural
parL of Lhe pro[ecL's work. Powever, Lhe reflexlve meLhodology has developed and changed
durlng Lhe Llme lL has been used by Lhe pro[ecL. lL ls noL Lhe same as ln Lhe sLarL, cerLaln parLs
have been omlLLed (such as Lhe on slLe anLhropologlsL), oLhers have developed and changed
(such as Lhe dlary) and oLhers have been added (such as Lhe dally skeLch).

1he reflexlve meLhodology aL aLalhyuk has been evaluaLed and a dlscusslon wlll be publlshed
shorLly (8erggren & nllsson forLhcomlng). 1hls evaluaLlon comes Lo Lhe concluslon LhaL Lhe
meLhodology has been boLh successful and unsuccessful ln boLh lLs lmplemenLaLlon as well as
ln promoLlng a hlgher degree of reflexlvlLy. 1he evaluaLlon dlscuses some of Lhe underlylng
facLors behlnd Lhls uneven resulL. 1hey can be found ln a complex lnLerplay beLween many
facLors ln Lhe ln lLself complex project, among Lhose sLrucLural dlfferences and lmbalances
LhaL have affecLed Lhe success of Lhe meLhodology. 1hls ls developed furLher ln Lhe forLhcomlng
volume 10 of Lhe pro[ecL's publlcaLlons.

uurlng Lhe seasons of 2012 and 2013 some
changes were made Lo encourage a deeper
involvemenL ln Lhe reflexlve meLhodology.
1o develop Lhe dlary lnLo a more lnLeracLlve
lnsLrumenL some changes were made Lo lLs
funcLlon and layouL. Powever, Lhese changes
had Lo be kepL wlLhln Lhe llmlLs of Lhe
sofLware (MlcrosofL Access) used, Lo comply
with Lhe general daLabase and Lo keep Lhe
llnk Lo older enLrles ln Lhe dlary daLabase. 1o
encourage dlalogue and commenLs we made
lL posslble Lo reply Lo enLrles. We also
changed Lhe layouL Lo make Lhe lasL few
enLrles vlslble Lo anyone enLerlng Lhe dlary
database, Lo encourage Lhe users Lo read
each oLher's enLrles. We also lnLroduced Lhe
posslblllLy Lo Lag enLrles wlLh key words, Lo
make searches and dlscusslons easler.
rompLs and lnsLrucLlons of how and whaL Lo
wrlLe ln Lhe dlary were also lncluded ln Lhe
database, Lo make Lhe ob[ecLlves of Lhe dlary
Figure 27.1. The seminar room during afternoon lab hours.
Excavators are working on the documentation. Facing the
camera are Stella Macheridis and Aroa Garcia Suarez.
Photography: sa Berggren.
272
273

clear.

Larller ln Lhe hlsLory of Lhe pro[ecL, only excavaLors were encouraged Lo wrlLe dlary enLrles.
LaboraLory sLaff were noL expllclLly asked Lo parLlclpaLe, and had only on rare occaslons made
enLrles ln Lhe dlary. uurlng boLh 2012 and 2013 all parLlclpanLs of Lhe pro[ecL, boLh excavaLors
and laboraLory sLaff, have been expllclLly encouraged Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhe dlary. As a parL of
maklng Lhe dlary more vlslble for all pro[ecL members 1he dlary of Lhe day" was lnLroduced ln
2012 (afLer an ldea of Alllson Mlckel) and conLlnued ln 2013. A shorL quoLe from a dlary enLry ls
chosen (noL on a dally bases, buL every few days) and posLed on a few places around Lhe dlg
house where many people can see lL. 1he alm ls Lo Lrlgger dlscusslons as well as Lo encourage
parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe dlary.

ln 2012 '1he dally skeLch' was lnLroduced Lo Lhe whole pro[ecL. lL has been used by Lhe Leam
worklng on Lhe WesL mound for several years, buL now lL was sLarLlng Lo be used on Lhe East
mound as well. ln 2013 lL was a parL of Lhe dally documenLaLlon rouLlne. 1he dally skeLch can be
seen as a vlsual complemenL Lo Lhe dlary a klnd of vlsual dlary. 1he skeLch ls done by Lhe
excavators, drawlng and wrlLlng on a prlnLed phoLo of Lhelr area of excavaLlon, on a dally basls.
1he prlnLed phoLo wlLh commenLs and drawlngs ls Lhen scanned and uploaded Lo Lhe daLabase
where lL can be searched by unlL or feaLure number. 1hls way Lhe dally progress of excavaLlon ls
made vlslble and ls documenLed. As some of Lhe excavaLlon sLaff were new ln 2013, Lhe dally
skeLches from 2012 Lurned ouL Lo be a very useful source of lnformaLlon ln addlLlon Lo plans
and recordlng sheeLs for Lhose who Look over an area excavaLed Lhe prevlous year. ln facL,
some LhoughL Lhe skeLches Lhe mosL useful of Lhe documenLaLlon.

As a parL of Lhe developmenL of 3u documenLaLlon on slLe we have also experlmenLed wlLh
using D pdfs as dally skeLches. 3u models were made of Lhe area of excavaLlon and Lurned
lnLo lnLeracLlve pdf's where noLes and drawlngs were added. 1hese could be vlewed from
dlfferenL angles as Lhe pdf was moved around. Powever, lL was LhoughL Lo requlre Loo much
work for very llLLle added lnformaLlon Lo make Lhe 3u pdf's. Cne of Lhe asseLs of Lhe paper
verslon of Lhe dally skeLch ls LhaL lL ls very qulck and efforLless Lo make and scan.

As a parL of Lhe reflexlve meLhodology Lhe prlorlLy Lours have conLlnued, as an arena for
dlscusslons beLween dlfferenL caLegorles of parLlclpanLs of Lhe pro[ecLs, such as Lhe excavaLors
and represenLaLlves of Lhe varlous laboraLorles. 1hese dlscusslons are especlally dependenL on
personal confldence and experlence Lo be reflexlve. As we have had a porLlon of new sLaff
among excavaLors as well as ln Lhe laboraLorles durlng Lhe lasL Lwo years, Lhe prlorlLy Lours
have been a llLLle heslLanL durlng Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe seasons, buL as Llme passed a
consLrucLlve cllmaLe for dlscusslons developed on Lhe Lours. A lack of lnsLrucLlons ln Lhe
beglnnlng of Lhls season also led Lo some confuslon of Lhe ob[ecLlves of Lhe Lours. 1hls wlll be
rectlfled for Lhe comlng seasons.

1he documenLaLlon sysLem aL aLalhyuk ls based on a serles of recordlng sheeLs LhaL are fllled
ln durlng excavaLlon, Lhe flrsL one belng Lhe unlL sheeL. SkeleLon sheeL, feaLure sheeL, bulldlng
sheeL and space sheeL are also lncluded ln Lhe hlerarchlcal sysLem, based on slngle conLexL
273
274

recordlng. uurlng Lhe 2013 season we made some changes Lo Lhe sheeLs, malnly Lhe unlL and
skeleLon sheeLs. 1he order of Lhe flelds Lo be fllled ln were changed Lo beLLer correspond Lo Lhe
workflow durlng excavaLlon, ln order Lo emphaslze documenLaLlon as an on going rocess
durlng excavaLlon, and make Lhls documenLaLlon easler. As Lhe documenLaLlon ls a parL of a
reflexlve LhoughL process, lL ls lmporLanL Lo capLure Lhe whole process ln Lhe record. We also
made Lhe paper verslon and Lhe daLabase verslon correspond, noL Lo cause any confuslon of
whaL should be recorded. Some flelds were made lnvlslble ln Lhe daLabase as Lhey are no longer
used and oLher flelds were added, such as a separaLe fleld for flnds.

As Lhe documenLaLlon sheeLs changed, Lhe lnsLrucLlons ln Lhe crlb sheeL were also changed and
updaLed Lo currenL pracLlces, as Lhe currenL verslon had noL been updaLed for several years.
1he crlb sheeL now lncludes more speclflc lnsLrucLlons Lo the actical ngredienLs of Lhe
reflexlve meLhodology.

8|b||ography:
Berggren B. Nilsson
forthcoming. Colng back, looklng forward. 8eflexlve archaeology or reflexlve meLhod
CaLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL vol 10.

Hodder, l.
2000 ueveloplng a reflexlve meLhod ln archaeology. 1owotJs teflexlve metboJ lo
otcboeoloqy. tbe exomple of otolboyok, Podder, l. (ed.) Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe
Monographs/8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology aL Ankara Monograph 28:314.

274
275

+[? \B6HB9>I +,-.
Alllson Mlckel, SLanford University

Slnce 1996, Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL has employed Lhe use of dlarles as a means of
recordlng Lhe broader conLexL surroundlng Lhe resL of Lhe archaeologlcal daLa conLalned ln Lhe
daLabase. 8oLh excavaLors and laboraLory researchers are encouraged Lo wrlLe Lwo dlary
enLrles each week, whlch conslsL of narraLlve accounLs lnLended Lo cenLer on developlng
research quesLlons and lnLerpreLaLlons. All of Lhe dlary enLrles are posLed onllne aL Lhe end of
each season, along wlLh Lhe convenLlonal recordlng forms compleLed durlng excavaLlon.
1he exacL conLenL of Lhe dlary accounLs has varles exLremely accordlng Lo Lhe auLhor of Lhe
entry, slnce llLLle guldance and conLrol has been execuLed over Lhe dlarles. Moreover, Lhe
number of posLs expecLed of each researcher and Lhe emphasls placed on Lhe lmporLance of
Lhe dlarles has llkewlse varled across fleld seasons. As a resulL, Lhe dlary daLabase ls comprlsed
of a dlverse body of narraLlve accounLs whlch documenL Lhe documenLaLlon aL aLalhyuk ln
extremely varled ways.

8eLween 1999 and 2011, however, parLlclpaLlon ln wrlLlng dlary enLrles decreased dramaLlcally
unLll Lhere were only seven dlary enLrles wrlLLen by Lhe enLlre LasL Mound research Leam
2
. ln
2012, some prellmlnary lnLervenLlons were deslgned and lmplemenLed whlch almed boLh aL
lncreaslng parLlclpaLlon and aL lncreaslng llnkages beLween dlary enLrles as well as Lhe resL of
Lhe daLabase. 1hese sLraLegles were furLher lmproved and lnLegraLed lnLo Lhe pro[ecL's
meLhodology ln Lhe 2013 fleld season. ln Lhls reporL, l revlew Lhe changes made over Lhe pasL
Lwo fleld seasons, and brlefly addresses several ongolng research pro[ecLs focuslng on Lhe
dlarles aL aLalhyuk. l wlll conclude by dlscusslng fuLure plans for Lhe dlary medlum ln
upcoming easons, and as Lhe pro[ecL looks Loward lLs concluslon.

kecent Changes to the D|ar|es
8ecognlzlng Lhe pauclLy of dlary enLrles ln 2011, Lhe dlary plaLform was redeslgned ln Lhe 2012
season Lo make Lhe dlarles feel more lmmedlaLely useful and relevanL. We hoped LhaL Lhese
changes would noL only encourage more Leam members Lo compleLely enLrles more
frequentlybuL also LhaL Lhe conLenL of Lhe dlarles would lncrease ln rlchness, complexlLy, and
uLlllLy. Cne of Lhe modlflcaLlons, accordlngly, was Lo add a llsL of guldellnes Lo Lhe MlcrosofL
Access plaLform for posLlng Lo Lhe dlary daLabase. 1eam members are now prompLed Lo wrlLe
abouL Loplcs such as Lhelr lnLerpreLlve process regardlng speclflc unlLs (e.g. hypoLhesls for how
parLlcular deposlLs were formed, quesLlons LhaL have arlsen over Lhe course of excavaLlon),
how mulLlple unlLs and feaLures relaLe Lo one anoLher, and Lhe reasonlng behlnd Lhelr
excavaLlon sLraLegles. 1he guldellnes also remlnd Leam members LhaL Lhese are noL meanL Lo
be personal dlarles, focuslng on one's lnLlmaLe emoLlons or feellngs Loward Lhe pro[ecL or oLher
Leam members.

2
The West Mound excavation team employs the use of daily diary entries as part of their recording methodology;
therefore there were 139 diary entries from West Mound team members in 2011. The interventions focused on
increasing articipation nd uiding he iary ontent ere ainly argeted t he ast ound esearch eam.
275
276

AddlLlonal funcLlonallLles were also added Lo Lhe dlary wrlLlng plaLform. noL only are
researchers now able Lo Lag Lhelr enLrles wlLh Lhe unlL, feaLure, space and building numbers
referenced ln Lhelr enLrles, buL Lhey also now possess Lhe ablllLy Lo wrlLe Lhelr own free text
Lags descrlblng Lhe Loplcs addressed ln Lhelr accounLs. 1hese Lags enhance Lhe searchablllLy of
Lhe dlary daLabase, as well as creaLe llnks beLween enLrles cenLerlng on relaLed dlscusslons.
1he Lagglng feaLure has noL yeL been mlgraLed Lo Lhe webslLe, buL examples of some Lags
lnclude meLhodology," burlals," and end of season." Cne especlally noLeworLhy Lag ls
#Catalhoyukproblems," whlch lllusLraLes LhaL Leam members recognlze slmllarlLles beLween
Lhe dlary plaLform aL aLalhyuk and soclal medla neLworks such as 1wlLLer and lacebook,
whlch use Lhe hashLag symbol Lo encode Lags of dlscusslon Loplcs. 1hls ls slgnlflcanL, glven LhaL
one goal for Lhe dlary plaLform redeslgn was Lo lncrease dlalogue beLween Leam members. 1he
way Lhe dlary wrlLers have approprlaLed Lhe Lagglng sysLem Lo more closely approxlmaLe Lhese
global, publlc soclal medla neLworks demonsLraLes LhaL Lhe aLalhyuk Leam members are
selzlng Lhe opporLunlLy Lo connecL wlLh oLher researchers on Lhe pro[ecL vla Lhe dlary medlum.

A furLher, relaLed, revlslon Lo Lhe dlary sysLem was Lo enable dlary wrlLers Lo reply dlrecLly Lo
oLher posLed enLrles ln Lhe dlary daLabase. AL Lhe boLLom of each enLry Lhere ls now a buLLon
labeled reply," whlch opens Lo a screen for composlng a new dlary. 1hls new enLry ls dlrecLly
llnked Lo Lhe orlglnal. 8esponses are marked wlLh Lhe enLrles Lo whlch Lhey reply and vlce
versa, allowlng for easy navlgaLlon beLween dlaloglng posLs. 1hls feaLure has been lncredlbly
successful over Lhe pasL Lwo fleld seasons ln generaLlng debaLe and conversaLlon wlLhln Lhe
dlary enLrles, dlscusslons have conslsLed of as many as slx consecuLlve enLrles. 1hese
discusslons can be examlned laLer Lo recreaLe Lhe lnLerpersonal hermeneuLlc processes leadlng
Lo Lhe flnal, publlshed resulLs of excavaLlons aL aLalhyuk.

1hese modlflcaLlons Lo Lhe dlary plaLform have been successful aL encouraglng cerLaln Lypes of
entriesspecifically, enLrles LhaL respond Lo one anoLher and focus on ongolng ma[or lssues ln
analysls and lnLerpreLaLlon. 1hls has lncreased Lhe LoLal coherence of Lhe dlary daLabase, as
well as lLs uLlllLy Lo researchers boLh durlng and followlng Lhe excavaLlon season. 1he changes
made Lo Lhe MlcrosofL Access plaLform, however, would be unllkely Lo alone lncrease
parLlclpaLlon ln dlary wrlLlng, as Lhey are lnvlslble unLll Lhe user logs onLo Lhe sysLem Lo creaLe
an enLry or read oLhers. 1herefore, we also soughL ways Lo vlslbly remlnd Leam members Lo
conLrlbuLe dlary enLrles and Lo peruse Lhe narraLlves already posLed.

D|ary Lntry of the Day
ln Lhe 2012 season, Asa 8erggren and l began selecLlng an excerpL from one dlary each day Lo
posL ln hlghly vlslble areas of Lhe dlg house. 1he alm was Lo generaLe dally dlscusslon abouL
Lhese quoLes, and Lo creaLe a culLure of dlary wrlLlng by embeddlng Lhe dlarlesusually ln
dlglLal and lnLanglble formln Lhe physlcal, embodled landscape of Lhe pro[ecL. 8y posLlng
these xcerpLs ln hlgh traffic, consplclous places llke Lhe announcemenL board, above waLer
fountains, and even ln Lhe baLhrooms, we hoped Lo make Lhem someLhlng lmposslble Lo
lgnore. Moreover, ln conLrasL Lo Lhe largely unchanglng dally rouLlne of Lhe workday, Lhe dlary
enLry of Lhe day would be someLhlng new and dlfferenL each day.

276
277

1he selecLlon of Lhe excerpLed enLrles was based on how well Lhe enLry exempllfled Lhe sLaLed
goals for Lhe dlary recordlng sysLem. We also Lrled Lo feaLure a dlverse range of Leam
members, ln Lerms of age, naLlonallLy, speclalLy, and poslLlon. Lach excerpLs was approved by
Lhe orlglnal wrlLer, and posLed each day rlghL before dlnnerLlme.

1he quanLlLaLlve success of Lhls endeavor was evldenL, from seven enLrles ln 2011, Lhere were
almosL 130 enLrles ln 2012 and 2013. Moreover, Lhe dlverslLy of perspecLlves lncluded
lncreased dramaLlcally. 1he daLabase ln 2012 and 2013 feaLures conLrlbuLlons from every
excavaLlon area and maLerlal speclalLy. 1he ulary LnLry of Lhe uay even engendered verbal
dlalogue beLween members of Lhe research Leam. vlslble conversaLlons Look place around Lhe
posLed enLrles, exLendlng debaLes beyond Lhe dlglLal dlary medlum. 8y Lhe end of Lhe 2012
season and LhroughouL Lhls pasL season ln 2013, some Leam members even requesLed LhaL
Lhelr enLrles be made ulary LnLry of Lhe uay, for Lhe express purpose of sparklng dlscusslon and
recelvlng feedback on Lhelr LhoughLs and concerns.

Cf course, Lhe ulary LnLry of Lhe uay was noL wlLhouL lLs drawbacks, alLhough mosL of Lhese
were resolved before Lhe sLarL of Lhe 2013 season. Some of Lhe early posLs sparked some brlef
confllcL and concern, so we were sure ln 2013 Lo be careful abouL Lhe excerpL conLenL and Lo be
sure Lo conflrm Lhe exacL excerpLs wlLh Lhe orlglnal auLhors. A few Leam members also
expressed worry LhaL people mlghL be afrald Lo wrlLe dlarles, or Lo express frusLraLlons, for fear
of Lhe lncreased vlslblllLy of Lhe dlary plaLform. Cn Lhe conLrary, lL seems LhaL Lhe ulary LnLry of
Lhe uay has proven helpful for Leam members Lo recognlze shared concerns and, accordlngly,
formulaLe producLlve and collaboraLlve approaches Lo resolvlng Lhese concerns.

1he renewed lnLeresL generaLed ln creaLlng dlary enLrles has corresponded wlLh a parallel
lncrease ln research pro[ecLs LhaL focus on Lhe dlarles. 1here are currenLly Lhree maln ongolng
research pro[ecLs, acLlve ln Lhe 2013 season, almed aL lnLerrogaLlng varlous aspecLs of Lhe dlary
sysLem. 1hese pro[ecLs are descrlbed below.

Cngo|ng kesearch w|th the D|ar|es
Cne of Lhe research pro[ecLs LhaL has employed Lhe dlarles has been conducLed slnce 2012 by
1om lrankland. Pls sLudy examlnes wheLher a Lechnologlcal lnLervenLlon uslng Lhe dlarles could
lmprove collaboraLlon and awareness beLween members of Lhe aLalhyuk excavaLlon Leam.
Pe has creaLed vlsuallzaLlons based on Lhe llngulsLlc slmllarlLy of dlary enLrles, whlch serve as a
vlsual represenLaLlon of Lhe dlscusslons occurrlng on slLe aL aLalhyuk. A slldeshow of Lhese
vlsuallzaLlons was uploaded Lo a vldeo dlsplay ln Lhe dlg house for around a week ln boLh 2012
and 2013, and lrankland has conducLed eLhnographlc lnLervlews wlLh Leam members Lo gauge
Lhe lmpacL of Lhe lnLervenLlon. ln 2013, he also capLured researchers' lnLeracLlons wlLh Lhe
dlsplay uslng a vldeo camera.

Lll[ah Meeks has been conducLlng slmllar research on Lhe Loplcs dlscussed ln Lhe dlarles. Pe has
employed Lhe Lechnlque of Loplc modellng Lo ldenLlfy shared Lhemes ln dlarles over Llme and
space. Pls represenLaLlons show whaL klnds of words and language occur LogeLher mosL ofLen,
organlcally sorLlng lnLo broader Loplcs whlch lllusLraLe how archaeologlsLs aL aLalhyuk Lhlnk
277
278

and wrlLe abouL Lhese lssues. Pe wlll be uslng Lhese shared Lhemes Lo ldenLlfy slmllarlLles
beLween dlarles and annual reports, as well as Lrylng Lo beLLer undersLand change ln pracLlce
and language on Lhe slLe over Llme.

Finally, my own research works Lo conLrasL Lhe dlary medlum as a recordlng sysLem wlLh Lhe
oLher recordlng meLhodologles employed on slLe. Speclflcally, l have been examlnlng Lhe
lnformaLlon conLalned ln Lhe dlary enLrles as compared Lo Lhe unlL and feaLure sheeLs. My
research has lllusLraLed a greaL deal of overlap beLween Lhese Lwo recordlng sysLems, and l am
currenLly worklng Lo quanLlfy Lhls redundancy and Lo publlsh Lhese flndlngs. l hope Lo lllusLraLe
Lhe uLlllLy of Lhe dlarles desplLe Lhe apparenL repeLlLlon of cerLaln klnds of lnformaLlon.
Specifically, l wlll show how Lhe dlarles can acLlvely conLrlbuLe Lo research durlng Lhe fleld
season as well as for lndeflnlLely preservlng momenLs of Lhe hermeneuLlc process whlch would
oLherwlse be ephemeral. 1he modlflcaLlons Lo Lhe dlary recordlng sysLem descrlbed above, and
Lhe ways LhaL Leam members have responded Lo Lhese changes, are exLremely slgnlflcanL for
lllusLraLlng Lhls polnL.

Conc|us|ons: Iuture D|rect|ons
ln Lhe comlng seasons, we have some remalnlng goals for furLher lmprovlng Lhe dlary daLabase
sysLem. 1he flrsL ls conLlnulng Lo lncrease parLlclpaLlon, and furLhermore dlverslLy of
participaLlon. We wlll conLlnue Lo reach ouL Lo Lhe varlous Leams aL aLalhyuk, Lo encourage
sLudenLs and speclallsLs Lo posL enLrles, and Lo seek lnnovaLlve ways Lo make Lhe culLure of
diary wrlLlng lncreaslngly vlbranL. ln Lhe 2013 season, we also began dlscusslng ways of
overcomlng Lhe language barrlers posed by havlng such an lnLernaLlonal Leam aL aLalhyuk.
Hopefully, we wlll be able Lo ldenLlfy opporLunlLles for non Lngllsh speakers Lo conLrlbuLe Lo
Lhe archlve, Lhe flexlblllLy and open ended naLure of Lhe dlary plaLform ls exLremely promlslng
for Lhls goal. lf we do flnd ways Lo sysLemaLlcally and seamlessly lnclude daLa recorded ln oLher
languages, lL may even be posslble for local workmen Lo conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe daLa recordlng
sLraLegles aL aLalhyuk for Lhe flrsL Llme.

AnoLher concern regardlng Lhe fuLure of Lhe dlary medlum ls lnLegraLlng Lhe dlarles wlLh oLher
daLabase lnformaLlon. 1hls has been achleved ln parL by addlng Lhe Lagglng feaLure, buL as
menLloned above, Lhls has noL been porLed Lo Lhe web verslon of Lhe aLalhyuk daLabase,
meanlng LhaL lL ls noL accesslble offslLe. 1he dlarles and Lhe dally skeLches creaLed by
excavaLors are sLored ln Lhe same reposlLory, buL Lhere ls mlnlmal connecLlon beLween Lhe Lwo
daLa seLs. lL would be ldeal Lo connecL Lhe dlarles, Lhe dally skeLches, Lhe excavaLlon daLa, and
even Lhe phoLos and vldeos collecLed aL aLalhyukLo make lL posslble for researchers and
Lhe publlc Lo navlgaLe beLween Lhese medla ln lnLulLlve ways.

lf Lhls level of lnLegraLlon ls achleved, more lnLeresLed researchers and members of Lhe publlc
wlll be able Lo sLudy Lhe dlarles, noL only ln lsolaLlon, buL also ln Lhe broader conLexL of Lhe
LoLal daLa collecLed over Lhe pro[ecL's duraLlon. 1hls becomes an ever greaLer advanLage as Lhe
aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL excavaLlons come Lo an end and Lhe daLa musL be publlshed and
archlved ln full. ldeally, Lhls can be done ln a way LhaL makes Lhe daLa, lncludlng Lhe dlarles,
mosL useful Lo all of Lhe dlverse communlLles lnLeresLed ln sLudylng aLalhyuk. 1he
278
279

modlflcaLlons LhaL have recenLly been made Lo Lhe dlary recordlng sysLem and Lhe ongolng
research examlnlng Lhe dlarlesall of Lhe pro[ecLs descrlbed aboveconLrlbuLe ln Lhe shorL
Lerm Lo achlevlng Lhls evenLual alm.

279
280

+L? 49H>:<68 696HEF
aLlna ro[ecL members, SouLhampLon unlverslLy: Craeme Larl, Angellkl ChrysanLhl
SouLhampLon unlverslLy, 8esearch SLaff: Pembo agl

SLudy parLlclpanLs: Lhe members of Lhe WesL Mound excavaLlon Leam (. 8lehl, !. 8ogasch, !.
Brady, C. llleL, l. lranz, u. Crlswold, C. naumov, L. 8uzl, . 1euwsen, and . WllleLL)

1hls sLudy was conducLed as parL of Lhe ersonal ArchlLecLonlcs 1hrough lnLeracLlon wlLh
ArLefacLs pro[ecL (A1lnA) pro[ecL, whlch alms Lo revoluLlonlse Lhe deslgn of Lechnologles for
supporLlng research, by emphaslslng Lhe prlmacy of Lhe research maLerlal. Archaeologlcal
fleldwork aL aLalhyuk was one of Lhe research envlronmenLs belng sLudled by Lhe pro[ecL ln
order Lo aLLaln a beLLer undersLandlng of Lhe worklng envlronmenL and Lo examlne Lhe
lnfluence of new Lechnologles ln pracLlce.

1he alm of Lhls sLudy was Lo provlde a rlch accounL of fleldwork, as an lnLeresLlng worklng
environment, and Lo furLher explore Lhe noLlon of 'reflexlve meLhods' ln archaeologlcal
lnLerpreLaLlon wlLh Lhe ald of vldeo recordlng. vldeo documenLaLlon has a long sLandlng
presence ln eLhnographlc sLudles and archaeologlcal research (Podder 2000, 8aklc and
Chambers 2009, Morgan 2013). 1he use of vldeo recordlngs has played a slgnlflcanL role ln Lhe
documenLaLlon of aLalhyuk as a means of capLurlng lnLerpreLaLlon aL Lhe 'Lrowels edge'
(Podder 1997), enabllng 'a full hermeneuLlc process' and reflexlvlLy ln lnLerpreLaLlon (Podder
1995, 2000). ln pasL seasons, such vldeo recordlngs were lmplemenLed vla a dedlcaLed slLe
vldeographer who capLured Lhe on golng lnLerpreLaLlons of excavaLors and speclallsLs as Lhey
evolved over Llme. 1he vldeo cameras employed for fllmlng Lend Lo be sLaLlonary and Lhe
resulLlng recordlngs appear Lo be somewhaL 'staged. As a resulL, Lhe recordlngs do noL
generally capLure Lhe acLual processes of excavaLlon, Lhe lnLerpreLaLlon expressed beLween
excavaLors or Lhe archaeologlcal maLerlals as Lhey occur. 1hls ls eloquenLly descrlbed by lan
Podder (1993): 'As each scene ls seL up and laLer waLched on Lhe monlLor, one cannoL help buL
be aware of how consLrucLed ls Lhe resulL. 1he placlng of Lhe camera and Lhe cholce of Loplcs
and words lnvolve selecLlon and represenLaLlon.'

Also, conslderable efforL has been puL ln Lhe pasL Lo handle (edlL, annoLaLe) such daLa and more
lmporLanLly Lo make Lhem easlly accesslble Lo Lhe Leam members. 1he large volumes of vldeo
are ofLen dlfflculL Lo manage, search and parse for lmporLanL lnformaLlon, and unllke oLher
Lypes of daLa Lhe vldeo archlve ls sLlll lefL under lnspecLed and sLored lndependenLly of Lhe
interpreLaLlve process.

ln order Lo address 1) Lhe lssue of sLaLlonary recordlngs and 2) lssues relaLed Lo handlng vldeo
data, we ran a prellmlnary sLudy ln whlch archaeologlsLs were provlded wlLh a llghLwelghL and
wearable recordlng devlce as well as wlLh a vldeo managemenL appllcaLlon. 1he sLudy lnvolved
recordlngs wlLh personal and wearable devlces whlch capLured elLher physlcal lnLeracLlons of
parLlclpanLs wlLh Lhelr prlmary research maLerlal or conversaLlons among members of Lhe
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281

Leam. lL also enLalled an assessmenL of Lhls process and lLs lmpacL ln archaeologlcal research.
1he Lechnology ls noL lnLended Lo be a means Lo monlLor archaeologlsLs' behavlour buL raLher
Lo provlde an easy way Lo prompL memorles of lmporLanL dlscusslons or on going
interpretatlons and Lo promoLe collaboraLlon. 1hls reporL malnly focuses on Lhe employmenL
and evaluaLlon of novel Lechnologles used 'ln Lhe wlld' and provldes some prellmlnary lnslghLs
lnLo wheLher such Lechnologles are useful Lo archaeologlsLs and how we can lmprove Lhe flows
of exlsLlng processes of capLurlng, deposlLlng and reLrlevlng generaLed daLa. Cur ulLlmaLe goal
ls Lo dlssemlnaLe Lhe ouLcomes of Lhls sLudy amongsL our parLners ln Lhe A1lnA ro[ecL and
Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL. Popefully, Lhls sLudy wlll prompL Lhe concepLlon and
lmplemenLaLlon of novel ways of generaLlng and lnLeracLlng wlLh vldeo daLa ln an lnLulLlve and
effecLlve way for archaeologlcal research and wlll [oln wlLh Lhe slgnlflcanL and long standing
research on 'reflexlve meLhods' aL atalhyk, conducLed by oLher members of Lhe pro[ecL.
1he vldeo recordlng devlce and Lhe managemenL appllcaLlon

1he sysLem chosen for vldeo recordlng ls an off the shelf devlce called Looxcle 2, a small
wearable and llghLwelghL vldeo camera whlch records everyLhlng Lhe user sees and hears
slLLlng over Lhe ear. AddlLlonally, wlLh a slmple operaLlon, Lhe user can capLure Lhe pasL 30
seconds and creaLe a shorL vldeo segmenL whlch allows Lhe creaLlon of manageable vldeo flles
and Lhe capLure of lnLeracLlons even when Lhey were noL anLlclpaLed. 1he devlce can elLher be
operaLed dlrecLly Lhrough slmple conLrols locaLed on Lhe devlce or vla a smarLphone/LableL
appllcaLlon (androld, lCS).

lor handllng vldeo daLa we used Lhe SynoLe, a sofLware creaLed by Lhe MAClo8 (MulLlmedla
AnnoLaLlon and CommunlLy lolksonomy 8ulldlng) pro[ecL, a !lSC funded pro[ecL carrled ouL aL
Learnlng SocleLles Lab, School of LlecLronlcs and CompuLer Sclence, unlverslLy of SouLhampLon.
SynoLe ls a web based appllcaLlon LhaL enables Lhe creaLlon of synchronlsed bookmarks, Lhe
Synmarks, whlch can conLaln noLes and Lags synchronlsed wlLh audlo or vldeo recordlngs and
transcripts, and can be used Lo reLrleve and replay segmenLs of Lhe recordlngs. 1he parLlcular
appllcaLlon allows users Lo add noLes and Lags Lo several parLs of a slngle recordlng (unllke
oLher sysLems LhaL allow such operaLlons Lo Lhe whole flle) and Lhus, searchlng and 'parsing of
vldeo segmenLs and Lhe accompanylng lnformaLlon becomes a less Lrlvlal Lask.
Procedure for Lhe deploymenL and Lhe evaluaLlon

Cur sLudy was conducLed aL Lhe WesL Mound excavaLlon, supervlsed by . 8lehl. ln Lerms of
chooslng parLlclpanLs for Lhe sLudy our maln concern was Lo ensure Lhe parLlclpaLlon of
members who play dlfferenL roles ln Lhe Leam ranglng from sLudenLs and experlenced
excavaLors Lo supervlsors. AnoLher lmporLanL facLor was Lhe avallablllLy and consenL of Lhe
selecLed people Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhls Lask. MosL members of Lhe Leam were keen Lo parLlclpaLe,
slnce Lhey were already famlllar wlLh recordlng pracLlces. 1hey also appreclaLed Lhe poLenLlal of
uslng Lhe devlce ln fleldwork and fully consenLed Lo provlde us wlLh Lhe generaLed daLa ln order
Lo sLudy Lhelr work.
281
282

Cn Lhe flrsL day of Lhe deploymenL,
Lhe archaeology Leam was
lnLroduced Lo Lhe devlce and Lhe
dlfferenL modes of recordlng, and
Lhe selecLed parLlclpanLs were
lnsLrucLed on how Lo operaLe Lhe
devlce Lo ensure recordlng. 1hls
process was repeaLed each Llme a
new parLlclpanL Look over. ln LoLal
seven parLlclpanLs Look parL ln Lhls
slx day sLudy, Lwo of whom used
Lhe devlce for Lhree days, four
used lL for Lwo days and one
parLlclpanL used lL only once.
Additionally, Lhe flnds speclallsL of
Lhe Leam who usually works ln Lhe
labs had Lhe opporLunlLy Lo waLch some Lhe capLured vldeo segmenLs and provlde hls
assessment.

1he evaluaLlon procedure malnly lnvolved observaLlons and lnLervlews. arLlclpanLs were
observed whlle uslng Lhe devlce and besldes LhaL, noLes and phoLos were employed Lo
documenL whaL parLlclpanLs dld wlLh Lhe Lechnology, whaL sorL of lnformaLlon Lhey capLured
and whaL Lhey dld wlLh LhaL lnformaLlon. Lach day parLlclpanLs were glven Lhe vldeo segmenLs
Lhey recorded and were encouraged Lo revlew Lhem ln Lhe labs durlng evenlng hours and keep
shorL noLes on wheLher Lhese recordlngs were useful and how. ln accordance wlLh our eLhlcal
procedures, Lhe process of daLa collecLlon lnvolved Lhe parLlclpanLs chooslng Lo glve us Lhe daLa
Lhey had capLured slnce we wanLed Lhe excavaLors Lo feel ln conLrol of opLlng ouL of glvlng us
parLlcular daLa Lo ease any prlvacy concerns. ln pracLlce, Lhls procedure was reallsed ln Lhe posL
excavatlon phase by e mall correspondence. AddlLlonally, lnLervlews of approxlmaLely 30 45
mlnuLes were conducLed aL a Llme LhaL caused mlnlmum dlsrupLlon Lo Lhe everyday workflow
of parLlclpanLs who agreed Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhls sLudy. 1he lnLervlews were conducLed ln a
semi sLrucLured manner whlch was achleved by poslng cerLaln open ended quesLlons Lo ensure
varleLy ln responses and faclllLaLe a consLrucLlve dlalogue beLween lnLervlewer and
lnLervlewee. llnally, vldeo analysls ls Lhe Lhlrd evaluaLlon meLhod used Lo decode cerLaln
paLLerns of lnLeracLlon beLween users and Lhe devlce, Leam members and research pracLlses.
lor Lhls, a slgnlflcanL corpus of daLa was dlssemlnaLed among experLs of vldeo analysls and
narraLlve wlLhln Lhe aLlna pro[ecL.

Ma|n f|nd|ngs from the eva|uat|on
M#&5.;.'*#0 "I6&#/*$."'6
ln Lhe beglnnlng of Lhe sLudy Lhe users were lnsLrucLed Lo keep record on and use Lhe 30
second hlghllghLs as much as posslble ln order Lo generaLe small and manageable vldeo
segmenLs of Lhe lmporLanL Lhlngs LhaL occurred durlng Lhelr work. AfLer Lhe flrsL Lwo days,
when Lhe Leam members had already experlenced Lhe use and Lhe funcLlonallLles of Lhe devlce
Figure 29.1. Participants recording their observations with the wearable
devices.
282
283

ln Lhelr dally rouLlne a cerLaln 'stance Lowards Lhe process sLarLed Lo emerge. AlLhough,
participants knowledged LhaL Lhe hlghllghL funcLlonallLy was useful as lL provlded Lhe
opporLunlLy Lo do some ln slLu reflnemenL of daLa selecLlon, Lhere was almosL no use of lL.
Accordlng Lo Lhelr assessmenL Lhe LhlrLy second cllp was noL really long enough Lo capLure
someLhlng useful abouL Lhelr work and as a parLlclpanL commenLed: '.lf you feel LhaL you have
Lo operaLe lL ln some way Lhen you are sLarLlng Lo concenLraLe on LhaL Lask raLher Lhan your
usual way of worklng on site. LvenLually, Lhe parLlclpanLs Look absoluLe conLrol of Lhelr devlce
by swlLchlng lL on and off, a facL whlch negaLed Lhe beneflL of a serendlplLous capLure dlscussed
above buL aL Lhe same Llme lL gave more conLrol Lo users.

An lnLeresLlng observaLlon concerns Lhe dlfferenL ways whlch parLlclpanLs followed Lo conducL
vldeo documenLaLlon. Some parLlclpanLs malnly chose Lo record conversaLlons Lhey had wlLh
Lhelr colleagues abouL cerLaln aspecLs of Lhelr work. CLhers, prlorlLlsed recordlng aL cerLaln
momenLs when Lhey declded lL was worLh keeplng a noLe. ln Lhose cases, vldeo segmenLs are
characLerlsed by a cerLaln acLlvlLy (e.g. excavaLlng, polnLlng aL cerLaln locaLlons, movlng
beLween and polnLlng aL cerLaln spaces) and a 'keeping note to self Lype of narraLlon (lig.
29.2). CLher Lypes of recordlng encounLered, lnvolve Lhe acLual process of excavaLlon wlLh no
audlLory commenLs. As a parLlclpanL explalns 'l dldn'L acLually Lalk Lo myself abouL whaL l was
dolng.l was more lnLeresLed ln keeplng a vlsual record of my excavaLlon processes'.

A dlfferenL Lype of observaLlon has Lo do wlLh Lhe
varleLy of gesLures parLlclpanLs use Lo
communlcaLe Lhelr ldeas Lo peers or excavaLe
accordlng Lo Lhelr on golng lnLerpreLaLlon. When
archaeologlsLs were engaged ln a conversaLlon
abouL spaces, sLrucLures and generally large
feaLures of Lhelr worklng envlronmenL Lhey
Lended Lo exaggeraLe Lhelr bodlly movemenLs
and open up Lhelr hand gesLures (lig. 29.3). Cn
Lhe conLrary, conversaLlons abouL small flnds or
areas of lnLeresL, colour and LexLure Lend Lo be
accompanled by subLle gesLurlng (Fig. 29.3). Such
gesLures could poLenLlally be Lechnologlcally
explored and uLlllsed as a complemenLary
mechanlsm Lo auLomaLe Lhe process of edlLlng,
annoLaLlng and archlvlng vldeo daLa ln caLegorles.

Also, Lhe pace of excavaLlng dlffers dependlng on
Lhe level of undersLandlng of Lhe conLexL LhaL ls
belng excavaLed. 1he observer can ldenLlfy slow
and lndeclslve movemenLs, fasL and rlgorous
paced Lrowellng, exploraLlve or procedural ways
of lnLeracLlng wlLh archaeologlcal maLerlals. Such
varlaLlons ln gesLurlng are largely plcked up by
Figure 29.2. Foreground: recording a conversation
Background: recording notes to shelf
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284

personal vldeo recordlngs, such as Lhe Looxcle. 1hls could be added as anoLher layer of
documenLaLlon whlch has Lo do wlLh Lhe eluslve processes and modes of lnLeracLlng wlLh Lhe
archaeologlcal maLerlal and Lhe sLaLe of belng whlle performlng cerLaln acLlons.

N/*5,*$."' "4 +0'"$&O *''"$*$.'G *'8 #&$#.&/.'G /.8&" 6&G;&'$6
8ecognlslng Lhe poLenLlal of SynoLe for handllng personal vldeo recordlngs ln archaeology we
ran a small scale evaluaLlon wlLh Lhe help of some parLlclpanLs of Lhe maln sLudy Lo evaluaLe
Lhe appllcaLlon's efflclency ln archaeologlcal research. 1he SynoLe Leam, provlded us wlLh a
sLandalone verslon of Lhe appllcaLlon, sulLable for runnlng aL Lhe excavaLlon house and
accesslble from a varleLy of personal devlces such as lapLops (Mac CS and Wlndows
envlronmenLs) and LableLs (Androld and lCS plaLforms).

ParticlpanLs were glven a brlef overvlew of Lhe appllcaLlon and lLs affordances and sLarLed Lo
waLch cerLaln vldeo recordlngs LhaL elLher Lhey or Lhelr colleagues creaLed, wlLh Lhelr personal
or provlded by Lhe pro[ecL LableLs and lapLops. ConLrols on Lhe player were used Lo lay, ause,
SLop Lhe medla and conLrol Lhe volume, and Lhe slze as well as Lhe vlewlng mode (full screen,
embedded screen Lo Lhe SynoLe lnLerface) could change Lo Lhe user's preferences (Fig 29.4).
Figure 29.3. Different types of body and hand gestures depending on the context of discussion
284
285

1he appllcaLlon enabled users Lo perform slmulLaneous Lo Lhe vlewlng annoLaLlons ln Lhe parLs
LhaL Lhey felL a commenL was requlred. 1hls was achleved by creaLlng a bookmark (Synmark), aL
any parL of Lhe vldeo recordlng whlch auLomaLlcally kepL Lhe Llme lnformaLlon whlle oLher
lnformaLlon (llke LlLle, end Llme, commenLs and Lags) could be manually or seml automatically
enLered by Lhe user (lig. 29.5).

Finally, Lhe sofLware offered a
collaboraLlve plaLform where mulLlple
users could waLch and annoLaLe
slmulLaneously Lhe same vldeo. CLher
uLlllLles of Lhe sofLware such as creaLlng
and uslng LranscrlpLs, edlLlng vldeo
recordlngs and llnklng Lo soclal medla were
avallable buL noL used durlng Lhe sLudy.
1he vldeo annoLaLlon process Look each
parLlclpanL approxlmaLely from LhlrLy
mlnuLes Lo one hour Lo compleLe and was
recorded by wearable devlces Lo provlde
hlgh resoluLlon observaLlons for Lhe
evaluaLlon.

9.G%5.G%$6 4#"; $%& &/*5,*$."'
1he quallLaLlve daLa gaLhered from Lhe evaluaLlons provlded furLher lnslghL abouL Lhe value and
Lhe flaws of employlng personal recordlng devlces aL fleldwork. We found LhaL Lhe maln
conLrlbuLlons of uslng wearable recordlng devlces are relaLed Lo Lhe personal and moblle
characLer of Lhose recordlngs and Lhe lmpacL Lhls has ln archaeologlcal fleldwork pracLlses. A
brlef llsLlng of Lhe maln Lhemes ldenLlfled follows.

Figure 29.4. Instances of different viewing modes from the evaluation
Figure 29.5. Instance of a user annotating a video.
285
286

8eneflLs from Lhe recordlng process:
Usability The device that is easy to operate and robust enough considering the challenging
environment in which it was tested. Looxcie is a hands free recording device. This
enables rchaeologists o ecord ighlights f heir n going interpretation while
being fully engaged in the excavation process, in conversations with peers and in
performing other types of documentation.

Manpower No extra people needed to set up and record.
Unobtrusiveness The recording process does not interrupt the on going fieldwork processes
Control and limitation of
surveillance issues
Personalised recording. The user decides on the moments and the length of the
recordings and can have control over the outputs. The fact that more than one
recording device is available for synchronous use and that more than one person
is ontrol f hem significantly minimises surveillance issues.

User Perspective The excavator's perspective. Usually on site video and camera recordings bare
someone else's perspective and not the excavator's. The wearable device records
from a position close to the eyes of the user, providing an additional layer to the
recordings; the intuitive perception of the environment as the archaeologist
engages with it. Thus, it could be argued that the use of this technology for
documentation brings the concept of interpretation at the trowels edge closer
to the actual practice.

8eneflLs from Lhe revlslLlng and annoLaLlng process:
Introspection Archaeologists can assess the on going interpretation by retracing the elusive
processes that took place as they occurred. This enables them to revise previous
interpretations nd/or ake ew bservations ased n o postetlotl knowledge
and the new information that come to light.

Managing and Annotating
Video Data
The Synote application provided a user friendly environment to parse larger
video recordings and add contextual information where necessary.
Retrieving Video and
Contextual Information
Video retrieval becomes less trivial and time consuming with the innovative use
of Synotes (bookmarks).
User friendly Interface The interface of Synote was reported as very user friendly and overall the
participants got familiar with the applications utilities and functions quite easily.
Collaboration The Synote collaborative platform allows multiple users to access video
recordings and the accompanying information that other users deposited and
add their own notes. In result, the application showed more potential for
collaboration than other methods (e.g. diaries) and prompted the exchange of
views and interpretations.

Interpretation
continuum of time and
space
Video stands as a bridge connecting the current state with the previous state and
the respective processes involved. Archaeological deposits and on going
interpretations re crutinised ithin ontinuum f ime nd pace. ast ith
present and physical with digital.

Remote Presence The specialists working in labs can revisit the process of excavation of certain
contexts and finds.
286
287

Decentralised Workflow At the core of the whole process of personal recording, is the decentralised
workflow of video documentation; a fact which tackles to a certain degree known
issues f entralised pproaches hat re xtremely ime consuming.

CLher lssues ldenLlfied:
Mounting Mode It as eported hat he ar ounted evice ppeared o e it obbly nd t
times irritating. Some users preferred to wear it only when they actually used it.

The Frames Edge The perception captured by a position close (and not precisely) to the eye level
and the limitations of the camera frame (the Diagonal Field of View (FOV) is
65.5) often results in off set captures. However, the more users got acquainted
and experienced with the device (from observing their captured segments) the
better use they made. Second and third day videos present better coverage of
the things that the excavator actually sees and talks about.
Awareness and Personal
Behaviour at Fieldwork.
Participants reported that using such devices makes archaeologists more
conscious about how they express themselves on camera, in terms of the way
they communicate their ideas. They were aware that they no longer address the
team members alone (where certain language codes have developed) but
possibly other colleagues from the entire project. At once, most of the
participants reported that their behaviour was not influenced much from the
notion of existing recording devices.
Privacy and Monitoring
Issues
Privacy and monitoring issues in academic environments were raised. owever,
was generally admitted that these issues can be eliminated provided that each
user has editing rights and control over which video segments can be stored onto
the record.
Quality and General
Efficiency of Data
Concerning the quality and general efficiency of data captured via Looxcie,
participants rated the high resolution recording mode as more suitable for this
type of documentation but at the same time they thought it lacked in terms of
capturing fine details that are of great importance in archaeological
documentation such as colour. Participants found video data more useful for
revisiting in a visual manner the spatial distribution of raw fill (soil and scrap
materials) in relation to the actual features (building materials) of spaces
Timeframe for Handling
Data
Archiving, annotating and revisiting personal videos are still quite time
consuming tasks even if the work load is spread across more people. However,
we cannot ignore the potential of the method, given the benefits of a
decentralised workflow for media based documentation. In addition, the fact
that during the study, personal video recording was not an established method
(performed within the frame of participants daily workload) may have influenced
our observations.

Linking Data It as eported hat ould e referable o e ble o llnk ifferent ypes f
documentation to videos and annotations in order to have a holistic view of the
subject under investigation and reflection.

287
288

Iuture work
Overall, Lhe evaluaLlon demonsLraLed LhaL personal recordlng could poLenLlally be of greaL
value Lo archaeologlsLs and Lhe lnLerpreLaLlve process. Cne of Lhe maln challenges ln maklng
Lhls medlum more affecLlve ln fleldwork ls Lo provlde an lnLulLlve annoLaLlon mechanlsm for Lhe
vldeo segmenLs Lo faclllLaLe archlvlng and reLrlevlng processes. Also, lL ls lmporLanL Lo be able
Lo llnk such daLa Lo Lhe resL of Lhe archaeologlcal record slnce prevlous experlence has shown
LhaL Lhe lack of such llnkages ls Lhe reason why such daLa are under lnspecLed by Lhe Leam
members. Powever, Lhls lssue Louches upon broader daLabase sLrucLure and llnked daLa lssues
LhaL are noL golng Lo be addressed ln Lhe framework of Lhls sLudy. nevertheless, lL was ln Lhe
scope of Lhls research pro[ecL Lo address Lhe lssues of annoLaLlng and accesslng vldeo segmenLs
ln novel ways. Cur small scale evaluaLlon of SynoLe wlll hopefully show LhaL such sysLems are
more appeallng Lo researchers ln archaeology, encouraglng personal handllng of vldeo
documenLaLlon and hence, lnLenslfylng vldeo's acLlve role ln Lhe resL of Lhe archaeologlcal
record. Cur lmmlnenL goal ls Lo wrlLe up Lhe resulLs of our evaluaLlon and communlcaLe Lhem
Lo Lhe A1lnA ro[ecL parLners and Lo our colleagues aL aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL, who have
been engaged ln Lhe lnqulry of reflexlve meLhods ln archaeology for many years and have
produced lmporLanL research flnds on Lhe Loplc (see prevlous ubllcaLlons and Archlve 8eporLs,
parLlcularly Archlve 8eporL 2013, 8eflexlve MeLhodology sa 8erggren).

8|b||ography
Hodder, .
1995 vldeo uocumenLaLlon. ln CaLal news 2: newsleLLer of Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch
1rusL. Avallable aL hLLp://www.caLalhoyuk.com/newsleLLers/02/lndex.hLml.
Hodder, l.
1997 Always momenLary, fluld and flexlble: Lowards a reflexlve excavaLlon
methodology. Aotlpolty 71, 691 700.
Hodder, l (ed)
2000 1owotJs keflexlve MetboJ lo Atcboeoloqy. 1be xomple ot otolboyok.
Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal 8esearch / 8rlLlsh lnsLlLuLe of Archaeology aL
Ankara Monograph no.28
Lahlou, S
2011 Pow we can capLure Lhe sub[ecL's perspecLlve An evldence based approach for
Lhe soclal sclenLlsL. 5oclol 5cleoce lofotmotloo 50 4), 607 655.
Morgan,
2012 mooclpototy ulqltol Atcboeoloqy. uocLoral Lhesls, unlverslLy of Callfornla.
Raki, 1., and Chambers,
2009 8esearcher wlLh a movle camera: vlsual eLhnography ln Lhe fleld. cotteot lssoes lo
1ootlsm, 13 (3), 255 270.

288
289

.,? @B=9 2B>Q68B>6=B:< 69<=6=B:< +,-.
Sara erry
1
, Angellkl ChrysanLhl
2
and 1om lrankland
2

wlLh conLrlbuLlons from lan kirkpatrick
1
, aLrlna loxLon
1
, Lrlca Lmond
1
,
llorence Lalno
1
, Slan !ones
1
, and Camze Me;e
3

1
unlverslLy of ?ork,
2
unlverslLy of SouLhampLon,
3
Lge unlverslLy

1he 2013 fleld season represenLs Lhe 3
th
consecuLlve year of work for our vlsuallsaLlon 1eam aL
atalhyk, and lL marks Lhe change over of Lhe ma[orlLy of our conLrlbuLors from Lhe
unlverslLy of SouLhampLon Lo Lhe unlverslLy of ?ork. We arrlved wlLh a cohorL of 11 people: slx
from ?ork (Sara erry, lan kirkpatrick, aLrlna loxLon, llorence Lalno, Lrlca Lmond, Slan !ones),
Lhree from SouLhampLon (Angellkl ChrysanLhl, Craeme Larl, Pembo agl) and Lwo from Lge
unlverslLy (Camze Me;e and Czgur uslu)a mlxLure of lecLurers, hu, MasLer's and
undergraduaLe sLudenLs, and lndependenL graphlcs and Lechnology speclallsLs. Cur Leam
members come from a varleLy of dlsclpllnary backgrounds, lncludlng archaeology, culLural
herlLage managemenL, Lourlsm, flne arL and dlglLal humanlLles, and Lhls dlverslLy ln perspective
and experLlse conLlnues Lo make for a unlquely producLlve collaboraLlve experlence. 1haL
experlence prlvlleges crlLlque, reflecLlon, experlmenLaLlon wlLh lnexpenslve and locally sourced
materials, and blendlng of hand crafLed and dlglLally rendered forms of maklng, as well as
sharlng of knowledge across culLural, professlonal and educaLlonal llnes.

As descrlbed ln prevlous archlve reporLs, Lhe vlsuallsaLlon 1eam alms Lo elaboraLe aLalhyuk's
lnLerpreLaLlve and presenLaLlonal approaches boLh wlLhln Lhe walls of Lhe vlsltors ntre and
across Lhe slLe overall. We speclflcally work Lo (1) lncorporaLe ouLpuLs produced by oLher slLe
speclallsLs and sLaff lnLo our exhlblLlons (raLher Lhan produce everyLhlng anew ourselves), (2)
develop concepLs for dlsplays Lhrough fully collaboraLlve pracLlce wlLh vlslLors, guards, scholars,
sLudenLs and oLher lnLeresLed parLles, (3) manufacLure maLerlals ln an lnexpenslve, it
yourself fashlon LhaL allows Lhem Lo be modlfled and dlscarded as archaeologlcal
interpretaLlons change and as publlc crlLlque ls collecLed, and (4) prlvllege pedagogy (i.e.,
learnlng how Lo research, make, evaluaLe and revlse ln an lLeraLlve and consLrucLlve manner)
above fabrlcaLlon of slngular showpleces. 1hls sLraLegy commlLs us Lo long Lerm developmenL
raLher Lhan shorL Lerm overhauls, and as such, lL can be uncomfortable, as progress ls slow and
mlsLakes are lnevlLably made when so many hands are lnvolved ln Lhe process. Slmllarly,
worklng beLween dlglLal and analogue medla, balanclng respecL for Lhe seLLlng wlLh demands
for new forms of engagemenL, and prlorlLlslng creaLlve pracLlce and crafLwork, can be
challenglng and lengLhy acLlvlLles. 1rue Lo Lhe reflexlve meLhod aL aLalhyuk, Lhough, Lhese
challenges always feed back lnLo our work, alLerlng our pracLlce each year, elaboraLlng our
represenLaLlon of aLalhyuk, and addlng Lo our subsLanLlal body of daLa on vlslLors and vlslLor
percepLlons of Lhe slLe.

289
290

V|s|tor Demograph|c
atalhyks slLe guards have been collecLlng baslc daLa on vlslLor aLLendance slnce
approxlmaLely 2002. 1hese daLa lnclude numbers of lndlvlduals arrlvlng aL Lhe slLe, Lhelr
counLry of orlgln, and lf based wlLhln 1urkey Lhelr clLy or reglon of resldence. 1he recordlng
of Lhls lnformaLlon ls done by hand ln ledger books sLored on slLe, and Lhe rough naLure of Lhe
sysLem suggesLs LhaL human error mlghL affecL Lhe accuracy of Lhe numbers. nevertheless, Lhe
conslsLency of Lhe daLa across Lhe years lndlcaLes LhaL any such errors are llkely noL Lo be
sLaLlsLlcally slgnlflcanL.

We reflecL below on Lhe vlslLor lnformaLlon recorded, ln parLlcular, beLween 2010 and end of
!une 2013. Cf speclal lnLeresL ls Lhe recenL rlse ln vlslLor numbers and Lhe assoclaLed change ln
vlslLor demographlc, whlch LogeLher seem Lo be dlrecLly correlaLed wlLh aLalhyuk's
lnscrlpLlon on unESCOs World PerlLage SlLe list.

Ovetoll vlsltot AtteoJooce

Slnce 2004, vlslLor numbers
have exceeded 10,000 people
per year, wlLh a consplcuous
increase ln 2010, when annual
aLLendance began Lo hover
around 13,000. A slmllarly
consplcuous lncrease was
evldenL ln 2004, when
numbers rose by 4000 vlslLors
(from c.6000 per year ln 2002
and 2003) (llg. 30.1).

SeasonallLy and LourlsLlc Lrends
have clearly lmpacLed upon
vlslLor numbers, wlLh lows ln
!anuary and lebruary, and
peaks ln Aprll and May, and
ofLen ln SepLember and
CcLober as well (alLhough Lo a
lesser exLenL). WhllsL Lhese
Lrends have been falrly
conslsLenL over Llme, Lhere has
also been an overall lncrease ln
vlslLs ln recenL years across all
monLhs (llg. 30 2).

Figure 30.1. Total visitor attendance at atalhyk (international and local) from
2002 until end of 2012.
Figure 30.2. Monthly visits from 2002 to 2013.
290
291

1hls lncrease ls especlally noLlceable ln 2013, wlLh an addlLlonal c.3000 vlslLs ln Lhe flrsL slx
monLhs of Lhe year (brlnglng Lhe LoLal vlslLor counL Lo 10,794 for end of !une 2013) compared
Lo Lhe prevlous Lhree years (7761 for 2012, 7621 for 2011, 8144 for 2010).

cbooqloq uemoqtopblc

1he pasL year has also seen a shlfL
ln Lhe lnLernaLlonal versus local
vlslLor demographlc, osLenslbly
llnked Lo atalhyks World
PerlLage SlLe deslgnaLlon. Whlle
local vlslLors slgnlflcanLly
ouLnumbered lnLernaLlonal
vlslLors unLll 2012 ln Lhe range of
75 80 local Lo 20 25%
international Lhe daLa for 2013
lndlcaLe LhaL Lhese proporLlons
are slowly beglnnlng Lo converge
(Fig. .3 & 30.4).

Indeed, ln Aprll 2013, for Lhe flrsL
Llme slnce Lhe recordlng of vlslLor
numbers was lnlLlaLed aL
atalhyk, lnLernaLlonal vlslLors
ouLnumbered local vlslLors, 32
Lo 48 (llg. 30 3).

1he ma[orlLy of lnLernaLlonal
vlslLors come from Amerlca,
Germany, !apan, AusLralla, and
Italy, wlLh nearly 40 oLher
counLrles represenLed Lo sser
degrees. ln 2012, Amerlcans
Lopped Lhe record books wlLh
1137 vlslLs, compared wlLh 337
Cerman vlslLors, 272 !apanese,
233 AusLrallans and 197 lLallans.
However, ln Lhe flrsL flve monLhs
of 2013 alone, Lhe lnLernaLlonal
demographlc seems Lo have
shlfLed falrly noLably, wlLh 1436
!apanese vlslLors beLween
!anuary and May. 1hls flgure
Figure 30.3. Visits by Turkish Nationals, 2010 to June 2013
Figure 30.4. Visits by international visitors, 2010 to June 2013
first six months of 2013.
Figure 30.5. Interna00onal visitors mapped against Turkish Na00onals for the
291
292

exceeds Lhe LoLal number of Amerlcans who vlslLed across Lhe enLlreLy of 2012, hlnLlng aL a
ma[or change ln LourlsLlc pracLlce presumably llnked Lo aLalhyuk's ESCO designation.

ln comparlson, durlng Lhe same flve monLh Llmeframe (!anuary Lo May 2013), 406 Amerlcans
visited, 261 Cermans, 163 AusLrallans and 93 lLallans.

We are now ln Lhe process of complllng all of Lhe daLa from 2002 onwards ln order Lo enable
long Lerm analysls of vlslLor paLLerns aL aLalhyuk. 1hese daLa wlll Lhen be assessed alongslde
relaLed (buL separaLe) accounLs recordlng Lhe number of summer school sLudenLs who vlslL Lhe
slLe (whlch seem Lo amounL Lo upwards of 700 sLudenLs per year).

V|s|tor & Staff kesearch
Slnce 2009 we have been lnvesLlgaLlng vlslLor lnLeracLlons wlLh aLalhyuk Lhrough a mlxed
meLhodologlcal programme of observaLlons, lnLervlews, quesLlonnalres, and consulLaLlon wlLh
key slLe sLaff. 1hls programme was exLended ln 2013 Lhrough conLlnued wrlLLen survey
collection, an exLenslve serles of lnLervlews wlLh slLe sLaff and speclallsLs, and concerLed
examlnaLlon of boLh aLalhyuk's vlslLor log books and vlslLor commenL books. Comblned wlLh
analysls of vlslLors' spaLloLemporal and phoLographlc engagemenLs wlLh Lhe slLe (see below),
we have amassed a subsLanLlal body of daLa on people's experlences aL aLalhyuk.

1hls year, our Leam member kaLrlna loxLon analysed a serles of Lhese daLa polnLs agalnsL one
another, looklng aL Lrends ln vlslLor llkes, dlsllkes and suggesLed areas for lmprovemenL aL Lhe
site, as recorded varlously ln our on slLe surveys, vlslLor CenLre surveys, and vlslLor commenL
books. lor every daLa source, vlslLor responses were grouped lnLo a number of LhemaLlc unlLs,
llsLed ln order of frequency. 8ased on analysls of Lhe on slLe surveys (compleLed by vlslLors
from a varleLy of naLlonallLles), Lhe mosL appreclaLed aspecLs of aLalhyks presenLaLlon
included:
vlslblllLy of and access Lo Lhe slLe's archaeologlcal conLenL (wall palnLlngs/ bucranla/
burlals/ excavaLlon areas) (26 commenLs)
seelng and accesslng Lhe archaeologlcal work ln process (13 commenLs)
presenLaLlon of Lhe slLe ln Lhe form of lnformaLlon panels, Lhe experlmenLal house,
lnformaLlon on Lhe moLher goddess, and repllca arLefacLs (12 commenLs)
aLmosphere of Lhe slLe ln general, parLlcularly Lhe quleLness, peacefulness and lack of
crowds (10 commenLs)
Lhe guldes, Lhelr Lours (6 commenLs)
sense of belng 'close Lo hlsLory' and belng close Lo anclenL remalns (3 commenLs)
Lhe vlslLor CenLre ln general (3 commenLs)
accesslblllLy of Lhe slLe ln general, l.e. Lhe slLe's locaLlon (2 commenLs)
overall operaLlonal aspecLs of Lhe slLe, l.e. sponsorshlp granLed Lo Lhe slLe and hlsLorlc
lnvesLmenL ln Lhe archaeologlcal dlg (2 commenLs)

A smaller sample of 1urklsh naLlonal vlslLors who responded Lo quesLlons speclflcally abouL Lhe
Visitors CenLre lndlcaLed LhaL Lhey mosL appreclaLed:
292
293

atalhyks sLaff/guldes and Lhe work Lhey do (11 commenLs)
LexLual dlsplays ln Lhe CenLre lncludlng Lhe fabrlc panels (7 commenLs)
vlsual dlsplays ln general, ln parLlcular, Lhe plcLures and wall palnLlngs (6 commenLs)
speclflc conLenL ln Lhe vlslLor's CenLre, lncludlng MoLher Coddess lnformaLlon and
arLefacL repllcas (3 commenLs)
Lhe experlmenLal house (2 commenLs)
Lhe cleanllness of Lhe vC (1 commenL)

ln conLrasL, accordlng Lo responses Lo our on slLe survey, vlslLors (of boLh 1urklsh and
lnLernaLlonal orlgln) expressed concern over several aspecLs of aLalhyks presenLaLlon
including:
slgnage: lack of lnformaLlon ln panels, a need Lo add and/or lmprove slgns (12
comments)
lack of language capablllLles/lack of efflclency amongsL Lhe slLe guldes (3 commenLs)
dlfflculLy ln locaLlng Lhe slLe ln Lhe flrsL place (l.e. slgnage lssues) (3 commenLs)
lack of Lldlness on slLe (vlslblllLy of blns, dusLy or dlrLy Lracks) (3 commenLs)
lack of clarlLy on conLenL of Lhe slLe (l.e. Lhe burnL house and burlals) (3 commenLs)
concern for how Lhe slLe wlll be preserved (2 commenLs)
efficiency of dlsplays ln Lhe vlslLor CenLre (broken vldeo) (2 commenLs)
Lhe lack of sponsorshlp for an lmporLanL slLe (1 commenL)
lack of arLefacLs ln Lhe vlslLor CenLre (1 commenL)
lack of venLllaLlon ln Lhe norLh Area (1 commenL)

Cn Lop of Lhls, 1urklsh vlslLors, reflecLlng speclflcally on Lhe vlslLor's CenLre, referred Lo Lhelr
concerns abouL Lhe:
compleLe lack of orlglnal arLefacLs (3 commenLs)
lack of on slLe cafe and shop (2 commenLs)
lack of lnformaLlon on panels (1 commenL)
malfuncLlonlng vldeo (1 commenL)
superfluousness of Lhe guards (1 commenL)
lack of fees for enLrance Lo Lhe CenLre (1 commenL)

WlLhln Lhe on slLe survey, boLh 1urklsh and lnLernaLlonal vlslLors were asked for Lhelr
suggesLlons on whaL Lo lmprove ln Lerms of aLalhyuk's presenLaLlon. 1helr replies included:
slgnage: More lnformaLlon should be glven on panels, for example: hlsLorlcal deLall,
comparlsons of Lhe slLe Lo oLher slLes, geographlcal poslLlons, soclo economlc llfe ln Lhe
NeollLhlc, descrlpLlon of archaeologlcal levels (13 comments)
exLra sensory lnLerpreLaLlon: more physlcal, Lhree dlmenslonal dlsplays, more
phoLographs, more up to daLe phoLos, lnLeracLlve Lools (audlo guldes) and fllms abouL
excavaLlon process ln Lhe vlslLor CenLre (11 comments)
porLable lnformaLlon: lmprove brochure; provision of Turkish guide book (4 comments)
more lnformaLlon abouL arLefacLs found on slLe LhaL are now ln konya Museum and
elsewhere (2 comments)
293
294

beLLer dlrecLlonal road slgns (2 comments)
beLLer provlslon of lnformaLlon by Lour guldes (1 commenL)
need for lmprovemenL of presenLaLlons ln Lhe vlslLor's CenLre (e.g., address Lears on
slgnage) (1 commenL)

8eyond surveys, we have also begun Lo analyse Lhe remarks lefL by vlslLors ln aLalhyuk's
commenL books. 1hls season nearly 2000 enLrles spannlng approxlmaLely 2.3 years were
reviewed, and a selecLlon of Lhe more subsLanLlal and preclse of Lhese enLrles was coded lnLo a
serles of LhemaLlc caLegorles, ln order of frequency. lmporLanLly, we can see here parallel
Lrends ln Lerms of vlslLor llkes, dlsllkes and suggesLlons for lmprovemenL. 1he mosL appreclaLed
aspecLs of aLalhyuk (beyond baslc pralse for Lhe slLe overall) lncluded:
Lhe overall presenLaLlon and provlslon of lnformaLlon, whlch led Lo a greaLer
undersLandlng of Lhe slLe
Lhe organlsaLlon of Lhe vlslLor's CenLre
Lhe vlsual dlsplays ln parLlcular (lncludlng phoLos and wall palnLlngs)

ln conLrasL, vlslLors commenLed on Lhelr concern abouL:
Lhe lack of orlglnal arLefacLs
dlscordance beLween Lhe ma[or slgnlflcance of Lhe slLe lLself and lLs less impressive
LreaLmenL ln Lhe vlslLor's CenLre.
Lhe lack of dlrecLlons/good road slgns Lo gulde vlslLors Lo Lhe slLe
Lhe lack of a Lour gulde
Lhe early closlng Llmes
Lhe lack of lnformaLlon ln dlfferenL languages

A varleLy of suggesLlons for lmprovlng Lhe slLe were also provlded ln Lhe commenL books,
including:
exLenslon of openlng Llmes
wlsh Lo see more lnLeracLlve or vlsual maLerlal, e.g. 3u vlsuals, more vldeos or a cholce
of fooLage ln Lhe vlslLor CenLre's and onllne
beLLer LransporL, lncludlng more regular buses beLween konya and aLalhyuk
more rlch hlsLorlcal lnformaLlon abouL aLalhyuk
lncluslon of orlglnal arLefacLs ln Lhe vlslLor's CenLre
more frequenL cleanlng of Lhe vlslLor's CenLre
more lnformaLlon on Lhe slLe's world herlLage sLaLus

Overall, Lhe quallLaLlve daLa lndlcaLe LhaL Lhere are slgnlflcanL lmprovemenLs LhaL mlghL be
made Lo Lhe presenLaLlon of Lhe slLe, from lncreaslng Lhe number of maLerlal ob[ecLs, vlsuals
and lnLeracLlve/experlenLlal dlsplays, Lo provldlng beLLer dlrecLlonal slgnposLlng on Lhe
roadways leadlng Lo Lhe slLe. Such resulLs are relnforced by relaLed sLaLlsLlcal analysls and
computer alded LexL analysls conducLed by Angellkl ChrysanLhl on Lhese same daLaseLs. 1he
resulLs of Lhe analyses wlll be reporLed ln more deLall afLer anoLher year of daLa collecLlon, buL
prellmlnary work has been lnlLlaLed Lo quanLlfy vlslLor responses around, ln parLlcular,
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295

suggesLed lmprovemenLs Lo Lhe
slLe. Accordlng Lo Lhe sLaLlsLlcal
review, Lhe mosL frequenLly
recommended lmprovemenL
related provlslon of on site
lnformaLlon panels, followed by
provlslon of oLher lnterpretative
resources (Fig. 30.6).

Angellkl also examlned Lhe
relaLlonshlp beLween vlslLors'
spaLlal awareness (measured on a
10 polnL scale) and Lhe
lnLerpreLaLlve resources Lhey used
Lo undersLand and navlgaLe
Lhrough Lhe slLe. ln Lhls lnsLance,
spaLlal awareness referred Lo how
aware vlslLors felL Lhey were of
their locaLlon on Lhe
archaeologlcal slLe. 1he analyses
lndlcaLe LhaL vlslLors who scored
hlghly on spaLlal awareness
slmulLaneously poslLlvely
evaluaLed Lhelr lnterpretative
resources (Fig. 30.7).

uslng a mlxed sLaLlsLlcal analysls programme (comblnlng descrlpLlve analysls, regresslon
modelllng and cross tabulation), Lhe preclse naLure of Lhe connecLlon beLween vlslLors'
percepLlons of space aL aLalhyuk and Lhelr use of lnLerpreLaLlve alds was sLudled. 1he resulLs
suggesL LhaL vlslLors accompanled by a gulde
3
and/or a guldebook scored hlghly on spaLlal
awareness and comprehenslon, ln comparlson Lo Lhose uslng oLher lnLerpreLaLlve resources
(such as Lhe exlsLlng lnformaLlon panels) who scored low or who demonsLraLed an lnslgnlflcanL
lmpacL. ln addlLlon, vlslLors accompanled by a gulde reporLed Lhe mosL 'interpretation
satisfaction ln conLrasL Lo Lhose who relled upon lnformaLlonal panels alone.

3
NoLe LhaL prlor Lo 2013 international vlslLors had no access Lo Lngllsh speaklng Lour guldes,
and even ln 2013, whllsL a gulde would always accompany vlslLlng groups around Lhe slLe, Lhey
may noL have recelved an Lngllsh Lour, and lndeed Lhey may noL have recelved any explanaLory
information whaLsoever from Lhelr gulde (ln any language). 1he degree of engagemenL
beLween gulde and vlslLor depends on who ls leadlng Lhe Lour, Lhelr mulLl lingual
competencies, and Lhe wlshes of Lhe vlslLlng parLles Lhemselves, amongsL a varleLy of oLher
factors.
improvements to atalhyks presentation.
on spatial awareness and their evaluation of on site interpretative resources.
Figure 30.6. Most common visitor responses as regards suggested
Figure 30.7. Graph illustra33ng the posi33ve correla33on between visitors scores
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296

vlslLors were also asked Lo score (on a scale from 1 Lo 7) aspecLs of Lhe overall appearance of
Lhe slLe as regards lssues of preservaLlon, conservation, conLemporary sLrucLures and
landscaping, and Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe archaeology and conLemporary bulldlngs on slLe
(Fig. 30.8). Cf especlal lnLeresL ls Lhe facL LhaL conservaLlon efforLs scored hlghly here,
suggesLlng LhaL Lhe overall ro[ecL approach Lo conservaLlon aL aLalhyuk ls belng poslLlvely
recelved by vlslLors.

V|s|tor Spat|otempora| and hotograph|c Data from S|te 1ours
ln parallel Lo observaLlons and quesLlonnalres, we conLlnued Lo collecL spaLloLemporal and
visitor generated hoLographlc daLa ln order Lo assess vlslLor percepLlons and Lo furLher Lease
ouL vlslLor lnLeracLlons wlLh Lhe archaeologlcal slLe and on slLe lnLerpreLlve maLerlals.
ConsenLlng vlslLors were supplled wlLh a dlglLal polnL and shooL camera and a porLable CS
unit, and were asked Lo Lour Lhe slLe as normal, documenLlng Lhelr Lour wlLh Lhe camera. 1hls
vlsual/spaLloLemporal work has been ongolng slnce 2012, and wlll conLlnue for aL leasL one
more year (lnLo 2014), so as Lo ensure sLaLlsLlcal slgnlflcance. We wlll evenLually cross
reference lL agalnsL Lhe flnds from our observaLlonal daLa and quesLlonnalre analyses.

WhaL ls crlLlcal, however, ls Lhe value of Lhls meLhodology ln monlLorlng changes ln vlslLor flow
and vlslLors' lnLra slLe movemenLs. Comparlng Lhe 2012 and 2013 sampled Lracks lL becomes
apparenL LhaL vlslLor movemenL has been sllghLly modlfled ln Lhe SL secLlon of Lhe north
Shelter S) area. ln 2012, Lhere was an lnformaLlon panel here whlch prompLed vlslLors Lo
field broadly refers to how visitors rated the current state of the archaeological site and its preserved structures after
excavation. The Conservation field broadly refers to how visitors responded to the amount of on site interventions
implemented to protect the site from deterioration and to enhance preserved features. The Contemporary structures and
plantation field broadly refers to how visitors rated the contemporary structures and the landscape surrounding the
archaeological site. Finally, the Coexistence of monuments with contemporary structures field broadly refers to how visitors
rated the fitting of contemporary interventions (such as shelters, on site information panels, boardwalks, etc.) with the
archaeological remains.
Figure 30.8. Graph illustra33ng how visitors rated certain aspects of the site in terms of aesthe33cs. Note: The Preserva33on
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walk up Lo Lhe area. uesplLe Lhe facL LhaL
Lhe slgn was removed ln 2013 due Lo cerLaln
reconflguraLlons of Lhe excavaLlon area and
Lo ease vlslLor flow, Lhe remalnlng paLh sLlll
prompLs some (buL noL slgnlflcanL)
movemenL Lo Lhe easL slde of Lhe shelLer,
where Lhe archaeology has mosLly been
covered and where Lhere ls noLhlng
meanlngful ln proxlmlLy for an unLralned
eye Lo vlew from LhaL parLlcular spoL (see
Fig. 30.9).

Also, Lhe daLa provlde furLher lnformaLlon
abouL characLerlsLlcs of speclflc Lours of Lhe
slLe dependlng on Lhe vlslLlng mode (e.g.,
whether a vlslLor parLlclpaLed ln a slLe guard led vs. exLernal Lour gulde led Lour). lor lnsLance,
we were able Lo obLaln descrlpLlve sLaLlsLlcs on Lhe Llme LhaL vlslLors spenL on site, Lhe pace of
Lhelr movemenL and Lhe dlsLance Lhey covered (see 1able 30.10). lL appears LhaL Lhe average
Llme vlslLors dwell aL aLalhyuk ls approxlmaLely 40 mlnuLes and Lhelr average vlslL covers [usL
under a kllomeLre of walklng aL an average pace of 1.43 km/h. lL ls worLh noLlng LhaL Lhe
Table 30.1. A sample of the data used for descriptive statistics.

Figure 30.9. Visitor tracks in the SE part of the North Shelter area.
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298

mlnlmum vlslL duraLlon of approxlmaLely 20 mlnuLes corresponds Lo group vlslLs LhaL have Lhelr
own personal gulde, and Lhus Lhe pace and quallLy of vlslL appear Lo be qulLe dlfferenL for Lhese
externally gulded vlslLors ln comparlson Lo Lhose gulded by Lhe slLe's own guards.

Finally, Lhe vlslLor sourced phoLographlc daLa verlfy our flndlngs from our observaLlonal
analyses and quesLlonnalres. 1o provlde a characLerlsLlc example, from observaLlons and Lhe
sLaLlsLlcal analysls of quesLlonnalres lL was ascerLalned LhaL vlslLors appreclaLed Lhe on going
excavaLlon/conservaLlon works and suggesLed LhaL ln fuLure addlLlons Lo Lhe on site
interpretation, Lhe pro[ecL should lnclude more lnformaLlon abouL archaeologlsLs'
methodologies, Lhe Lechnologles Lhey employ and oLher aspecLs of Lhelr work. 1hls aspecL of
visitors feedback ls also manlfesLed ln Lhe phoLographlc daLa, where desplLe a lack of slgnage
on Lools/Lechnlques, vlslLors were ofLen focuslng Lhelr cameras on acLlve archaeological
pracLlce (see llg. 30.10). ln Lhe fuLure, Lhese phoLographs mlghL be reverse englneered lnLo
lnLerpreLaLlve maLerlalsused Lo gulde Lhe pro[ecL ln ldenLlfylng Lhose pracLlcal Lechnlques
LhaL mosL grabbed vlslLors' aLLenLlon and LhaL hence mlghL form Lhe basls of wrlLLen or oLher
lnLerpreLaLlon efforLs.

Figure 30.10. Image captured by a visitor that demonstrates an interest in on going excava<<on ac<<vi<<es.
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299

Cn-s|te S|gnage
8edevelopmenL of Lhe on slLe slgnage has been on our Lask llsL for Lhe lasL couple of seasons, as
weathering, new excavaLlons, and changes Lo Lhe lnLerpreLaLlve record have lefL Lhe pre
exlsLlng slgnage obsoleLe. WlLh Lhe ro[ecL's anLlclpaLed compleLlon ln 2017, Lhe long term
fuLure of Lhe slLe's presenLaLlon ls also under conslderaLlon, meanlng LhaL we have been
concerned noL Lo lnvesL slgnlflcanL money and relaLed resources lnLo maLerlals LhaL mlghL be
dlscarded ln a couple of years' Llme.

AfLer enqulrlng wlLh Lhe local prlnL shops on cosLs for new slgns, we were pleased Lo learn LhaL
Lhese could be produced for as llLLle as 131L each. We began Lo plan conLenL and a
presenLaLlonal sLraLegy for boLh Lhe norLh and SouLh Areas (see below), buL Lhese plans were
soon reconsldered when lL became clear LhaL naLlonal governmenL speclflcaLlons around
archaeologlcal slLe slgnage could now be enforced aL aLalhyuk. 1hese speclflcaLlons have
profound lmpacLs on on slLe dlsplays, as Lhey mandaLe Lhe use of large (almosL 2m x 2m),
concrete relnforced slgns, whlch would noL only block vlews on Lo Lhe dlgglng areas, buL would
dlsLurb Lhe archaeology by necesslLaLlng excavaLlon (Lo enable Lhe laylng of foundaLlons for Lhe
slgnage frames). Clven Lhese problems, we prepared documenLaLlon Lo submlL Lo Lhe 1urklsh
governmenL ouLllnlng a proposal for low cosL and ad[usLable gnage LhaL was more
sympaLheLlc Lo Lhe envlronmenL and conslsLenL wlLh our lnLellecLual ldeals and vlslLor
preferences. 1he complexlLy of Lhe archaeology, Lhe depLh and breadLh of Lhe flnds and Lhe
evolvlng naLure of Lhe excavaLlons LogeLher demand a flexlble and non permanenL approach Lo
lnformaLlon slgns.

Alongslde Lhls proposal, Lhe sLudenLs, worklng closely wlLh lan klrkpaLrlck (our graphlc arLlsL),
Lhe slLe guards, vlslLors, archaeologlsLs and oLher slLe speclallsLs, concelved, researched and
deslgned varlous new slgns for boLh Lhe norLh and SouLh Areas and Lhe experlmenLal house.
1hese are among a serles of lnformaLlonal panels LhaL we lnLend Lo lnsLall over Lhe nexL Lhree
years, mosL (followlng Lhe exLanL model) 140 x 30cm ln dlmenslon, dlglLally prlnLed on
alumlnlum composlLe and afflxed Lo moveable meLal frames. 8ecause Lhose for Lhe norLh and
SouLh Areas are now sub[ecL Lo governmenL approval, look forward Lo lnsLalllng Lhem ln
2014.

1he locaLlons of each proposed slgn for Lhe shelLers are mapped ln llgures 0.11 and 30.12. 1he
conLenL for Lhe flve slgns Lo be prlnLed flrsL ls vlsuallsed ln llgures 30.13 through 30.17 (note
LhaL Lhe 1urklsh LexL awalLs LranslaLlon). 1he conLenL for Lhe experlmenLal house slgn ls
vlsuallsed ln llgure 30.18.

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300

Figure 30.11. Locations of new signs for 2014 for North Area (including 2013 additions).
Figure 30.12. Loca11ons of new signs for 2014 for South Area (including
2013 addi)) ons).
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301

Figure 30.14. Proposed sign (North Area): A typical atalhyk structure Building 5.
Figure 30.15. Proposed sign (North Area): Uncovering the people of atalhyk.
Figure 30.13. Proposed sign (North Area): Discovering the se==lement at atalhyk.
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302

Figure 30.16. Proposed sign (South Area): Welcome to the South Shelter.
Figure 30.17! Proposed sign (South Area): Unearthing the Neolithic
Figure 30.18. New sign for exp erimental house 302
303

!"#$% )#&*
1he slgnage for boLh Lhe norLh and SouLh Areas has been deslgned Lo maLch Lhelr excavaLlon
phllosophles. ln Lhls sense, Lhe norLh Area slgns alm Lo provlde a snapshoL of a speclflc
nelghbourhood aL aLalhyuk, llsL Lhose ln Lhe SouLh Area aLLend Lo Lhe slLe's Lemporal
depLh and sLraLlgraphlc/archaeologlcal complexlLy.

llo Lalno, wlLh Lhe graphlc supporL of lan kirkpatrick, Look responslblllLy for Lhe plannlng and
deslgn of slgnage for Lhe norLh Area. AfLer consulLaLlon wlLh Lhe Leam, llo opLed for Lhe
producLlon of Lhree slgns, addresslng Lhree separaLe scales of engagemenL wlLh Lhe slLe: Lhe
nelghbourhood overall, Lhe bulldlngs, and Lhe arLefacLs found Lhere. 1he flrsL of Lhese slgns
uses 8ulldlng 3 Lo help famlllarlse people wlLh Lhe baslc feaLures of a aLalhyuk sLrucLure (llg.
30.14). 1he second glves an overvlew of Lhe shape of Lhe Area, explalnlng how and why
archaeologlsLs are excavaLlng Lhere, and ln so dolng, helplng Lo conLexLuallse Lhe archaeology
for vlslLors (llg. 30.13). 1he Lhlrd showcases key arLefacLs wlLhln Lhe norLh Area (llg. 30.13).

+",$% )#&*
Cur research demonsLraLes LhaL vlslLors are fasclnaLed wlLh Lhe SouLh Area as a vlsLaan
lmpresslve lookouL polnL for undersLandlng Lhe depLh of Lhe slLe and Lhe acLlvlLles of Lhe
archaeologlsLs. Accordlngly, aL loxLon and Lrlca Lmond, wlLh graphlc leadershlp from lan
Kirkpatrick, Look responslblllLy for produclng Lwo new slgns for Lhe area focused on (1)
excavaLlon process, and (2) Lhe developmenL of aLalhyuk over Llme.

1he flrsL of Lhese (llg. 30.16) almed Lo slmpllfy Lhe archaeologlcal process lnLo a flowcharL,
aLLendlng Lo Lhose acLlvlLles LhaL mlghL be observed boLh on and off slLe (from dlgglng Lo
archlvlng Lo lnLerpreLaLlon and relnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe evldence). Alongslde LhaL process, we
were keen Lo draw vlslLors' aLLenLlon Lo Lhe new dlglLal recordlng Lechnlques belng applled aL
atalhyk, enabllng vlslLors Lo recognlse some of Lhe elecLronlc Lools used by Lhe excavaLlon
Leams ln Lhe SouLh Area.

The second of Lhese slgns (llg. 30.17) was lnLended Lo make use of some of Lhe successful
lnformaLlonal devlces LhaL had been lnLegraLed lnLo prevlous slgnage ln Lhls Area. oslLloned aL
Lhe boLLom of Lhe shelLer, Lhe panel allows vlslLors Lo place key flnds from Lhe slLe ln Lhelr
sLraLlgraphlc conLexL, whllsL also hlghllghLlng Lhe depLh and many levels of occupaLlon vlewable
to lslLors from Lhls vanLage polnL.

NK:&#.;&'$*5 9",6&
As research LesLlfles Lo Lhe long sLandlng popularlLy of Lhe experlmenLal house, lL has been a
goal Lo add slgnage Lo lL Lo asslsL vlslLors ln furLher undersLandlng noL only lLs role ln
represenLlng an ldeal neollLhlc sLrucLure buL also lLs role ln LesLlng ouL hypoLheses abouL pasL
use of aLalhyuk's bulldlngs. 1he degree Lo whlch Lhe 'experimental naLure of Lhe house ls
recognlsed by vlslLors ls unclear, Lhus wlLh Lhls ln mlnd, Slan !ones prepared a small slngle
panel, porLable lnformaLlon board for lnsLallaLlon lnslde Lhe home (llg. 30.18). e
slmulLaneously wanLed Lo explore Lhe feaslblllLy of uslng dlfferenL Lypes of slgnage aL
atalhyk, and Lhe experlmenLal house has provlded Lhe LesLlng ground for us.
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304

1he slgn has been prlnLed onLo LransparenL plexl aL a slze LhaL wlll allow vlslLors Lo hold lL ln one
hand. lL has been mounLed onLo Lhe wesL wall of Lhe house, vla a chaln, and slLs ln a brackeL,
lnvlLlng vlslLors Lo Louch and lnLeracL wlLh lL. 1he longevlLy of Lhls form of dlsplay ls unclear, buL
lLs expense ls so mlnor (131L) LhaL Lhe lnvesLmenL ls negllglble ln comparlson Lo Lhe poLenLlal Lo
flnally experlmenL wlLh alLernaLlve means of on slLe wrlLLen presenLaLlon. upon our reLurn Lo
slLe nexL year, we wlll assess lLs sLablllLy and declde wheLher Lo roll ouL slmllar deslgns ln Lhe
future.

Gu|debook & 8rochure
1he 1urklsh verslon of Lhe slLe guldebook was compleLed and senL Lo prlnL Lhls year, sponsored
by ?apl Credl. Slmllarly, a necessary edlL Lo Lhe popular A4 slzed slLe brochure was made,
allowlng Lhe slLe guards Lo prlnL lL on slLe for dlsLrlbuLlon Lo vlslLors.

V|s|tor's Centre
varlous addlLlons and updaLes Lo Lhe vlslLor's CenLre were made Lhls year, based on research
wlLh slLe sLaff, vlslLors and Lhe archaeologlcal Leam Lhemselves. none of Lhls work could have
been compleLed wlLhouL Lhe supporL of lan kirkpatrick, whose graphlc deslgn and crlLlcal eye
made Lhe flnal ouLpuLs posslble.

lollow Me
osslbly Lhe mosL playful of Lhls year's
new lnsLallaLlons ls a sLyllsed lcon (llg.
30.19) deslgned by Slan !ones as a
devlce Lo gulde vlslLors Lhrough Lhe
CenLre ln a coherenL manner. As per
our Leam's prevlous reporLs, research
LesLlfles Lo vlslLors' fLen very erraLlc
and unsysLemaLlc Lourlng of Lhe
space, as well as Lhelr dlfflculLles ln
flndlng an lnLelllglble narraLlve
amongsL Lhe varled dlsplays. urawlng
from Lhe lconography added by
8achel 8aslnger Lo Lhe alcoves ln
2010, Slan produced a sLencll of
characLer whlch she Lhen palnLed
along Lhe boLLom of Lhe four walls of
Lhe cenLre, beglnnlng aL Lhe enLrance
where Lhe characLer ls accompanled by an lnvlLaLlon Lo follow me". 1he advanLage of Lhls Lool
ls noL only lLs slmpllclLy and comprehenslblllLy by dlfferenL audlences, buL also Lhe posslblllLy of
exLendlng lLs use onLo Lhe slLe lLself, Lhe webslLe, and oLher producLs deslgned by our Leam and
Lhe larger ro[ecL.
Visitors Centre in a systematic manner.
Figure 30.19. Sian preparing the new icon to guide visitors through the
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1lmelloe
Following on from our 012
work, Lrlca Lmond Look
responslblllLy for redeslgnlng
Lhe space aL Lhe far end of Lhe
easL wall of Lhe CenLre.
Previously, Lhls area housed a
conLour map LhaL was noL only
out of date, buL also very
dlfflculL for non speclallsLs Lo
lnLerpreL. ln an efforL Lo crafL a
more coheslve exhlblLlon
narraLlve ln Lhe CenLre, we have
been replaclng exlsLlng conLenL
along Lhe easL wall wlLh an
lnLroducLlon Lo Lhe sLudy of
atalhyk, lncludlng
background on !ames MellaarL's
and lan Podder's research
programmes and a hlsLory of
Lhe excavaLlons. lL was declded LhaL a Llmellne, slLuaLlng ma[or flnds from Lhe slLe agalnsL lLs
occupaLlon hlsLory, provlded Lhe mosL cogenL brldge beLween our prevlous addlLlons, and Lhe
exlsLlng arL reconsLrucLlon ln Lhe souLh easL corner of Lhe CenLre (llg. 30.20). Moreover, Lhls
Llmellne now allows us Lo cross reference wlLh Lhe new slgn lnsLalled aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe
SouLh Area, asklng vlslLors Lo look ouL for assoclaLed daLes/flnds LhaL are hlghllghLed
outdoorson Lhe slLe lLself. We are also able Lo add Lo Lhe Llmellne ln Lhe fuLure owlng Lo Lhe
changeable and slmple naLure of Lhe dlsplay replaclng our enLrles as new maLerlals and
revlsed daLes come Lo llghL.

Attefoct 8ook
AfLer concerns over Lhe conLenL of lasL year's llgurlne 8ook were ralsed by members of Lhe
Project, Lrlca Lmond Look responslblllLy for reLhlnklng lL whllsL also almlng noL Lo compleLely
dlscard Lhe exlsLlng lmages whlch populaLed Lhe book and lLs assoclaLed flash cards. 1he mosL
loglcal course of acLlon was Lo reconcepLuallse Lhe dlsplay as an arLefacL book (and arLefacL
focused flashcards), Lelllng Lhe sLory of some of Lhe arLefacLs Lhemselves, Lhelr composlLlon,
histories and conservaLlon by on slLe speclallsLs. 1hls approach noL only allowed us Lo salvage
some of Lhe prevlous conLenL, buL also presenLed an opporLunlLy Lo beLLer hlghllghL Lhe work of
Lhe conservaLlon Leam and lLs dlrecL relaLlonshlp Lo Lhe flnds.

lostcotJs
ln 2011 our Leam collaboraLed ln Lhe producLlon of a chlldren's brochurea one page A4
black and whlLe prlnL comblnlng varlous acLlvlLles for young vlslLors (e.g., connecL the dots
game, maze, colourlng). Cur research suggesLs LhaL whlle Lhese mlghL have been popular, Lhey
Visitors Centre.
Figure 30.20. Erica next to the new 5 5meline display on the east wall of the
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306

were overly large and unwleldy and dld
noL necessarlly lend Lhemselves Lo belng
Laken home by vlslLors. kaL loxLon
suggesLed replaclng Lhe brochure wlLh a
postcard, whlch had Lhe beneflL of belng
porLable and sharable, and whlch could
lncorporaLe some of Lhe brochure's
acLlvlLles lnLo a smaller frame. kat, wlLh
Lhe graphlc supporL of lan kirkpatrick, led
Lhe deslgn and prlnLlng of Lhe posLcard
(Fig. .21).

lmoqes of otolboyok lottfollo
Several pages of addlLlons were made Lo our free sLandlng orLfollo by Slan !ones Lhls year
produced by several of aLalhyuk's vlsuallsers.

1extote 8ootJ
1he mosL amblLlous of Lhls year's lncluslons ln Lhe vlslLor's CenLre was llo Lainos 1exLure
8oard (llg. 30.22), whose concepL was derlved from observaLlonal crlLlques of Lhe CenLre
conducLed by our Leam upon arrlval on slLe, alongslde vlslLor feedback from earller seasons.
1hese crlLlques hlghllghLed some of Lhe ma[or shorLcomlngs of Lhe space, parLlcularly Lhe
predomlnanLly LexL based isplays, Lhe absence of real ob[ecLs and Langlble lLems on vlew, and
Lhe lack of chlld frlendly conLenL. ln response, a proposal was puL forward Lo dlsplay
reconstructed eollLhlc maLerlals for people Lo Louch, lnsplred by Lhe slLe's arLwork and relaLed
archaeologlcal evldence. lL
was hoped LhaL Lhls mlghL
help relnforce Lhe
lnformaLlon provlded Lhrough
Lhe CenLre's surroundlng
signage/displays, buL ln a
more obvlous and palpable
fashion.

ln dlscusslon wlLh varlous slLe
specialists, Lhe conLenL for
Lhe dlsplay was declded:
conservaLor Ashley Llngle
would supply reconsLrucLed
samples of mudbrlck and
ceramlc, flnds speclallsL Llsa
Guerre would pply
Centre.
Figure 30.21. New postcard printed for free distribu99on to visitors.
Figure 30.22. New texture board installed in the south east corner of the Visitors
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reconsLrucLed clay balls used ln experlmenLlng wlLh Lhe funcLlonlng of repllca neollLhlc ovens,
!osh Sadvarl from Lhe human remalns Leam suggesLed Lhe ldea of a neollLhlc hand prlnL, and
llo herself proposed a sLrlng of beads Lo hlnL aL Lhe subsLanLlal number of such flnds on slLe.

1he dlsplay was consLrucLed on a wall mounLed shelf, covered wlLh LexLlle, whlch we palnLed.
1he reconsLrucLed ob[ecLs were Lhen secured onLo Llles uslng heavy duLy glue and
monofllamenL Lhread, Lhe Llles were fasLened Lo Lhe shelf uslng brackeLs. 1rue Lo our Leam's
fluld and flexlble prlnclples, Lhe deslgn allows us Lo easlly and lndlvldually remove each Llle
should we wlsh Lo updaLe or oLherwlse modlfy lL. 1here ls some concern abouL Lhe longevlLy of
Lhls dlsplay (l.e., lLs ablllLy Lo wlLhsLand handllng by Lhousands of vlslLors), buL lL sLands for now
as a proof of concepL, whlch we wlll assess ln full nexL year.

lboto woll
Led by kaL loxLon, new
phoLographs were hung
ln Lhe enLrance corrldor
Lo Lhe CenLre,
complemenLlng Lhose
LhaL were lnsLalled by our
Leam lasL year. 1hls
componenL of our
redeslgn of Lhe CenLre
has always almed Lo
prlorlLlse Lhe aLmospherlc
and
environmental/personal
conLexL of Lhe slLe above
explanaLory LexLLo seL
Lhe mood for vlslLors
before Lourlng Lhe slLe
lLself. ConLlnulng on wlLh
such an approach, and
drawlng from evldence
gaLhered by kaL and Lrlca ln Lhelr sLaff lnLervlews, Lhree new phoLos were prepared. Cf
parLlcular noLe: we were keen Lo lnclude an lmage of Lhe slLe's guards, whose role aL
aLalhyuk ls lnvaluable. WlLh Lhe help of !ason Culnlan, a serles of phoLos of Lhe guards were
taken, and one selecLed (vla an execuLlve declslon made by MusLafa) for lnsLallaLlon ln Lhe
enLrance hall (llg. 30.23).

A more problemaLlc predlcamenL presenLed lLself wlLh a dlfferenL phoLo, selecLed from Lhe
archlves Lo hlghllghL Lhe work of Lhe human remalns Leam. unforLunaLely, ln seelng Lhe
phoLograph (whlch gave promlnence Lo a human skull) prlnLed ln large slze, aestheticised, and
presenLed wlLhouL any wrlLLen words Lo explaln Lhe lnLenL of Lhe lmage, our Leam made Lhe
execuLlve declslon Lo pull lL from Lhe enLrance dlsplay. 1he poLenLlal LhaL Lhe phoLograph could
entrance hall.
Figure 30.23. The site guards and visualisa55on team selec55ng photos for installa55on in the
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308

have been lnLerpreLed as sensaLlonallsLlc or offenslve or could oLherwlse have provoked
concern amongsL vlewlng parLles, was Loo greaL Lo lnsLall lL ln Lhe CenLre. 1hls declslon ls
conslsLenL wlLh our eLhlcal ldeals and our Leam's meLhodologlcal ob[ecLlves. We alm Lo provlde
sLudenLs wlLh an opporLunlLy Lo ead n Lhe research and deslgn of new maLerlals, Lo experlence
crlLlque from Lhelr peers and supervlsors, and Lo reflecL on and reconslder Lhe valldlLy of Lhose
maLerlals upon Lhelr compleLlon. ln Lhls lnsLance, Lhe flnal ouLpuL dld noL maLch our goals, and
afLer dlscusslng Lhe dlscrepancy, lL was resolved Lo glve Lhe phoLo Lo Lhe human remalns Leam
for lnsLallaLlon ln Lhelr own non publlc lab space.

costs
Overall, our expendlLures on equlpmenL and supplles for boLh Lhe on slLe and vlslLor's CenLre
installaLlons amounLed Lo approxlmaLely 2331L. Cur prlnLlng expendlLures amounLed Lo 3831L.
Together, Lhen, our LoLal expendlLures for Lhe season came Lo approxlmaLely 6401L, or abouL
$320 uS dollars.

D|g|ta| Data V|sua||sat|on Work
Cur Leam member 1om lrankland reLurned Lo atalhyk Lhls year Lo conLlnue hls research
examlnlng wheLher a vlsual Lechnologlcal lnLervenLlon could lmprove collaboraLlon and
awareness beLween members of Lhe aLalhyuk excavaLlon Leam.

ln lasL year's fleld season, he creaLed mulLlple vlsuallsaLlons ln dlfferenL sLyles based on words
and phrases exLracLed from Lhe excavaLlon dlarles. 1hese words and phrases were vlsuallsed ln
several ways: as neLwork vlsuallsaLlons, wlLh dlary wrlLers vlsuallsed as nodes and connecLed by
llnks lf Lhey used a hlgh number of shared words, ad[acency maLrlx vlsuallsaLlons, whlch
vlsuallsed lndlvldual words and Lhelr usage by wrlLers ln a Lable sLyle vlsuallsaLlon, and as Lag
cloud vlsuallsaLlons, whlch deplcLed Lhe mosL commonly used phrases exLracLed from Lhe
dlarles. 1hese vlsuallsaLlons were deployed on a dlglLal dlsplay locaLed ln Lhe accommodaLlon
and lab block for around a week. lollowlng Lhls, lnLervlews were conducLed wlLh Lhe excavaLlon
Leam Lo deLermlne Lhe effecLlveness of Lhe vlsuallsaLlons. Cne of Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL flndlngs
Lo emerge from Lhe lnLervlews was LhaL many of Lhe lnLervlewees found Lhe vlsuallsaLlons Loo
complicated, and several people suggesLed LhaL Lhls had puL Lhem off enLlrely from engaglng
wlLh Lhe dlsplay. 1he lnLervlewees also had a clear preference for Lhe neLwork vlsuallsaLlons
compared Lo Lhe ad[acency maLrlces and Lag clouds, ofLen because of Lhe lnLeresLlng
assoclaLlons Lhey spoLLed ln Lhese vlsuallsaLlons. 1he lnLervlewees also llked how Lhe
vlsuallsaLlons helped Lhem Lo ldenLlfy oLher archaeologlsLs Lhey could engage wlLh.

1hese flndlngs were used Lo lnform Lhe deslgn of a new lnLervenLlon for Lhe 2013 season. ln
order Lo reduce Lhe overall complexlLy, Lhls season vlsuallsaLlons were produced for each dlary
writer, raLher Lhan for Lhe enLlre group. lurLhermore, Lhe conLenL exLracLed from Lhe dlarles
was reduced Lo lnclude only Lhe hlghesL frequency words used by each dlary wrlLer. 1he
Lechnlque employed Lo ldenLlfy Lhese words, referred Lo as Lerm frequency lnverse documenL
frequency (1l IDF), produced a seL of hlgh frequency words LhaL conLalned some Lerms LhaL
oLher wrlLers would use frequenLly, and also Lerms unlque Lo LhaL wrlLer. Cnce Lhese keywords
308
309

were selecLed,
neLwork vlsuallsaLlons
were generaLed for
each wrlLer. ln
conLrasL Lo lasL year,
Lhls year's
deploymenL only used
neLwork sLyle
visualisations Fig. 0
28). 1hls sLyle was
chosen due Lo lLs
appeal lasL year and
also because Lhe
llnked nodes ln Lhe
dlagram offered a
vlsual represenLaLlon
of Lhe pro[ecL's alm,
Lo sLlmulaLe
conversation
beLween Lwo or more
connecLed wrlLers. 1he vlsuallsaLlons also dlffered from Lhe prevlous season by deplcLlng hlgh
frequency words. 1he lnLervlews from Lhe prevlous season suggesLed LhaL vlewers deslred
more Lransparency ln how Lhe vlsuallsaLlons were creaLed. 1herefore each vlsuallsaLlon
conLalned a node for each of Lhe dlary wrlLers, a cenLral node for Lhe wrlLer Lhe vlsuallsaLlon ls
focused on, and smaller nodes for Lhe Lop LwenLy keywords used by Lhls dlary wrlLer. When
oLher wrlLers frequenLly used one of Lhese keywords, nodes were llnked LogeLher.

A dlsplay of Lhese vlsuallsaLlons was deployed for approxlmaLely flve daysrelocaLed from lLs
locaLlon ln Lhe 2012 season Lo a poslLlon nearer Lhe enLrance Lo Lhe excavaLor's offlce space.
1hls locaLlon provlded more room for lnLeracLlon ln fronL of Lhe dlsplay, and allowed oples
lnLeracLlons wlLh lL Lo be capLured on fllm for fuLure analysls. As was Lhe case lasL year, Lhe
vlsuallsaLlons had mlxed response among archaeologlsLs. Whlle many appreclaLed Lhem, and
en[oyed searchlng for Lhelr own names and connecLlons, hers felL LhaL Lhey were over
slmpllsLlc and consequenLly lacked any meanlng or use. Cne lssue whlch had a slgnlflcanL
lmpacL was Lhe reduced number of dlary enLrles submlLLed Lo Lhe daLabase aL Lhe Llme of Lhe
intervention, whlch meanL LhaL many of Lhe keywords whlch llnked dlary wrlLers were
commonly used words such as 'trench or 'find. ConsequenLly, varlous connecLlons appeared
Lrlvlal and dld noL encourage furLher exploraLlon. Powever, aL Lhe same Llme, Lhe dlsplay Lhen
prompLed lncreased dlary acLlvlLy. Cne unexpecLed ouLcome was LhaL dlary wrlLers began
lnLenLlonally lncludlng unusual words ln Lhelr dlary enLrles Lo see lf Lhey would appear ln Lhe
vlsuallsaLlons. Whlle unlnLended, Lhls playful approprlaLlon of Lhe vlsuallsaLlons mlghL offers
insights lnLo how Lo lncrease fuLure engagemenL wlLh Lhe dlarles.

Figure 30.24. An example visualisa66on produced from the 2013 research season.
309
310

ke|ated work
Pembo agl [olned us on slLe Lhls year Lo asslsL Angellkl wlLh Lhe Lechnlcal componenLs of some
of r esearch, and Lo conLlnue experlmenLlng wlLh 8eflecLance 1ransformaLlon lmaglng ln
order Lo demonsLraLe lLs posslblllLles for Lhe larger aLalhyuk ro[ecL Leam. Pembo also
worked wlLh !ason Culnlan Lo process a serles of 360 panoramlc lmages produced ln previous
years. As Lhere are more Lhan 200 of Lhese lmages avallable, Lhere would appear Lo be much
poLenLlal for Lhelr use ln provldlng lmmerslve experlences of Lhe slLe Lo remoLe vlslLors (e.g.,
Lhrough Lhe webslLe).

Acknow|edgements
We (see Fig 30.25) could noL do our work on slLe wlLhouL Lhe supporL of a slgnlflcanL number of
individualsfar Loo many Lo llsL here, buL all who are lnLegral Lo our acLlvlLles and who are
deeply appreclaLed by our Leam. We exLend parLlcular Lhanks Lo ?lldlz ulrmlL, LevenL Czer,
!ason Culnlan, aty illackey, Ashley Llngle, ScoLL Paddow, Llsa Cuerre, !ames 1aylor, and
especlally Lhe slLe guards !"#$%&' )*+,- ./01$2$ 34*5$60/,- $,7 8$0$, 34*5$60/,9

Katrina Foxton, zgr Uslu, Levent zer, Ian Kirkpatrick, Hembo Pagi, Angeliki Chrysanthi, Sian Jones, Gamze Mee,
Flo Laino, Yildiz Dirmit, Erica Emond, and Sara Perry.
Figure 30.25. The atalhyk Visualisa99on Team (missing Graeme Earl and Tom Frankland), clockwise from top leGG:
310
311

.-? 1<B=B68 1<=9HAB9C>k NBH>= @=9J> $:C6HP #>>9K78B<X 6< 5H68 &B>=:H]
:; 3DE6A6=B:< 6= "6=68Fb]cd
Alllson Mlckel, SLanford unlverslLy

Introduct|on
uurlng Lhe 2013 fleld season aL aLalhyuk, l began research for my h.u. dlsserLaLlon
examlnlng Lhe hlsLory of excavaLlons aL aLalhyuk, as recorded noL only ln Lhe projects
archlves buL also Lhrough Lhe memorles of Lhose who have been hlred Lo work aL aLalhyuk.
1he pro[ecL archlves lnclude many varlous recordlng meLhods aL aLalhyuk lncludlng conLexL
forms, laboraLory daLabases, dlary enLrles, phoLography, vldeo, and even soclal medla,
however, many of Lhe people employed Lo work aL aLalhyuk have noL parLlclpaLed ln Lhese
documenLaLlon sLraLegles. 1helr observaLlons and percepLlons have Lherefore never before
been recorded. WlLh my research, l lnLend Lo demonsLraLe Lhe effecL Lhese clrcumsLances have
had on Lhe archaeologlcal record of aLalhyuk more generally, and Lo show Lhe level of
complexlLy and compleLeness LhaL could be achleved by broadenlng access Lo recordlng
sLraLegles aL aLalhyuk.

Cver Lhe course of four weeks aL aLalhyuk ln 2013, l conducLed 12 separaLe lnLervlews wlLh
over 20 LoLal men and women ln Lhe vlllage of kkky, asklng speclflcally abouL Lhelr
memorles regardlng Lhe meLhods, flndlngs, and experlence of excavaLlng aL aLalhyuk. lor y
dissertation, l wlll compare Lhe lnformaLlon conLalned ln Lhese accounLs wlLh Lhe archaeologlcal
research daLabases and archlves of aLalhyuk ln order Lo deLermlne how Lhese Lwo seLs of
daLa complemenL each oLher. AfLer evaluaLlng Lhe naLure of Lhe lnformaLlon noL generally
recorded Lhrough Lhe documenLaLlon meLhodologles employed aL aLalhyuk, l wlll be able Lo
deslgn a recordlng sLraLegy LhaL Lakes lnLo accounL Lhe Lypes of daLa LhaL have unLll now only
been preserved ln Lhe memorles and narraLlves of slLe workers and Lhelr famllles.

Methodo|ogy
lnLervlewees were lnlLlally selecLed prlmarlly by numan Arslan, who was worklng as my
lnLerpreLer durlng all of Lhese lnLervlews. numan lnLroduced me Lo Lhe lndlvlduals wlLh whom
he had developed personal relaLlonshlps Lhrough worklng LogeLher over Lhe course of several
fleld seasons aL aLalhyuk. 1hese lndlvlduals ln Lurn ldenLlfled for us Lhe men who had worked
wlLh !ames MellaarL ln Lhe 1960's sLlll llvlng ln kuukky Loday. ln general, mosL lnLervlews
were seL up abouL a day ln advance Lo ensure LhaL parLlclpanLs were noL lnconvenlenced or
uncomforLable wlLh Lhe requesL for an lnLervlew.

After uman and l lnLroduced ourselves, l gave each lnLervlewee an lnformaLlon sheeL abouL
my dlsserLaLlon research and my sLaLus aL SLanford as a graduaLe sLudenL, Lhls sheeL was
usually explalned Lo Lhem verbally slnce llLeracy levels are lnconslsLenL LhroughouL Lhe vlllage. l
began each conversaLlon by asklng abouL Lhelr role on Lhe pro[ecL, Lhe arLlfacLs Lhey remember
finding, whaL Lhey meanL, and whaL lL was llke Lo parLlclpaLe ln excavaLlons on slLe. uependlng
on Lhelr answers, l asked several follow up questions, though equently l dld noL have much
311
312

opporLunlLy Lo do Lhls as lnLervlewees were generally eager Lo share Lhelr many memorles and
sLorles. 1he lengLh of an average lnLervlew was abouL Lwo hours, Lhough Lhey someLlmes
exLended for longer. lnLervlewees were mosL comforLable when l was only Laklng noLes raLher
Lhan Laplng Lhe conversaLlons, alLhough a few dld agree Lo belng vldeo Laped lnsLead. 1he
ulLlmaLe goal wlll be Lo record as many narraLlves as posslble ln order Lo conLrlbuLe Lo
atalhyks larger, permanenL archlve.

Cne ma[or challenge numan and l faced ln conducLlng Lhese lnLervlews was scheduling; uman
and l are boLh pod leaders excavaLlng aL aLalhyuk. We boLh spenL mosL of each day dlgglng,
recording, and Leachlng sLudenLs. Cur lnLervlewees were as well qulLe busy wlLh Lhelr own
work: Lendlng flelds, herdlng, cooklng, housework, runnlng a shop. lurLhermore, Lhe 2013
fleld season colnclded wlLh 8amadan and almosL all of our lnLervlewees were fasLlng durlng Lhe
day, Lhen en[oylng lfLar aL nlghL. lL was dlfflculL Lo flnd a Llme when we would noL be
lnLerrupLlng Lhese rellglous observances. Several Llmes, Lhe lnLervlews Look place whlle
famllles shared Lhelr lfLar meal wlLh us. As a resulL, Lhe number of Lhe lnLervlews we were able
Lo schedule was llmlLed Lo 12, alLhough as menLloned above, Lhe lengLh of Lhe lnLervlews ofLen
compensaLed for Lhls. 1he naLure and duraLlon of Lhe lnLervlews enabled me Lo forge closer
relaLlonshlps wlLh Lhese famllles and permlLLed a deeper, more complex undersLandlng of Lhe
oral hlsLorles Lhey relaLed.

re||m|nary I|nd|ngs
Analyzlng Lhe conLenL of Lhe lnLervlews conducLed so far, l have ldenLlfled four key ways ln
whlch Lhe oral hlsLory of excavaLlons aL aLalhyuk complemenLs Lhe exlsLlng archlves and
daLabases. 1he flrsL ls Lhrough dlrecL menLlon of speclflc flnds or maLerlals, whlch have ofLen
already been documenLed uslng convenLlonal meLhods. lnformaLlon provlded by lnLervlewees
abouL parLlcular ob[ecLs or maLerlal Lypes adds dlrecLly Lo Lhe body of records already
conducLed and publlshed lncludlng measuremenLs, observaLlons, and phoLographs. In
particular, beads and necklaces were Lhe arLlfacLs mosL frequenLly remembered and descrlbed,
followed by small vessels (LranslaLed as 'unguentaria). lnLervlewees also ofLen recalled deLalls
abouL lndlvldual obsldlan Lools and flgurlnes Lhey had recovered or even [usL observed. Less
frequently, Lhey menLloned burlals, faunal remalns, archaeoboLanlcal deposlLs, wall palnLlngs,
bone Lools, or speclflc sLraLlgraphy. lnLervlewees could descrlbe Lhe slze and appearance of Lhe
artifacts, along wlLh Lhelr lnlLlal LhoughLs abouL Lhe flnds. ln some cases, Lhey descrlbed how
Lhe arLlfacLs remlnded Lhem of famlllar ob[ecLs from Lhelr chlldhood or even how Lhey reached
reallzaLlons regardlng Lhe ob[ecLs afLer Lhelr work on Lhe excavaLlon had concluded. 1hey
conveyed eLhnographlc parallels whlch many researchers could flnd useful ln Lrylng Lo lnLerpreL
Lhe evldence from aLalhyuk. Cne noLeworLhy aspecL of Lhese conversaLlons ls Lhe facL LhaL
lnLervlewees frequenLly referenced ob[ecLs ln Lhelr housescomparing Lhelr slze, color, or
funcLlon Lo flnds from Lhe slLe. 1hls suggesLs LhaL fuLure sysLemaLlc recordlng of Lhese oral
hlsLorles ln order Lo creaLe a permanenL record should be done lnslde Lhe workers' homes,
uslng a formaL llke vldeo whlch could accommodaLe boLh Lhe vlsual and audlo aspecLs of Lhese
accounts.

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313

AnoLher fleld of daLa Lhe lnLervlews add Lo prevlous records abouL Lhe slLe concerns memorles
of meLhodology, people, and Lhe culLure of Lhe excavaLlon. aLalhyuk ls unlque ln Lhe amounL
of lnformaLlon LhaL acLually has been sLored regardlng Lhese Loplcs, due especlally Lo Lhe use of
Lhe dlary daLabase, however, as menLloned above, Lhe people whom l have been lnLervlewlng
have never parLlclpaLed ln dlary wrlLlng. 1he pro[ecL's commlLmenL Lo a mulLlvocalic, reflexlve,
documenLaLlon of daLa collecLlon necesslLaLes sollclLlng conLrlbuLlons from Leam members
llvlng ln kuukky who remember how declslons have been made abouL research procedure.
1he people l spoke Lo descrlbed dlfferenL means Lhey have experlenced for asslgnlng unlLs or
decldlng when Lo sleve. Many people recalled varlous meLhods for maklng soll removal more
efflclenL. Cne lnLervlewee even explalned, ln deLall, how small modlflcaLlons ln excavaLlon
procedure enabled workers Lo share Lhelr own experLlse or prlor knowledge wlLh excavaLors
and generaLlng producLlve dlscusslon, new ldeas, and beLLer lnformed lnLerpreLaLlons. 1he
same lnLervlewee, along wlLh oLhers, reflecLed on how nuances of Lhe excavaLlon procedure
lmpacLs workers' lnvesLmenL ln Lhe research process and worklng relaLlonshlps beLween
archaeologlsLs and slLe workers. Clven LhaL Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL has long
recognlzed LhaL daLa collecLlon and analysls ls enLlrely lnLerLwlned wlLh Lhe culLural and soclal
dynamics f an excavaLlon (Podder 1997, 2000), Lhls lnformaLlon represenLs a key lacuna ln Lhe
documenLaLlon of Lhe research process and knowledge producLlon aL aLalhyuk.

Similarly, lnLervlewees spoke a greaL deal abouL Lhe process of learnlng archaeology, descrlbing
a consLanL, muLual Leachlng and learnlng relaLlonshlp beLween archaeologlsLs and local slLe
workers whlch ls rarely, lf ever, documenLed ln Lhe daLabases or archlves desplLe belng crlLlcal
Lo a full undersLandlng of knowledge producLlon and facL formaLlon aL aLalhyuk. SlLe
workers Lalked abouL whaL Lhey dldn'L undersLand before worklng aL aLalhyuk, how Lhey
learned speclflc skllls and ablllLles, and Lhe explanaLlons glven by speclallsLs abouL arLlfacLs or
sLraLlgraphy. 1hose who parLlclpaLed ln Mellaarts excavaLlons especlally had a number of
quesLlons abouL Lhe pro[ecL LhaL Lhey dldn'L undersLand. Lven slLe workers from Lhe currenL
sLage of Lhe process, however, descrlbed meLhods or flndlngs LhaL were never clear Lo Lhem
ln parLlcular, funcLlons of parLlcular arLlfacLs (sLone Lools and flgurlnes, mosL commonly) and
declslons abouL how or where Lo dlg. 1hey expressed enLhuslasm and appreclaLlon for Llmes
when archaeologlsLs gave deLalled explanaLlons abouL Lhe archlLecLure, arLlfacLs, and slLewlde
progress, Lhls was done much more frequenLly and sysLemaLlcally ln earller years of Lhe pro[ecL
and workers were unanlmous ln asserLlng Lhe valuable skllls and ablllLles Lhey acqulred from
Lhese exchanges. Lqually, however, lnLervlewees spoke abouL Lhelr own prlor knowledge abouL
atalhyk, arLlfacLs Lhey lmmedlaLely recognlzed as slmllar Lo lLems used ln Lhelr
grandparents homes, orlglnal hypoLheses abouL llfe ln Lhe neolithic, as well as anecdoLes
abouL momenLs when Lhey LaughL Lhe archaeologlsLs new lnformaLlon. 1hey menLloned Llmes
when Lhey demonsLraLed Lhelr ovens for speclallsLs or descrlbed how Lhey grlnd burnL wheaL Lo
make kohl, Lhe purposes of blns, as well as meLhods for food sLorage. AlLhough Lhere are
several examples where Lhls klnd of eLhnoarchaeologlcal lnformaLlon has been publlshed (see
8anu 2000, MaLLhews eL al 1996, Shankland 1999), conducLlng Lhese lnLervlews represenLs an
opporLunlLy Lo make publlc Lhe observaLlons LhaL Lhe workers Lhemselves feel ls mosL vlLal, as
well as Lhelr own ldeas abouL llfe ln Lhe neollLhlc. Workers ouLllned orlglnal Lheorles abouL
bodlly ornamenLaLlon, funcLlons of arLlfacLs llke clay balls and bone Lools, and splrlLual pracLlces
313
314

aL aLalhyuk. Cne of Lhe nexL sLeps of my pro[ecL wlll be Lo flnd ways Lo presenL Lhese
lnLerpreLaLlons and analyses alongslde Lhose already made publlc onllne and ln prlnL.

Finally, many of Lhe lnLervlews revealed whaL people who are employed Lo work on Lhe slLe are
mosL lnLeresLed ln learnlng abouL aLalhyuk, along wlLh whaL Lhey would llke Lo see as boLh
research and Lourlsm developmenL proceeds. Several people expressed a deslre Lo learn more
abouL Lhe mud brlck and archlLecLural Lechnlques aL aLalhyuk, along wlLh laboraLory analysls
regardlng Lhe human remalns aL aLalhyuk. Many people also menLloned LhaL Lhey hoped Lo
learn more challenglng, valued skllls. Cne Lype of deslred experLlse menLloned expllclLly was
how Lo reveal wall palnLlngs. lormer excavaLlon workers wanLed Lo know as well more abouL
Lhe meLhods and ouLcomes of experlmenLs conducLed by aLalhyuk researchers. SlgnlflcanLly,
lnLervlewees malnLalned LhaL Lhe lnformaLlon Lhey were mosL lnLeresLed ln was also of wlde
lnLeresL Lo many people vlslLlng Lhe slLe. 1hey made several suggesLlons for Lhe role of Lhe
vlllage ln developlng Lhe slLe, one speclflc example was offerlng Lo cook food uslng only
NeollLhlc Lechnlques and local lngredlenLs for LourlsLs Lo experlence aLalhyuk ln a dlrecL,
sensory way. 1hls lnformaLlon ls cruclal on a pragmaLlc level, Lhe people l spoke Lo were very
dlrecL and clear abouL Lhelr own prlorlLles, glvlng serlous, reallsLlc, and carefully consldered
recommendaLlons for Lhe fuLure of Lhe slLe. Conslderlng Lhese suggesLlons, as well as lncludlng
such addlLlonal perspecLlves ln Lhe formal aLalhyuk research archlve pushes Lhe aLalhyuk
8esearch ro[ecL Loward becomlng lncreaslngly lncluslve, accesslble, and relevanL Lo lLs dlverse
stakeholders.

Iuture D|rect|ons
ln Lhe lnLerlm beLween Lhe 2013 and 2014 excavaLlon seasons, l wlll furLher analyze Lhe
lnLervlew daLa already collecLed, especlally as lL complemenLs Lhe sLandard archaeologlcal daLa
recorded over Lhe years of excavaLlon aL aLalhyuk. 8eglnnlng nexL season, l wlll renew Lhe
eLhnographlc componenL of my research, conducLlng more lnLervlews wlLh Lhe alm of galnlng a
fuller undersLandlng of Lhe local communlLy's pasL memorles and fuLure hopes for Lhe slLe. l
wlll also conLlnue sysLemaLlcally recordlng Lhese narraLlves for lnLegraLlon wlLh Lhe pro[ecL's
maln archlves and daLabases. ulLlmaLely, l wlll develop a sysLem for presenLlng Lhls new
daLaseL alongslde Lhose prevlously recorded, as well as deslgn a meLhod for recordlng Lhe klnds
of lnformaLlon conLalned only ln oral hlsLorles even as excavaLlons are ongolng.

The alm of Lhls research pro[ecL ls Lo add Lo Lhe compleLeness and complexlLy of Lhe
archaeologlcal record aL aLalhyuk by documenLlng aspecLs of Lhe research process whlch has
noL been documenLed before now. lL wlll add new, dlverse perspecLlves Lo Lhe layers of
mulLlvocallLy already esLabllshed by Lhe many varylng sLraLegles for daLa collecLlon employed
on Lhe aLalhyuk 8esearch ro[ecL. arLlcularly as Lhe pro[ecL looks Loward flndlng producLlve
and effecLlve ways of esLabllshlng a permanenL archlve for Lhe archaeologlcal daLa recovered aL
aLalhyuk as well as developlng Lhe slLe for Lourlsm, lL becomes lncreaslngly cruclal Lo lnclude
Lhe perspecLlves of Lhe Leam members who llve near and engage wlLh Lhe slLe year round. 1he
lnLervlews conducLed so far represenL a prellmlnary sLep Loward promoLlng Lhls klnd of
dialogue.

314
315

Works C|ted
Bartu, Ayfer
2000 Where ls CaLalhoyuk MulLlple slLes ln Lhe consLrucLlon of an archaeologlcal
slLe. ln 1owotJs keflectlve MetboJ lo Atcboeoloqy. 1be exomple ot otolboyok, edited
by lan Podder, pp. 101 110. Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe of Archaeologlcal 8esearch, Cambrldge.
Hodder, lan
1997 Always momenLary, fluld and flexlble: Lowards a reflexlve excavaLlon
methodology. Aotlpolty 71(273):691 700.
Hodder, lan (edlLor)
2000 1owotJs keflexlve MetboJ lo Atcboeoloqy. 1be exomple ot cotolboyok.
Mcuonald lnsLlLuLe for Archaeologlcal 8esearch, Cambrldge.
Matthews, Wendy, ChrlsLlne PasLorf, and 8. Lrgenekon
1996 LLhnoarchaeology: SLudles ln local vlllages almed aL undersLandlng aspecLs of the
NeollLhlc slLe. ln Oo tbe 5otfoce. otolboyok 199J-95, edlLed by lan Podder, Mcuonald
Institute, Ankara.
Shankland, uavld
1999 lnLegraLlng Lhe pasL: lolklore, mounds and people aL aLalhyuk. ln Atcboeoloqy
ooJ lolklote, edlLed by A. Cazln Schwartz nd Cornellus PolLorf, pp. 139 137. 8ouLledge,
London.

315

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