HC PHN O V TCH PHN

CHNG I. O
$1. I S.

- I S
1. i s
a) nh ngha 1. Cho tp hp X . Mt h N cc tp con ca X c gi l mt i s cc tp
con ca X, nu N tho mn ba iu kin sau:
(i) X

N ;
(ii) A

CXA = X \ A

N ;
(iii) A1, A2, ... , An

n
k
k
A
1 =

N .
b) Cc tnh cht
Cho N l ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Khi N c cc tnh cht sau y:
1.

N ;
2. A1, A2, ... , An

n
k
k
A
1 =

N ;
3. A, B

A \ B

N.
Chng minh.
1. c suy t (i), (ii)
2. c suy t (ii), (iii) v cng thc de Morgan:
n
k
n
k
k k
CA A C
1 1
) (
= =
=
3. c suy t (ii), tnh cht 2 va chng minh v cng thc
A \ B = A

CXB
Nhn xt ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X c tnh cht
" khp kn" i vi cc php ton : hp hu han, giao hu han, hiu cc tp hp v ly phn b
( ngha l : khi ta thuc hin cc php ton ny trn cc phn t ca N th kt qu s l cc phn t
ca N).
c) Cc v d
1. Cho
X A
. t N = { } A C A X
X
, , , .
Khi N l mt ai s cc tp con ca X.

2. Cho X = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }, A = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }, B = { 2, 4, 6 },
C = { 1, 2, 4, 7 }, D = { 3, 5, 6 }.
t N = { , X, A, B, C, D }. Hy kim tra xem N c l mt ai s cc tp con ca X?
3. Cho N l mt h khng rng cc tp con ca tp hp X tho mn iu kin :
Nu A, B

N th X \ A

N v A

N.
Chng minh rng N l mt ai s cc tp con ca X.
2. - i s
a) nh ngha 2. Cho tp hp X . Mt h M cc tp con ca X c gi l mt - i s
cc tp con ca X, nu M tho mn ba iu kin sau:
(i) X

M ;
(ii) A

CXA = X \ A

M ;
(iii) A1, A2, ... , An , ...

=1 k
k
A

M .
b) Cc tnh cht
Cho M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X. Khi M c cc tnh cht sau y:

1. M l mt ai s cc tp con ca X;
2.

M ;
3. A1, A2, ... , An

n
k
k
A
1 =

M ;
4. A, B

A \ B

M ;
5. A1, A2, ... , An , ...

=1 k
k
A

M .
Chng minh.
- Tnh cht 1 c suy t (i), (ii) v (iii) khi t
An+1 = An+2 = ... = .
- Tnh cht 2, 3, 4 c suy t tnh cht 1 va chng minh.
- Tnh cht 5 c suy t (ii), (iii) v cng thc de Morgan:

=
=
1 1
) (
k k
k k
CA A C
Nhn xt - ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X c tnh cht " khp kn" i vi cc php ton :
hp m c, giao m c ca cc tp hp, hiu hai tp hp v ly phn b ( ngha l : khi ta
thuc hin cc php ton ny trn cc phn t ca M th kt qu s l cc phn t ca M ).
c) Cc v d
1. Cho tp hp X . H tt c cc tp con ca tp hp X l mt - ai s cc tp con ca tp
hp X.
2. Cho M l mt h khng rng cc tp con ca tp hp X tho mn hai iu kin :
a) A

X \ A

M ;
b) A1, A2, ... , An , ...

=1 k
k
A

M .
Chng minh rng M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca X.
3. Cho M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X v Z

M.
t M
Z
l h tt c cc tp hp thuc M v cha trong Z.
Chng minh M
Z
l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp Z.
$2. O
1. Tp hp s th!c "h#n$ %& &' ()n$
Cho tp hp s thuc khng m ) , 0 [ + .
Ta b sung cho tp hp ny mt phn t l +

, tp hp mi thu c l ] , 0 [ +. Ta
gi y l tp s thuc khng m m rng vi cc quy c v php ton nh sau.
a < +

vi mi a

) , 0 [ + ;
a + (+

) = (+

) + a = +

vi mi a

] , 0 [ +;
a . (+

) = (+

) . a = +

vi mi a

] , 0 ( +;
0 . (+

) = (+

) . 0 = 0
Lu . ng thc a + c = b + c ko theo a = b khi v chi khi
+ c
.
2. *c "hi ni+&
Cho M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
Xt nh xa

: M

] , 0 [ +.
,nh n$h-a 1.

c gi l nh xa cng tnh hu han, nu c mt h hu han cc tp hp i

mt ri nhau
A1, A2, ... , An

M th

= =
=
n
k
k
n
k
k
A A
1 1
) ( ) (
,nh n$h-a 2.

c gi l nh xa - cng tnh nu c mt h m c cc tp hp i mt
ri nhau
A1, A2, ... , An , ...

M th

+
=
+
=
=
1 1
) ( ) (
k
k
k
k
A A
,nh n$h-a ..

c gi l mt o trn M, nu hai iu kin sau c tho mn:

(i)

() = 0;
(ii)

l - cng tnh.
,nh n$h-a /. Cp (X, M), trong 0 M l

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X, c gi l khng
gian o c. Mi tp hp A

M c gi l mt tp o c.
,nh n$h-a 1. B ba (X, M,

), trong 0 M l

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X,

l mt
o trn M, c gi l khng gian o. Nu A

M th s

(A) c gi l o ca tp
hp A.
,nh n$h-a 2. o

c gi l o hu han nu

(X) < +

.
o

c gi l o - hu han, nu
X =

=1 k
k
X , Xk

M v

(Xk) < +

vi mi k.
3hn 45t. o hu han th - hu han.
.. *c 67 89
a) Cho M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
Xt nh xa

: M

] , 0 [ + xc jnh bi

(A) = 0 vi mi A

M .
Khi

l mt o hu han.
b) Cho M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X.
Xt nh xa

: M

] , 0 [ + xc jnh bi

() = 0 ,

(A) = +

vi mi A

M v A .
Khi

l mt o khng - hu han.
c) Cho M l mt

- ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X v x0

X.
Xt nh xa

: M

] , 0 [ + xc jnh bi :
- Nu A

M v x0

A th

(A) = 1 ;
- Nu A

M v x0 A th

(A) = 0 .
Chng minh rng

l mt o hu han.
3hn 45t. C nhiu cch xy dung o trn cng mt - ai s cc tp con ca tp hp X, ng
vi mi o s c mt khng gian o tong ng vi cc tnh cht khc nhau.
/. *c t7nh ch:t ca ) o
Cho (X, M,

) l mt khng gian o. Khi ta c cc tnh cht sau y.

1.

l cng tnh hu han.

2. Nu A, B

M v A

B th

(A)

(B) .
Ngoi ra, nu

(A) < +

th

(B \ A) =

(B) -

(A).
.. Nu A1, A2, ... , An , ...

M th

+
=
+
=

1 1
) ( ) (
k
k
k
k
A A
/. Nu A, B

M , A

B v

(B) = 0 th

(A) = 0.
1. Nu A, B

M v

(B) = 0 th

(A

B) =

(A \ B) =

(A).
2. Hp ca mt h hu han cc tp hp c o khng l tp hp c o khng:

(Ak ) = 0,

k = 1, 2, ... , n

0 ) (
1
=
=

n
k
k
A
;. Hp ca mt h m c cc tp hp c o khng l tp hp c o khng:

(Ak ) = 0,

k = 1, 2, ...

0 ) (
1
=
+
=

k
k
A
<. Nu

l o - hu han th
i) X =

=1 k
k
Y
, trong cc tp hp Yk i mt ri nhau,
Yk

M v

(Yk) < +

vi mi k;
ii) A =

=1 k
k
A , trong cc tp hp Ak i mt ri nhau,
Ak

M v

(Ak) < +

vi mi A

M v mi k.
9. Nu { An } , n

N, l dy on iu tng cc tp hp o c, ngha l A1

A2

...

An

... , th

+
= +
=
1
) ( ) (
lim
n
n
n
n
A A
10. Nu { An } , n

N, l dy on iu gim cc tp hp o c, ngha l A1

A2

...

An

... , th
) ( lim ) (
1
n
n
n
n
A A
+
+
=
=
/. ) o
rng tp con ca mt tp o c cha chc l tp hp o c, ngha l nu A

M, B

A th c th B M.

,nh n$h-a 2. o

c gi l o nu mi tp con ca tp c o khng u l tp
o c.
3hn 45t. Nu

l o khng th ta c th thc trin

thnh mt o nh jnh l
di y.
,nh =>. Gi s (X, M,

) l mt khng gian o.
Gi M' l h tt c cc tp hp A c dang
A = B

C (1)
trong B

M, C

D, D

M,

(D) = 0.
Vi mi tp hp A c dang (1), t

' l nh xa
sao cho

'(A) =

(B) (2)
Khi :
i) (X, M',

') l mt khng gian o;

ii)

' l o .