Full WN07 Report

The Durobrivae Project
Working together
Water Newton Rally

August 2007
Heritage Consultant
Traprain House
Luggate Burn
Whittingehame
East Lothian
EH41 4QA
T : 01620 861643 E : info@bajr.org
Report sponsored by
Multi Media Arts Ltd
4th Floor
Mauldeth House
Nell Lane
Chorlton
Manchester
M21 7RL
1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Aims and objectives 5
3.0 Methodology 6
Archiving 7
Artefacts: Deposition and Conservation 7
4.0 Historical Background 9

4.1 Introduction. 9
4.2 Pre-Roman. 9
4.3 Roman. 10
4.4 Post-Roman. 12
5.0 Results 14
5.1 Fields Examined 14
5.2 Artefacts (Figures 5 – 12) 14
5.2.1 Prehistoric (Figure 5) 16
5.2.2 Iron Age (Figure 6) 16
5.2.3 Roman (Figure 7) 16
5.2.4 Saxon (Figure 8) 18
5.2.5 Medieval (Figure 9) 18
5.2.6 Post-medieval (Figure 10) 19
5.2.7 Brooches and Crotal Bells (Figure 11 & 12) 20
5.3 Coins (Figures 13 – 19) 29
5.3.1 The Material 29
5.3.2. Breakdown by Reece Periods 29
5.3.3. Bar Charts 30
5.3.4 Initial Comments 32
Additional studies of Coin Assemblage 40
ANALYSIS 41
THE IRON AGE COINS 41
THE ROMAN COINS 41
THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL COINS 43
THE MEDIAEVAL & POST-MEDIAEVAL COINS 43
CONCLUSION 43
6.0 General Reporting Statistics 44
7.0 Artefact Conditions 44
8.0 Reported issues and solutions 45
9.0 Conclusions and suggestions for Further Work 49

1. Limit and dating of settlement pattern. 49
2. External Rural Landscape Use 49
3. Recovered artefact damage 50
10.0 Thanks and acknowledgements 50
11.0 Bibliography 51
11.1 Further Reading 52
11.2 ADS and SMR Records. 53
Coin and Artefact Lists 54
Durobrivae Project, Cambridgeshire 2007
Figure 1: Location of Survey Area and density of noted detecting

Durobrivae
1
Survey
Area
2
296000 296000
3 4
camp
11
1 10074
0074
0074
0074 09082
10074
0074 5 6 10
00739
00739
00739
00739
00739
00739
7
8
295000 295000
Intensive Detecting
9
Moderate Detecting
11
Slight Active Detecting
7 = Field number
\ 12 15
511000 512000 513000
13
14
1.0 Introduction
this was an outreach exercise and with

A metal detecting event was proposed
for farm land west and southwest
of the Roman town of Durobrivae to
live coverage on BBC One Show, this
was seen as a groundbreaking exercise
take place as a weekend rally over the in cooperative work.
period 17th – 19th August 2007 with an
estimated 250 detectorists attending. The site itself (Figure 1) lies in land to
the west of the A1 within the County of
Archaeological advice was sought from Cambridgeshire however Peterborough
Connolly Heritage Consultancy (CHC) Council Archaeology Service have also
to ensure that both the information been involved due to the proximity and
gathered was archaeologically valid historical connection with the main
and that the event was organised in such town site and environs.
a way as to assure all interested parties
that no damage will take place to known Section 7 will deal with the highlighted
or unknown subsurface archaeological issues that were raised prior to, during
deposits. The introduction of an and after the rally. In some respects this
archaeologically valid recording event started without understanding the
exercise to run in conjunction with issues, and in part, the involvement of
this event was suggested by CHC as a CHC was to ensure that where possible,
responsible act, given the concerns of best practice in the recovery, recording
local groups, and the rally organiser and reporting of recovered artefacts
agreed to this as both a cooperative and coins was of use to the wider
venture and to ensure that concerns were archaeological community and the
met. Drafts of suggested methodologies local community. It was agreed that a
were created and provided over a full report would be produced.
period from April to August 2007 for
peer review, suggestions and comment, The extensive crop marked area to the
changes were made where appropriate. northeast of the proposed detecting
Although no statutory requirement area had been excluded from the
for monitoring from external bodies detecting event on the advice of CHC,
was necessary, the need for openness after receiving details from both
and transparency, as well as my duty Cambridgeshire and Peterborough
to adhere to the Institute of Field HERs. This was in advance of the
Archaeologists’ Code of Conduct (of suggestions by English Heritage that the
which I am a full Member) allowed area would be scheduled immediately.
invited access to the rally to named
individuals from all concerned parties
and provision for a follow-up meeting
post rally to take place on the 13th Below:
November. Metal Detectorists begin
detecting in one of the
This exercise of recording was carried fields at Chesterton.
out within accepted archaeological
standards This was a public event
and not a commercial venture for
the archaeologists and volunteers
involved. All archaeologists, finds
liaison officers (FLO) and volunteers
were present at the request of the rally
organiser. It should be stressed that
4 Water Newton Metal Detecting Rally 2007
2.0 Aims and objectives
The three main research aims are as

follows:
1. Limit of Settlement pattern and 3. Recovered Artefact damage

dating of expansions
It is clear that many assemblages
The northeast area of the proposed within the disturbed plough soil are
detecting area contains extensive crop deteriorating whether through plough
marks, and as such is excluded from damage or chemical corrosion, leading
the detecting area however no clear to the loss of valuable data. The
picture of the full extent of the extra collection of a sizable sample dataset
mural settlement has been established would allow a snapshot of damage.
empirically. The plotting of finds, with Given the organic status of the farmland,
the potential of close dating evidence this could be re-examined in 10 years
will allow the limit to be established as time to view whether artefacts are
well as provide evidence for dates of deteriorating in spite of or because of
occupation and may show post roman chemical fertilisers. The condition and
activity. completeness of each find was recorded
and can be examined in the relevant
Tied with documents such as Kemp, Artefact List appendices.
S.N. 1995. Peterborough South Trunk
Main: Archaeology at Haddon Lodge. Objectives:
Cambridgeshire County Council
Archaeological Field Unit Report The objectives of (a) recording the
(Unpublished) these find plots could findspot, (b) identifying, (c) dating,
provide valuable data for the evolution and (d) assessing the integrity of any
of, limits and post-Roman activity for finds, and (e) reporting on these will be
the extra mural settlement. The results sufficient to meet the aims above.
would inform English Heritage on
suitable limits for future scheduling,
ensuring the buffer zone includes the
entire extra mural settlement.
2. External Rural Landscape Use
Plotting of finds would allow patterns

and dating of areas in the larger part
of the detecting area where little or no
evidence for subsurface archaeology is
present. It is clear from surrounding Aerial:
areas that this would have been an area View of Fields around
of intense activity, however due to later Chesterton.
land use this has been obscured. Filling Left:
in a vital gap on the map, the plotting Roman trumpet brooch.
of finds would allow zones of activity
to be identified, including routes and
pathways, as well as identifying artefact
clusters, representing dateable activity
– these can be highlighted as areas of
archaeological potential.

3.0 Methodology
A n initial setup of 1 day was re-

quired to prepare for survey, to
ensure all equipment, computers and
The ethos of preservation in situ was
fundamental to this project, and there
was no intention to excavate, evaluate,
resources are in place, with the morn- or otherwise disturb in situ archaeo-
ing of the first day spent on induction, logical deposits. All detecting was to
explanation of the project and the meth- be carried out in disturbed ploughsoil
odology to all participants. Prior to the layers.
meeting, all participants were informed
that reporting would be required and Above:
Although there were a significant
finds were to be located. The rally or- Pin Flags.
number of known grave/coffin sites in
ganiser agreed to provide the numbered the area the potential for further dis-
bags, pinflags and marker pens for all turbances was mitigated against by the Below:
detectorists. presence of archaeological personnel in Ziplock bags.
the fields at all times.
The BBC broadcast this event as a
live link television programme hosted Archaeological volunteers were used
by archaeologist and presenter Neil for Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
Oliver. This was deemed to project a location and finds photography/re-
balanced and even message about the cording was carried out by FLOs and
responsibility placed upon those that local finds specialists, professional ar-
detect, explaining the reasons behind chaeologists were on site to ensure no
reporting finds and an explanation sub-ploughsoil deposits are touched
on why scheduled sites are protected and were on hand to assist in the event
(something perhaps apparent to us but of there being a major find such as a
not to the general public). No dam- hoard, to provide full archaeological
age to permanent pasture was to take evaluation.
place.
(NOTE)Pre-numbered zip lock bags and 2500 pin flags were provided by the Rally Organiser, Norman Smith
1. Prior to detecting, each individual was given 20-30 bags and 10 pin flags.
2. In the field, recovered artefacts are placed in a bag and the number written on a flag which is placed in
the ground. - the detectorist can then move on.
3. Using at least 6 handheld GPS units (accuracy of +/- 3m) the location and number of each pin flag is
recorded (these numbers are ‘recycled’). In the event of large scatters of ceramic material being noted these
will be recorded in situ by the teams (though given the ground cover this was not expected to be high).
4. Permanently manned tables will process artefacts and coins using the record sheets (see appendix 1) and
photographed on scaled graph paper. Large bags will be available for detectorists to write their name on,
place their collected finds in and leave for processing to be collected later. This will remove queues and
waiting times as well as ensuring staff are fully occupied throughout the day.
5. Records of participant movement on the land will be made to ensure coverage is non-biased.
6. Depending on the nature of the artefact, it can be returned to the owner, or donated to the relevant mu-
seum service.
7. Treasure finds will be dealt with as per English Treasure Trove Laws.
8. Any unexpected archaeological deposits will have immediate archaeological presence; however preserva-
tion in situ is the only option – with artefacts recovered only from the plough soil horizons. In this unlikely
event the Council Archaeology Service will be informed to allow appropriate action to be taken.
9. At the end of Friday and Monday a presentation and live TV link will inform the state of play, however,
filming will take place throughout the event.

A draft report was prepared within three months of the completion of fieldwork. The report contained a site
narrative, illustrations and artefact summary and location, a list of photographs with accompanying CD of
images, 2 copies of the report in hard copy for Cambridgeshire and Peterborough HER.
A PDF of the report and database will also be included.
Funding has been kindly secured from MMA television production company to ensure the report and post-
survey data analysis can be carried out – this is to cover the bare costs and expenses of volunteers only, and
no commercial profit has been included.
Comments on the report submited in November 2007 were encouraged by all parties, and all corrections
and suggestions would be included. No such comments have been received, suggesting the draft report was
acceptable.
Archiving
As this is not an archaeological survey, rather archaeological advice given to members of the public to
ensure adequate archaeological data is gathered there is no provision for archiving of records other than the
above report and data.
Artefacts: Deposition and Conservation
The finds will be fully processed on site under supervision, however further examination will take place
post-event.
The following publications will be made known to all participants:
First Aid for Finds by D. Watkinson and V. Neal, Rescue and United Kingdom Institute for Conservation
Archaeology Section, 3rd Edition 1997.
Guide to Conservation for Metal Detectorists by Richard Hobbs, Celia Honeycombe & Sarah Watkins, Tem-
pus Publishing Ltd 2002.
Beginner’s Guide to Metal Detecting by Julian Evan-Hart & Dave Stuckey, Greenlight Publishing 2004.
£9.95
Onsite advice will be provided for specific finds. In the unlikely event of a signidficant Treasure Trove find,
this will be placed under the control of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS).
As with all artefacts aquired outwith archaeological projects the requirement for conservation and depo-
sition lies with the finder and CHC takes no responsibility beyond the recording of details (including the
finder address) of artefacts and coins.
Artefacts may be offered to Peterborough Museum at the finders discretion, which has been actively encour-
aged.

Figure 2: 1854 OS map showing area of detecting

4.0 Historical Background
4.1 Introduction.
The site of the Roman town of barrow at Ford Green was excavated by
Durobrivae is partly within the parish Artis 1820-8 (Artis 1828: 31) and in the
(Huntingdonshire DCC) and lies to the 1960s a Bronze Age cinerary urn was
northwest of Peterborough on the river found (1966 Bulletin of the Northants
Nene. The geologist and archaeologist Federation of Archaeological Societies
Edmund Tyrell Artis (1789-1847) was 1: 5). A possible Iron Age square
active in this area and accidentally barrow was excavated by Artis in 1828,
discovered a Roman tessellated and was found to contain a Hallstatt
pavement on Earl Fitzwilliam’s estates brooch, fibulae and a 7th-century BC
at Castor leading him to conduct a bracelet, the barrow’s precise location
series of excavations between 1821 and is unknown due to disturbance caused
1827 which are known to have been by the nearby railway line, it lies just
very methodical for the time. under 1km ENE of Water Newton.
Rivet and Smith (1979: 348) note that
From 1844 until his death in 1847 Artis neither aerial photographs nor small
dug mainly on the Duke of Bedford’s finds indicate any significant Iron Age
Sibson lands, inspired by the finds made settlement. Similarly, they remark that
during the laying of the Northampton there is no context for a pre-Roman
to Peterborough railway. A series of bridge. The area was in the territory of
plates to illustrate his discoveries was the Corieltauvi (formerly referred to as
published in 1828, The Durobrivae of the Coritani).
Antoninus but the accompanying text
never reached press due to his death, Type Grid ref. ADS Record no.
and more disappointingly his notebooks Levallois findspot TL1197 NMR_NATINV-364381
do not survive (Tomlinson 2004). Rectangular crop-mark TL100957 NMR_NATINV-364433
‘U’ ring ditch TL121973 NMR_NATINV-364471
4.2 Pre-Roman. ‘U’ ring ditch TL117964 NMR_NATINV-364472
LBA barrow TL1197 EHNMR-642239
The earliest find from the area would be BA urn findspot TL121976 NMR_NATINV-364292
the Levallois core and handaxe found at poss. IA square barrow TL11739765 NMR_NATINV-364354
Water Newton (Roe 1968: 133; Wessex Table 1.
Archaeology 1996: 66). Prehistoric archaeology.
A crop-mark rectangular enclosure of

unknown date is known around 0.9km
S of Water Newton. Other features
of uncertain date known from aerial
photographs are ‘U’ ring ditches which
could be prehistoric or Roman which
lie 1.25km E and 1.25km SE of Water
Newton. A range of prehistoric features
were uncovered during the evaluation
phase of Minerva Business Park A,
Alwalton, a multi-period site.
Later prehistoric finds are known from

around Castor. The Late Bronze Age

4.3 Roman.
D urobrivae (taken to mean

’bridge(s)-fort’ ) was a fortified
Roman garrison town located at Water
Type
Levallois findspot
Grid ref.
TL1197
ADS Record no.
NMR_NATINV-364381
Newton, Cambridgeshire, where Ermine Table2.

Street crossed the River Nene. It is not Roman military remains.
to be confused with the Roman town of Site name Grid ref. ADS Record no. Investigation
the same name at Rochester, Kent. The (Durobrivae, TL1296 EHNMR-642304 1820-7
settlement was first established around Chesterton)
43AD and is first mentioned in the late Durobrivae 1 TL1297 EHNMR-642292 1956
second century Antonine Itinerary. It Kate’s Cabin 3,4 TL1296 EHNMR-642288 1957
was later replaced by Peterborough Billing Brook 2 TL1197 EHNMR-642848 1957
as the local urban centre (Wikipedia extra-mural set- TL1197 EHNMR-642847 1958-60
Foundation). A cropmark 1km E of tlement
Water Newton represents a Roman hoard findspot TL123968 1975 geophys.
fort, probably auxiliary, which seems geophys.
to have been established in 47AD and Durobrivae TL12249705 1978
probably abandoned around 55AD. Durobrivae TL1296 E H N M R - 1993 f.w.
1314413
Table3.
Durobrivae investigations.
D urobrivae started life as a

settlement serving a fort, but
went on to become a regional capital
V illas are known in the area.
Between 1820-8 Artis excavated
a villa in Sutton Field 2km S of Water
of some importance, the town walls Newton. In 1826-7 he excavated two
were built in the second century. The villa sites, just E of Water Newton and
town was intensively occupied and on almost the same latitude, either side
was frequently rebuilt. Artis seemed of the Great North Road. Excavation in
to have located 22 buildings inside 1956 revealed another villa not far from
the walls but little is known of these. these, lying around 1km E of Water
The industrial site at Normangate Field Newton. Excavations in 1957 at Kate’s
adjoined the town and seems to have Cabin Farm sites 3 and 4 revealed a
been the centre of a major pottery villa and some industrial remains. The
industry. The Water Newton hoard is 2000 evaluation carried out at Mill
seen as an indication of the wealth of Reach recorded a boundary ditch,
the town (Huntingdonshire DCC). occupation site, fence, pit and posthole,
all of Roman date, within 50m of one
Excavation in 1956 uncovered the of the villas partially excavated by Artis
town defences and the following year at in the 1820s (see MacAuley 2000).
Billing Brook 2 a well, burial and oven Geophysical survey carried out in 1997
were found. Geophysical survey at the as part of the Peterborough to Lutton
findspot of the Water Newton hoard Pipeline project revealed another villa
showed the foundations of two heavily at Sibson Hollow.
Table4. Villas.
robbed buildings, a metal detector scan
found various small ferrous objects. Location Grid ref. ADS Record no. Investigation
The areas around the scheduled Roman Sutton Field TL1096 EHNMR-642844 1820-8
settlement were subject to fieldwalking Water Newton TL11149733 EHNMR-642845 1826-7
survey in 1993 to assess the level of Mill Reach TL1112297371 EHNMR-1358399 2000-eval.
plough damage, over 15,000 potsherds Water Newton TL11089680 EHNMR-642846 1826
were recovered (Kemp 1993). Water Newton TL 116971 NMRMIC-19 1956
Kate’s Cabin 3,4 TL1296 EHNMR-642288 1957
Sibson Hollow TL1097 EHNMR-1115311 1997-geophys.

E xcavation in 1970 2.5km E of
Elton revealed stone building
remains of C3-4AD on the left bank of
1999; McDonald and Vaughan 1999;
McDonald and Last 1999; Murray 1999;
Reynolds et al 2000). Fieldwalking
the Billing Brook. In 1973, excavation in 2001-2 returned a mixed, mainly
near Kate’s Cabin beside the A1, 1.5km ceramic, assemblage and indicated
S of Durobrivae uncovered building a possible (presumably Roman)
remains, a cobbled area and pottery. industrial area near Alwalton (Hillier
Similarly, a watching brief in 1975- 2002). Surface finds made in 2002 at
6 at the A605 Flyover at Alwalton Alwalton suggested a kiln which was
noted structural remains associated being newly disturbed by ploughing,
with Roman pottery despite difficult fieldwalking by Peterborough Regional
conditions involving waterlogging and College students proved this to be the
heavy machine damage. case, other sherd concentrations N
of this site suggested there had been
A rchaeological monitoring of the further activity along nearby Ermine

Peterborough South Trunk Main at Street (Middleton 2002).
Haddon Lodge showed no archaeological
features although a Romano-British
farmstead partially excavated by E xcavation of land to the E of Mill
Lane, Water Newton, revealed
the Fenland Archaeological Trust in Roman and Saxo-Norman features, the
1989 was disturbed by an access road main feature being a Roman quarry
prior to archaeological involvement. (O’Brian 2002, 2003; Crank et al
Also in 1995 geophysical survey at 2002).
Chesterton Reservoir failed to show Table5.
any archaeological anomalies against Other Roman remains
a background of high magnetic noise.
Location Grid ref. ADS Record no. Investigation
A watching brief on maintenance
along the A1 encountered a small Hill Farm TL12859462 extant monu-
area of the late Romano-British ment
cemetery known to exist outside Elton TL121941 1970
the SW gate of Durobrivae. Parallel Kate’s Cabin TL13049565 1973
ditches from early Roman agriculture A605 Flyover TL13129548 1975-6 w.b.
were also found as well as headlands A1 cemetery,
and ridge and furrow suggesting the Chesterton TL1220996576 EHNMR-1301435
site returned to agricultural use in
NMR_NAT- 1998 w.b.
the medieval or post-medieval (Casa
INV-1301921
Hatton and Wall 1999, 2006; Wall
1998). Minerva A TL1396 EHNMR-1194585
EHNMR- 1998 eval.
1318880
A n important extant feature is
the Roman barrow 380m N 1999
of Hill Farm, which is possibly a Minerva B TL1396 EHNMR-1301968
very rare Roman barrow, believed EHNMR- 1999 eval.
to have escaped the depredations of 1323513
antiquarian digging, or possibly a 1999
signal station which may have seen
Alwalton/ TL1314495534 2001/2 f.w.
medieval re-use.
Chesterton
E valuations and excavations
at Minerva Business Park,
Alwalton
Alwalton, revealed an Anglo-Saxon Mill Lane
TL12809613
TL1095797214
2002 f.w.
2002
cemetery and multi-period features
from the prehistoric to medieval
periods (Reynolds 1999; Roberts

4.4 Post-Roman.
I n 1997, Network Archaeology

undertook a programme
fieldwalking, field reconnaissance
of
Location
Haddon Lodge
Grid ref.
TL1341794370
Investigation
1995
and geophysics along the line of Chesterton Reservoir TL12759460 1995 geophys.
the Peterborough to Lutton pipeline Oundle Road, Alwalton TL1345295848 1996
discovering three substantial and Peterborough-Lutton TL1114593110 1997 field surv.
previously-unknown sites and sixteen Wing-Peterborough TL1053096911 1997 eval.
areas of archaeological potential St Michael’s, Chesterton TL1268395448 2002 eval.
(unpublished report number 106). The
Table 5.
geophysical element of this survey,
Other investigations.
carried out by Geophysical Surveys
of Bradford noted (unpublished report
1997) that ridge and furrow and ferrous
A dditional information that came
to light during the event were
the possible mislocation of HER site
signals dominated the survey area. 01603
Evaluation (six sites), excavation (two
of former taken to full excavation), and “Possible moat: subrectangular enclosure
topographic surveying of earthworks bounded by shallow ditch up to 10ft, 3ft
followed the fieldsurvey, most sites deep - slight elevation of c 0,2m seen from
seem to have been medieval in date adjacent field. Farmer knows of nothing of
interest being ploughed up.”
(Taylor and Angus 1998). In the same
year Cambridgeshire County Council
carried out an evaluation on the route In the field directly to the southeast,
of a water main between Duddington an area that may be worth further
and Chesterton, selecting nine high examination is located, covered in
potential sites. No dating material or trees with a slight ditch surrounding a
detecting finds were recovered, they subrectangular space.
are reported in Wall (1999), some
were interpreted as Middle Saxon iron No references could be found for the
smelting sites. location of Chesterton House (Fig. 2),
which seems to lie to the northeast of
n evaluation carried out in 2002 at the present church.
A St Michael’s Church, Chesterton,
showed ditches and gullies of probable A column base from a substantial
medieval/post-medieval date suggesting roman building within the churchyard Below:
the landscape has changed little since at Chesterton. Pillar base, with possible
this period (Grant 2002). crossshaft socket.
T he dedication of the medieval

church to St Remigius is unusual
(Huntingdonshire DCC). The
18th century watermill and lock-
keeper’s cottage at Water Newton
are now converted into private
residences (Huntingdonshire DCC).
Archaeological monitoring at Oundle
Road, Alwalton, in 1996, revealed no
archaeology prior to 1802 when the
almshouse was built, a small building
a C19 well and the footings of the
almshouses were discovered.

Figure 3: 1776 map of Chesterton, with drawing of Chesterton Hall in 1798 prior to
its demolition in the early 1800s. The House lies to the north east of the Church.
images from http://www.chesterton.moonfruit.com/

5.0 Results
5.1 Fields Examined Field Number Detecting Intensity Area (approx)

1 High 80000 square meters
A lthough their was some initial
confusion as to the precise
location of the rally, which will be dealt
2
3
High
Moderate
69000 square meters
42000 square meters
with in section 7, the location of fields 4 High 82000 square meters
examined and the density of survey is 5 Moderate 79000 square meters
shown on Figure 1. With 7 fields being 6 High 53400 square meters
examined in detail. Examination of 7 High 56000 square meters
the first edition Ordnance Survey (OS) 8 High 19000 square meters
map of the area (c1850s) (Fig. 2) shows
9 Moderate 26000 square meters
that for at least the past 150 years, the
areas examined were agricultural field 10 Low
systems of post-medieval date. 11 High 125000 square meters
12 Moderate 67000 square meters
13 Low
14 Low
15 Low
Total Area of high/ 698400 square meters
moderate detecting
5.2 Artefacts (Figures 5 – 12)
A n astonishing array and number

of artefacts were recovered and
reported during the event.
The range was from prehistoric

to present day. The entire dataset
including photographs are available for
further study in the attached CD-R. Above: Detecting field 5.
Finds were recorded in the field and

the identification was supplied by the
Portable Antiquities Scheme to whom I
am very grateful.
Above: Detecting field 11

All GPS located Finds
Dur obr ivae R oman To wn

& Fo r t S A M 130
Dur obr ivae R oman

To wn & Fo r t S A M 130
00
00099
0999
900
00
099
99
922
22
111666688
888
00009999911
main areas of detecting survey GPS located Find
\ 0 1 2
Km

5.2.1 Prehistoric (Figure 5)
Few finds from this period were recovered,

but a number of flints were reported, a
fragment of Langdale Axe [3037] was
of great value, given the distance from
the source. A further badly damaged
greenstone axehead was recovered
(right). This shows there was definite
Neolithic activity in this area. A fragment
of a Bronze Age socketed axe [513] and
a leaf-shaped arrowhead [3055] (below)
show continuation of occupation.
5.2.2 Iron Age (Figure 6)
A single rimsherd of coarse pottery was

the only find (excluding the first-century
BC staters) that relates to Iron Age
occupation is this area, and as this is a late
sherd it could be early Roman.
5.2.3 Roman (Figure 7)
A large number of Roman artefacts were

found, and the range is to be expected
in an area that has seen occupation
and expansion from 43AD to the final
withdrawal in 410. Exceptional locational
data points to a larger expansion in the
area of the present Chesterton village in
the 4th century, around what must have
been a site of some wealth. The recovery
of a single fragment of wall flue in field 7
points to a high status building. The same
density of finds is not recorded around
fields 1 and 2, which seem to have a
lower density of artefacts, except for two
unusual bronze bracelets [953] and [950]
(right) which may point to further burials
along the western road from Durobrivae.

T here are few finds to the northeast
of fields 1 and 2, with no surface
pottery noted – given the slope down to
the bounding river and the stony nature
of the ground it is possible this may have
been land that was neither occupied or
cultivated in Roman times. However
there is a strong possibility that Roman
tombs may line this road. right is a
selection of some of the personal items
recovered from the site, mainly in the
area of Chesterton village.
949 Oval ring seal 13x21 bezel possibly

engraved with animal.
954 Roman iron finger key for box.
2165 Roman trumpet brooch.
8080 Lead ‘curse’ fish with inscription.
8105 Roman umbonate brooch.

5.2.4 Saxon (Figure 8)
T here were relatively few Saxon

period finds, and these seemed to
consist of brooch fragments, probably
representing chance losses of dress
accessories. A single blue frit bead was
also recovered [2453] (right).
5.2.5 Medieval (Figure 9)
A relatively large concentration of

medieval finds were recorded,
these ranged from domestic items
such as pot legs, pottery and thimbles
through to personal ornaments such
as brooches and pins. The personal
ornaments included a pilgrim badge
with heraldic shield, probably dating
from the early 16th-century [8069]
(right). The concentration is obviously
centred on the present village.
W e are fortunate to have a full

range of thimble types from
the medieval (below left) [2677], ) to
the 17th century beehive type [8001]
(below middle) and a perfect 19th
century machine-made silver example
[8210] (below right).

5.2.6 Post-medieval (Figure 10)
T he post-medieval finds include

items which show the local
importance of the area, including the
now infamous ‘National Treasure’
which is a 16th/17th century merchant’s
spoon with seal [6035] (right).
O ther seals include simple signets

and an interesting pipe tamper
ring seal with the initials ‘TB’ [6038]
and what may be a tobacco plant motif;,
indications that there were a number
of both literate and merchant class
locals. In conjunction with the lost
Chesterton House, this suggests there
may have been people of high status in
the vicinity.

5.2.7 Brooches and Crotal Bells
(Figure 11 & 12)
E xamination of just two of the

classes of artefact does show
genuine locational and cluster data.
Crotal bells are found exclusively on
the land directly around the village,
and on the steep slope in field 11 to the
south of Chesterton, this may represent
common grazing land.
T he distribution of Saxon and early

medieval brooches does show
activity in the Chesterton area, while
the Romano-British brooches seem
more evenly spread. The cluster
around field 7 does seem to follow
the pattern of increased activity to the
south of Durobrivae from the mid 3rd
century, and far from the area being
abandoned, there does seem to have
been continuity of activity, if not full
settlement. The presence of a possible
high status Late Roman building would
attract later settlement, given the name
Chesterton (Enclosure by the Fort
– using the ‘chester’ prefix, which
suggests an early origin).

Prehistoric Period Finds

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Roman Period Finds

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6317 6318
6118
6166
8150
3034 2241 8209 6051 3530
8198 977
6052
665
2719 2364 381

6054 3487
3449 2595 3505

949 8197
8070
954 3039
1088
631

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Saxon Period Finds

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Medieval Period Finds

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387
8142
7777
2130 8145
2354 2298
8002 3425
739 2291 6039
8143 8148
615
8146 432 2135
3050
8059
283
2678 2411
2711 8060 666
666 664 260 808
6091
2373
2258
619
8064 417
2374
317
618
2677
2522

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Post Medeval Period Finds

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2468
3466
8141
8144
179 8144 6038
130
3526
980 2129 63913529 2292
6345 2328
8001 2586 6441
124
2127
864 2558
8006
2544 2366
434 984
694 2533
526 2300
694 765 6035
2256
2382
2101

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6050 7777
619 6188
6052 2291
8145
2719
6054 2364
2165
619
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8070

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Crotal Bell Finds

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2678
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694 434
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5.3 Coins (Figures 13 – 19)
The Water Newton Rally Iron Age and Roman Coins,

S. Moorehead. British Museum
5.3.1 The Material
Allocated to Reece Period 166 (incl. 3 Iron Age)

Neronian to Antonine (3-9) 3
Trajanic to Antonine (5-9) 2
260-402 (13-21) 36
333-402 (17-21) 59
Total 166
5.3.2. Breakdown by Reece Periods
Reece Period Date Rally No. Rally per Mill Reece 44 No. Reece 44 per Mill
1 Pre-41 1 24.1
2 41-54 1 13.89
3 54-68 2 6.94
4 69-96 1 6.02 5 34.72
5 96-117 2 12.05 3 20.83
6 117-138 1 6.94
7 138-161 2 13.89
8 161-180 3 20.83
9 180-192 1 6.94
10 193-222 1 6.02 1 6.94
11 222-235 2 13.89
12 235-260 1 6.02 0 0
13 260-275 21 126.5 19 131.94
14 275-296 19 114.45 12 83.33
15 296-317 5 30.12 0 0
16 317-330 18 108.4 1 6.94
17 330-348 46 277.1 37 256.94
18 348-364 7 24.16 17 118.06
19 364-378 36 216.9 27 187.5
20 378-388 1 6.02 2 13.89
21 388-402 4 24.1 8 55.56
Total 166 1000 144 1000

5.3.3. Bar Charts
Water Newton Rally coins (per mill);

sample 166
Water Newton coins (Reece no. 44);

sample 144

Left:
Licinius Junior – 321 – 324
AD – Nummus
Below:
Mark Antony Legionary Issue
AR Denarius
Water Newton – Rally coins vs Reece 44 (per mill)

5.3.4 Initial Comments
a) The Reece coins have a much higher proportion of coins struck prior to c.
AD 250. Indeed, the peak in Period 4 (Flavian; 69-96) shows that this site shares
characteristics with urban and rural sites across Britain. This shows that Water
Newton did have early foundations.
b) Both Reece and the Rally have a similar surge in periods 13 and 14 (260-
96), typical of sites across the country.
c) However, in the 4th century, the

Rally coins show higher proportions
in periods 15 – 17 (296-348) and in
period 19 (364-78), although Reece is
well ahead in 18 (348-64) and in 20-21
(388-402). However, it is likely that the
Rally will move further ahead in the 4th
century when the uncertain coins are
considered. 59 coins might be assigned
to periods in the future.
d) The high Valentinianic peak is

consistent with a series of sites in West
Suffolk (as identified by Jude Plouviez),
Norfolk (Gregory and Davies), and
Lincolnshire (e.g. Sapperton and Winterton; recently on PAS at Sudbrook). The Above:
fact that these coins are found outside the centre of the site strongly suggests Coin of the “Five Good
major activity in the later 4th century spreading out from the town, probably Emperors” (Nerva, Tra-
commensurate with increasing official activity in the region. Therefore, we jan, Hadrian, Antoninus
can argue that Water Newton was a key centre in Valentinianic and Theodosian Pius, Marcus Aurelius)
times (c. AD 364-390s). This is therefore a key site in the discussion of this and Commodus – AD 96
phenomenon. – 192 AD
Sam Moorhead (PAS) - 21st Sept 2007

Iron Age Coins

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MedievalCoin Finds 6th - 15th C

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8143
2640
6048 745 709
6345
3060
3535 179
8013
8185
2369 2538
8145 523
2163
3031
744
2295
2233

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Additional studies of Coin Assemblage
By SIMON HOLMES BA (Hons) MA PIFA
D uring the course of the Metal detecting rally at Water

Newton, Cambridgeshire, a total of 348 coins were
recorded. The coins were photographed and identified
during the rally by the author and members of the Portable
Antiquities Scheme and the information transcribed onto
record sheets, each having a unique reference number. The
archive was then used to by the author to create a detailed
catalogue of the coin assemblage. All of the coins could
be attributed to broad archaeological periods. However,
Above:
there are coins within each period that were totally illeg-
Roman Nummus, pierced
ible.
for wearing as a pendant
The total number of coins per archaeological period are

thus:
Iron Age = 3,
Roman = 295,
early medieval = 2,
medieval = 34,
post-medieval = 14
Of special interest (for the rarity) are

the following:
Denarius of Mark Antony [2675[

Denarius of Otho [8127]
Penny of Cnut? [1089]
Penny of Edward the Confessor [3057]
Penny of Stephen I from 1135 to 1154 Above:
(unknown mint) [2369] Penny of Stephen I

ANALYSIS
T he coinage recovered at the rally

reflects the monetary exchange
mechanisms of each period in the Water
Newton area. There are, however,
certain coins (individual specimens or
particular issue periods) that are worthy
of note.
THE IRON AGE COINS
T he Iron Age coinage, although only

represented by the three specimens,
reflects the usage of coinage within the
pre-Roman invasion community of
Water Newton.
The coins from the Late Iron Age

comprised of 1 silver unit of the Iceni
and 2 gold staters of the Corieltauvi.
They are typical of the coinage Above:
available to the Pre-Roman invasion Gold plated
communities of the East Midlands and Corieltauvi staters–
East Anglia and they have been placed 1st century BC
in Reece’s Period 1 (Reece, 1987).
THE ROMAN COINS
T he Roman coinage, which

dominates the assemblage, is
interesting due to the almost complete
AD 98-238). Perhaps there has been a
practice of hoarding within this area
that has removed these issues from
absence of denominations from the 1st – circulation, affecting their conventional
3rd centuries, unusual for a community loss.
and landscape Romanised by the end
of the first century. The earliest Roman
coin found at the rally was a silver
denarius of Marc Antony, struck c. 30
U nsurprisingly then the Roman
contingent of the assemblage
was dominated by the copper alloy
BC. Denarii struck before the Claudian coins from the issues of the fourth
invasion are well documented in century, typically from the Houses of
Britain. Constantine and Valentinian (Reece
Periods 16 – 20). Coins from the last
For a Romano-British site of this size it issue of coinage (AD 388-402) to enter
is interesting that there would seem to Britain, that of the House of Theodosius
be an absence of the prolific issues of (Reece Periods 20 and 21) are also
silver denarii from the reign of Trajan present. Clearly the Romano-British
through to that of Severan Dynasty (c. population within the Water Newton

area had a good supply of these issues half of Roman Britain. The histogram
suggesting that they had a healthy coin shows that at certain periods there were
based exchange mechanism in the late far more coins coming into the Water
4th century, which continued into the Newton area and being lost than at
early 5th Century. other times. Therefore ‘breaks’ in the
periodic sequence of the histogram
I nterestingly, there are relatively few could suggest that occupation and / or
late third and fourth century copies other activities that relied on the use of
within this assemblage, compared coin were not constant in this part of the
to other sites with similar totals as landscape until the late Roman period.
Britain relied heavily upon copies of
issues from the previous issue period.
Similarly, the common reverses: URBS
ROMA, CONSTANTINOPOLIS and
GLORIA EXERCITVS of the mid-
4th century though well represented
do not overwhelm as on other sites.
Furthermore, the coins on which a
mint mark usually exists, although
numerous, have been badly affected
by their state of preservation therefore
very few of the 4th century mints that
supplied Britain could be identified.
Those mints that could be identified
were: London, Trier, Arles, Lyon and
Aquilea.
T he pattern of periodic coin loss seen

in reflects a pattern established by
Reece (1991) for sites within the eastern
Purple (Rally Coins) Blue (Reece Period)

THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL COINS
T he coinage recorded from the

Early Mediaeval period comprises
of two specimens. They are, however
very fine examples of the late Anglo-
Saxon kings Cnut (a cut halfpenny)
and Edward the Confessor (a penny).
Though Anglo-Saxon coins are not as
common compared to Roman coins, it
is interesting that specimens from some
of the more prolific earlier monarchs
such as Burgred, King of Mercia, are
not present.
THE MEDIAEVAL & POST-MEDIAEVAL COINS
T he coinage from the Mediaeval and Post-Mediaeval

periods is (as with the majority of the Roman coinage)
what is to be expected to be in circulation. The Mediaeval
assemblage comprises of pennies and halfpennies of the 12th
– 15th centuries, including a very fine specimen of a Penny of
Stephen. The Post Mediaeval coinage is similarly represented
by the ‘common’ issues: penny, sixpence and threepence of
the monarchs, Elizabeth I and Charles I. Interestingly 43 % of
the Post Mediaeval coinage comprises of 17th century trade
tokens.
CONCLUSION
T he coinage recovered from Water Newton is therefore a

standard representation of what one would expect from a
site with a long history. However, as with any site one or two
exceptions and interesting factors have presented themselves.
O ne very important point, as it encompasses all of the

coinage and not just that from one particular period, is their
state of preservation. The majority of
coins recovered are in a very bad state.
Most are corroded almost to a point
to make them illegible (primarily the
Roman coinage as this is predominately
produced in copper alloy) thus it should
be emphasised that those specimens
recovered have been ‘saved’ from
certain destruction as a consequence
of modern farming practices and the
environment. Clearly their recording
has provided important information
that would have been lost in less than
20 years, if current farming practices in
the area continue.
Effects of chemical degredation - Blue represents coins
too corroded to be identified
6.0 General Reporting Statistics
585 recorded finds
366 with GPS location +/- 3 metres
78 location within a given field (+/- 50 metres
141 with no location
(240 flags were geolocated with no subsequent reported find – or find was discarded, either due to being a
natural object, in some cases being non-reportable or other reason – see section 7)
A number of c320 active detectorists and the number of unique names gives around 65% reporting, added
to this there were further unnamed finds (based on the same ratio) and this could add a further 20% who
left no contact details. It would also be reasonable (given a number of ‘complaints’ that they found nothing
worth recording – from reputable and trusted individuals) to add a small percentage of 2-5% giving at least a
recording rate of 87%.
G iven the nature of this event and the problems with communication and the potential for mistrust this can
only be seen as a success. It should be noted that this was seen as an unusually high level of recording
and given the methodology of data collection, the sample size is excellent.
I t is often best not to dwell to long on statistics, as they are too open to interpretation, all that can be said
with any definite certainty is that nearly 600 artefacts and coins were recorded that would otherwise not
have been. There were 9 instances of treasure finds from this site, with further treasure finds from elsewhere
reported specifically at this event:
1. Silver penannular object, possibly Viking in date.

2. 10 x copper alloy coins (radiates and nummi) dating to the late 3rd and 4th centuries AD.
3. A silver Roman finger ring with possible TOT inscription
4. Fragment of hack gold, possibly Viking in date
5. A Roman gold wire necklace link
6. Fragment of gold wire jewellery, possibly Roman or modern
7. Fragment of hack silver, possibly Viking in date
8. Incomplete 17th century silver spoon
9. Silver heart shaped buckle, possibly medieval in date
7.0 Artefact Conditions
I n general the condition of artefacts and coins seemed to be consistent with other recorded rallies
(Thornborough, Panton, Wantage, Corfe etc) where a similar percentage of copper rich Roman coins were
unreadable – c30-40% through chemical corrosion (the silver and gold coins did not seem to be affected).
In part this may be down to the conversion to organic and/or the land use. Pottery was no larger than 50mm
square and abraded, many artefacts showed plough damage. However, it would only be by matching this
assemblage with a further sample some 10 years from this site and any adjacent farm that still uses chemicals
that any definite conclusions could be drawn.
I t is clear that once within the plough soil horizon, the finds are subjected to mechanical damage, and a
change in conditions. Changes in farming over only the past 50-60 years have been great, and as discussed
in “Ripping Up History: Archaeology under the Plough EH 2003” the challenge is to match differing and
often conflicting requirements.
8.0 Reported issues and solutions
Communication with HERs and local Groups.
I t was clear that communication was a problem from the start, an issue that lies at the heart of the ensuing
difficulties. It is fair to say that both rally organisers and interested archaeological bodies are equal in this
criticism, with several misconceptions, assumptions and perceived antagonism springing directly from the
original communication failure. However, part of the point of this project was to highlight the protocols that
could be followed in the future.
E arly discussion with both the County Archaeologist and HER officer, English Heritage, Natural England
and the PAS would allow each a chance to comment on any potential issues that may arise, including
sensitive areas, scheduling, stewardship or other environmental issues. It is clear that knowing who to talk to
is often a complex matter, as in this case, where contact with Peterborough is not immediately apparent given
the location of the site in Cambridgeshire. The onus should then be upon the local County Archaeologist to
inform the rally organiser of other groups who may be working in the area, or projects being conducted in
the area that may be either affected by the rally OR would like to be informed of results to add to their own
research agendas. This becomes the first stage of a tick box approach.
a. Contact HER and Statutory Bodies (the correct address could indeed be provided by the HER, unless a
direct point of contact for each body could be established.
Equipment – from flags to GPS units
A s detailed in the final part of this section (Levels of Rally – which is only a suggestion based on observation)
the equipment required is dependant on the type of rally undertaken. However, provision for Pinflags
(available from York Survey Supplies – white flags are recommended with visibility of over a kilometre ),
prenumbered finds bags, and ballpoint pens should be made, based on providing every detectorist with 5
pinflags (to be reused) 20 bags and a pen (and a number spare). One possibility which may be carried out in
conjunction with the farmer are blue barrels or similar with a field number sprayed on that relates to the map.
Field definitely excluded from the rally may also benefit from a barrel (or similar) with a ‘No entry’ sign.
An additional item of equipment which can be supplied is the very inexpensive funnel-based tripod/diffuser,
macro stabiliser . It also goes without saying that provision should be made for comfortable and suitable table
and chairs for the FLOs and other recorders. A large map of the area also helps to provide a visual guide to
how the rally is progressing, with different coloured dots for finds, marked roughly on the map. Enough GPS
units, download cables and record sheets (White Artefact and Blue Coin sheets)
b. Ensure the equipment needed matches the rally requirements.
Requirement for maps detailing fields (including fields excluded)

Sending short description of recording methods to all participants prior to rally
It is understood that it is impossible to decide on exactly which fields will be detected until the day before, giv-
en changing conditions such as weather, ploughing, seeding and ground conditions. Therefore, it is important
for all, including the participants to have a map of the entire area with numbered fields. This also ensures that
a morning briefing can consist of announcing the fields (by number) that will be detected on that day/morn-
ing/afternoon. As each participant receives information (either by post or on the day) they can receive both
this map and a short (A5) description of what is to be expected.
c. Send copy of Map and Rally Code of Conduct.

Send Details of methods and requirements to all participants

Ensuring adequate staffing with use of local archaeologists (as appropriate) and FLOs with a
specified lead in time.
A s with all projects and events, it all depends on the type of rally, the numbers of participants, the expected
volume of recordable finds (an impossible figure akin to archaeological excavation, where we are asked
to specify the amount of archaeology that is in a given site). However based on a rally similar to this (and
confirmed by a further rally at Corfe) a suitable ratio would be (per hundred participants) one FLO with one
volunteer taking digital photographs and at least one GPS unit in the field recording pinflags. Of course this
has to be flexible, where for 300 detectorists the numbers could be two FLOs, two volunteers on photography,
two on weight/measurement and four GPS Units in the field plus two professional archaeologists (also with
GPS units) as backup and onsite advice. It is possible with enough discussion, to involve a local unit that
will have used detecting volunteers on commercial projects to provide suitable field staff for the weekend as
a reciprocal act.
d. Decide on numbers of support staff needed and ensure they are adequate to cover all requirements..
Costs and implications of reports
A final product is essential, to both show the validity of carrying out these large scale events in archaeological
terms and to place the recovered artefacts into some context, creating the basis for further work. Based
upon this event, and the methodology of report production, collation of data and the GIS element it is suggested
that the report is in line with similar field-survey recording, where lists of artefacts are prepared and linked
to locations, with a brief overview and discussion with suggestions for further work. A CD of images and
paper copy as a thumbnailed appendix can be attached. In keeping with similar event reporting, a shp file
showing the event boundary can easily be attached to the HER GIS system, showing where work has been
carried out. The report can then be made available through the HER and OASIS. It was suggested that this
and similar events cannot fit into research agendas, and produces data without purpose. However, it is true
to say that as development control archaeology makes up some 80-90% of all archaeological interventions
in the UK presently this can be said of much of the archaeology that takes place now. (We have to be
mindful that commercial archaeology is based on where development or construction takes place rather than
where archaeology research agendas are centred, though thankfully they can coincide by accident rather than
design.)
e. Allow for data input, overview and preparation of digital images, to prepare a standardised report, CD,
database and GIS points and polygon file. (I am happy to prepare for discussion a template and instruction
manual for all of these) This will take place after the event within a set timescale.
Inviting locals to see what is happening
One important aspect is to ensure that the people most directly affected by this event, benefit from this event.
The local community, should be allowed access to view the finds, and provision made for a return visit to
explain the results. I understand that this may be difficult, but if a local detecting group who has attended the
event in conjunction with either a FLO or archaeologist can consider this, then it seems a logical conclusion.
Understanding of concerns.
It is impossible to please everyone all of the time, it is however possible to agree that all parties have concerns,
issues and difficulties. To actively seek workable solutions does not need to mean capitulation to ideas that
may be diametrically opposite to personal views. Therefore it is important for all parties to view their own
behaviour and see where lessons could be learned, and actions (no matter how innocent) could be misconstrued,
mistakes seen as deliberate or assumptions made without taking time to find out whether they are true are not.
I am more than happy to admit to failings, but use this as a positive move forward. It is too easy to point out
specific slights or perceived transgressions, much harder, but more rewarding to highlight issues, isolate them
and unravel them to a point where all parties can agree it is the most workable resolution.
After the meeting in Cambridge on the 13th November 2007, it was heartening that no substantial problems
were highlighted in the recording methods, or the reporting and that their was talk of movement on a Rally
Code of Conduct, building on work from various bodies and strengthened by this and other cooperative
events. Facts have replaced assumptions, and that is no bad result.
Suggestions for Rally Levels with associated requirements
Type I rally. (PAS aware of rally and can accept finds either at rally or afterwards)
A fter contacting the County Archaeologist or HER officer, it is clear that nothing is really known about the
area. The rally takes place and interesting or important or recordable finds are recorded either at the Rally
or afterwards… It would be good for everyone to know what was found… and what it ‘means’
Type II rally (PAS aware and provision made for FLOs on site - Archaeologists invited to provide additional
help (photography and archaeological advice))
A fter contacting the County Archaeologist or HER officer, it is clear that there is known archaeology
however as no ‘below the ploughsoil’ detecting then further information, ploughsoil artefact rescue will
be of great use, recording of interesting or important or recordable finds should take place either at the rally
or afterwards. It would be good for everyone to know what was found… and what it ‘means’, especially if
important new information or sites are found thanks to this. GPS location of finds should be considered, and
a method of managing it in conjunction with archaeologists investigated at the earliest possible – It should be
perfectly reasonable (for commercial rallies) to allow for at the least covering expenses for archaeologists as
well as proving the equipment needed to carry out a basic record.
Type III rally (PAS aware and provision made for FLOs on site Archaeologists invited to provide additional
help (photography and archaeological advice in the fieldand to oversee student volunteers in Geolocating
finds)
A fter contacting the County Archaeologist or HER officer, it is clear that there is known archaeology and
the potential for significant archaeology - however as no ‘below the ploughsoil’ detecting then further
information, ploughsoil artefact rescue will be of great use, recording of interesting or important or recordable
finds should take place either at the rally or afterwards (though ideally it would take place at the rally. It would
be good for everyone to know what was found… and what it ‘means’, especially if important new information
or sites are found thanks to this. GPS location of finds should be considered, and a method of managing it
in conjunction with archaeologists investigated at the earliest possible – It should be perfectly reasonable
(for commercial rallies) to allow for at the least covering expenses for archaeologists as well as proving the
equipment needed to carry out a basic record.
Type IV rally (PAS aware and provision made for a number of FLOs on site Archaeologists essential to
provide additional help (photography and archaeological advice field and use of accurate GPS equipment and
to oversee student volunteers in conjunction with local groups sub metre GPS required, long term funding
commitment and no loss of finds.)
A fter contacting the County Archaeologist or HER officer, it is clear that there is not only known archaeology
and the potential for significant archaeology but it is a battle site – This is where it gets interesting…
as where other site types are subsurface and the ploughsoil contains artefacts that have been pulled up from
sealed contexts and features.. the battlesite starts at the top of the ploughsoil down… the entire ground surface
is the site. The fragility is exceptional… a broken buckle, a line of lead shot, a button, a piece of armour or a
fragment of stirrup… without exact location of each of these items, without recording of every scrap, the story
that could be told will be lost forever… you could change history… discovering that the lines of battle are
different from previously thought… that a cavalry charge took place there, that a cannon position was here not
there, and that affected its field of fire… the possibilities to change history are enormous. Think two men in a
trench and the extensive use of metal detecting…!
H ere – it could be argued that the one type of event that would not suit a battlefield would be a rally….. and
if such an event took place on a known battlefield the amount of preparation would have to be done long
in advance… here, the locations would have to be mapped using either diff GPS or a Total Station Theodolite,
allowing sub metre accuracy, there would have to be elements of fieldwalking, a serious investigation into
archaeological input and finds identification (with a need to retain most finds to analyse further.. as it would be
difficult in most cases to properly identify slight features that could tell the difference between a brown bess
trigger guard and a continental musket type… or what type and period the lead shot came from… whether that
was a piece of iron or part of a arquebus shot..
And when people left the field it would not end there, as reports would need to be written, information collated,
artefacts examined, conservation of artefacts, historical analysis, etc etc… a major commitment… So would
it be worth considering?
I f you had the time, the money, the commitment, and were part of a larger project that also involved the local
community, then perhaps yes… properly organised, funded (you could get funding from HLF even) and
with enough specialists and archaeologists to ensure that what you found was not just saved from the ground,
but saved from obscurity

9.0 Conclusions and suggestions for Further Work
S uccess is a relative term, based on the interpretation of the final result. It is however possible to use this
term with relation to the event, based on the following criteria. A substantial amount of recorded artefacts
and coins have entered the public domain for research and study, the locations of the artefacts and coins are
also available, and this report, with accompanying photographs, GIS data and database has been lodged with
both Cambridge and Peterborough HERs. This can only be seen as a success given that the only alternative
was none of the above.
The project itself was from certain angles experimental, however, a precedent was set by work in Yorkshire
(http://www.iadb.co.uk/osbaldwick/osbaldframeset-1.htm ) at Osbaldwick - Archaeology and metal-detecting.
A model for engaging the local communityin a greenfield development, Neil Macnab, 2005, Joseph Rowntree
Foundation.
It is important to recognise that the benefits from the exercise were engagement with detector users, collection
of archaeological valid data and further development of future methodologies. The criticisms of the event stem
from using this site as a test case, the easy rebuttal to this is that not using this site as a test case would have
resulted in the potential loss of any information at all. During the extensive discussions on the project, there
was very little workable alternative given. With ideas such as sub surface test pitting, complete geophysics
of the area and even gridding 100 hectares into 10 metres square being either impractical and/or exorbitantly
expensive.
The problems and solutions have been detailed in section 8 above, and need no further discussion, other
than the requirement that these solutions are implemented by all parties. Communication and openness
being crucial to further working models, with Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeology Service admitting
themselves that they were as much to blame for this early loss.
Detecting to must be aware that the resource they utilise for these events is not one which should be seen
as inconsequential and must require consideration for the long term effects. By simple addition of an
archaeological component it is possible for all participants to enjoy a family event and provide useful data for
further study. This situation brings a genuine win-win solution, to what is and wall flewas a divisive issue.
More cooperation from both groups will provide a sustainable and inclusive future.
In terms of the stated objectives, the following results have shown that the data did bear archaeological data that
could be interpreted and utilised. The results are open to other groups for study and the Portable Antiquities
Scheme has already initiated a study of the coin typology and distribution.
1. Limit and dating of settlement pattern.
The distribution of coinage, and subsequent interpretation (including a recognition of coin density at different
period) has shown a significant expansion of late Roman date to the southeast of Durobrivae, with the potential
of a nucleated pattern around what is now Chesterton. The collection of a fragment of wall flue and the
seemingly uninterrupted continuation of artefacts and coins in the area of Chesterton would suggest that
further no intrusive and detailed study of this area would be a target worth following.
2. External Rural Landscape Use
The areas of Fields 1 & 2 (see Fig. 2) had a very limited number of finds, which may suggest that rather than
the expected roadside settlement pattern, it is possible the area was used for other activities, which may even
be connected with burials (these features have been uncovered previously in the area) or woodland/agricultural
land. had a very limited number of finds, which may suggest that rather than the expected roadside settlement
pattern, it is possible the area was used for other activities, which may likely be connected with burials (
coffins have been uncovered previously) or woodland/agricultural land.

3. Recovered artefact damage
As has been previously mentioned we have another confirmation of the gradual degradation of metallic
artefacts and finds. The details of condition for each recorded find are found in the database, however in
brief, over a third of the roman coins were indecipherable. Artefacts were often very corroded or broken, it
should be considered that at this rate of loss, recorded collection is at the very least, a requirement to prevent
complete loss of the information.
It would be useful to carry out further work in this area in five years to compare the amount of decay, in both
the areas or organic farming and non organic chemical fertiliser use.
It is hoped that the information contained within this report will be of as much use as previous field walking
exercises in this area, and can spur local involvement, perhaps with support from organisations.
10.0 Thanks and acknowledgements
Special thanks Jon Welsh (historical Research and editing), Maggie Struckmeier and Corinne Mills (who also
supplied all the photographs of the work in the field) for field supervision and research, data input and support,
Simon Holmes for field supervision and coin research. Suzi Thomas and students (Lynda Jackson, Wendy Fail,
Christine Alford, Hannah Guthrie and Emilie Sibbesson) from International Centre for Cultural and Heritage
Studies, University of Newcastle, for invaluable help in GPS location. The amazing efforts of FLOs Steve
Ashby, Ros Tyrell, and Phillipa Walton for finds identification and both Roger Bland and Sam Moorehead
from the PAS, Cambridgeshire Council Archaeology Service, Sarah Poppy, Ben Robinson for SMR data and
offprints of articles and research relating to Durobrivae.
MMArts bear special mention including Luke, Gro, Kerry, and Mark Gorton who supported the production of
this report both finicially and with all the excitement of live filming, and without which this would not have
been possible.
Norman and Margaret for the invitation to be on this event..

All the detectorists who took part in the spirit of cooperation.
Mr and Mrs Wright of Chesterton and the Landowners, I would like to give my special thanks, and to the
locals of Chesterton who showed so much interest as well as inviting me down for a talk on the results in the
church.
And of course Neil Oliver, a big thanks for all the support, both before, during and after!

11.0 Bibliography
Artis, E.T. (1828) The Durobrivae of Antoninus Identified and Illustrated, London: the author.
Casa Hatton, R. and Wall, W. (unpublished 1999) A Late Roman cemetery beside the A1 near Durobrivae
(Water Newton): Archaeological Recording, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit
Report 165)
Casa Hatton, R. and Wall, W. (2006) ‘A late Roman cemetery at Durobrivae, Chesterton’, Proceedings of the
Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 95: 5-24.
Crank, N., Wotherspoon, M., Britchfield, D. and Grant, J. (unoublished 2002) Land East of Mill Lane, Water
Newton, Cambridgeshire. An Archaeological Interim Site Narrative, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust
Report 1169.
Geophysical Surveys of Bradford (1997 unpublished) Report on Geophysical Survey. Peterborough to Lut-
ton Pipeline, Volumes 1 and 2. Report 97/24.
Grant, J. (unpublished 2002) Proposed extension of burial ground, The Rose Garden, St Michael’s Church,
Chesterton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. An archaeological evaluation, Hertfordshire Archaeological
Trust Report 1098.
Hillier, R. (unpublished 2002) Report of Fieldwalking, Alwalton and Chesterton 2001/2.
Kemp, S. (1993) English Heritage Fieldwalking Programme, Draft Report: Durobrivae, Cambridgeshire
Archaeology Reports.
MacAuley, S. (2000) ‘Romano-British Settlement Remains at Mill Reach, Water Newton: an archaeological
evaluation. Report no. 172,’ Cambridgeshire Archaeology Reports Cambridgeshire County Council Archae-
ological Field Unit.
McDonald, T. and Last, J. (1999) Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. Area B
Interim Excavation Report, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 0599.
McDonald, T. and Vaughan, T. (unpublished 1999) Archaeological excavation, Minerva Business Park,
Alwalton, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. Area A Interim Excavation Report, Hertfordshire Archaeological
Trust Report 0531.
Middleton, P. (unpublished 2002) Field walk report. Alwalton, Cambs. TL12809613.
Murray, J. (unpublished 1999) Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Cambridgeshire. An Archaeological Evalu-
ation (Area B) Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 0510.
Network Archaeology (unpublished 1997) Peterborough to Lutton Proposed Gas Pipeline. Archaeological
Fieldwalking, Field Reconnaissance and Geophysical Survey, Network Archaeology 106.
O’Brian, L. (unpublished 2002) Land East of Mill Lane, Water Newton, Cambridgeshire. AN Archaeological
Excavation. Archive Report, Archaeological Solutions Report 2056.
O’Brian, L. (unpublished 2003) Roman and Medieval finds at Land East of Mill Lane, Water Newton,
Huntingdonshire. Excavation. Report, Hertfordshire Archaeological Trust Report 1270.
Reynolds, T. (1999) ‘Fieldwork in Cambridgeshire’, Proceedings of the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society

87: 101-6.
Reynolds, T., Parsons, J., Malim, T. and Robinson, B. (2000) ‘Fieldwork in Cambridgeshire’, Proceedings of
the Cambridgeshire Antiquarian Society 89: 91-101.
Rivet, A.L.F. and Smith, C. (1979) The Place-Names of Roman Britain, London: Batsford.
Roberts, J. (unpublished 1999) Multi-period features on land at Minerva Business Park, Alwalton, Cam-
bridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report 155.
Roe, D.A. (1968) A gazetteer of British Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites, London: Council for British
Archaeology.
Taylor, C. and Angus, C. (unpublished 1998) Peterborough to Lutton Gas Pipeline. Archaeological Trench
Evaluation, Excavation and Field Survey. Interim Statement, Network Archaeology.
Tomlinson, S. (2004) ‘Artis, Edmund Tyrell (bap. 1789, d. 1847), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
Oxford University Press.
(http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37128) accessed 22 Aug 2007.
Wall, W. (unpublished 1998) A Roman cemetery beside the A1 trunk road near Durobrivae (Water Newton)
TL12069662, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report.
Wall, W. (unpublished 1999) Middle Saxon iron smelting furnaces and other sites along the Wing to Peter-
borough pipeline, Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit Report 158.
Wessex Archaeology (1996) The English Rivers Palaeolithic Project. Report no.2, 1995-1996: the Great
Ouse Drainage and the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds.
11.1 Further Reading
Tomlin, R.S.O. (1983) ‘Roman Leicester, a Corrigendum: For Coritani should we read Corieltauvi?’, Trans-
actions of the Leicester Archaeological and Historical Society 48.
Tomlin, R.S.O. (1983) ‘Non Coritani sed Corieltauvi’, The Antiquaries’ Journal 63.
The Romans in Cambridgeshire Jane McIntosh and Gerald Wait

11.2 ADS and SMR Records.
Period unknown
NMR_NATINV-364433
NMR_NATINV-364471 Chesterton, U-ring ditch.
NMR_NATINV-364472 Chesterton, Huntingdonshire, Cambs; U-ring ditches.
Palaeolithic
NMR_NATINV-364381
Bronze Age
NMR_NATINV-364292 Castor, cinerary urn.
Late Bronze Age

EHNMR-642239 Ford Green barrow, Castor, Peterborough.
Iron Age
NMR_NATINV-364354 Castor, barrow site.
Roman
EHNMR-1115311 Sibson Hollow, Ailsworth, villa.
NMRMIC-19 Burial, well, villa.
EHNMR-1358399 Mill Reach eval.
EHNMR-1090819 Normangate Field, Ailsworth, Peterborough.
EHNMR-642253 Normangate Field, Castor, Peterborough.
EHNMR-642304 Durobrivae.
EHNMR-642844 Sutton Field; villa.
EHNMR-642845 Water Newton; villa.
EHNMR-642846 Water Newton; villa.
NMR_NATINV-364291 Durobrivae.
EHNMR-642847 Durobrivae extra-mural settlement; occupation, industrial.
EHNMR-642848 Billing Brook Site 2; well, burial and oven.
NMR_NATINV-364445
NMR_NATINV-364448
NMR_NATINV-364454
NMR_NATINV-364460 The Castles, Chesterton.
NMR_NATINV-364464 Chesterton, pottery site.
NMR_NATINV-364468 Chesterton, Durobrivae hoard (1974).
NMR_NATINV-364469 Water Newton Hoard.
NMR_NATINV-364470 Chesterton, two milestones.
NMR_NATINV-364488 Elton, possible building.
NMR_NATINV-364496 Chesterton, stone coffin.
NMR_NATINV-1164915 Ermine Street.
EHNMR-1301435 A1 Roadside, Water Newton, cemetery.
NMR_NATINV-1301921 Chesterton, cemetery in drainage ditch adjacent to A1.
EHNMR-642288 Kate’s Cabin Farm, Chesterton.
EHNMR-642292 Durobrivae Site 1.
EHNMR-1314413 Durobrivae fieldwalking survey.
Early Medieval
EHNMR-642843 Enclosed settlement.
NMR_NATINV-364378 Water Newton.
Medieval
EHNMR-642843 Pound.
NMR_NATINV-871177 St Remigius Church.
NMR_NATINV-364378 Water Newton.
Post-medieval
NMR_NATINV-364497 Water Newton House.
NMR_NATINV-364498 Water Newton Lodge.
NMR_NATINV-871177 St Remigius Church.

102 mount material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate
Object description rectangular plate with slightly convex sides, each corner slightly bent over TL
124 buckle material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description TL 12326 95781
130 mount material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate

Object description lozenge-shaped TL 12178 95906
152 key material fe Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description bit, three square teeth, stem has hollow end, circular section rubbed stem, extending to hoop, broken TL
179 token material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description obverse: shield with beaded circle FORB? Rev: illegible TL 12495 95477
185 buckle material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description central bar TL
236 ingot material silver Unknown to Coordinate

Object description semi-circular lump TL
260 dagger chape material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description one folded sheet, perforated at wide end TL 12737 95201
271 openwork mount material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate
Object description uneven pattern, pale green patina TL
283 Unknown material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description curved D-section strip, pointed terminal, groove at attachment end TL 12740 95257
317 seal matrix material pb Medieval to Coordinate

Object description vessica-shaped, initial cross, S'ATILA P_UIDER, chevrons on arm to look like palm tree TL 13032 94555
369 Unknown material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description D-section stem, curves at one end and extends to cast zoomorph, other end thins out, perforated TL 12782 95047

Object description D-section stem, curves at one end and extends to cast zoomorph, other end thins out, perforated TL 12684 95119
381 pin material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description ridged round head TL 12811 95177
387 stud material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description small stud, D-section, small attachment lug on underside TL 11371 96299
417 weight material pb Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description conical with central perforation TL 12920 94682
432 crotal bell material ae Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate
Object description squared-off suspension loop, lower half incomplete, two opposing circular holes in upper half TL 12367 95516
434 crotal bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description plain TL 12851 94955
483 sheet material pb Unknown to Coordinate

Object description crushed sheet of lead, possible corner of 3D shape TL 13263 94730
484 nail material fe Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description square head, stem rectangular in section TL
485 Harness fitting material Cu Alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description small sheild shaped harness pendant, loop incomplete TL
487 vessel material cu alloy Unknown to Medieval-Post- Coordinate

Object description rimsherd TL 13046 94539
488 potsherd material ceramic Unknown to Coordinate

Object description rimsherd, metallic TL 13042 94541
493 bead material glass Early Roman to Saxon Coordinate

Object description elongate bead, blue, opaque, circular hole through axis TL
500 buckle plate material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate
Object description rectangular strip, two extensions bent over to accommodate frame, held by one rivet, 2 rivet holes at TL 11378 96467
attachment end, domed rivet in situ, another rivet hole
513 socketed axehead material cu alloy Prehistoric to Coordinate

Object description fragment of socket and loop TL 13227 94710
526 pot leg material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate

Object description rectangular, ridge down reverse TL 12891 94719
565 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate

Object description dolphin brooch, semi-circular wings, vertically ribbed either side of bow, perforated lug to secure TL
bow with prominent dorsal ridge which tapers to a rib which continues along length of bow,
triangular openwork catchplate

Object description circular, six-pointed star with curved sides in red enamel, some of which survives, rounded TL
terminals, circular central, hemispherical catchplate, square scars mark position of pin lugs
615 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description oval buckle, central bar, not offset, TL 12521 95536

Object description slightly offset TL 12954 94711
618 mount/horse furniture? material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate
Object description triangular plate with lug TL 12985 94525
619 brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description zoomorphic head TL 12301 95902
631 vessel material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description rimsherd TL 13319 94154
641 potsherd material ceramic Iron Age to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description possible rim handle from large terracotta vessel, 2 ribs on exterior TL 12339 95738
648 hooked tag material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description openwork hooked tag, square attachment loop, foliate plate, bent tapering hook TL 12360 95742

Object description offset bar, decoratively profiled egde, slight crack in loop TL 12166 95180
665 terminal material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description human head in high relief, flat plain reverse, twisted-rope style hairline, perforations for eyes, sculpted TL 12227 95323
nose, mouth barely visible, curved line for chin, green patina with brown patches
666 miniature ampulla token? material pb alloy Medieval? to Coordinate
Object description openwork object, cross/orb design cast rubbed description, underside smooth and plain, TL 12756 95228
666 miniature ampulla token? material pb alloy Medieval? to Coordinate

Object description openwork object, cross/orb design cast rubbed description, underside smooth and plain, TL 12023 95187

Object description plain, square loop with perforation TL 12787 94922

Object description plain, square loop with perforation TL 12897 94702
726 brooch material cu alloy Saxon to Coordinate

Object description moulded eyes, horizontal-ribbed leg, D-section catchplate TL
739 strap end material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular strip bent over and secured with round section, decorated with marginal groove, gilded TL 12263 95627
741 coil material silver Saxon? to Coordinate

Object description hack silver? TL 12569 95566
765 button material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description plain TL
808 buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description gilded triangular plate attached, 2 rivets folded over TL 12806 95186
819 brooch material ae Saxon to Coordinate

Object description equal-arm, 'anstate' brooch, hinged for pin TL
862 Unknown material fe Unknown to Coordinate

Object description horse fitting? Rectangular-section and round-section shafts separated by moulded decoration, round- TL 12498 95681
section shaft divides at end

Object description offset bar TL 11961 95246

Object description small harness buckle, TL
915 Unknown material pb Unknown to Coordinate

Object description flat, circular, D-section extension TL 12210 95855
949 finger ring material cu Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description oval 13x21 bezel possibly engraved with animal TL 12784 94907
950 bracelet material cu alloy Late Roman to Saxon Coordinate
953 bracelet material cu alloy Late Roman to Saxon Coordinate

954 key material cu Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description 30 wide at teeth, 25 at loop TL 12913 94631

Object description fragment, possibly of brooch? TL 12461 95578
972 weight material pb Medieval to Post-Medieval Coordinate

Object description cylindrical, perforated TL
977 fitting material cu alloy Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

978 fitting material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description flat plate, some gilding remains, point, perforation TL
980 hooked tag material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description circular plate, trapezoidal attachment loop, tapering hook, male bearded face TL 11987 95597
984 pot leg material cu alloy Post-med? to Coordinate
986 powder measure material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description flat base, cylindrical, small lead loop, TL
1020 ingot/weight material pb Unknown to Coordinate

Object description rectangular TL 12779 94978
1052 finger ring material base silver? Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description large round bezel missing stone TL
1066 sword belt hanger material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description moulded floral decoration TL
1088 Unknown material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description mount/stirrup? Rectangular, ornately profiled top, 3 longitudinal lines on front face, reverse has TL 13083 94588
straight perpendicular attachment lug,
2035 strip material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description TL
2101 plaque material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description gutter decoration TL 13072 94533
2127 net weight? material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate
Object description sphere with circular perforation TL 12386 95414
2129 movist material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description floral-shaped, decorated movist, cast with loop for attachment button in centre of reverse TL 12273 95570
2130 casket key material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description circular, circular-section stem TL 12383 95763
2135 key material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description key and suspension loop, double collar, slight inward-curving projection TL 12513 95530

Object description grooved underside, TL

Object description trumpet brooch, acanthus and disc decoration on head loop and trumpet head,incised cross hatch TL 12819 94828
decoration on leg, triangular catchplate
2171 button material tin? Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description Dandy button' round 25 diam. 0.5 thick, rough cu alloy loop soldered on back TL
2235 whorl material Medieval to Coordinate

2241 nail material fe Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate
Object description large, trapezoidal section stem, flat square head TL 12166 95637
2256 hook fastener material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description hooked tag with missing hook TL 13035 94602
2256 hook fastener material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description hooked tag with missing hook TL 12908 94604
2258 belt mount material cu Medieval to Coordinate

Object description scallop shell with protrusions, pin TL 12912 94722
2265 spout material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description filed, TL 12374 95635

Object description hexagonal-section TL 12343 95632
2292 buckle frame material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description hexagonal with iron pin TL 12530 95614
2298 harness pendant material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description Fleur-de-lis body, D-section, gilded upper surface, perpendicular attachment with small circular TL 12238 95725
perforation at terminal
Object description round with loop TL 12994 94764

2328 sword belt hanger material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description 3 iron rivets TL 12572 95514

2356 pinhead material cu alloy Saxon to Coordinate

Object description round TL
2364 brooch plate material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate

Object description circular, six-pointed star with curved sides in red enamel, on blue enamel background, melted back TL 12141 95168
with rectangular catchplate

Object description plain, radial grooves, v thick, attachment loop missing TL 12737 95090

Object description 6-pointed star, tunnelled brooch, no pin, 6 lugs on reverse, one perforation TL
2373 ampulla material pb Medieval to Recent Coordinate
Object description plain, no design TL 12904 94821
2374 button material cu Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description domed button with intact loop TL 12909 94654
2382 hoe head material fe Recent to Coordinate

Object description angled shank, most of blade missing TL 13083 94605
2392 strip material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description sinuous strip TL 12995 94175
2411 mount material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description square mount with openwork pentefoil decoration, circular perforations at each corner, diagonally TL 12759 95251
opposing perforations have square attachments and a stud. rockework decoration on upper surface
2453 bead material frit Saxon to Coordinate

Object description blue opaque annular glass bed TL 12681 95200

Object description openwork frag TL 11345 96318
2522 swivel mount material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description rectangular with small lug TL 13004 94088
2533 weight material pb alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate
Object description octagonal lead weight, central groove on upper suface, iron retaining loop TL 12906 94948
2544 bag seal material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

2553 weight material pb Unknown to Coordinate

Object description cylindrical, iron loop in top, groove running along it TL

Object description v thin with offset bar TL 12202 95306
2586 key material fe Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description kidney-shaped bow, circular section stem, rectangular bit with cut-outs forming 2 teeth TL 12345 95478
2590 vessel material ae Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description bronze rimsherd TL
2595 pinhead material ae Late Roman to Coordinate

Object description pinhead, shaft cut off, round, domed, badly cast in two-part mould TL 12812 94935
2601 buckle? material cu Medieval? to Coordinate

Object description 8mm diam. Swivelling loop in centre TL
2642 buckle material tin? Unknown to Coordinate
Object description D-shaped frame, bar fixed to back of bow, notches at ends and pin closing TL
2677 thimble material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description cylindrical, topless TL 13073 94208
2678 crotal material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description vertical lines, reaching up to horizontal collar around circumference, perforation at top TL 12719 95242
2679 weight/spindlewhorl material pb Unknown to Coordinate

Object description s-shaped projection, probably a weight TL
2711 key material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular key bit with tapering stem TL 12073 95179

Object description dolphin brooch, cylindrical wings with ends pierced to hold axis bar, cut-out for pin, D-section bow TL 12098 95190
tapering to foot, trapezoidal catchplate
3034 potsherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description bodysherd, thrown, throwing rings on exterior, light orange-pink surface, grey fabric, voids TL 11936 95624
throughout
3037 lithic material volcanic tuff Prehistoric to Coordinate

Object description worked fragment possibly of Langdale polished axehead or similar, one polished face all others TL 12834 94827
fractured, fine blue-grey tuff with fine porosity no large inclusions
3039 handle material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description part of amphora handle TL 13064 94662
3047 steelyard weight material pb Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description biconical with iron core TL

Object description D shaped frame and circular section bar TL 12461 95486
3055 lithic material flint Prehistoric to Coordinate

Object description flint arrowhead TL 12414 95443
3070 buckle plate and frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular frame with slightly convex slides, slight expansions on outer edge corners, plate is TL
rectangular wrapped around bar
3080 musket ball material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

3081 slag/waste material cu Unknown to Coordinate

3081 slag/waste material cu Unknown to Coordinate

3108 buckle material cu alloy Early Roman to Coordinate
3425 buckle plate material ae Medieval to Coordinate

Object description two thin strips secured by rivets at each end, only one of the two holding loops survives TL 12451 95733
3438 Unknown material ae Unknown to Coordinate

Object description broken-off handle or brooch end TL 12068 95666
3449 curse tablet? material pb Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description folded rectangular sheet, one side has incisions and circular perforations, other side has two rows of TL 11933 94939
incised dots
3461 stud material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description conical stud with central perforation, concave reverse with 2 rivets TL 12047 95147
3466 finger ring material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description D-section with circular setting, radiating notches, marked on inside TL 11510 96165

Object description thumbnail scraper TL
3473 buckle frame terminal material cu Late Roman to Coordinate

Object description 2 dolphins biting a sphere, incised dots for eyes, notches for teeth, vertical grooves and ribs for TL
fins,one side continues to a curled tail extending into a circular perforated lug, underside plain
3482 stud material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate
Object description circular lug, completely perforated, foliate TL
3486 nail material fe Unknown to Coordinate

Object description large square-headed nail with rectangular shank TL 12231 95189

Object description base of Nene Valley ware pot TL 12289 95136

Object description rimsherd, orange coarse fabric, possible Nene Valley ware, TL 12907 94928
3513 spoon material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description bowl only TL

Object description spherical head, flat base extending to circular loop, incised sunburst with curved rays decoration on TL 12332 95594
head
3529 stopper material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description pot stopper with truncated conical knob TL 12437 95557

Object description red ware rimsherd TL 12511 95628
Object description rimsherd, coarse, wheelthrown TL
6035 spoon material silver Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description merchant's spoon, square shank with gilt seal end, merchant's initials PK? Bowl missing TL 13734 94681
6038 pipe tamper on finger ring material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description initialed TB on design, TL 12666 95665
6039 seal matrix material ae Medieval to Coordinate

Object description circular, dragon/griffon on reverse, raised spine with suspension loop TL 12548 95615

Object description oval with round perforation TL 12341 65588

Object description chip-carved TL 12000 95900

Object description thin basesherd of fine white ware TL 12351 95661
6052 brooch material Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description cylindrical head with end-plates to the wings, possible head loop as 2 nobs,end-plates perced to hold TL 12107 95579
axis bar pin in place, arched bow, D-section with flat forward facing foot, small trapezoidal catchplate
6054 brooch material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description dolphin brooch, semi-circular wings with vertical rib decoration, worn hook, D-section bow tapering TL 11290 96571
to pointed foot, small triangular catchplate,

Object description dolphin brooch, semi-circular wings with vertical rib decoration, worn hook, D-section bow tapering TL 11984 95113
to pointed foot, small triangular catchplate,
6058 shoe pattern material fe Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

6071 brooch? material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular plate with central perforation, gilded onion-shaped stud, extends to rectangular split plate TL
with two perforations
6091 riveted stud material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

6105 harness pendant material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description circular, D-section, hollow incised upper surface, extending to square section with perforated terminal TL
6141 sherd material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description orange coarseware, possible Nene Valley TL 11436 96598
6166 spoon material ae Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description upper half or 'rat tail' spoon with typical hook where the bowl begins, bowl missing, zone of notched TL 12348 95815
decoration behind hook
Object description flattened sphere, signs of attchment TL 11461 96623
6188 brooch? material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description miscast brooch? D-section bow, mangled head TL 12358 95868

Object description broken blade, one edge retouched TL 12176 95749
6233 crotal bell material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description radial design TL
6237 palm guard material pb Unknown to Coordinate

6245 crotal bell material ae Medieval to Coordinate

Object description large, squared off suspension loop,two opposing circular holes on upper half, cast floral decoration TL
couplettes cover lower half directly underneath
6317 pot mend material pb Early Roman to Medieval Coordinate


Object description grey ware bodysherd TL 12255 95899
6319 sherd material ceramic Unknown to Coordinate
Object description grey sherd, ridged, pink fabric, shelly core TL 12312 95926
6345 token seal material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description initialed R.H TL 12372 95538

Object description incised WG, decorated around circumference TL 12316 95571
6441 hook tag material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description scallop shell body, square lock at top, hook broken TL 12406 95523
6549 chape material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description claw-shaped, ribbed, round in section TL
7100 bracelet material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description strip, one terminal with incised grooves, other end broken, possibly recycled as ring TL
7777 brooch material cu Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description heart-shaped, some gilt, pin wrapped round frame TL 12345 95900
8001 thimble material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description domed thimble, incised dots on sides TL 11916 95515
8002 mount material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate
Object description bar mount, central round perforation TL 12369 95724
8006 bell material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description cut in half TL 11908 95221
8014 swivel mount material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description trapezoidal, small perforation TL


Object description bladelet, prominent bulb of percussion, longitudinal flakes removed TL

Object description small thumbnail scraper, retouch and bulb of percussion TL
8020 buckle material ae Medieval to Coordinate

Object description single loop, D-shaped, pin missing TL
8021 decorative finial material ae Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description conical with knop on top TL
8024 belt mount material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate
8026 plate/pendant? material cu alloy Post-medieval? to Coordinate

Object description decorated with rough ring-and-dot pattern TL
8028 buckle frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description near-hexagonal frame, angled edged and ornate outer edge (rubbed centre, knopped outer) TL
8029 backing plate material ae Medieval to Coordinate

Object description wafer-thin, lozenge-shaped, perforated at one end TL

Object description oval, central perforation TL

Object description rectangular, perforated in top two corners TL
8032 button material pb Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description circular,slightly domed in section, attachment on back is missing, central raised boss surrounded by TL
rings of pellets
8033 brooch material ae Early Roman to Coordinate

Object description Colchester-type, pin and string missing, two circular perforations through catchplate TL
8043 openwork mount material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate
Object description n/a TL
8044 weight material pb Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description annular, small central perforation, rough manufacture TL

Object description Hod Hill-type, head absent, vertically ribbed body, two arms, horizontally ribbed leg, catchplate TL
extends to length of leg
8049 button material pb Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description circular, semi-circular in section, moulded rib decoration radiating from central knop, underside has TL
rib and scar for loop
8050 weight material pb Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description spherical weight with round perforation TL
8051 mount material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description circular plate extending to cylindrical bar, underside has two lugs ending in rectangular end plates TL

Object description undecorated, square loop with collar at midpoint TL
8056 hairpin material ae Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description globular head and proximal part of pin, no collar under head, not Anglo-Saxon TL
8059 strap end buckle material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate
8060 potsherds material ceramic Medieval to Coordinate

Object description 2 sherds red pot, orange, sandy fabric TL 12724 95238
8061 barrel tap material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

8062 vessel material pb Unknown to Coordinate

Object description rimsherd of lead urn, cut off at one end TL
8063 Unknown material cu alloy Roman to Unknown Coordinate

Object description possible nail cleaner or brooch fragment TL

Object description possible annular brooch TL 12871 94683

Object description bow of Colchester-type brooch, TL
8069 document seal material pb Medieval to Coordinate
Object description A large circular lead or lead-alloy pendant of the late medieval to early post-medieval period. The TL
front of the pendant depicts a square-topped shield bearing the royal arms of England as used between
the reigns of Henry IV and Elizabeth I. Above and at each side of the shield there is a saltire, and
around it, between inner and outer circles, there is a border of rosettes. The reverse is plain. The
remains of a suspension loop with a front reinforcement rib survive, but the pendant is damaged and
incomplete. It probably dates to the early Tudor period, a souvenir of the type sold to pilgrims prior
to Henry VIII's abolition of the shrines in the late 1530s.

Object description fibula brooch, headstud type, gently tapering bow, semi-circular spring cover, reeded bow decoration TL 13704 94714

Object description D-shaped buckle frame , ornate outer edge, pin looped round bar TL
8073 brooch pin material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description pin from annular brooch TL
8074 masonry material marble Early Roman to Recent Coordinate

Object description flat fragment from arch, square in section TL
8075 fastener material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description hooked fastener, rose field with square loop TL
8077 perforated coin material Early Roman to Coordinate

Object description dupondius or as, perforated for re-use TL
8078 Unknown material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate
Object description possible harness pendant or mount, gilded one side, extension with circular perforation at terminal TL
8080 votive miniature material pb Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description pisciform inscribed object TL
8083 buckle frame material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description D-section, expansion on outer edge TL
8102 button material pb Medieval to Unknown Coordinate

Object description cast, seam and integral loop on underside, shows mounted knight with shield and lance advancing R TL
in a circular field, inscription at margin illegible

Object description coiled alloy strip, decorated with central rib and knurling openwork knot, small circular wire loop TL
8104 pottery assemblage material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description Up to 50 sherd assemblage of Roman pottery, mainly coarseware TL

Object description umbonate brooch. Hemispherical in section, four spherical knops, head loop, 2 semi-circular lugs TL
securing pin, pin intact but corroded, sunburst pattern created with triangular cells of reb and blue
enamel, circumferencial groove

Object description rectangular with round end and crossbar TL
Object description oval,with process and pin TL
8108 finger ring material silver Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description bent hoop with oval inlaid bezel TL

Object description spectacle buckle TL

Object description annular, 23mm diameter internal perforation TL
8118 strap swivel material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

8120 Unknown material silver Unknown to Coordinate

Object description squashed object with scalloped edge and incised pattern round margin, possible bell TL
8121 votive miniature material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description miniature axehead, flat, incised marginal dots on one side, circular perforation separated from head by TL
2 ribs
8122 ampulla material pb Medieval to Coordinate

Object description side lugs, ribbed base, underside decorated with ribbed flower motif, Walsingham? TL
Object description oval frame, small central nipple on outer edge, integral forked spacer, pin wrapped between TL

Object description folded-over head with cut-out for pin, Hod Hill-type, tapers then expands to trapezoidal bow with TL
groove and central vertical groove, horizontal groove at foot, triangular catchplate, tinning on bow
8130 weight material ceramic Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description pierced halfway through TL

Object description applied knob from brooch, hollow, hemispherical section, cast, zoomorphic with prominent snout, TL
ribbed nostrils and eyes extending to regular strip in circular end socket, iron corrosion below

Object description plain square loop TL
8136 book clasp material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular plate with bent-over loop, splayed opposite end, stamped with concentric circles, two TL
rivets, repair plate on underside
8138 cross material pb alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description square in section, bent-over loop, possible crude face TL
8139 finger ring material cu alloy Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate
Object description octagonal/round bezel only TL
8141 musket ball material pb Post-medieval to Recent Coordinate
8142 seal matrix material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description REDE?BP???*?I central motif- animal with star and fleur-de-lis above star and crest below, TL 12214 95566
quatrefoil handle, collared below
8143 coin weight material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description coin type coin weight, obverse- crowned bust right I.R.M. BRITAIN reverse-illegible TL 12579 95795
8144 book clasp material cu alloy Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular plate with stamped concentric circles, one splayed terminal one square hooked terminal, TL 12344 95525
leather intact, 2 fe rivets in situ
8145 buckle/brooch material cu alloy Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description triangular-section frame, decorated with knurling, trapezoidal section central bar TL 12346 95528
8146 mount material Medieval to Post-medieval Coordinate

8147 Unknown material ceramic Unknown to Coordinate

8148 buckle plate and frame material cu alloy Medieval to Coordinate

Object description rectangular frame and plate wrapped around, perforated TL 11269 96561
Object description blade? No clear bulb one straight worked edge TL 12895 94721
8150 vessel material pewter Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description pewter rim, rib below rim on outer edge TL 12468 95745
8197 CBM material ceramic Early Roman to Post-medieval Coordinate

Object description arched tile frag, terracotta, either Roman CBM or post-med field drain TL 12927 94907
8198 CBM material ceramic Early Roman to Late Roman Coordinate

Object description box flue corner, exterior ribbed TL 12447 95610
8199 potsherd material ceramic Post-medieval to Coordinate


Object description beaded rimsherd, orange-pink TL
8201 potsherd material ceramic Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description rimsherd, damaged, some brown glaze remains TL
8202 button material tin Post-medieval to Coordinate

Object description Dandy button' round 18 diam, 1 thick, rough tin loop soldered on back TL
Object description double loop sub-rectangular buckle, linear decoration on outer border TL

Object description brooch fragment, wavy denticulate edge, pinched below TL
8205 brooch material cu alloy Unknown to Coordinate

Object description small frag, pinched in centre TL
8209 Imperial Seal Box Lid material pb Roman to Coordinate

Object description circular mid plate with classical bust(Nero?), loop missing TL 12334 95644
8210 Thimble material Silver Post-Med to Coordinate

Object description Silver thimble with decoratated base, including heart TL
8211 Dagger Chape material Cu Alloy medieval to Coordinate

Object description A sword or dagger scabbard chape dating from the late medieval to early post-medieval period. The TL
sub-triangular chape comprises a thick cast front. The front is decorated with a scalloped edge across
the top, with circular openwork holes in corresponding positions below. With globular tip.
8212 Axe head material greenstone Prehistoric to Coordinate

Object description Greenstone polished axe head, badly chipped, but still reasonably complete. TL
Find Period Date Type Reece Easting Northing
101 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21

104 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17
106 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
123 Roman 260-75 Radiate 13
134 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12387 95575
138 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 13064 94180
140 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 11227 96336
140 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 13014 94196
141 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14 11413 96215
142 Medieval 1558-1603 SS 13046 94165
142 Medieval 1558-1603 SS 11499 96148
145 Medieval token
162 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 11946 95642
162 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12384 95799
172 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 11933 95677
175 Roman 238-44 Denarius 12 13283 94371
177 Roman 323-4 Nummus 16 12391 95335
178 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12443 95679
179 Medieval token 12495 95477
195 Roman 353-8 Num copy 18 12385 95579
207 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 13080 94417
238 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12418 95893
283 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12740 95257
290 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12736 95248
291 Roman 330-41 Num copy 17 11936 95626
297 Roman 286-93 Radiate 14 12503 95535
316 Roman 98-117 Sden 5
340 Roman 323-4 Nummus 16 11376 96156

341 Roman 41-192 DU/AS 39 12969 94780
375 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12784 94986
375 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12685 95058
384 Roman 260-96 13-14 12761 95250
385 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12759 95251
385 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12350 95663
386 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12746 95280
392 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
405 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12327 95646
455 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12002 95084
458 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12745 95280
489 Roman 330-35 17 12342 95612
512 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 13232 94711
514 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 13234 94711
514 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12711 95223
523 Medieval 1558-1603 S3P 12842 95138
532 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12839 95132
582 Medieval jetton
616 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 13074 94443
650 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12529 95607
655 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12583 95502
673 Iron Age Stater 13141 94414
709 Medieval coin weight 12462 95581
730 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13160 94385
731 ain coin
732 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
738 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12854 94842

738 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12043 95552
743 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12208 95531
745 Medieval 1558-1603 SS 12205 95637
749 Iron Age Stater 12076 95006
788 Roman 313 Nummus 15 12166 95180
789 Roman 324-30 Nummus 16 12218 95299
802 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12289 95136
807 Roman 260-402 Copy 13-21 12811 95210
809 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12850 94768
809 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12807 95186
841 Roman 96-192 DU/AS 59 12875 94840
866 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12188 95783
960 Roman 330-41 Num copy 17 12715 95258
961 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 13092 94450
963 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12082 95134
969 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 11411 96642
974 Roman 98-117 Sestersius 5 12405 95524
976 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12093 95673
982 Roman 37-41 AS 1
983 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 11826 94983
985 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12950 94967
985 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12377 95846
999 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12950 94967
1053 Roman 353-8 Num copy 18 12884 95017
1053 Roman 353-8 Num copy 18 12646 95150
1074 Roman 324-30 Nummus 16 13022 94575
1076 Roman 260-8 Radiate 13 12819 95201

1097 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
2142 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12874 94987
2163 Medieval jetton 12930 95005
2164 Roman 367-78 19 11334 96253
2167 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 13067 94572
2170 Roman 260-96 Radiate copy 13-14
2176 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12409 95887
2225 Medieval 1450-1550 VS
2233 Medieval 1485-1509 SP 12896 94622
2246 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 12820 94798
2250 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
2252 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 11449 96579
2276 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
2293 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 11415 96197
2293 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 12442 95782
2320 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
2350 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 12781 95213
2367 Roman 270-5 Radiate 13 12060 95089
2390 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13757 94667
2393 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12819 94895
2394 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 13024 94130
2464 Post Medieval token 12851 94755
2504 Roman 321-4 Nummus 16 13132 94416
2580 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12008 95758

2581 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
2582 Roman 293-6 Quin 14 12380 95700
2583 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 11438 96117
2587 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12307 95526
2637 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12874 94748
2638 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 12276 95724
2639 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12507 95669
2675 Roman *32-1 Denarius 1
2690 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12848 94953
2691 Roman 353-8 Nummus 19 12088 95234
2692 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12247 95109
2727 Roman 350-3 Nummus 18 12269 95240
3031 Medieval SP 12782 94944
3044 Roman 350-3 Nummus 18 12809 94921
3048 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12286 95925
3051 Roman 330-35 Nummus 17 11400 96244
3054 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12285 95626
3056 Roman 271-4 Radiate 13
3058 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12357 95586
3060 Medieval jetton/token 12425 95495
3061 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
3071 Medieval jetton
3090 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12400 95533
3426 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12580 95776

3427 Roman 367-78 Nummus 19 12300 95819
3429 Roman 347-8 Nummus 17 12445 95755
3430 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 12487 95743
3439 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12423 95717
3463 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12377 95508
3464 Post Medieval 1625-1649 SCI 12385 95865
3476 Roman 270-5 Radiate 13 12493 95484
3477 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
3504 Roman 353-8 Num copy 19 12797 95137
3521 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12366 95480
3553 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12360 95436
6001 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
6002 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12392 95866
6007 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 11381 96130
6037 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
6048 Medieval CHS 11995 95635
6063 Roman 96-192 AS 59 11365 96159
6074 Roman 41-192 DU/AS 3 9 12411 95763
6077 Roman 260-8 Radiate 13 11430 96222
6089 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 11972 95795
6093 Medieval uncertain
6165 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12414 95739
6167 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 11922 95060
6168 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12343 95837
6169 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12404 95697
6178 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12023 95187
6179 Roman 330-402 Num copy 17-21 12370 95761
6183 Roman 317-24 Nummus 16 12305 95695

6185 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12332 95685
6199 Roman 383-402 SI 21 12276 95582
6218 Roman 387-88 Nummus 20 12102 95047
6221 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12027 95029
6231 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12440 95653
6232 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12132 95789
6239 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12420 95654
6345 Medieval token/seal 12372 95538
6367 Roman 193-211 Sestersius 10 12486 95636
6443 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12379 95451
6444 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12416 95527
6445 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12391 95454
6448 Roman 364-75 Nummus 19 12165 95206
6463 Roman 364-78 19 12361 95907
6474 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12308 95871
6494 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12179 95226
6495 Medieval jetton
6504 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
7779 ain coin
7779 ain coin
7779 ain coin
7779 ain coin
8000 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 11790 95430
8003 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12483 95732
8004 Roman 364-75 Nummus 19 12478 95741
8005 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12222 95098

8007 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12290 95205
8008 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 13725 94725
8009 Roman 364-75 Nummus 19 12239 95792
8010 Roman 330-5 Nummus 17 12479 95646
8012 Roman 311-17 Nummus 15 12283 95868
8013 Medieval 1485-1509 SP 12800 95300
8027 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
8035 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8036 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8037 Medieval token
8038 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
8047 Medieval jetton/token
8053 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8054 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14
8055 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
8072 Roman 364-78 19
8077 Roman 41-192 DU/AS 39
8084 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21

8087 Roman 330-35 Num copy 17
8089 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
8090 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8091 Roman 321-4 Beata Tran 16
8092 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
8093 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8094 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21
8096 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8098 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8099 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8110 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8112 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14
8116 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14
8123 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8124 Post Medieval 1694-1702 SWIII
8127 Roman 69 Denarius 4
8132 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21
8142 Post Medieval 1727-1820 HP 12214 95566
8151 Medieval 1558-1603 S3P 11959 95086

8153 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12816 95198
8154 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12810 95191
8155 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12826 95185
8156 Roman 388-408 Nummus 21 12824 95198
8157 Roman 340-41 Nummus 17 12830 95181
8158 Roman 388-92 Nummus 21 12811 95190
8159 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12812 95205
8160 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12409 95884
8161 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12455 95875
8162 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12467 95842
8163 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13035 94525
8164 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 21289 95662
8166 Roman 286-93 Radiate 14 11245 96622
8168 Roman 318-20 Nummus 16 11362 96678
8171 Roman 347-48 Nummus 17 12295 95572
8172 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12295 95689
8173 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12247 95521
8174 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12282 95538
8176 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12346 95866
8177 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12385 95875
8178 Roman 388-402 Nummus 21 12471 95528
8179 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12466 95545
8180 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 12458 95589
8181 Roman 330-41 Nummus 17 12462 95573
8182 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12485 95672
8183 Roman 364-78 Nummus 19 12412 95628

8184 Roman 260-96 Radiate 13-14 12278 95295
8186 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12434 95732
8187 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12367 95798
8188 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12369 95745
8189 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12375 95648
8190 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 13190 94492
8191 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 13156 94425
8193 Roman 335-41 Nummus 17 12389 95847
8195 Roman 260-402 Radiate 13-21 13058 94569
8196 Roman 330-402 Nummus 17-21 12848 94839
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4.0 Historical Background 9

6.0 General Reporting Statistics 44

7.0 Artefact Conditions 44

8.0 Reported issues and solutions 45

9.0 Conclusions and suggestions for Further Work 49

10.0 Thanks and acknowledgements 50

Figure 1: Location of Survey Area and density of noted detecting

this was an outreach exercise and with

The three main research aims are as

1. Limit of Settlement pattern and 3. Recovered Artefact damage

2. External Rural Landscape Use

Plotting of ﬁnds would allow patterns

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A n initial setup of 1 day was re-

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A PDF of the report and database will also be included.

Artefacts: Deposition and Conservation

The following publications will be made known to all participants:

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A crop-mark rectangular enclosure of

Later prehistoric ﬁnds are known from

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D urobrivae (taken to mean

Newton, Cambridgeshire, where Ermine Table2.

D urobrivae started life as a

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A rchaeological monitoring of the further activity along nearby Ermine

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I n 1997, Network Archaeology

T he dedication of the medieval

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images from http://www.chesterton.moonfruit.com/

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5.1 Fields Examined Field Number Detecting Intensity Area (approx)

5.2 Artefacts (Figures 5 – 12)

A n astonishing array and number

The range was from prehistoric

Finds were recorded in the ﬁeld and

Above: Detecting ﬁeld 11

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Dur obr ivae R oman To wn

Dur obr ivae R oman

main areas of detecting survey GPS located Find

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Few ﬁnds from this period were recovered,

5.2.2 Iron Age (Figure 6)

A single rimsherd of coarse pottery was

5.2.3 Roman (Figure 7)

A large number of Roman artefacts were

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949 Oval ring seal 13x21 bezel possibly

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T here were relatively few Saxon

5.2.5 Medieval (Figure 9)

A relatively large concentration of

W e are fortunate to have a full

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T he post-medieval ﬁnds include

O ther seals include simple signets