LSHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

..

CALCULATIONS

AND PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION FOR

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS,

A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science

Houshang C. Mohammadi s August, 1986

OHIO UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would
to Dr. Albert

like to offer my appreciation and thanks

J.F. Keri my advisor, and Dr. H.W. Hill for

their

guidance and encouragement in the preparation of this

thesis.

I owe
company who

great me

deal to my employer, opportunity to

E.I. Dupont
my

gave

this

continue

education while
my

I was working. I would also like to express

Mr.

thanks

to

R.L. Doughty senior project engineer at

E.I. Dupont company who checked my work through this study.

Finally,

I would like to express my thanks to the

faculty and all members of staff at Ohio University who have contributed a great deal towards this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literature search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xii 1 1
4

State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CHAPTER

2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Sources of short circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Synchronous motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Induction motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Electric utility systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rotating machine reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents . . . . 15

CHAPTER

3.
3.1

Short-circuit-current calculation . . . . . . . . 17 Important assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Type and location of faults required . . . . . 22 Symmetrical short-circuit current . . . . . . . . 22 calculation

3.2 3.3

3.4
3.5

3.6

Momentary short circuit calculation . . . . . . 25 Interrupting short circuit calculation . . . 27

3.7

CHAPTER

4. 4.1

General equipment used for protection . Overcurrent relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

...

31

4.2
4.3
4.4

....... 32 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Generator protection

....................

40

4.5

Transformer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

CHAPTER

5. 5.1

Coordination of protective devices . . . . . . . 47 Primary considerations for coordination . . 48 Data required for a coordination . . . . . . . . . 51 Methods of coordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Testing of protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

5.2
5.3

5.4

CHAPTER

6.

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

BIBLIOGRAPHY

....................
Impedance data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANSI standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . . Transmission line impedances . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 5 K V cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5KV cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX 1 .
Al.l A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5

77 77
78
79
80

Correction factors for non magnetic ducts 81

APPENDIX

2. A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4

A2.5 A2.6

Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . . . . Description of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82 82 84

12KV air circuit breaker ratings . . . . . . . .

System assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84

Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . .

Belle plant impedance diagrams . . . . . . . . . .

85
87
93

Belle plant short circuit calculation . . .

APPENDIX

3. A3.1 A3.2

System generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . Belle plant generator protection . . . . . . . . Belle plant bus protections . . . . . . . . . . . . .

98 98 115

APPENDIX

4.

Belle plant- transformer protection . . . . .

~~~e HU-1 transformer differential relay

120 120

A4.1

APPENDIX

5.

Belle plant coordination curves . . . . . . . . and detailed diagrams

126

"A" switch house. BANK No.1 and 12KV BUS

126

ECR No.6. 12KV BUS "A'f .................. ECR No.6, 12KV BUS "B" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cogeneration generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128 130 132 134 136

BANK No.7 feeder No.18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4KV 600HP motor river pump house . . . . . .

2.4KV 450HP motor boiler feeder pump No.5 138

A5.8 A5.9

2.4KV 75HP motor ash pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4KV 200HP motor recirculating pump . . . .

140 142 144

A5.10 2.4KV 200HP motor F . D . fan boilers . No.6 & 9

.....

A5.11 2.4KV feeders sheet No.1 & BANK No.60 . . . A5.12 2.4KV feeders sheet No.2 & BANK No.59 .

146 148 150 152 154

..

A5.13 2.4KV feeders ECR No.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A5.14 2.4KV 150HP motor boiler No.10 mills . . . . A5.15 2.4KV 550HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . . No . 14 & 15 A5.16 2.4KV 400HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . . No.6 & 9 A5.17 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 1 . . . . . . . . . . . A5.18 480V feeders ECR.No.8 sheet 2 . . . . . . . . . . . A5.19 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 3 . . . . . . . . . . .

156

158 160 162

A5.20 2.4KV 550HP motors 1 . D fan boiler No.10. 164

APPENDIX

6.

Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves . . . Type CO-7 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . .

166 166 167 168 169

A6.1

A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . A6.3 Type CO-11 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . .

A6.4 Type COM-5 Over current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . A6.5 A6.6

Type CV-2 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Type CV-7 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . 171 172

A6.7 Westinghouse type Amptector 11-A . . . . . . . .

A6.8
A6.9

Westinghouse type DSL-206 Limiters . . . . . . Two pole type AA12P Overload Relay

173 174

......

APPENDIX

7.
A7.1 A7.2

Buss fuses curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type

180 180 181

LPS-RK Low Peak Dual Element fuse . .

Type KRP-C HI-CAP Fuses

................

APPENDIX

8.

ASA Device numbers and functions . . . . . . . .

182

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 2.2

Total short circuit current equals sum of sources 9 Symmetrical short circuit currents from . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 four surces

5.1 5.2 5.3 A2-1 A2-2 A2-3

Typical time curves of CO-9 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Portion of Belle plant relaying detailed diagram . 64 Portion of Belle plant co-ordination curves . . . . . . 65 Block diagram of system setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Multiplying factors for three phase & line . . . . . . . 91 to ground faults

A2-4 A2-5 A2-6

Belle plant simplified impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . 92 Equivalent circuit for fault

"A"

(momentary) . . . . . 93

Simplified equivalent circu'it for fault Wye-Delta transformation for fault Equivalent circuit for fault

"A". . . . . .

94 94 95

"A". . . . . . . . . . .

"A" (interrupting) . .

Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A"(interrup.) 96 Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity . . . . . . 100 type CA generator relay Limits for application of the CWC time curves . . . . 102 Typical time curves of the type CWC relay . . . . . . . . 103 Generator over voltage curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Generator reactive capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Machine capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

A3-7 A3-8

SDF-1 tripping relay under declining frequency . . . 113 Operating time variations with changes in . . . . . . . . 114 time-dial setting

A3-9
A3-10

KAB relay voltage unit setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

KAB relay current unit setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

LIST OF TABLES
Machine reactance and multiplying factors . . . . . . . Fuse classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current limiting characteristics of c-s one . . . . . time fuse Transformer ANSI data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rating ratios for safe co-ordinations . . . . . . . . . . . Power air circuit breaker minimum band . . . . . . . . . .

ANSI Standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transmission line impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15KV cable impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5KV cable impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Correction factors for non magnetic ducts . . . . . . . . Result of Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . . Limits for application of CWC relay . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81

97
101

ABSTRACT

The essential devices systems, designer. power, to

calculation the

of

ac

short-circuit

currents,

selection of adequately rated protective in industrial and commercial power

and is

equipment becoming Today,

increasingly important to the system systems carry larger blocks of

power

are more important to the operation of the plant and and have greater safety and reliability

building,

requirements. fulfillment of

Meeting these requirements necessitates the certain criteria, including the use of

adequately rated equipment. This power system report outlines state of-the-art industrial practices which should be and

engineering to

especially

valuable

industrial power with

plant

engineers

electricians, others who

industrial involved

application

engineers and

are

the planning of electrical

facilities for industrial plants or commercial buildings. The has been method of short-circuit-current calculation

selected, so that adequate ratings of all the air were to obtained. Fault protective devices proper relay coordination

circuit were

breakers

selected

maintain

throughout set

the system.

These devices has been selected and

so that only the device nearest a fault opened to clear

the fault without affecting larger devices nearer the source of power or causing a wider outage than the minimum. -xii-

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

All industrial, purpose of

power

systems, whether or

they

be

utility, the common

commercial, providing

residential, energy

have

electric and as

to the utilization as is economically

equipment feasible.

as

safely

reliably

The relative importance of economic, reliability,

and safety considerations may vary somewhat with the type of system, but all three elements must

be

taken

into

consideration in any good system design, and certain minimum safety and reliability requirements must be satisfied.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Electric power system in today's industrial plants and large of commercial energy. in has such establishments handle enormous

quantities energy energy

A review of the trend in electric

establishments indicates that such

usage usage

been doubling every seven to eight years Many industrial

and shows little signs of leveling off [ I ] . processes continuity costs of

and commercial operations demand a high degree of of electric power supply because of the great One of the major

production in

downtime.

considerations

the design of a power system is adequate

control called. outage

of

short circuits, or faults, as they are commonly Uncontrolled short circuits can cause service

with accompanying production downtime and associated interruption damage, of essential facilities,

inconvenience, extensive

equipment

personnel injury or fatality,

and possible fire damage. Clearly, the power system, the and fault this must be quickly removed from is the job of the protective In order

device, the circuit breakers and fusible switches. to accomplish this, the protective

device must have the

ability to interrupt the maximum short-circuit current which can flow for a fault at the device location. The maximum

value

of short-circuit current is frequently referred to as

the 'Iavailable'l short-circuit current. The reader with purpose of this and report is to provide the necessary to

information

procedures and

calculate method typical

short-circuit

currents,

also present a new

of coordination for protective relaying by using the time curves current of and the relay. Calculation of of

short-circuit relaying of

coordination

protective

for the Belle plant, (one of the biochemical sites

E.I.dupont de Nemours & Company) is shown for the entire

system as an example for this report. This protection affected as report "the defines the function of system

detection

and prompt isolation of the

portion

of the system whenever a short circuit or

other

abnormality

occurs

which

might cause damage to, or

adversely affect, the operation of any portion of the system or the load which it supplies." This calculation low-voltage and and report will be of limited to short-circuit protective relaying for

coordination

to medium-voltage industrial plants, commercial buildings. fuses our Westinghouse protective

institutional and Bussmann

devices report,

have been used throughout the

which

limits

selection and information about

other protective devices. Chapter and reviews some One of introduces an outline of this report relative methods concerning short-

circuit calculation and coordination of protective relaying. Chapter their shortTwo explains .the major short circuit sources and

waveforms.

Chapter Three explains longhand method of calculation, which includes

circuit-current of all motors

impedances together explains protection.

less than 50 hp by lumping them Chapter Four for system of

and

treated

as a single impedance. protective Five be devices used

different

Chapter which

explains compared

several

method

coordination presented on

will

with the new method

in this report.

Chapter Six gives the conclusion

this report. for

Appendix 1 provides impedance data that is Belle plant, which is used as an example Appendix

required for this

the

report. diagram.

provides

the Belle plant

single-line

Appendix 3 provides system generator

protection transformer plant. curves Appendix used fuse

for

the

Belle

plant.

Appendix

provides

protection of protective relaying for the Belle

Appendix 5 provides the complete set of coordination and

6

detailed provides the in

diagrams

for

the

entire

system.

Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves study. this Appendix 7 provides Bussmann report and finally Appendix 8

throughout curves the used

provides and

American Standard Association devices numbers

functions

(ASA)

which

are

used

for

an

automatic

switching equipment.

1.2 LITERATURE SEARCH

There

are

several

texts

available

for

short-circuit-current of is

calculation and relaying coordination Most noteworthy

industrial and commercial power system. the book

IEEE Recommended Practice For Protection and

of Industrial and Commertial Power Systems by Other good books are The Art and Science of

Coordination D.Dalasta Protective Power

[6].

Relaying by Russell C. Mason [ 3 ] , and Industrial Handbook by Donald Beeman [ 2 ] . These texts,

Systems

especially provide relaying an

The Art and Science of Protective Relaying, will understanding their of the function of protective

and

operation for protection of industrial

and commercial power systems.

1. 3

STATE OF THE ART

Protection

of power system involves short-circuit

calculation and relay coordination. At the present there are several methods of shortcircuit-current industries. digital general, network, calculation available throughout the

Longhand

calculation, Network

Analyzer and In

computer the

techniques are the most-used methods. of closed loops

presence

in the impedance

such as might be found in a large industrial plant system, will favor using a network analyzer or

high-voltage digital

computer technique from an economic and time-saving Radial and systems, such as those used in most systems, can be easily

standpoint[l]. low-voltage

medium-voltage

resolved by longhand calculations. There coordination commercial could of are also several methods for available industrial for and

protective systems be

relaying

power

against to

any abnormalities which occur in the course of

reasonably

expected

system operation.

These methods are as follows: by tables are used as a simple check for identical or reduced fault

1)

Coordination selectivity currents that

assuming

that

flow

through the circuits in descending order, this method is recommended

is, main-feeder-branch.

only for low-voltage branch circuits [6].

2 ) Coordination by using the device characteristic curve can

be on

used for any size system.

The sheet of log-log paper

which the study is being made is placed on top of the characteristic and traced. curve. Proper curve then can be

device selected

Human error is very high in this

method which makes it undesirable to use. Coordination method by using in the typical time curves is a new this report. curve is This drawn method is

presented since

recommended,

relay

by

finding

several points from typical time curve. then these

These points are calculation of

ploted and traced on log-log paper. points require knowing the

relay type, current

transformer (c.t.) ratio, available taps, ampere range of the relay, circuit current. voltage level and available

short-circuit

These requirements will ensure

correct data point transformation from typical time curve

of

the

relay

to

the

log-log paper, which practically

eleminates human error.

CHAPTER TWO

SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT

I f adequate protection

is

to be provided for a

plant electric system, the size of the electric power system must be considered it will to determine This how much short-circuit

current

deliver.

is done so that circuit

breakers or fuses may be selected with adequate interrupting capacity. to open This interrupting capacity should be high enough safely the maximum short-circuit current which the

power a

system can cause to flow through a circuit breaker if circuit occurs in the feeder or equipment which it

short

protects. When currents, short it determining is extremely be of the magnitude of short-circuit that all sources of that the impedance

important and

circuit

considered

characteristics

these sources be known.

There are four

basic sources of short-circuit current:

1. Generators
2. Synchronous motors
3. Induction motors

4. Electric utility systems

All these can feed short-circuit current into a

short circuit as shown in figure 2.1.

2.1

GENERATORS

Generators are driven by turbines, diesel engines, water wheels, or other types of prime movers. occurs on the to circuit produce and fed by When a short

circuit

a generator, the

generator excitation

continues is

voltage because the field the prime mover drives the

maintained

generator at normal speed. short the circuit

The generated voltage produces a

current of a large magnitude that flows from to the is short circuit. only This flow of short-

generator

circuit

current

limited

by the impedance of the

generator and the short circuit. terminals

For a .short circuit at the

-of the generator,. the current from the generat0.r

is limited only by its own impedance.

2.2 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

Synchronous generators; current flows. and that a is,

motors they

are

constructed

much

like

have a field excited by direct

stator winding in which alternating current synchronous motors draw A.C. power from

Normally,

the line and convert electric energy to mechanical energy. During system is a system short circuit, the voltage on the to a very low value. Consequently, the

reduced

motor starts

stops

delivering down.

energy

to the mechanical load and

slowing the

However, as the prime mover drives a of the load and motor rotor drives

generator,

inertia

the synchronous motor.

The synchronous motor then becomes a

generator and delivers short-circuit current for many cycles after the short circuit has occurred. current of produced by the The amount of shortdepends upon the

circuit

motor

impedance

the

synchronous

motor

and impedance of the

system to the point of short circuit.

FROM E L ECTRIC

I
UTILITY SYSTEM TURBINE GENERATOR

METAL CLAD SWITCHGEAR

SHORT- CIRCUIT CURRENT FROM E L E C T R I C UTlUTT SYSTEM

CURRENT FROM GENERATOR

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1
SHORTURCUlT
SYN MOTOR

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT FROM lNWCTlCE(

'

/ 1"

TOTAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT -?OM ALL FGUR

INDUCTION

Figure

2.1 Total short-circuit current equals sum of source

contributions [I] .

2.3 INDUCTION MOTORS

The motor have

inertia of the load and rotor of an induction the same effect on an induction motor as on a

synchronous

motor;

that is, they drive the motor after the There is one major difference.

system short circuit occurs.

The
flux acts

induction motor has no DC field winding, but there is a in the induction motor during normal operation. flux produced by the This

like

dc field winding in the

synchronous motor. The induction The to field of the induction motor is produced by

from

the stator rather than from the DC winding.

rotor flux remains normal as long as voltage is applied the stator source from an external source. However, if the

external when rotor not a

of voltage were suddenly removed, as it is

short circuit occurs on the system, the flux in the can not change instantly. Because the rotor flux can

decay instantly and because the inertia of the rotating drives the induction motor, a voltage is generated in stator winding. to the short This causes a short-circuit current to circuit until the rotor flux decays to

parts the flow zero. in

The short-circuit current vanishes almost completely four in the cycles, since there is no sustained field

about

current

rotor to provide flux, as in the case of a

synchronous machine.

11
The short-circuit circuit flux does last long enough to produce enough to affect the momentary duty on

current

breakers

and the interrupting duty on devices that Hence,

open within one or two cycles after a short circuit. the short circuit in produced by induction

motors must be

considered

certain current the

calculations. produced by

The magnitude of a the induction, motor

short-circuit depends short of upon

impedance

of the system to the point of

circuit.

The machine impedance effective at the time corresponds closely to the impedance at inertia value of short-

short

circuit

standstill. circuit

Consequently, the

current

is approximately equal to the locked rotor

starting current to the motor.

2.4 ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEMS

The transformer considered speaking,

electric from the of

utility

system

or

the

supply

electric

utility

system

are often Strictly

sources

short-circuit

current.

this is not correct because the utility system or

supply transformer merely delivers the short-circuit current from the utility system system generators. and Transformers merely of current but

change

the

voltage

magnitude

generate

neither. is

The short-circuit current delivered by a by its secondary voltage rating

transformer

determined

and impedance, the impedance of the generators and system to the terminals of the transformer and the impedance of the

circuit from the transformer to the short circuit. As symmetrical sources. or in illustrated short circuit in figure 2.2, the has total several

current

usually

The first includes generators either in the plant utility motors. located system or both. The second comprises

the

synchronous which these the are

The third source is induction motors, in every plant and building. Because

currents

decay with time due to reduction of flux in short circuit, the total short-circuit So even though only the

machine

after

current

decays

with

time.

symmetrical part of the short-circuit current is considered, the magnitude of current-is highest at the first half cycle

after short circuit and is of lower value a few cycle later. Note that the induction motor component disappears entirely

after one or two cycles [ 2 ] .

2.5

ROTATING MACHINE REACTANCE

The primarily for a

impedance

of

rotating

machine

consists

of reactance and is not one simple value as it is or a piece of cable, but is complex and For example, if a short circuit is

transformer with to

variable applied

time.

the terminals of a generator, the short-circuit

- T O T A L ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT

OC

COMPONENT AC COMPONEHT

(a) Symmetrical

(b) Asymmetrical

Figure 2.2 Symmetrical short-circuit currents from four sources [ 2 ] .

14
current current behaves starts as out shown in figure 2.2a (generator). at a high value and decays The to
a

steady-state inception voltage the

value after some time has elapsed from the Since the field excitation

of the short circuit.

and

speed have remained relatively constant within

short interval of time considered, the reactance of the may be assumed-to explain the change in the current have changed with time after the short circuit was

machine value-to

initiated. Expression instant of the of such a variable reactance at any

requires a comlicated formula involving time as one variables. Therefore, values for for the sake of

simplification, three generators and

of reactance are assigned to the purpose of calculating

motors

short-circuit called

current at specified times.

These values are

the subtransient reactance, transient reactance, and

synchronous reactance and are described as follows:

>
of

Subtransient reactance the stator and it winding

( X I ' d ) is the apparent reactance

at the instant short circuit

occurs,

determines the current flow during the

first few cycles after short circuit.

2 )

Transient following

reactance

(X'd)

determines

the

current

the period when subtransient reactance is the value. Transient reactance is effective up

controlling to onehalf

second or longer, depending upon the design

of the machine.

3 )

Synchronous determines is

reactance

(Xd) is the

reactance

that

the current flow when steady state condition It is not effective until several seconds

reached.

after

the short circuit occurs; consequently, it is not

generally used in short-circuit calculations [ 2 ] .

A synchronous motor has the same kind of reactance

as a generator, but it is of a different value. Induction

motors

have no field coils, but the rotor bars act like the winding in
a

amortisseur motors to

generator; therefore, induction Refer

are said to have subtransient reactance only.

Appendix

1
used

(impedance for

data) for the multiple value of momentary and interrupting

reactances

the

short-circuit calculations for this study.

2.6 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Currents

The describe the

words

"symmetrical"

and

"asymmetrical"

the shape of the ac waves about the zero axis. of the peaks of the current they waves are

I f
are

envelopes

symmetrical "symmetrical short-circuit total.

around

the

zero

axis,

called

current". currents

Figure 2.2a shows the symmetrical from four sources combined into

I f the envelopes are not symmetrical around the zero

16
axis, shows they the are called "asymmetrical current". asymmetrical Figure 2.2b

short-circuit currents plus the dc

component from all sources. Most asymmetrical circuit short-circuit during the currents are nearly always

first

few cycles after the short

occurs.

The asymmetrical current is at a maximum

during the first cycle after the short circuit occurs and in a few cycles gradully becomes symmetrical as shown on figure 2.2b. Asymmetrical currents are analyzed in terms of two components, shown on a symmetrical 2.2b. is current and a dc component as discussed the

figure

As

previously

symmetrical the the

component

at a maximum at the inception of

short circuit and decays to a steady state value due to apparent change in machine reactance. that is, those containing In all practical the dc

circuits, component by the

resistance,

will also decay to zero as the energy represented component of is the is dissipated The as

dc

I2R
of

loss in the decay of dc

resistance component

circuit.

rate

a function of the resistance and reactance of In practical circuits, the dc component decays

the circuit.

to zero in from one to six cycles [ Z ] .

CHAPTER THREE

SHORT-CIRCUIT-CURRENT CALCULATIONS

The must well be as

maximum

magnitude

of

short-circuit current

known in order to coordinate protective devices as to select earlier, adequate there interrupting are three ratings. methods As of

mentioned

basic

calculating short-circuit current: network analyzer, digital computer, voltage simple and longhand the calculation. For a radial medium-

system to use.

longhand method is feasible and fairly

Determination of short-circuit current for

the Belle plant, which is used as an example in this report, is done by this longhand calculation method.. Since the

system contains a three-winding transformer and other loops, delta-wye impedances. Appendix network transformations is used to combine

Method of combining impedances are included in The following steps identify the basic

2.

considerations in making short circuit calculations.

1

>

Make

certain assumptions in a way that simplifies the and also maximum short-circuit current can

calculation

be calculated.

2 )

Prepare

system

single-line

diagram

which

it

should

include all significant equipment and components.

3 )

Prepare

system

impedance

diagram which should display

18
the interconnected circuit impedances that control the

magnitude of short-circuit currents.

4)

Identify system.

Type and location of faults required for the

>

Calculate system.

symmetrical

short-circuit

current for the

>

Calculate currents

interrupting all

and

momentary

short-circuit

for

identified locations, so that proper

protective devices can be selected for the system.

3.1 IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS

Certain calculation.

simplifying assumptions are made for this

An important assumption is that the fault is

This assumption

iibolted". That is, it has zero impedance. not only simplifies the

caculation, but also applies a safety values are a maximum, and

factor

since

calculated

equipment its

selected

on this basis is rarely stressed beyond

full rating. because

Furthermore a three-phase fault should be maximum short-circuit current is required

assumed,

for device selection.

3.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

The

system

one-line

diagram

is

fundamental to

19
short circuit and analysis. components It should include all significant and show their interconnections.

equipment Refer to

Appendix

2 (section 112.4) for the complete Belle

plant single-line diagram.

3.3 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM

The circuit

impedance diagram displays the interconnected that control Impedance and the magnitude should of be

impedances

short-circuit patterend current from of for

currents. momentary

diagrams

interrupting

short-circuit

calculations.

These impedance diagrams are derived

system

single-line diagram, by replacing all elements diagram with their calculated per-unit

the

single-line

reactances. transformer generators, high-capacity compared

Specified reactances of a motor, generator, or should be used. The resistance of all and low,

transformers, buses (above

reactors,
1000

motors, is so

rating)

with their reactance, that their resistance is not

considered in impedance diagram. Reactance of the cables

600 volts

and higher

should be considered in impedance diagram.

Appendix 1 shows

the tables used for selecting a reactance of these cables for the Belle plant impedance diagram. After it has been decided what elements of the

single-line diagram, of

diagram

are

to be considered in the impedance

the

mechanics of making the impedance diagram and the short-circuit current magnitude used in

determining

this report are as follows.

1)

The cent

first ohms,

step or

is

to decide whether to use ohms, per ohms to represent the various Ohms are

per-unit

circuit not ohms This

impedances

in the impedance diagram.

recommended because of the difficalty of converting from one voltage base to another without error.

report

is listing the impedance or reactance data

in per-unit.
2)

The

second

step in making an impedance diagram is to generator and motor and utility supply connected bus" . to a zero impedance bus or bus represents the

represent by a

every

reactance

so-called internal

"infinit voltage

This

of

the generators and motors.

These

reactances can be found as follows: Utility

X= [MVAbase I / [MVAUtilityI P e l l .

X=(XIfd%)[MVAbase/MVAgenerator1 P.U. Motor X= (XI1d%) [MVAbase /KvAmo torI P.U.

Generator Since under most industrial plants contain many motors

50

hp,

Unlike other methods available for the short

circuit smaller a

study, this report recommends that induction motors than 50 hp should be lumped together and treated as impedance on the secondary side of the supply

single

21 transformer. reactance for the of This will slightly reduces the equivalent

the system, which means, the calculated value and interrupting short circuit will be

momentary higher.

slightly

This will create a safety factor for the

system protection when selecting protective devices. Table sequence multiple Al-1 in Appendix 1 shows the positive-

reactance factors.

of the short-circuit sources with their These multiple factors are used when

determining momentary and interrupting short-circuit current for motor factor selecting in circuit breakers. For example, for a 600 hp

a branch circuit, the positive-sequence reactance

is

1.2

for

momentary The is

calculation of six

and

3.0 for

interrupting current current,

case.

reciprocal normally by

the locked rotor times full load

factor, has to

which be

multiplied

these factors for the

correct Thevinin reactance of the load as shown below.

Xth(momentary)=l.2 (1/6) (base KVA/ KVA load) p . u. Xth(interrupting) =3.0 (1/6) (base KVA/KVA load) p . u .
KVA(1oad) = (power factor) (motor hp)

3 )

The third step is to add the reactance of cables, buses, transformers, current transformers and circuit breakers, in their proper location to complete the impedance

digram.

Appendix 2 (section A2.5) shows the calculation

of these reactances for the Belle plant.

3.4

TYPE AND LOCATION OF FAULTS REQUIRED

All

buses

should

be

identified.

The location

where short circuit studies are required should be selected. In many studies, all buses are faulted. currents The type of short-

circuit rating A2-1 which plant. feeders .

we required is based on the short-circuit Figure

of the equipment located at the faulted bus.

in

Appendix 2 shows the block diagram of system setup

includes the fault locations calculated for the Belle Locations were mainly picked on main buses and

3.5 SYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION

After

completing

the

impedance

diagram

and

inserting the values of reactance or impedance for each part ot one the diagram, it is necessary to reduce this network to value. in Longhand this method If of combining

equivalent is

reactances

used

report.

there are three

reactances in the system, the following shows how to combine them. a) Combining series reactances: X1+%+X3=X =equivalent reactance e of circuit components

X1,%,X3=reactances

b)

Combining parallel reactances:

Xe=equivalent reactance
Some by merely sytems are such that they cannot be reduced series and parallel reactances. For

combining

example, the equivalent impedance diagram of the Belle plant is shown in Appendix 2 (figure A2-5). In order to reduce

this circuit to a single reactance, wye-delta transformation is used. By these transformation any commonly encountered diagram can be reduced to one equivalent

system

impedance

reactance. The calculation to derive the symmetrical

short-circuit current is I=E/X where E is the system driving voltage and X is the equivalent positive impedance. When calculations are made in per-unit four base quantities : and base

there are base

KVA, base

voltage,

impedance,

base current.

When any two of the four are It is

assigned values, the other two values can be derived. common practice to assign study base

values to KVA and

voltage. for the

Base current and base impedance are then derived For example, The

each of the voltage levels in the system.

KVA

base

assigned

for the Belle plant is 5 MVA.

nominal the base

line-to-line voltages.

system

voltages are normally used as formulas apply for short

Following

circuit calculations:

Basic per-unit relationship: Per-unit voltage=actual voltage/base voltage Per-unit current=actual current/base current Per-unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance Change base : XpUNEW= (XpUOLD) (NEW from percent on an old base to per unit on a new

KVABASE/OLD KVABASE)
(OLD

KVBASE/NEW KVBASE

Symmetrical 3 phase short-circuit current in per unit (p.u.)

Ip.u.=Ep.u.jZp.u.

symmetrical

phase

short-circuit

current in amperes, I=I(base)

[ZP.U.I
KVA, KVA=KVA(base) /Z (p .u . )

Symmetrical 3 phase short circuit were,

I(base) =KVAbase/\/S (KVLL, base 1

When calculations are made in ohms, symmetrical

three-phase

short-circuit in amperes will be neutral voltage and

I=E

L-n

/Z where

EL-n =line to

is the equivalent network

impedance in ohms per phase. Calculation voltage section momentary locations. level for the for several points at different

Belle plant is done in Appendix 2,

A2.6. Calculation of fault duties is done for both

and interrupting current for different fault

3.6 MOMENTARY SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

The with time

fact led

that to

the the

current changes in magnitude establishment of two bases of

has

short-circuit-current ratings on power circuit breakers: (1) the momentary rating or its ability to withstand mechanical due to high short-circuit current

stresses

2 ) the and (

interrupting

rating or its ability to interrupt the flow of

short-circuit current within its interrupting element. Calculation asymmetrical short current may be of at the precise rms value of an

any time after the inception of a involved. Accurate decrument

circuit to

very the

factors

account

for

dc component at any time are

required, as well as accurate factors for the rate of change of the apparent reactance of the generators. may This precise

method been

be used if desired, but simplified methods have whereby the dc component is accounted for by The multiplying factor converts

evolved

simple multiplying factors.

the rms value of the symmetrical (interrupting) ac wave into rms amperes of the asymmetrical (momentary) wave including a dc component. The magnitude of the dc component depends upon the point on the voltage wave at which the short circuit occurs. For protective-device is application, only the maximum dc

component

considered, since the circuit breaker must be

26
applied to handle the maximum short-circuit current that can occur in a system. In the general case for circuits rated above 600

volts, the multiplying factor to account for dc component is 1.6 the times first the rms value of the ac symmetrical component at cycle. factor For to circuits calculate

600 volts and less, the

the total current at the

multiplying first the cycle

is 1.25 when the circuit breaker is applied on current in three phases. These factors are

average

listed in table 3.1 [2] . Since the short-circuit current is maximum at the

first-cycle, the short-circuit current must be determined at the first-cycle to determine the maximum momentary duty on a circuit the breaker. To determine the short-circuit current at

first cycle, it is necessary to consider all sources of current, that is, the generators, synchronous motors, and utility connections. The

short-circuit motors,

induction

subtransient motors, diagram. and

reactances induction

(Xud) of
motors are

generators, synchronous used in the impedance

Procedure

for

determining

momentary

current

consists of calculating the breaker divided

E/ZM ' the line to neutral voltage at

the equivalent momentary system Since the dc component is present

by

impedance at this

at that point.

time, it is necessary to account for it by the use

of

multiplying factor as mentioned/ earlier, to find the total short-circuit-current duty per-unit

first-cycle current. proper

Breaker application ( 6 0 0 volts or above) will be

if

E/ZM

times

a factor of 1.6 does not exceed the

momentary current rating of the breaker.

Where

IIC is the

first-cycle

short-circuit asymmetrical

current.

Refer to Appendix 2 (section A2.6) for the Belle

plant momentary short-circuit current calculation.

3.7 INTERRUPTING SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

To breaker, the time the

check the interrupting duty on a power circuit short-circuit current should be determined at The time

that the circuit-breaker contacts part.

required

for the circuit-breaker contacts to part will vary

over a considerable rang, because of variation in relay time and in circuit-breaker for will the be operating speed. The fewer cycles

required greater maximum breaker account

circuit-breaker

contacts

to

part, the

the current to interrupt. duty is imposed

Therefore, the the circuit

interrupting when for

upon

tripping variation

relays operate instantaneously. To in the circuit-breaker operating

speed, power circuit breakers have been grouped into several classes, such as eight-cycle, five-cycle, and three-cycle

circuit breakers. In industrial plants, eight-cycle circuit breakers are generally has used. Normally, the induction-motor

contribution motors has

disappeared,

and that of the synchronous

changed

from the subtransient to the transient contacts of these circuit breakers

condition part.

before

the

Therefore,

in calculating the interrupting duty on

commonly used power circuit breakers, generator subtransient reactance and synchronous-motor transient reactance are used and unlike other methods, motor which induction motors are

neglected, This will

induction cause

transient

reactance are used.

the calculated interrupting short-circuit

current safety

to be higher than the actual value, which creates a factor for selection of circuit breakers for the

entire system. Instead short-circuit by of specifying a time at which the

current is to be calculated, it is determined

specifying the generator and motors reactances and using These factors are listed in Table 3.1

a multiplying factor.

The procedure for determining interrupting current consists of calculating E / Z I , the breaker at divided that the line to neutral voltage at

by the equivalent interrupting system point, and then applying multiplying

impedance factors

to

determine

total current at the time of breaker

29 contact parting. This total current is compared with the

breaker total current interrupting rating. Reactance 1969 for motors, values used with

ANSI standard C37.5

and utility

transformers, generators,

sources are listed in Appendix 1, table Al-1.

Table 3.1 Machine Reactance and Multiplying Factors Used in Simplified calculation of Short-circuit Duty

[I1

Machine Reactances to Use Equipmwtt Type of Short-circuit Rating Synchronous e a t o s

I
L-V Power Circuit Breakers L-V Molded-core Qr#kers Circuit L-V Motor Controllers (Incorporaiing Fusesor M o i d d rose Circuit Breakers) L-V Fuses 1-V Buswoy

Synchronous Motors

Induction Motors

Multiplying Focmr to be Applied to Calculated Syrnmehicoi Value*

I
Symmetrical Amperes Available Subtransient (x7 Subtransient

(x?

Subtronsient (x")

None

k s &racing im
L-V Switchgear 1-V Switchboards L-V Motor-controi Canters L-V Panelboards

Power Circuif Ereakors (above 600 volts) with Rated Interrupting Times of 8 cydes (Refer to the Total Current Rating k r i s ASA C37.6-1964)

Interrupting--Symmetrical
+aperesor MVA Available Subtransient Transient

General Caset

Sp&l Caret

Noglut
1 .I
Subtmnsient

(xl)
Subtmnsient (x") Subtransient

1x1
Subtransient (xl) Subtransient

Mocncntary-Asymmetrical Amperes Available Interrupting-Asymmetrical Ampares Available

15$

Fuses and fused Cutouts ( o b a e 1500 volts)

Subtransient

1.27

(x?

(x?

CHAPTER FOUR

GENERAL EQUIPMENT USED

FOR PROTECTION

We terms of

usually more

think

of an electric power system in parts, the big generating lines, etc. While

its

impressive

stations, transformers, high these are

voltage

some of the basic elements, there are many other and fascinating components. Protective relaying

necessary

is one of these [ 3 ] . The protection system and function of protective is and relaying for system

and its

coordination components

to minimize damage to the to limit the extent and

duration of service interruption whenever equipment failure, human error, The or "acts of GOD" occur on any portion of the equipment is aided in this task by are capable of disconnecting the

system. circuit faulty

relaying that

breakers element

when

they

are called upon to do so by the

relaying equipment. Overcurrent coordination protection device selection and

is an engineering decision that should be made

to protect the system from short-circuit or fault currents. Protection as science and for electric systems is an art as well be designed with the following

should

objectives in mind:

1) Prevent or minimize damage to equipment.

2) Minimize the effect of the disturbance on the

un-interrupted and duration. portion of the system, both in its extent

3 ) Minimize interruption of power.

4) minimize the effect on the utility system [4].

5) prevent injury to personnel.

The application abnormal the of isolation of short circuits which requires the

protective

equipment

will sense an

current

flow and remove the affected portion from

system.

The sensing device and interrupting device may

be completely separate, interconnected only through external control wiring, or they may be the same device or separate

devices mechanically coupled to function as a single device. Equipments used for protection are overvurrent relays,

fuses, and circuit breakers.

The following sections explain

each of these devices in detail.

4.1

OVERCURRENT RELAYS

Overcurrent must

relays

are

sensing devices only and

be

used in conjunction with some type of interrupting

device to interrupt a short circuit and isolate the affected portion of the system. These relays may be either

directional or non directional in their action.

They may be

33
instantaneous current time, or time delay in response. Various time

characteristics, such as inverse time, very inverse

extremely inverse time, and definite minimum time are over a wide range of current setting. The

available

overcurrent

relays are generally available in the following

current ratings: Range 0.5-2.5

1.5-6.0 4.0-16.0

Taps
0.5,0.6,0.8,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.0,2.5

1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,6.0
4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,10,12,16

The or double

relays can be specified to have either single

circuit closing contacts for tripping either one

or two circuit breakers. Directional overcurrent relay consists of two units, an

element and a directional element.

The contact

circuits are arranged insuch a way that tripping occurs only when power of current flow has proper relationship to the voltage with The actual tripping

in the tripping direction. is done

the

circuit

by. a contact on the overcurrent

element, current

the overcurrent element does not operate until the is flowing in the proper direction and is above the The overcurrent element cannot operate on a

pickup setting.

fault in the nontripping direction. For typical application refer to Appendix 5 (section A5.3) The instantaneous

device No.67 (CWC type) . is set for a current

element

34
higher element. in than that which should operate the time-delay

The contacts ot this element are either connected with the contacts of the time-delay element or to seperate time terminals. This element is between two

parallel

they mainly

aconnected used

when

interval

required

overcurrent relays can not be made in the short time region. Refer to Appendix

(section

A5.12)

for

instantaneous

setting used in portion of the Belle plant. The relays used time-current characteristics for a variety of in this report are shown in Appendix 6. These give the contact closing times for the

characteristics various tap time

dial settings when the indicated multiples of In Chapter 5 several

current are applied to the relay.

method .of coordination for these relays will be discussed.

4.2

FUSES

Fuses protective

are

the The

oldest fuse is

and both

simplest

of

all

devices. device. operate

the sensing and

interrupting circuit and

They are installed in series with the by the melting of a fusible link in

response to the current flow through them on an inverse time current fusible basis. elements the They are current are one-shot devices in the since their process of

destroyed flow.

interrupting

Fuses may have only the

ability maximum short

to

interrupt or

short

circuit

current

up to their

rating circuit

the

ability by

to limit the magnitude of the current flow

current

interrupting

before it reaches its maximum value. As compared. example, shown in table 4.1, several types of fuses are Each fuse has a different characteristic. For

code-type fuses are not recommended because of low capability and high melting current (70 times

interrupting

fuse rated current) at 0.01 second. Current limiting Amptrap fuses have high interrupting capability and very low melting current These should (3.3 times fuse rated current) at 0.01 second.

fuses not

are mainly recommended for branch circuits and be used for protection of transformers. Since

transformers have an inrush current (sometimes 12 times full load current). This type of fuses will melt before the

transformer is energized. is the best

Chase Shawmut (C-S) one-time fuse

choice for most applications because of their

low cost and ratings.

Table 4 . 1

Fuse Classification

Melting current Average multiples of rating amperes melt in

0.01 s

Interrupting capability amperes

melt in
10 s 3 3,000

Code fuse (NEC) Semi lag fuse

70

Rowan AIR-SEAL

30 25

3.5 3

50,000

one time dual element fuse C-S new "trionicn

I
30 20 45 5
6

50)000

1OO)OOO

5.5

1 0 % ; ; ;

1 Current

limiting
15 2.5 2.5 3 100, 000 100 ,000 100 000
)

,
1
I I

"Amptrap 60011 "Limitron" G.E. "CLF-J" Solid state current limitin

I
I

13

12

3.3

100,000

37
COST

OF FUSES [51
Approximate costs of fuse types, for given,

amperage, relative to NEC type are.

NEC fuse
C-S one time
Rowan air seal

C-S trionic
Fusetron Lo-peak Current Limiting

Semi

lag and dual element fuses of smaller size than NEC On

size may be applicable, with proportionaly reduced cost.

this basis, the Chase-Sha~ut(C-S) one-time fuse appears the optimum for all uses within its interrupting capability of

50,000 amperes.

CURRENT LIMITING CHARACTERISTICS OF C-S ONE TIME FUSES

Chase-Shawmut limiting, time fuse but is not about so

(C-S)

one-time

fuses

are current

much as Amptraps. current

A 30-ampere oneas a 60-ampere

as

limiting

Amptrap.

Table

4.4 shows the comparison of Chase-Shawmut

one-time fuses and Amptrap fuses.

Table 4 . 2 C-S one time fuses vs Amptrap fuses

Available current
(

Let- through current (thousands of amperes peak AMPTRAP) (Amptrap fuse rating)

RMS

amperes

50,000

7.8
--.

--- -"- - - -

11

16
--

24

-- ----

35

(C-S) ONE-TIME fuse rating:

--

Fuses,

and

their characteristics which have been

used in this study is shown in Appendix 6.

4.3

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Circuit breakers are interrupting devices only and must the be used in conjunction with sensing devices to fulfill detection function. In the case of medium-voltage

39
(1-72.5 KV) separate circuit breakers, relays the sensing devices are In

protective

or combinations of relays.

the case of low voltage (under 1000 volts) circuit breakers, sensing devices of may be external protective relays or

combination either circuit

relays.

In most low voltage application,

breakers or other low voltage

molded-case breakers

circuit having

series sensing devices built into

the equipment are used. The ratings which apply to circuit breakers and

the actual assigned numerical values reflect the mechanical, electrical, and thermal capabilities of their major

components. Basic ratings are

1)

Rared voltage Rated frequency Rated continuous current

2)
3 )

4 ) Rated interrupting current

5) Rated short-time current The basic overcurrent trip device characteristic

used on molded-case circuit breakers and low voltage circuit breakers are of long-time these those and delay and instantaneous. The

combination tripping that

characteristics low-level

provides time delay

for

short circuits or overloads

persist,

instantaneous tripping for higher level

short circuits. New molded-case circuit breakers are equipped with

4 0
a short-time-delay characteristic in place of the

instantaneous long-time-delay provides maximum

characteristic. and

The resulting combination of characteristics

short-time-delay

delayed allowable

tripping

for all levels of current up to

available short-circuit-current limit of

the circuit breaker without instantaneous trip element. These so that better new breakers are used for the Belle plant, can be obtained throughout the Refer to

protection

system

without

using instantaneous trip element.

Appendix curve,

6
which

(section shows

A6.7)

for

the device characteristic

available settings for long-time-delay

and short-time-delay pickup values.

4.4 GENERATOR PROTECTION

The

protection

of

generators

involves

the

consideration of more possible abnormal operating conditions than the protection of any other system element.

An

unnecessary not try

generator outage is undesirable, but one should

to avoid it by the omission of otherwise desirable

automatic protection. The practice of using centralized control is

increasing, which requires more automatic equipment and less manual supervision. Such practice requires more automatic

protective relaying equipment to provide the protection that

4 1
was formerly the responsibility of attendants [ 3 ] . The generator settings following protective relays are used for the

protection. of

Refer to Appendix 3 for the type and relays used for the Belle plant

protective

generator protection.

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS These relays are used for generators rated 1000

KVA or higher [ 3 ] .
best for the

Percentage differential relaying is the

short-circuit protection of stator windings,

because of its high-speed instantaneous capability. Generally, the practice relays relay. the is trip This to a have the

percentage-differential multicontact ,auxiliary initiates trip field

hand-reset relay main

auxiliary

simultaneously breaker, mover and

following:

(1)

trip

( 2 )

breaker, (3) shut down the prime alarm. These will result in

(4) operate

an

minimizing damages to the generator.

SOLID STATE UNDER-FREQUENCY RELAYS These relays are used for automatic load-shedding. When a system overload occurs, under-frequency relays must load to arrest frequency decline. plants may be impaired below The output of
57-57.5

disconnect generating

Hz, so

shedding must be completed before this level is reached.

OVER-VOLTAGE

RELAYS

This type of relays are used for hydroelectric and gas-turbine additional Then generators. resistance over-voltage It operates by first causing

into the generator or exciter field. persists, the main generator breaker

if

trips.

OVER-TEMPERATURE RELAYS
Unbalanced three-phase stator currents cause

double-system-frequency iron. cause

currents to be induced in the rotor

These current quickly increase rotor temperature and serious with damage such to the generator if it continues to These relays will prevent

operate

conditions.

generators from overheating.

LOSS-OF-EXCITATION When operates as

RELAYS

a synchronous generator loses excitation, it an induction generator, running above

synchronous

speed. Round-rotor generators are not suited to

such operation because they do not have amortisseur windings that can carry the induced rotor currents. Most operation the of a systems cannot tolerate the continued

generator without excitation.

In fact, if

generator is not disconnected immediately when it loses

43
excitation, widespread instability may very quickly develop, and a major system shutdown may occur. When a generator

loses

excitation,

it draws reactive power from the system,

amounting This most will

to as much as 4 times the generator's rated load. cause extensive instability in the system. of loss of excitation relay The is a

selective

type

directional-distance type operating from the a-c current and voltage at the main generator terminals [ 3 ] .

REVERSE POWER RELAYS

These relays are used to detect motoring.

Motoring protection is for the benefit of the prime mover or the system, and not for the generator. However, it is

considered generator.

here,

because it is closely associated with the

FIELD GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION RELAYS

Because single field circuits are operated ungrounded, a

ground fault will not cause any damage or affect the However, the existence

operation of a generator in any way. of a

single ground fault increases the stress to ground at points in the field winding when voltages are induced Thus, the probability of

other

in the field by stator transients.

a second ground occuring is increased.

4 4
Note: refer to Appendix 3 for the types and settings used for protection of the Belle plant generator.

4.5 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

The

function

of

transformer

protection

is

to

protect the transformer. to automatically

Transformer protection is required a transformer from the power

disconnect

system for any of the following reasons.

1)

To

prevent in

higher-than-rated the transformer causing

temperatures from excessive

from load

developing current

and,

thereby,

rapid deterioration of provided to.

insulation

or

conductors.

Protection

achieve this is known as overload protection.

2 )

To

prevent

mechanical

and

thermal

effects

of large

"through" currents from causing permanent deformation or other damage to the transformer. Such protection is

known as short-circuit protection.

3 )

To

minimize

the and

spread

of

damage

inside

a faulted

transformer,

minimize

power-system

disturbance

resulting from transformer faults.

TRANSFORMER SHORT CIRCUIT CAPABILITIES The short-circuit ability of a transformer to withstand through current is defined as its "ANSI point". This

45

point

specifies

the

magnitude

and

duration

of

maximum

permissable through current that a transformer can withstand without sustaining damage. Values rated full-load of the

ANSI point vary from 25 times the

for

current

2 seconds, for a transformer

with four percent or less impedance, to 1 4 . 3 times the rated full load current for 5 seconds, for transformers with seven percent protect clear of
a

impedance the

as

shown

in

table

4.5.

To properly

transformer, the

primary

fuse must actually

in the stated time at 87 percent of the current value delta-delta bank, and
58 percent of the value of a

delta-wye bank.

Table 4.3 Transformer ANSI data

% Z

Irms (sym)

87% I

SYM. rms

58% I

SYM. rms

TIME(s) Allowable

Fault PH-PH Delta-Delta

4% or 25 X Rated

FAULT

L-N

Delta-Wye
14 X Rated 2

22 X Rated
Current
17 X Rated

less
5

Current

Current
11 X Rated
3

20 X Rated
Current

Current
14

Current

16.6

X Rated

X Rated

9 X Rated
Current
8

Current
7% or 1 4 . 3

Current

X Rated

12 X Rated
Current

X Rated
Current

more
1

Current

TRANSFORMER INRUSH CURRENT

A power transformer primary power fuse, as well as

any other protective device used in a transformer protection scheme, must the allow the transformer to be energized without protective device on the magnetizing inrush

actuating current.

The current specific Commonly primary vary

precise

magnitude

and

duration

of

inrush

from one transformer to another, and, for any can only be determined by test.

transformer, used

estimates of magnetizing inrush currents for

and secondary substation transformers range from an of

equivalent duration should

8 to 12 times full load rms current, with a

of 0.1 second.

The power or current-limiting fuse

be selected so to be capable of carrying at least 12

times the full-load rated primary current of the transformer for 0.1 second, without damaging the fuse, in order to pass the inrush currents which occur during switching

safely

operations. Refer to Appendix 4 for tranformer protection used throughout the Belle plant.

CHAPTER

FIVE

COORDINATION OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES

The coordination study of an electric power system consists in of an organized time-current study of all devices from the utilization device to the source. a This

series is

study

comparison of the time it takes the individual

devices to operate when certain levels of normal or abnormal current pass through the protective devices.

A
study are

coordination be

study

or

revision of a provious

should added to

made for an existing plant when new loads system or when existing equipment is

the

replaced

with higher rated equipment.

A coordination study

should also be made when the available short-circuit current of the source to a plant or is increased. necessary This to study assure

determines

settings

ratings

coordination after system changes have been made. The determine the objective of a coordination and study is to

characteristics, ratings, devices

settings of

overcurrent minimum devices At the

protective load

which will ensure that the

unfaulted

is interrupted when the protective

isolate a fault or overload anywhere in the system. same time, the devices and settings selected must protection against overloads on the

provide

satisfactory

4 8
equipment, possible. and interrupt short circuits as rapidly as

5.1

PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR COORDINATION

In protective

order

to

obtain complete coordination of the

equipment applied, it is necessary to obtain all

of the following requirements.

SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS The following information on short-circuit

currents should be provided for every bus on the system. (1) Maximum and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary) total rms short-circuit current

( 2 )

Maximum

and minimum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting duty)

total rms short-circuit current These short-circuit current values are obtained as described in Chapter Three. The currents currents devices are to maximum used which to and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary) determine the and maximum and minimum direct-acting trip

instantaneous and to

respond,

verify the capability of circuit

breakers, fuses, switches, and bus bracings. The at maximum maximum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting) current will verify the ratings of circuit

generation

4 9
breakers, current interval fuses, at is and cables. the circuit The This is also the value of protection maximum coordination cycle to 1 s

which

established. current at

(interruptig) determine

minimum

generation is needed to

whether the circuit-protection sensitivity of the

circuits is adequate.

TIME INTERVALS FOR COORDINATION

When intervals protective operation because must plotting coordination curves, certain time

be maintained between the curves of various in order to ensure correct sequential These intervals are required fuses have damage

devices of the

devices. have

relays

overtravel,

characteristics, and circuit breakers have certain speeds of operation. These intervals are often called margins.

When coordihating inverse-time overcurrent relays, the time interval is is usually

0.3-0.4 seconds [ 6 ] .

This

interval

considered between relay curves, either at the setting of the load side feeder circuit

instantaneous

breaker relay, or at the maximum short circuit current which can the flow lower through both devices simultaneously, whichever is value
of current.

The interval consists of the

following components: Circuit breaker opening time (5 cycles) Overtravel

.08 seconds
.10 seconds

50

Safety factor This relays and margin may be

.12-.22

seconds

decreased if field tests of

circuit breakers indicate that the system still with the decreased margins. The overtravel of

coordinates very is

inverse somewhat in

and extremely inverse time overcurrent relays less time than for inverse relays, allowing a

decrease

interval for carefully tested systems to Seconds time interval is used for

0.3

seconds.

0.3

coordination of the Belle plant overcurrent relays. When trip units circuit breakers equipped with direct-acting coordinated with relayed circuit breakers,

are

the coordination time interval should be 0.3-.4 s.

HOW TO READ CURVES

A
characteristic considered times point. for the a as

basic is the

understanding to any

of study.

time-current Time

essential

0 is

time at which the fault occurs, and all curve are the elapsed time from that

shown

on

the

The curves that are drawn are response times, since, radial system, all the devices between the fault and experience the same current until one of them

source

interrupts the circuit.

coordination

curve

is

arranged

so

that the

region below and to the left of the curve represents an area of no operation. The curves represent a locus of a family

UJ.

of

paired

coordinates

which indicate how long a period of

time is required for device operation at a selected value of current. Reading range of times to current along the abscissa, the time or

in which any device is expected to operate the ordinate or ordinates of the curve

corresponds plotted.

Relay curves begin at a point called "pickup" (the

minimum value of current which will cause the relay to close its contacts) and end at the maximum short-circuit current

to which the device under consideration can be subjected. single curve should be drawn for any device

under

consideration.

5.2

DATA REQUIRED FOR A COORDINATION

The

first requisite for a coordination study is a This diagram should show

single-line diagram of the system. the following data.

11

Apparent

power

and

voltage

ratings

as well as the

impedance and connections of all transformers

2)

Nameplate

ratings

and

subtransient

reactance

of all

major motors and generators

3 )

Conductor sizes, types, and configurations

4 ) Current transformer ratios 5 )

Relay, direct-acting trip, and fuse ratings,

52
characteristics, and ranges of adjustment Refer plant to Appendix 2 (section A2.4) for the Belle diagram, which includes the above

single-line

information. The circuit-current second study requirement is a complete short-

as described earlier in this Chapter

and also in Chapter Three. The characteristics for the new third and requirement is the time-current

typical time curve (this curve is used

method of coordination in this report) of all

the devices under consideration. The forth requirement is starting currents and

accelerating time of large motors.

.

Once to their

this select

information the

is .assembled, it is then devices so that they

necessary perform pieces

protective function

assigned and

of protecting individual

of

equipment

operate so that only the minimum

amount of circuitry associated with the fault is isolated.

5.3 METHODS OF COORDINATION

There coordination system

are

several

methods

of overcurrent relay the effects or of such on the

available

to
on

minimize the

abnormalities

system

itself

utilization

equipment which it supplies.

These methods are

as follows.

1)

Coordination by table Use of device characteristic curve Use of typical time curve of device (new method

2 )
3 )

presented in this report) The following section will explain these method in detail with some examples.

METHOD ONE COORDINATION BY TABLE This method mainly uses fuse as the protective

device for the coordination of the system. In through shows the a fuse use applications, of selectivity selectivity coordination is achieved Table 5.1 various

ratio tables. schedule for

typical

combinations class check and for

of fuses. type of

This schedule is limited to several This table is used as a simple that identical or reduced

fuses.

selectivity

assuming

fault currents flow through the circuits in desending order, that is, main-feeder-branch.

A coordination study may be

desired when the simple check as outlined is not sufficient, and can be accomplished by plotting fuse time-current

characteristic curves on log-log graph paper. For example, when the largest branch device is a

100 A

current

limiting fuse, the main fuse may be a 200

Arnptrap or 100 A dual-element or one-time fuse.

54
Table branch or load device or

5.2 shows
protective

the

coordination and main

between or

the

device

supply

protective in main

when a power air circuit breaker is used circuit. For example, for a current

supply

limiting 2.5

fuse used in branch or load circuit, a multiple of the ratio of 80 percent long time pickup to 500 time pickup of power air circuit breaker This multiple is

times

percent should

short be used the

for proper coordination. ratio

1.25 when

of 160 percent long time pickup over

1000 percent short time pickup is used. Some of the basic rules of coordination for this

6 ]: method are [

1) Branch fuse-clearing time must be less than the melt time

of the main fuse. That means under the total maximum

clearing not

I2 t of the largest fuse on the load side should

90 percent of the melting I2 t of the supply

exceed

side fuse.

I2 t values must be used to check coordination

in the current-limiting range. Below the current-limiting range the as time/current follows: characteristic (1) add curves may be

compared current percent fuse. percent the

10 percent to the curve

values from The

for the downstream fuse, (2) subtract 10 the curve current values for the upstream

resulting curves should allow at least a 10 margin between the two fuses based upon fuse. The result is a minimum fuse size

current

downstream

55

s p r e a d w h i c h s h o u l d c o o r d i n a t e w i t h o u t damage t o u p s t r e a m fuse. More s p r e a d w i l l o f c o u r s e i n c r e a s e a s s u r a n c e o f

coordination.
2)

Branch

device

clearing

time

m u s t be u n d e r 80% o f t h e

sensing time of a breaker.

Table 5.1 Rating Ratios for Safe Coordination

Branch or

Main or supply device (minimum multiple of branch device)

load device

current limiting, dual element, semi lag,c-s Amptrap,limitron, trionic and one-time and

Table 5.2 Power air circuit breaker Minimum band Branch or load device Main or supply device (minimum multiple of branch device) 80% long time pickup 160%long time pickup

500% short time pickup 1000% short time pickuq

b .

-- --

ratio 2.5 5.0 5.0 10.0

-- -- -" --

--

----

--.-----

ratio

current lim. dual element

1 b 2 r I

C-S one time

2.5 5.0

NEC

Molded case air circuit breaker 50 A 100 A 100 A (heavy duty) 225 A 4.0 5.0 2.0 2.5

7.0

3.5

4.0
3.0

2.0
1.5

600 A

58

METHOD TWO USING DEVICE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

In and order to start drawing curves, a voltage level

multiple scale current in ampere should be selected and on the bottom of the log-log paper. Then proper

marked

multipliers for the various voltage levels considered in the study curves are calculated. protective device characteristic

are then placed on a smooth bright surface such as a The

window pane, or a glassed-topped box with a lamp in it. sheet placed current of on

log-log paper on which the study is being made is top of the device characteristic curve, the

scale of the study lined up with that of the device The curves for all the various setting and being studied may then be traced or
.

characteristic. ratings of

devices

examined [4].

METHOD THREE USING DEVICE TYPICAL TIME CURVES

This method present a new way of drawing

co-ordination curves which has been practiced throughout the Belle for of plant coordination study. This method is recommended

more accurate protective relaying coordination. Instead device characteristic relays curve, Typical time curves of

overcurrent time

used in this method. of tap value

These curves show current. and Each

versus

multiples has the

overcurrent settings.

relay

several amount

tap of

value

time dial

Knowing

maximum short circuit

59
current dividing and current transformer ratio is essential. By

several

values

of short circuit currents to c.t.

ratio and the tap value, several multiples of tap values can be found. Refering to the curve time for these multiples of

tap value can be found depending upon what time dial setting have been selected. At this time the short circuit current These points are Now let's assume

and the time for several points are known. then that be of ploted and traced on log-log paper.

an overcurrent relay at a different voltage level must with this relay. The minimum interval time In

coordinated
0.3

seconds must be allowed between the two relays.

order to illustrate this method of coordination and decision making, is are a portion of Belle plant detailed relaying diagram

shown as an example in figure 4.2 and the related curves shown in figure 4.3. Figure 4.1 shows the typical time of

curves

CO-9

overcurrent

relay.

The following example

illustrates this new method.

EXAMPLE :
Figure overcurrent relays need

4.2 shows

portion

of the Belle plant

detailed in

drawing.

There are two overcurrent

involved

this portion of the system, which will the incoming power company feeder

coordination relay.

with

overcurrent the

Let's assume that fault A happened on

syst'em. in order to isolate the fault from spreading to

other first

portions so that not

of the system, unit 2A breaker must operate only feeder 2A shuts down. If the short

circuit operate.

is

cleared

yet,

then bank No.1 primary must

Finally if the short circuit is still not cleared,

then power company No.2 primary feeder must operate. Figure

4.3 shows the CO-9 type overcurrent relay

curves that was selected and ploted for maximum protection of this portion of the system. Following data are required

for the selection of these curves. No.2 primary feeder overcurrent relay data Circuit: Bank No.1 primary Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9 C.T. ratio: 200/5=40/1 Available Taps=1.0,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5~4.0,5.0,6 7.0,8.0,10.0,12.0 Ampere range of relay=l-12 Circuit voltage: 4 6 kV level Maximum available short circuit

6 kV level: 14,300 A at 4

Unit 2A overcurrent relay data Circuit: Unit 2A Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9 C.T. ratio: 800/5=160/1 Available taps= same as relay No.1 Ampere range of relay=l-12 Circuit voltage: 12 kV level

61 Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV level: 19,400 A Since Bank No.1 is upstream in the system relative to Unit 2A, its overcurrent relay should be drawn first and

then unit 2A overcurrent curve should be drawn to coordinate with that. Relay No.1 settings C.T.=200/5=40/1 Let's select the following setting to see if proper

coordination can be obtained. Selected tap=12 Selected time lever=lO Selected multiple current=lO Selected voltage level=46kV Multiple of tap value=(short-circuit current) / (tap) (C.T.ratio) Pickup* value= (tap) (C.T. ratio) *Pickup is the minimum value of the current that can start

the relay to close its contact. Point No. 1: 14,300 A /(12) (40)=29 off scale on figure 4.1 Point No.2 : 9,000A

/ (12) (40)=18.75

multiple of tap value

For this value and time lever of 10, time will be equal to 1.2 seconds from figure 4.1. Point No.3 : 7,000 A Point No.4: 5,000 A

/ (12) (40) =14.6 then time=l .3 seconds

/ (12) (40)=10.4 then time=l .5 seconds

4 0 ) =480 A Pickup value= (12) (

62 These points should be plotted and traced for the

relay curve as shown on figure 4.3 (curve number 1). Relay No.2 settings C.T.=800/5=160/1 Let's select the following setting, so that proper

coordination can be obtained with the upstream relay. Selected tap=7 Selected time lever=7 Selected multiple current=lO Selected voltage level=12 kV Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV=19,400 A (19,400) (12 kV) / ( 4 6 kV) =5,060 A at 46 kV level Point No. 1 : 5060/ ( 7 )(160)=4.5 at 4 6 kV level For this value and time lever of 7, time=2.1 s

7 )(160) =3.57 then time=3.0 s Point No.2 : 4000/(

7 ) (160) =3.12 then time=3.9 s Point No.3: 3500/ (
4 6 kV)=292 Pickup value=(7) (160) (12 kV) / (

A at 46 kV level

These points also should be plotted on figure 4.3.

As

shown

unit

2A in

overcurrent relay (curve number 7 ) will case of a fault and will clear the fault relay operates, since there is

operate before about Both

first Bank

No.1. primary

0.6 second time interval allowed between the curves.

relay were tested on and field checked for proper

operation

based

the method recommended on section 4.7.

OVER C U R R E Y T R E L A Y
5 0 - 6 0 tiERTZ

V)

S W
Y ,

MULTIPLES O F TAP VALUE CURREHT

F i g u r e 5 . 1 T y p i c a l t i m e c u r v e s of t y p e CO-9

Relay [7]

I2KV

B U S '0"

--*-a3;7 --

Figure 5.2 Portion of Belle plant Detailed Relaying Diagram

Figure 5.3 Portion of Belle plant Coordination curves

5.4 TESTING

OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES

This requires that the system or protective device be subjected of to abnormal the electrical or conditions and the to

operation

system

devices

compared

manufacturers' specifications for these conditions.

MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

In testing a molded-case circuit breaker, several

points must be remembered.

1) Nameplate rated voltage must be available at the input

terminals throughout the test.

2)

The

values it

of

current

are

high

and voltage is low,

therefore

is.advisable to use connections having the

shortest possible length and largest,.cross sectional area between test unit and circuit breaker..

In some cases,

pieces of bus bar may be used for these connectors.

3 ) The connection to the circuit breaker must be tight.

4 ) The circuit breaker tested one pole at a time.

5)

Trip

devices

must

be

allowed

to

fully reset before

performing a check test. Molded-case circuit breaker should be tested for The recommended

(1)

timing of unit

and test

(2) instantaneous pickup.

values trip

current is three times the circuit breaker The tripping time must be measured and

rating.

compared to the manufacturer's specified values or curves.

Molded-case precise; indicates will take however, a wide the

circuit

breakers

may

be relatively

published time-delay characteristic of operation. The electrical test

band

reveal circuit breakers that will not trip, those that abnormally long test plus to trip, and those that have no time reveals that the circuit breaker is or minus

delay. tripping limits affect circuit

I f

the

within of the

15 percent of the outside

its published curves and this tolerance does not electric system coordination or stability, the

breaker should be considered satisfactory otherwise

should be rejected.

An electrical test for pickup of the instantaneous

unit should be run to verify that the circuit breaker is Testing at one of the lower

tripping

magnetically. marks is

calibration set will

satisfactory.

The adjustment may be

to the lowest calibration point to verify that the unit pick up.

I f the instantaneous unit picks up at the

minimum calibration point, then pickup will be assumed to be within manufacturer's tolerances.

LOW-VOLTAGE

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKl3R [6]

of these circuit breakers are equipped with trip device per phase. The

Most one series

overcurrent

electrical The

test must be run on each individual trip device. of any one of these devices will trip all

operation

68

poles of the circuit breaker. The circuit recommended test for a low-voltage power

breakers

are (1) timing (long-and short-time delay

units if the

circuit breaker has both type trip units), and

( 2 ) instantaneous pickup.
The time delay recommended is three it values of test current for long

times the trip unit setting, and for is one and one-half times the circuit delay If the setting; circuit determine the

short-time breaker

delay

short-time pickup. the

instantaneous operate

breaker does not

within

tolerances shown by the manufacturers'

time current curves, then suitable adjustment should be made as recommended by the manufacturer.

PROTECTIVE RELAYS The protective relay is the brain of the electric It is the relay that senses an abnormal

protective circuit.

condition and then sends the message to other devices on the system. Therefore it is imperative that any relay work be

done in a very through manner.

A
relay given with

timing its

check

should

be

made to see that the a specified time for a

closes

contacts

within

abnormal value of current. the relay tap in its

Normally this test is run position. It is

designated

suggested that a test current of four times pickup be used.

69
Based equipment used on in above the methods all the protective

Belle plant were field-checked and

tested for proper operation and coordination for the entire system. The 12 kV molded-case circuit breakers were tested

as follow:

Minimum pickup long time delay (LTD) Minimum less than pickup pickup was checked by applying 10 percent current for 10 minutes. The breaker did

not trip. Time delay (LTD)

100 Percent pickup value was selected and applied

to the relay. The The time was measured until the breaker

tripped.

time measured was within the shaded area of

the characteristic curve for the test current used.

Minimum pickup short time delay The the breaker. button

(STD)

LTD was
The

blocked to be sure it does not trip was closed and set to zero. The and test current gradually was

breaker pushed

operate

was

increased.

The current at which the STD armature starts to

close is the minimum pickup.

All

the overcurrent protective relays were tested

for proper operation as follow:

Zero adjust test This close when test dial is to determine that relay contacts With the continuity

the

is set at zero.

light connected across the terminals, time dial was manually turned until the indicator light on the test set glowed.

The reading was at zero.

Pickup test This current needed test to is to determine the minimum operating the relay contacts for any

close

particular test, was

tap setting. equal tap

The pickup value selected for this plus or minus 5 percent. By

value

alternately

increase

and decrease current, the point where

continuity indicating light flickers was found and recorded. This flickering and indicates that the contacts are "just"

making were

breaking. than

The recorded values in some relays

higher

tap value, the spiral-spring tension was

too great and was adjusted for the correct tap value.

Time current characteristics

A
relay values minimum

timing

check

should

be

made to see that the

closes its contacts within a specified time for given of current. Three times tap value was used as the Timer

amount of test current for the timing check.

selector initiate vernier current was

switch push

was

put was

in "N.O.MOMENTARYtt position, the jogged by using the main and

button

controls through to set

and adjust the test unit to pass the test the relay coil. The timer selector switch

changed was

"N.O.MAINTAIN1' and the main ammeter preset to was a value just under the test current. to zero and the initiate push

pointer Then

the

timer

reset

button coil

was and

pressed.

This puts test current on the relay When relay contacts close, the The

starts the timer.

timer will stop and current will be removed from relay. test

current and time were compared with 3 times tap value.

Some relay operating were too fast and the time dial setting was increased up to 1/2 division.

CHAPTER S I X

CONCLUSIONS

This

report

has

illustrated methods of longhand and new method of

short-circuit-current coordination relays for

calculations

by using typical time curves of the protective quick and isolation of the affected portion of

low-voltage power

medium-voltage

industrial

and commercial

systems. for

The method of longhand calculation is not large power systems, since these plants

recommended contain computer many

closed

loops. is

Network analyzer or digital

technique

favorable from an economic and time

saving standpoint for these systems.

As
electrical coordination example 480-volt for

a result of the study done for the Belle plant short-circuit-current of protective report; breakers devices show have calculation which and

was used as an

this

that

, 12-kV, 2.4-kV, and

momentary of and

feeder

adequate

interrupting

ratings.

Short-circuit

duties

the air

circuit breakers installed at the purchased-power substation should ratings the be reviewed again for proper operation and adequate significant load is to be added, that time, Then only one worst-case

when

12-kV

bus tie breakers could be opened. would supply each 12-kV

transformer

and

73
symmetrical approximately to the interrupting
250-MVA.

duty

would

be

reduced

to

This will minimize potential damage components, and the utilization

system,

its

equipment it supplies. Based calculated were for on the values of the short-circuit-currents the Belle plant, proper protective devices

selected of

and coordinated for the detection and prompt the affected portion of the system whenever a occurs in the system. The recommended relay

isolation

short-circuit

settings associated with these devices were field-tested for proper operation based on the method of testing mentioned in section 4.7. This industrial application planning of report will be a good reference manual for

plant

engineers, electricians, industrial power and others who are involved with the facilities for low-voltage and

engineers

electrical

medium-voltage industrial plants or commercial buildings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

System division. industrial

engineering "Short and

apparatus

distribution

sales for

circuit commercial

current power

calculations

system^,'^

General

Electric Co., September 1978. Donald Beeman. "Industrial Power Systems Handbook," New York, N.Y. 1955.

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

3.

Russell

C. Mason. "The art and science of protective

relaying," Schenectady, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1956.

4.

F.A.Leinberger. !!Relay co-ordination procedures for an imaginary medium size industrial plant," General

Electric Co.

Philadelphia, PA. 19102. "Methods and materials for co-ordination of

5.

R.H.Lee.

fault Memo 12-43," E.I.Dupont Co. Wilmington, Delaware. 6. D.Dalasta, Norman peach, R.H.Kaufman and W.A.Weddendorf.
It

IEEE

recommended of

practice industrial

for and

protection commercial

and power

co-ordination system,"
- )

IEEE John Wiley and Sons, 1975.

If

7. Relay instrument division.

Type CO (Hi Lo) overcurrent

relay," Westinghouse 1.L.41-100D.Westinghouse Electric Co., Coral Springs, 8. Relay

FL. December 1976.

division. for "Type CA Percentage

instrument Relay

Differential

Generator

Protection,If

Westinghouse

1.L.41-331.2D,

Westinghouse

Electric

Co.,Coral Springs, FL. February 1975.

9.

Relay

instrument Ground

division.

"Type

CWC

and

CWP

Directional

Relays

instruction," Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark, N.J.

1.L.41-242.4F, Westinghouse Oct. 1975.

10. Relay instrument division. "Type SDF-1 solid state under frequency relay instruction," Westinghouse 1.L.41-504.1, Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark 11. Relay relay department. "Type DT-3

N.J. August 1975.

temperature and micron 1.L.41-552.1D,

instruction,"

Westinghouse

Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark, N.J. 1975. 12. Relay instrument division. "Type CVE-1 and CVE

Synchro-Verifire

relays

instruction,"

Westinghouse

1.L.41-681.1N) Westinghouse Electric Co, Coral Springs, FL . 13. Relay-instrument division. "Type KAB high impedance bus differential relay," Westinghouse 1.L.41-337.4F.

Westinghouse Electric Co., Coral Springs, FL. May 1981. 14. Relay instrument division. "Type HU and HU-1 transformer differential relays instruction, Westinghouse

1.L.41-347.1M, Westinghouse Electric Co. 15. Relay relays

, Newark, N.J.

instrument division. "Type SC, SC-1, SV and SV-1 instruction," Westinghouse Electric Co. Newark,

N.J. July 1978.

16. Relay

instrument

division.

"Type

CV voltage relay,"
Electric Co.

Westinghouse

1.L.41-201K. Westinghouse

Coral Springs, FL. December 1979. 17. Relay instrument division.

'I

Type

COM

overcurrent

relay," Westinghous

1.L.41-102E.Westinghouse Electric

Co. Coral Springs, FL. June 1979.

18. Relay
type

instrument

division. "Characteristic curves for

DS

and

DSL

circuit

breaker,"Westinghouse

Application

Data 32-860. Westinghouse Electric Co. East

Pittsburg, Pa. 15112, November 1978.

APPENDIX 1 - IMPEDANCE DATA

Al.l ANSI standard reactance values calculation Table Al-1 ANSI Standard Reactance Values

--

First-Cycle (Momentary) Calculation for Utility Supply Plant Generators Synchronous Motors Induction Motors (Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm) (Above 250 hp >I800 rpm)

Positive-Sequence Reactance

H.V. Breaker

XS X" X I f

x1 r

(All other motors 50-1000 hp)

(Less than 50 hp) Non-rotating equipment

. I ' r 1.2Xlr
.25X"

Interrupting Calculations for H.V. Breakers Utility supply Plant Generators Synchronous Motors Induction Motors (Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm) (Above 250 hp >I800 rpm) (All other motors 50 - 1000 hp) (Less than 50 hp) Non-rotating Equipment lr = Locked Rotor, %=utility reactance

%
X I f
1 . 5X"

1.5Xlr 1. 5Xlr
3. OXlr
Infinity

A1.2 Transmission line impedances

Table A1-2 Transmission Line Impedances

I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ , 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~

V) c

u
C

$ ' N * 6 m W O m N m m * P O r n v N P P W 9 o ~ lIc o m~ n , o ~ e . c ~: ~ * m m q - n e~ ~ q o ~ w * - no ~ m ~ c *y m~ v m c u @ ~ . m m i * ~ * ~ ~ m m m m m m q q q q v q o n o o o
X O C O O C O O O O O O O Q O C O O O O O O O

......................

A1.3 15-kV cable impedances Table A1-3 15-kV Cable Impedances

6 AhG 3 AhO

U O

ALtG

3/0 AkG
410 AkG 250 M C ! A 300 MCM 3 5 0 !.CCU 400 YC!I 5 0 0 IACM

6a0 MCM
753 M C ! A 1000 A!CN 12>0 ).{C!.i
15CC UCM 1750 MCX 2 0 0 0 MCM

A1.4 5-kV cable impedances

Table A1-4

5-kV Cable Impedances

Approximate Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance of M00.volt Cables in Magnetic Ducts per 100 H
Throe singlo-conduda cabiu p u duct, ohm p u 100

Woo-eonductor cablo induding Intorlocked onnor coblo, ohms p u 100 f l

Coblo ria.

z
0.313s 0.1210 0.0781 0.0503 0.0325 0.0212 0.0173 0.0143 0.0119 0.0101 0.00817 0.00102 0.00733 0.00690 0.00657 0.0061 1 0.00U1

I
0.3291 0.1241 0.07808 0.04944 0.03154 0.02017 0.01619 0.01304 0.01061 0.008785 0.007335 0.006527 0.003791 0.005299 0.001923 0 . ~ 0.003723 9

Ma 14 Awq..
WalOAwq.. No.8Awg

. 0.3135
0.1240 0.0779 0.0491 0.0118 0.0203 0.0163 0.0131 0.0106 0.00860 0.0070a 0.00609 0:00520 0.00461 0.00119 0.0.00219

...
. .

0.W969 0.00150 0.CG781

0.3133 0.1240 0.0779 0.0493 0.0112 0.0197 0.0157 0.0125 0.0100 0.00800 0.00640 0.W7 0.00460 0.00400 0.00354 0.00292 0.0010(

0.006664 0.005745 0.005308 0.004941 0.004619 0.004366 0.003961 0.003792 0.003677 0.003631 0.003313 0.003362 0.003311 0.003U7 0.a3436 o.oo3wr 0.001018

lb. 6 AwQ..
4A g

.-

0.0U741 0.00681 0.00623 0.00566 0.00567 0.00545 0.00535 0.00529 0.0056 0.00519 0.00314 0.00506 0.W95 0.W4

Mo. 1 A . Mo. 1/0 Awq.

No.Z/OAwq.. Wo.l/OAwg.. 4 0A . 2SO M C M . .

..

100 M C M .

.. s o ma.. .. 750MCM ....

350 M C M . . 400 M U . .

... ..

A1.5 Correction factors for non-magnetic ducts

Table A1-5
t
fadom foefar k v concctinq mctoncm, 0 1 1S U ~ S of cabk

Correction Factors for Non-Magnetle Ducts

s+k.an.lw)cr

b b k
1

Fa wrr.cclng r e d e a r n
No.0010 250 MCM

No. 6 to

No. 8 A r g

No. 0 A r g
0 . 9 6

300 to 500 MCM

0 . 8

0 . 9 3

0 . 8 3

0.72

Correction Factors for Nonmagnetic Ducts.

Thr-ductor Cables Dotormino correct Z from corrected voluu of X and r0. No comedim is required for intedocked

armor.
f o c t m for correcting ruistoncm f o a a for ronocting rooctoncm, all rizm of coblo

N o . 14 to No. 00 A r g N a 0000 A r g to 750 MCM

0.17

1 .O

0.98

Per Cont Rooctonc. of 1000 Crcuit F W ~ on o System rdtogo

Per Cmt Reactonce of Typical Three-phase Cable Circuits 1000-tw lose

I / 1 / / /
230 4 575 2,400 4,160
Coblo h e ,

6,900

I
throo ringltcamdw9or coblw in iron conduit................ Thrononducror coblo m iron conduit or in#-d 0rolor.d l cable.. kao-conductor enblo in m a g neticduct..................

13,100

No. 4 to 1 Awg

I
0,351 0.222 0.194 0.11 0.0955 0.0276

91.3

24.6 18 14.7
1 /0

15-14

1.075 0.669 0.581

................... 71.8
5 1 1 . 5

11.5 9.4

0.024

Cablo siro..No.

No. 4/0 Awg

cobla in ironconduit n*eo-conducta cublo in imn conduit or i n t . r k c t d o-ad coblo.. ecconductor cable in nommogwnetic+&

hrw nnglccarc)uctor

................

92.5

23.2

14.83

0.953

0.318

................... 68 .................. 34.8

17.1 13.72

10.9 1 . 1

0.6

0.2

0.52 ~0.17310.01111 0.0101

I I/
0.0943

0.0237

Cable Six.,

250 lo 750 MCM

$:
I

re* singlrconductu cablu m iron condvtt.. recconductor coblo in irom condwt or interlocked armored coblo. he.-conductor coble in -magd c d w

.............

11.3

13-63 0.868

0.219

.................... 61.4 .................. 51

9.85 1.19

0.331 0.477

0.179

0.0796
O.W

0.01 0.0176

11.8

0.139

For a~nglc-phw cueuru mult~plyvduea by 2-

APPENDIX 2

BELLE PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY

A2.1

DESCRIPTION

OF THE WORK

This coordination distribution

work shows the short-circuit study and relay for the for entire the power-house plant, electrical (one of the This

system

Belle

biochemical sites of E.I.dupont de Nemours & Company).

plant is required to modernize power house coal handling and electrical distribution reliability for the entire system so that can greater load capacity, improved reliability and safety be achieved for the entire sytem. electrical facilities Modernization of the will improve the

power-house

electrical reliability of the power house by installation of a new 46-kV feeder from the existing structure between the

"A1' and
transformer 12-kV power breaker

"B" switch house

with a

to

new

7.5MVA, 46/12-kV

primary circuit switcher.

A secondary

feeder house in

will

be provided from the transformer to the with a new secondary air circuit

complete the

!'A" switch house

and a new incoming air

circuit breaker located in the turbine area switchgear room. The new incoming circuit breaker in the turbine area

switchgear the

room will be connected to, and become a part of,

12-kV switchgear. Figure A2.1 shows the system setup as

83
a block diagram.

T h i s s t u d y w i l l i n s u r e a d e q u a t e r a t i n g s of a l l t h e
air

circuit

breakers

and

proper

relay

coordination

throughout t h e system.

Utility . W 9 9/1
,

t N t '0" 46Kv
n

Bus

B n k tb.7, IWcl

F i g u r e A2-1 Block d i a g r a m of s y s t e m s e t u p

A2.2

12-kV

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING

Westinghouse air circuit breakers 12-kV

electric magnetic blast eight cycles are installed at the purchased power incoming supply and feeder breakers.

substation

as

Breaker specifications are as follows: 1. Symmetrical three-phase rating = 500MVA

2. Continuous current rating = 1200 amperes

3.

Maximum voltage = 12-kV rms

4. Momentary rating = 37-kA rms asymmetrical,

momentary 2 s.

5. Minimum contact-parting time = 3 cycles 5. Rated interrupting time = 5 cycles

A2.3

SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS

ANSI
calculation voltage The of

Standard fault

37.5-1969

contains a guide

for

currents for application of AC highrated this on a total current basis. study are the same as those

circuit

breakers used in

procedures

suggested in ANSI standard by using

jX impedance only.

Certain simplifying assumptions were made for this calculation which are as follows.

1.

Base MVA is 5MVA

2. Three-phase symmetrical fault

3. Line resistance is neglected

4. Fault is "bolted", that is, it has zero impedance

5. Tie breaker in 2.4kV switchgear is open,
Refer to figure A2-2 in section A2.4 for the system single-

line diagram.

A2.4 BELLE PLANT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAU

The used line and as a

electrical distribution switching diagram was starting point in developing the system singleThis diagram shows the normal distribution the best available definition of the system

diagram. represents

for fault studies. For purposes of this study, the system was defined to and start at the 46-kV bus at the purchased power substation continue through the 12-kV overhead distribution system

to transformers supplying secondary loads at 12-kV,2.4-kV or

4 8 0 volt.
and treated

Motors smaller than 50 hP were lumped together as a single impedance on the secondary side of

the supply transformer. Data conductor on transformer impedances, transmission line and lengths and bus duct capacity at the

sizes

purchased power substation were obtained from drawings. The single-line diagram used for this study is

shown in its final form in figure A2-2.

Figure A2-2

Belle Plant Single Line Diagram

A2.5

BELLE PLANT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS

few

impedance diagrams are patterned after the The arrangement of elements should aid in

one line diagram. easy of

identification of any given component in the two types diagrams (one-line of vs impedance) even though

identification circuits into a may

components and significant points in the impossible impedance. of as the network is reduced The per-unit system lends

become

single-value to analysis

itself voltage voltage current can

this system because of the several The base Base

levels. will and be for be base

A base MVA of 5MVA is assigned.

46-kV, 12-kV, 2.4-kV, and 4 8 0 volt.

impedance for each of the voltage levels as shown in Appendix 3. Impedance

then

derived the

diagrams

one-line diagram shown in figure A2-2 in

Appendix 2, which contains the subtransient reactance of the system generator, the utility system reactance, and the perunit value of all the transformers, feeder cables and the

motor loads is shown in figure A2-4, Appendix 2. The impedance follows. Utility: X=5MVA/1020MVA=.0049 P.U. per-unit values for all components on

diagram

(figure

A2-4) are derived and listed as

Transformer (TI) :

X= (6.46%) (5MVA/lOMVA) = .0323 P .U.

Transformer(T2):

three winding transformer

Zp=1/2(ZpS+ZpT-ZST) =1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+7.91%-18.83%) = .0146 P.U. Zs=1/2(2PS+ Z ST-Z PT)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+18.83%-7.91%) = .0509 P.U. ZT=1/2 (ZPT+ZST-ZPS)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (7.91%+18.83%-19.66%) = ,0118 P.U. Transformer (T3) : Transformer (T4) : Transformer (T5) : Transformer(T6) : Transformer(T7):

X= (5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P . U. X= (5.32%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= . 0709 P.U. X= (5.39%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= .0719 P .U. X=(5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P .U.
X=(5.55%) (5MVA/2.OMVA)=.139 P.U.

Generator : X1'=5MVA/102MVA=. 049 P . U. Motors : Typical follows. calculation Appendix for

1

Xth momentary short circuit is as show the multiple factors for

will

different size of motors.

I. Xth(momentary)=l .2(1/6) (base kVA/load kVA)

1/6 is the lock rotor current.

2.

Induction motors 50-1000 hp,

3X1r

Xth (interrupting) =3 (1/6) (base kva/load kVA)

3.
Full load current=largest motor (~vA) /fl(kVLL) Lock rotor current=5(full load current)+-total load

Cables : The per-unit by values of all the cable impedances can be

determined

referring to Appendix 1 , which will show the

approximate reactances of cables for various voltage levels These the values feeders. will be the actual impedance (ohm) values of

The per-unit values then can be calculated by

using the following equations. Base impedance=(base voltage,kVLL) /base

MVA3phase

Per unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance Examples : 1.

12-kV feeder, 1-3/C-500MCM (50ft)

Base impedance= (kVLL ' base) /baseMVA3phase Base impedance=(12kV) Appendix
2
2

/5MVA=28.8 ohms

1 section A1.3 shows the ohmic values of aluminum cables in magnetic and non-

15-kV

copper

and

magnetic

conduit per 1000ft.

For 1-3/C-500MCM copper cable

non-magnetic conduit, R=.0279ohms/1000ft and X=.0317ohms/1000ft therefore:

Z=( R ~ + x ~ 'I2= ) [ ( .0279) 2+ ( .0317) 2 ]I / ' = .

For 50ft cable;

0422ohms/1000f t

50ft(.0422/1000ft)=.0021ohms/50ft
Per-unit impedance=.0021/28.8=.0001 P.U.

2.

2.4-kV feeder, 3-3/C-750MCM/phase, 130ft long 2 Base impedance= (2.4kV) /5MVA=1.152 Appendix 1 Section A1.4, shows the ohmic values of

5-kV cables in magnetic ducts per 100ft. the correction factors for

Section A1.5 shows ducts. For

non-magnetic

1-3/C-750MCM copper cable magnetic duct,

R=.00208ohms/100ft

and X=.003088ohms/100ft then Z=.003723ohms/100ft For 3-3/C-750MCM, Z=1/3(.003723ohms/10Oft)=.0013/100ft For 130ft, Z=130ft(.0013ohms/10Oft)=.0017 ohms From section A1.5 correction factor for 750MCM cable in nonmagnetic ducts is 0.72, so 2=.0017(.72)=.0012 ohms Per unit impedance=.0012/1.152=.0011 P.U. Table short-circuit A2-1 in Appendix 2 shows the results of the calculations for momentary and interrupting This information

case at different locations of the system. will be used for

specifying the 12-kV switchgear, 2.4-kV

switchgear and 480-volt switchgear.

91
Multiplying ground faults. factors for three-phase and line-to-

,MULTIPLYINGFACTORS FOR E / X AMPERES

Figure A 2 - 3 multiplying factors [2]

Figure A2-4

Belle P . l a n t Simplified Impedance Diagram

A2.6

BELLE PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

CASE 1: Momentary short-circuit calculation for fault "A"at 12-kV bus as shown in figure A2-1 and A2-5.

The system

simplified

impedance

diagram for the entire

is shown on figure A2-4.

The equivalent circuit for

the impedance diagram is shown on figure A2-5 and A2-6.

Figure A2-5 The equivalent circuit for the impedance diagram

The

Wye-Delta

transformation

for

fault

"A" is

shown on figure A2-7. MVASC=BASE MVA/XthP.U.=5MVA/.0188=416MVA -BASE MVA/ (kVLL BASE) 103=5 (lo6) /12 (lo3) ~ = 2 4 A 0 IBASEA I S C ' I B A S E /XthP.U.=240/.0188=20,000.00

'Tp,u, 1
Infinite B u s Infinite R u 0 P*u*
,85337

mgQTA
C

,kw
P.u.

D.il7*i/Zb+iizcrJ82.e C Za&DZ~W(,W9)(.OiG)=,8216 p,u. &DZbfc=382(.81G)(.83397)=. 1487 p.u.

Z;lcrDZdc=W(.W9)(.83397)=.8583 p.u.

Inf initr Bus

I

Infinite B u s
I

Figure A2-6 Simplified equivalent circuit

By siylifing thr &ow circuit w get: Infinite Bus ee49

.P.U.

5263 P.U.

,8146 p*u.

8123 p.u.

*em
P*U.
" "

Fault 'A'
To s i y l i Q this portin of t h c i r r i t . W D E L T A trrrrfmtim i s brar wrd.

Figure A2-7 The WYE-DELTA transformation

95

CASE 2: Interrupting short-circuit calculation for fault

I 1 All

.
simplified impedance diagram for the entire

The system

is shown on figure A2-4.

The equivalent circuit for

the impedance diagram is shown on figure A2-8.

Infinitr RJS

Figure A2-8 The equivalent circuit (interrupting case)

The

Wye-Delta

transformation

for

fault

"A" is

shown on figure A2-9.

IBASE-

-BASE M V A / (kYLL ~ BASE) 103=5 ( l o 6 ) / 1 2 (103)\/T = 2 4 0 A

IS C=I BASE /XthP . U . = 2 4 0 / . 0 1 3 2 = 1 8 , 2 0 0 . 0 0 A

The
used for

same

method locations

of short circuit calculation is of the in system. Result of

other for

calculations table A2-1.

other

points

the system is shown in

Infinite Bus
UYE

Infinite Bus

-> DELTA

I T

Infinite Bus

Infinite Wu

Figure A2-9 The

WYE-DELTA transformation

T a b l e A2-1 R e s u l t of B e l l e P l a n t S h o r t - C i r c u i t S t u d y -. F a u l t Location i Momentary S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t ;

B a s e 5 MVA
..-----

.--

.---

Amperes

F a u l t "B" 46 K V

MVP.s~ I 1140

Fault

l f ~ l l

46 KV

14,326 19,400 17,480 27,097

1140

F a u l t "A" 1 2 K V F a u l t "D" 2 . 4 K V V F a u l t "El1 2 . 4 K F a u l t "F" 2 . 4 KV F a u l t "MIf 2 . 4 KV F a u l t "N" 2 . 4 K V F a u l t "I" 4 8 0 V

. .

1
I

17,660 10,400

Ii
I
-

40,880 63,123 64,317

---

F a u l t "K" 480 V F a u l t Location Base 5 M V A F a u l t "B" 4 6 K V

Interrupting Short Circuit Amperes 14,036 14,036

L
53

-.. ... -. .

MvAsc

F a u l t "C" 46 K V V F a u l t "A" 1 2 K F a u l t "Dlf 2 . 4 K V V F a u l t "Elf 2 . 4 K F a u l t "F" 2 . 4 K V V F a u l t "MI1 2 . 4 K F a u l t "N" 2 . 4 K V F a u l t "1"480 V

1121 1121

18,178
13,136 22,396 12,923 8,010 37,240 48,440 48,600

378
52
89

51 32 148 40 40

1 F a u l t "K" 480 V

APPENDIX 3 BELLE PLANT GENERATOR AND BUS PROTECTION

A3.1

BELLE PLANT GENERATOR PROTECTION

TYPE CA PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 10% (WESTINGHOUSE) [8] The type CA generator relay is available in two

designs: one for 10 percent sensitivity and the other for 25 percent sensitivity. Figure A3-1 shows the operating curves for
10

percent

sensitivity. That means 10 percent of the

smaller restraint current must flow in the operating coil to cause tripping when the restraining currents are in phase. One setting is required for this relay, that is, This setting should be on the

the setting of the time dial.

number one position as manufacturer recommended The only setting required on the

.
indicating

contactor switch (ICS) unit is the selection of the 0.2 A or

2.0

tap

setting.

Since this relay is energizing a 125

volt

d-c relay switch in this system, the 0.2

A tap is used

instead of 2.0 A tap. set time dial 1, figure A3-1. ICS (indicating contactor switch) . 2 amps

CWC GENERATOR GROUND A-C DIRECTIONAL OV3RCURRENT RELAY [9] The relay: following information is required to set this

1) The

maximum at

and the

minimum relay and

ground

fault

current for These

fualts

at the remote bus.

values should be residual current which is three times the zero sequence current.

2 ) The

maximum

and

minimum for the

polarizing current faults above.

(IU) or

voltage should

values be

These values

residual

current which is three times the

zero sequence values.

C u u r 5.rr-

H;

La t .

#&.A
rc%v e u i
,

ZOO/*

SFF
YRCT

occa3Sq

Ull.Z,'l4

uua-

3 ) The

current transformer ratios (C.T.) of the main and

polarizing current transformer.

CASE 1: Tie breaker is closed and generator is down.

Since generator is down, either fault F1 or F2 can see

current I1

R=M (I1/IU),for the 0.25 to 4.0 product range Iprimary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1 Isecondary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1
Secondary current Secondary current Product of

( I u)=I primary /C.T. ratio=50/10=5

/C.T. ratio=50/10=5 (I1) =I secondary

(IUXT1) =25 and IU/I1=l. 0

R limit constant should be 4.0or 5.0.

With tap product=25,

OCCRATINO C O K A Y C C R C S

Figure A3-1

Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity type

CA generator relay [8]

R=M

( 1 I u ) select

upper tap=l.O and lower tap=0.25 from

table A3-1, then M=4.0 from the table A3-1.

Multiple of tap product=I1.Iu/(upper tap)(lower

=25/1( .25)=I00

tap)

from dial=2

figure

A3-3

at multiples of tap product=100 and time

then operating time=.09 s .

Note : The typical time curves for the type CWC relay

apply i f the values of (R) falls within the shaded area of the curve shown on figure

A3-3,

and if neither relay

current is greater than

(K) in amperes.

Figure A.3-2 limits for application of the CWC time curve[9]

WLTlPLU OC TAP CIOOYCT

- -

Figure

A3-3

typical

time

curves

of

the

type CWC relay

current coils in series [ 9 ] .

Total time = operating time

+ relay time + breaker time

Total time = 0.09 s + 2(0.0167) + S(0.0167) = .21 s The ground relay 50/GN has 0.5 s delay, this allows 0.29 s

for resetting of the 50/GN relay.

CASE 2: Tie breaker is closed and the generator is on.

IU(polarizing) Since By
= 50amps.

generator figure

is on, fault F1 and F2 see 11+12=100 A, so A3-2 and table A3-1, for the 0.25 to 4.0

using

product range M=4.0 I,=lOO A I1/IU=lOO A/50 A=2, R=M(I1/IU)

= (10) (5) /1(

R=4 (100/50) =8

Multiple of tap product from figure

.25)=200

A3-3 at multiple of tap product= 200, and time

.

dial=2, operating time will be .065 s Total time= .065 + 2(.0167)

+ 5(.0167)=. 18 s

Time to reset 50/GN relay=.5-.18=.32 s

Since relay delta is

the calculated value of delay time for this for coordination with the ground relay on

proper

wye ground transformer, then relay setting will be as

follows: Set: Upper tap=l Lower tap=.25 Time dial=2

ITH generator ground relay (westinghouse)

This relay is factory set for minimum pickup of

0.25 amperes, no setting was required for this relay. Set: All ITH relays on minimum pickup .25amps.

Device 59G generator over voltage relay The transformer, permitted relay P.T.= is energized from a potential voltage

12000/120=100

volts,

maximum

on generator continuously is about 105 percent or volts. 120 volts relay set at tap=5 designed

1.05(120)=126

to operate at 122 volts, then 122/120 = 1.016 percent, Relay is factory set for tap = 5 and lever = 10, field to adjust 104 percent continuous over

per curve shown on figure A3-4. voltage limit is desired.

Device 53G volts per hertz relay Type volt/hertz .lvolt/hertz maximum. for SVF form 2E1, hitachi, maximum permissable is 1 . 2 per-unit. Relay setable

generator

increment.

Relay setting of 1.9 volt/hertz is

This relay was set at factory for 1.2 volt/hertz.

Device 60G voltage balance relay Type SDV3 form W-3E2, hitachi, these voltages will normally be balanced. be selected. Therefore most sensitive setting will

This relay was set at factory for 1 0 volts.

Device 64F field ground relay Relay used, single of a because type field

SG

form C-Dl, hitachi, this relay is are operated ungrounded.

circuits

ground fault will not damage or affect the operation generator in any way. However, the existence of a

single

ground fault increases the stress to ground at other

points in the field winding when voltages are induced in the field by stator transients [ 4 ] . This relay is factory set,

therefore no setting is required for this relay.

Device 27G high speed under-voltage relay Type agiven at W3-UT21-21 E2, this relay functions on

value of under-voltage,

The dropout is normally set This

approximately

80 to 90 percent of normal voltage.

relay is factory set for maximum value of voltage 95 volt.

KLF loss of excitation relay (Westinghouse)

Refer capability to figure A3-5 to see generator reactive

curve.

The machine capability curve on figure

A3-6, was generated from figure A3-5. been drawn on an

A reactive circle has

R-X diagram. The equivalent generator

impedance traces a path from first quadrant into a region of the fourth quadrant that is entered only when excitation is reduced or lost. By encompassing this region

severely

107 within the relay characteristic, the relay will operate when the generator breaker first starts to slip poles and will trip the and disconnect the generator from the system As

field

before either the generator or the system can be harmed. shown on figure A3-6 ZA-1.98 and R=1.03.
= [ (KV)2 / ~ [ ~ (RC/RV) ~ ] ] =12'/14.564 'base ZA=l.98(19.776)=39.16 ohms.

(200/100) =19.776 ohms

Zc=.0 8(19.776)=1.58 ohms. (SA) must be greater than or equal Z 'base A' therefore: 19.7(SA)> 39.16, then SA must be atleast 3.0, so set S A

TA=ZA/SA=39.16/3=13.05, set TA on tap=11.5

MA= [TA SA/ZA] -I= [ll.5 (3)/39.16] - ( 9 ), set MA =-0.12

This requires: L, lead on .03 and R, lead on upper .06 Actual Z=TA SA/(1-MA)=11.5(3)/(1-.12)=39.2 39.16/39.2=99.88% of SC for 6(Sc)>1.58. setting required. Set ZC=1,58, set Set TC

SC=l minimum tap so set S C = l Set TC tap=1.84

tap closest to Zc/Sc=1.58/1=1.58.

Mc= [(TCXSC) /ZC]-I= [I.84(1) /I.581 -I=.165

Set MC for 0.15, L(1ead upper)=.06 and R(lead)=O.O ZC=1.84(1)/(1+.15)=1.6 1.58/1.6=98.75% of required setting.
Set under voltage unit at 77% (factory set check).

Figure A3-4 Generator Overvoltage Curve.

Figure A3-5 Generator .Reactive Capability Curve.

Figure A 3 - 6

Generator Capability Curve,

CRN-1 Reverse power relay (Westinghouse) Set seconds. relay to detect monitoring in approximate 6 Set timing

Using

time dial of 2 for 120 volts.

relay at 30 seconds (Agastat) to trip the generator.

COQ Generator negative sequence relay (westinghouse) From 200/1 and hitachi generator data C.T.ratio = 1000/5 or amperes. 701/200 = 3.505

-701 Ifull load--

Set relay: Tap=3.5 A Time dial = 4.0 and ICS = .2 A

SDF-1 Under frequency relay (westinghouse) r101 Figure actual A3-7 shows the effect of time delay on the at which tripping takes placeunder

frequency frequency continues relay

declining frequency for the

conditions. to

The curves show how the

drop in the time interval required

to operate after its frequency set point is

crossed. For constant below relay figure 6Hz/s example, suppose that for a system of inertia it is required that the frequency not dip Assume the

H=2,

57.5Hz

for any overload upto 4 6 percent.

is set to trip at 59.2Hz.

The scale at the bottom of

A3-7
rate

indicates of

that

4 6 % overload will cause a

decline.

The SDF-1 relay with 15 cycles of

delay setting will close its trip contact when the frequency

112 has dropped 1.7Hz below the set point, or 57.5Hz, for this Thus 15 cycles to is the the maximum desired

overload acceptable

condition. time delay

setting

obtain

protection. In this system the relay is set to trip at 57.5Hz,

30

cycles

delay relay

provided.

Breaker No.1 and No.10 under

frequency

are set to trip at 58.5 Hz(3 cycle delay).

Refer to figure A3-7.

DT-3 Generator temperature relay (westinghouse) rll]

Normal setting for this type of relay is 120

degree centigrade. Since this relay alarms high temperature only, set relay at 115 degrees

C to provide operator a

pre-warning to increase cooling water supply.

RATE OF FREQUENCY

D E C L I N E . HZ / SEC.

H-2 H=4

10

20

I
50

30

40

1
90

50

60

70

1
10

I
20

1
30

I
40

I
60

I
70

1
80 100

1
120
x

1
140

(ASSUME LOAD

APPROX. PERCENT SYSTEM OVERLOAD CONSTANT WITH FREQUENCY AND PF H = SYSTEM INERTIA CONSTANT, KW-SECMVA

.as)

Fig k3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining Fig A3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining
Frequency Conditions [lo]

CVE-1 Syncheck relays (Westinghouse) [ I 2 1 For as follows: breaker No.10 (in unit No.4) CVE-1 setting is The time dial should be set so that the relay

will not operate when the system are swinging too fast. From figure

A3-8

(Westinghouse)

for

a 20 degree circle as the

relay calibrated from factory, set the time dial setting =1, then the operating time will be about 2.8 seconds. It time dial is equal recommended by the manufacturer to set the 11, when 60 degree circle setting is used

0 degree circle is used. and time dial of 4 when 4

Figure 113-8 Operating time variations with changes in time-dial settings. Rated in phase voltage on

both circuits, 20, 4 0 and 60 degrees circle setting

[I21

Automatic synchronizer W The to be altered

U (Westinghouse)

following are suggested settings and may have in field due to various voltage differences

that occur. Voltage acceptor: Lower limit 110 volts Upper limit 120 volts Difference limit 5 volts Voltage matcher 2 volts times 3 second Pulse duration time .25 second Field check closing times of all synchronizing breaker and

set EQ breaker closing equalizer.

A3.2 BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION [13]

KAB
relay The type 1) of the

bus

differential

relay

is an instantaneous

high impedance type used for bus protection. points should be considered on any proposed

following

KAB relay application.

All ct's in the bus differential circuit should have the

same ratio and should be operated on their full tap.

2) The leakage impedance of the ct's should be low.

3) To insure a substantial margin of operation on internal the voltage unit should not be set any higher of poorest ct which is

faults, than

knee

voltage

Vk, value

connected to the relay.

4 )

To

insure a substantial margin for preventing the relay

from operation on external faults, the knee voltage value of the best ct which is connected to the relay should be in figure A3-9.

used to determine value of (RS+RL)IF/NVK

The

knee

voltage of the

is defined as the intersection of the two straight and line portions of the

extention saturation

curve,

ordinate

abscissa

must be same

scale for each decade. 5) The maximum number of circuits which can be connected to the to relay or the minimum internal fault current required operate the relay can be estimated from the following

equation

I =(XI,+IR+IV)N min
current, voltage. equal in to

,where

Imin=minimum
setting

internal

fault

RMS. Ie=ct

secondary ,the

excitation current at a value of V-unit.

I -Current Rin varistor of value

V-unit at setting voltage at N=ct

VR. I ~ C u r r e n t

circuit

a voltage equal to the setting

V-unit.

turn's

ratio and X=Number of

circuits connected to the bus.

Device

maximum

ground

fault

is

the

sum

of

transformer ground and the generator ground. Maximum ground fault=50A+50A=100 Amps Switchgear short circuit available=500 3 Phase symmetrical f ault=500 1200/5 CT,

MVA

M V A /( ~1 2 ~ =24 ~ ) KA

VK, voltage Knee=160 volt, N=1200/5=240

Current Transformer resistance= R

=.471 ohms

One way lead resistance 80ft of #14 wire=RL=.156

Voltage unit setting (3 phase fault) C.T. Saturation Factor=(RS+RL)IF/N.VK=.392 Margin Factor, K=1.32, found from figure A 3 - 9 . Relay voltage, VR=K(R S+RL)IF/N, then VR=82 volt, so pick the relay voltage, VR=90 volts.

Current unit setting

IF/N=63 From figure A3-10 ( R +R ~ L) Unit setting=3 A (rms)

2.4KV

Bus

differential

type KAB relay, Westinghouse style

NO. 6668D37A12 87 device.

Switchgear rating = 200 MVA Maximum fault = 48,000 A Minimum fault = 24,000 A Maximum ground fault = 340 A C.T. 2000/5 = 400/1 =

Knee voltage = 240 volts = VK C.T. DC Resistance = .858ohms = RS One way lead resistance = .032 (50ft of # 8 ) = RL

R S+RL- . 8 9 ohms

Current unit setting (instantaneous 3-48 amps)

( R +R ~ L) I F/N= ( .89) (48,000amps/400) =106.8

From figure A3-10 setting is 3 amperes.

Figure A3-9

KAB Relay Voltage Unit Setting[l3].

Voltage unit setting (75-300 VAC)

C

.T .

Saturation Factor = (RS+RL) I F / N . VK

= .89 (48,000amps) /400(240)= .445

C . T. Saturation Factor

From figure A3-9, margin factor, K> .95 VR=K (RS+RL) IF/N=. 95 ( .89 ohms) (48,000amps) / 4 0 0 Pick relay voltage, VR = 120 volts Check minimum fault current required to operate the relay.
=

101.5

= 6 circuits

VR=120 volts

IE = .015 A

1 . 0A

Figure A3-10 KAB Relay Current Unit Setting[l3]

APPENDIX 4
BELLE PLANT TRAiiSFORMER PROTECTION

A4.1

TYPE HU-1 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY r14]

(Westinghouse) In and check order to calculate the required tap settings performance the following

current

transformer

information is required.

1) Maximum transformer power rating (KVA)M

2) Maximum external fault currents

3) Voltage ratings of power transformer (VH,VI,VL)

4 ) One

way current transformer lead resistance at 25 degree

ormer copnections (wye or delta) 5) Current tr-ansf

6 ) ct secondary winding resistance, RS

Definition of terms

IP-Primary current at (KVA)M IR=Relay input current at (KVA)M IRH IRL IRI are
) )

same

as

IR except for high, low and

intermediate voltage sides respectively. IS=CT secondary current at (KVA) T=Relay tap setting.

TH ,T -T except for high, low and intermediate voltage L ,T Iwinding, respectively.

N=Number of current transformer turns that are in use.

NP-N/N T (Proportion of turns in use) NT=Current transformer ratio, full tap

ZA-Burden impedance of any devices other than HU-1 relay
Iext . =Maximum symmetrical external fault current in secondary RMS amperes. ZT=Total secondary burden in ohms (excluding current

transformer winding resistance.)

Calculation procedure Three-winding transformer bank N0.7

High

Intermediate

Low

(KVA)M= 15MVA

(KVA)M= 15MVA

(KVA)M= 15MVA

1)

Selection of C.T. ratio

I , (high)=15,OOOKYA/: 5' (46KV)=I88 A

300/5 C . T. ratio

1 ~ ( i n t e r m . ) = 1 5 , 0 0 0 ~ ~ (12KV)=721 ~/'~~ A 1200/5 C .T. ratio

I (low) =l5,OOOKVA/'F (2.4KV)=3600 A 5000/5 C.T. ratio

P

2)

Selection of relay taps

Is(high) =Ip/N=188/60=3. 13 A

IS(interm.) =Ip/N=721/240=3.0 A
IS(low)=I,/N=3600/1121=3.22

IR(high) =Is(high) =3.13 A

IR(interm.)=IS (interm.)=3.0 A

IR(low) =IS(low)=3.22 A
TAPhigh=TH=3. 2 (3.13/3.22)=3.11

TAPinterm.=TI-3.2 (3.0/3.22)=2.98
TAPlOw=TL=3.2

3 )

Mismatch calculation High side %Mismatch=100 [(IRhigh/IRinterm. ) - (TH/TI) ] /S S=The smaller of IRhigh/IRinterm. or TH/TI TH/TI=3.2/2.9=1.10 and IRhigh/IRinterm.=3.13/3.0=1.043 Then S=1.043
%Mismatch=100(1.043-1.103)/1.043=-5.79
%

Intermediate side %M=lOO [ (1,intex-m. /IRlow) - (TI/TL) 1 / S T /T -2.9/3.2=.906 and I interm./I low=3.0/3.22=.932 I LR R Then S=.906
%M=100(.932-.906)/.906=2.87%

Low side %M=lOO [ (IRlow/IRhigh) - (TL/TH) ] /S

I R low/IRhigh=3.22/3.13=1.0288 and TL/TH=3.2/3.2=1.0

Then S=1.0 %M=lOO(l.O288-l.O)/l.O=2.88
%

4)

Check C.T. performance for WYE connection High side ZT=1.13RL+0.15/T +Z ohms, where R =.I63 Q 75 degree

H A

ZT=1.13(.5)+0.15/3.2=.61 ohms

Np=N/NT=60/60=1 NP(VCL/lOO)>ZT, since 1(100/100)>.61, then it is 0.k.

Intermediate side C.T.=1200/5 RL=.471 Q 75 degree=.396 Q 25 degree

ZT=1.13RL+.15/TI=1.13(.396)+.15/2.9

ZT-.499 ohms, Np=N/NT=240/240=1, VCL=200 Np(VCL/lOO)>ZT, since 1(200/100)>.499, then it is 0.k.

Low side

HU-1 style 290B346A10 setting are as follows.

Instantaneous = 3 times of tap setting Pickup = . 3 times of tap setting Taps available = 2.9, 3.2, 3.5, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 8.7 Setting used, (Thigh'3.2,

Tintermz3

'

T ~ o=3.2) w

Type SC circuit switcher relay (Westinghouse) r151 The Wide the range proper type

SC

current

relay is adjustable over a

of voltage or current and can be calibrated for pickup setting. The type that is used here is a

d-c, 25 to 60hz frequency with a current adjustable range of

4 0

to

160 A, with a maximum continuous current equal 4 0 A.

Dropout ratio for a-c is between 90-98% and for d-c would be 65-80%. The proper adjustments to insure correct operation of this relay have been made at the factory. Range=40-160 amps. Circuit switcher interrupting rating =8,000A for primary faults. Primary C.T. ratio=200/5=40/1

125 160(40/1)=6400 the relay. No.2 amps, maximum current which will operate Since circuit switcher has to clear the fault primary feeder and coordinate with overcurrent

before

relay on bank No.1 then, the instantaneous setting =I60 A as shown in Appendix 5 section A5.1.

126

APPENDIX 5

- BELLE PLANT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DETAILED

DRAWINGS
A 5 . 1 "A" s w i t c h h o u s e , Bank N o . 1 and 1 2 k V B u s " D M

A5.1 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9

relay curves.

A 5 . 2 ECR No.6, 12kV Bus "A"

UNIT

FROM IZKV 2

SWGR

A5.2 continued Refer to Appendix 6 sections A 6 . 1 and A 6 . 2 for selection of

type CO-7 and CO-9 relay curves respectively.

clALn/Fz43n c m ~ mrm r Ln

r u 4 i~L

A 5 . 3 ECR No.6 , 12kV Bus "B"

A5.3 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9

relay curves.

A5.4 Co-generation generator

ZEPO SEQUENCE

!'

NOTE: REFER TO W615413 FOR hE TAl LED G E N E R A T O R RELAY SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM.

A 5 . 4 continued

A 5 . 5 Bank No.7 feeder No.18

A5.5 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9

relay curves.

A 5 . 6 2.4kV 600hp motor river pump house

A 5 . 6 continued

A 5 . 7 2.4kV 4 5 0 h p motor boiler feeder pump No.5

CuQRErJT RELAY

#5 B~ICER FEEDWATER
PUMP

A5.7 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.

-------- -.--

I .-,--... . -

.----..--.-.

- - -,,*--

--: ------. -----.-A

. . L

---

... . ..

-..-..

- -- - . -

- -

.
1 .

.,.*-

. - - - ----,
U v L r m r ruu cunxrwr IN A

n s x a X & A T ~xv. A

A 5 . 8 2.4kV 7 5 h p m o t o r a s h pump

Z 4 K V UNIT 3 A

p ; R u A D a

(3
50/5
L.R.
OVER
CURREUT

RELAY

A5.8 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.

mmarrcrIS_n
a l m H

N A I L CI /%-A

--

cr

m rm r r r rn

&

nnmnro-H

Cf -,%-A

1 U I L -

I m r mu *

cmlr miu

m u R - X

n u l

A5.9 2.4kV 200hp motor recirculating pump

A 5 . 9 continued

A5.10 2.4kV 200hp motor F . D . fan boilers No.6 & 9

UNIT

68

F.D. FACJ

A5.10 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.4 for selection of type CON-5 overcurrent relay curves. Type AA12P overload relay curves

are shown in section A6.9.

A 5 . 1 1 2.4kV f e e d e r s , s h e e t No.1 & Bank No.60

.AN< '60 5250 KVA

I2KV /2.4KV

& ,

A5.11 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9

relay curves.

MULTIPLY $CALL C U R R E N T IN A M P E R E S

X =AT-?&

KV

A5.12 2.4kV f e e d e r s , s h e e t No.2 & Bank No.59

SECIPC, PUMP

A 5 . 1 2 continued Refer to Appendix 6 section A 6 . 2 for selection of type CO-9

relay curves.

A5.13 2.4kV f e e d e r s , ECR No.5

A.f? CO. %KV

BANK
4GKV

4CKY

1 5M V A

*7

IZKV
IZKY

A 5 . 1 3 continued

Refer

to

Appendix of type

sections A 6 . 1 , A 6 . 2 and A 6 . 3 for the

selection

CO-7,

CO-9

and

CO-11

relay

curves

respectively.

A5.14 2.4kV 15Ohp motor boiler No.10 mills

A5.14 continued
Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of

COM-5 overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload

relay curves.

A 5 . 1 5 2.4kV 550hp motor I . D . f a n boilers No.14 & 15

UNIT 4 A

UNIT 4 6

A 5 . 1 5 continued

Refer type

to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A 6 . 9 for selection of

COM-5

overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload

relay curves.

er

TY__ IL

nanmrrcr>

a l

-+-n n
mlDAsl

mr-m-I2

CT

' 5 - n c w n mrrcr n
. n ma-um ur-m-x

1 U 1 1 -

-U IL L-/I n

'
I

CI

, /

m m 3 u s MUL'flPLT Sa2AI.X CU8EXNT I N AYPIICI

X

'OAT= KV.

A 5 . 1 6 2.4kV 4 0 0 h p motor I . D . f a n boilers No.6 & 9

UNIT 4A

UNIT 4 8

A5.16 continued
Refer type to Appendix 6 section A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of

COM-5 overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload

relay curves.

( n

roowe
T L

4 -

cr. -R--n
NLllRUM&#V

mr m m w R

cr. a ,%>/I

m ~ mrm r Ll

LV

N%TLL_! Lr-,% c : m 1 1 YalW

NI-;anvrunr m1'mb an
BLLI

r m -

L I

c m i 1 1Y a r m

-<'

A5.17 4 8 0 V feeders, ECR No.8 sheet 1

A5.17 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A6.8 for selection of Amptector

11-A and type DSL-206 Limiters. Appendix 7

shows the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.

A 5 . 1 8 4 8 0 V f e e d e r s , ECR No.8 s h e e t 2

BLR* 9 MCC

=Rat4

MCC

BLR'ISUCC

AS.18 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A6.8 for selection of Amptector

11-A and type DSL-206 Limiters. Appendix 7

shows the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.

A 5 . 1 9 480V feeders, ECR No.8 sheet 3

AS.19 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A 6 . 8 for selection of Arnptector 11-A and DSL-206 limiters. Appendix 7 shows

the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.

A 5 . 2 0 2.4kV 5 5 0 h p motors

I.D. f a n boiler No.10

A5.20 continued Refer type to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of

COM-5 overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload

relay curves.

APPENDIX

WESTINGHOUSE

OVERCURRENT,

OVER VOLTAGE AND

UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY CURVES [ 7 ] , [16]

A 6 . 1 T y p e CO-7
Over C u r r e n t R e l a y [ 7 ]

V)

Q 2

0
U

9 10

12 14 16 18 20

M U L T I P L E S OF TAP VALUE CURRENT

Typical Time C u r v e o i t h e T y p e C O - 7
Relay

A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay[7]

'TYP T C:V, 'T Ty1E C U R V E S '1,Y 1' 1: LO- $1

OVER CURRENT RELAY

M U L T i P L E S OF T A P V A L U E C U R R E H T
T,r
cul T

C , r v e q i thr T v o e

CO 9

RCIO~

A 6 . 3 Type

TIME D I A L SETTING

HULTIPLES OF TAP VALUE CURRENT

T y p , c o l Trme C u r v e o i the T y p e

C O -l i Relay

A6.4 Type COM-5 Over Current R e l a y [ l ? ]

I I

l
i
'

J
I

I , ,

,.*
1
I

TYPICAL T I M E CURVES

OVER CURRENT R E L A Y

8 910

M U L T I P L E S OF TAP VALUE CURRENT

AB.5 T y p e CV-2 U n d e r Voltage Relay[lG]

32
TYPICAL T I M E CURVES
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

30
28

26

24
22

20
18
v )

16

0
U W
v )

14

12
10

1 )

1C

2C

30

40

50

60

7G

80

90

0 1OC

P E A C E N T TAP V A L U E V O L T A G E
TIP,cal60-crcle T ~ , ~ W C U ~ or* tho O S t y p o C V 2 S h o e T ; m * Undorvoltope R e l o r .

A 6 . 6 Type CV-7

Over a n d Under V o l t a g e R e l a y [ l G ]

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o l d Umd.rroltap*

R.iey,

A6.7 Type Amptector II-A Time-Current Characteristics[l8]

CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF SENSOR RATING

CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF SENSOR R l T l N G

A 6 . 8 Type DSL-206 L i m i t e r s [ 1 8 ]

A 6 . 9 Two p o l e t y p e AA12P Overload Relay

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T R I P TIME IN SECONDS

A 6 . 9 Continued.

APPENDIX 7 - BUSS FUSES CURVES

A7.1 Type LPS-RK(R.Kl) LOW - PEAK Dual-Element Fuses (600v) [I91

Minimum Melting Tlme-Current Characteristic Curves

L47.2 Type

KRP-C H I - C A P F u s e s ( 6 0 0 ~[I91 )

Total Clearing Tlme-Current Characteristic Curves

APPENDIX 8

ASA DEVICE NUMBERS

AND FUNCTIONS

A8.1 ASA DEVICE NUMBERS

AND FUNCTIONS

Each device in an automatic switching equipment has a device function the device number symbol which on is placed adjacent to or all wiring diagrams and

within

arrangement be readily was

drawings so that its function and operation may identified. These numbers are based on a system adopted as standard for Automatic Switchgear by Association and appear in ASA

which the

American

Standards

The

following

is

list

of

device numbers and

functions as taken from this standard. DEVICE No. FUNCTION Master Element Time delay Starting or Closing Relay Checking or Interlocking relay Master Contactor Stopping Device Starting Circuit Breaker Anode Circuit Breaker Control Power Disconnecting Device Reversing Device Unit Sequence Device Reversed for future application

AND DEFINITION

.1 2
3

Overspeed Device Synchronous speed Device Underspeed Device Speed or Frequency Matching Device Reversed for future application Shunting or Discharge Switch Accelarating or Decelerating Device Starting to Run Transition Contactor Electrically Operated Valve Distance Relay Equalizer Circuit Breaker Temperature Control Device Reversed for future application Synchronizing or synchronism Check Device Apparatus Thermal Device Undervoltage Relay Reserved for future application Isolating Contactor Annunciator Relay Separate Excitation Device Direction power Relay Position Switch Motor Operated Sequence Switch Brush operating or Slip ring Short cir. Device Polarity Device

Undercurrent or Under power Relay Bearing Protective Device Reversed for future application Field Relay Field Circuit Breaker Running Circuit Breaker Manual Transfer or Selector Device Unit Sequence Starting Relay Reversed for future application Reversed Phase or Phase Balanced Relay Phase Sequence Voltage Relay Incomplete Sequence Relay Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate of rise A-C Time Overcurrent Relay A-C Circuit Breaker Exciter or DC Generator High speed D-C Circuit Breaker Power Factor Relay Field Application Relay Short Circuit or Grounding Device Power Rectifier Misfire Relay Overvoltage Relay Voltage Balance Relay Current Balance Relay

185
Time delay Stopping or Opening Relay Liquid or Gas Pressure, Level, or Flow Relay Ground Protection Relay Governor Notching or Jogging Device A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay Blocking Relay Permissive Control Device Electrically Operated Rheostat Reserved for future application D-C Circuit Breaker Load Resistor Contactor Alarm Relay Position Changing Mechanism D-C Overcurrent Relay Pulse Transmitter Phase Angle Measuring A-C Reclosing Relay Reserved for future application Frequency Relay D-C Reclosing Relay Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay Operating Mechanism Carrier or pilot wire Receiver Relay Locking out Relay

Differential Protective Relay Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator Line Switch Regulating Device Voltage Directional Relay Voltage and Power Directional Relay Field Changing Contactor Tripping or Trip Free Relay