OPERATING SYSTEMS (CS C372 & IS C362)

LECTURE 6: PROCESS

Process Concept

An operating system executes a variety of programs:

Batch system jobs Time-shared systems user programs or tasks

Process

A program in execution Program is passive entity and Process is active entity process execution must progress in sequential fashion
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Process concept

In multi programming / multi tasking environment number of processes can reside in the system At any instance of time processes can be in different state such as Ready, Blocked, Running etc. and processes move from one state to another state depending upon certain conditions. Processes use available system resources OS is responsible for managing all the processes in the system

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Process Concept

Program has just code NOT Live entity Process with data, work-space

Stack Heap File descriptors Other primitives ipc, memory, Register content Program counter General purpose registers

Open files

Execution snapshots

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Process in Memory

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Linux process run-time memory

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Fig courtesy: Computer Systems: a programmers perspective

Example Execution
Address

Main Memory Dispatcher

0 100

Program Counter
8000

5000

Process A
8000

Process B
12000

Process C

Figure 3.2 Snapshot of Example Execution (Figure 3.4) at Instruction Cycle 13

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A simple scenario: Two-State Process Model

Process may be in one of two states

Running Not-running

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Not-Running Process in a Queue

What processes are in queue?

Process timed out Process gone for I/O
Both are 2 different scenarios

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Process

Not-running

Ready to run given chance Blocked/waiting for event

Why not three states then?

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Three state model

Admit Ready Time out Dispatch Release Running

Blocked

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Three state model: Queuing Diagram

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Multiple Blocked Queues

Ready Queue Admit Dispatch
Processor

Release

Timeout

Event 1 Queue Event 1 Occurs Event 2 Queue Event 2 Occurs

Event 1 Wait

Event 2 Wait

Event n Queue Event n Occurs Event n Wait

(b) Multiple blocked queues

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Four state model

Need to create process

Process control block Verify availability of resources

Admit Dispatch Release Ready Time out Running

New

Blocked

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Why do we need New state

New job submission

OS creates data structure for keeping track of the process context OS tries to load the process. System have enough memory to hold the process System have enough resources to execute processes in efficient manner

Load a new process only if

To efficiently execute processes, system may put a maximum limit on processes in ready queue
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Five State Model

As a process executes, it changes state New

The process is being created Instructions are being executed The process is waiting for some event to occur The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor The process has finished execution
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Running

Waiting

Ready

Terminated

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Diagram of Process State

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Process Scheduling Queues

Job queue set of all processes in the system Ready queue set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute Device queues set of processes waiting for an I/O device Processes migrate among the various queues

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Ready Queue And Various I/O Device Queues

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Representation of Process Scheduling

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