NOISE METER ABSTRACT

Impact of noise pollution is very high in industrialized areas and metropolitan cities compared to other parts. Elevated noise in factories, workplaces can cause hearing impairments, hypertension, annoyance, sleep disturbance, decreased attention in children etc. The most important effect of chronic exposure to high sound level is hearing loss. The reason for this is the damage in the stereo cilia present in the cochlea of internal ear. The middle ear of human beings along with the ear pinna amplifies the sound by a factor of 2 so that very high pressure reach the internal ear which can create trauma in the cochlear structures leading to irreversible hearing loss. The maximum sound level is considered as !" d# and permanent damage of hearing tissue occurs when the sound level is above !$ d#. %ince noise pollution creates this much harm to living creatures, it is the time to implement a device which can indicate how much sound is get produced and thereby we can reduce it.

INTRODUCTION

&nwanted sound is considered as the noise pollution which can cause both behavioral and health problems in human beings. 'oise pollution can cause (hysiological changes in the body like hypertension, high stress level, sleep disturbances etc. 'ormal pleasing sound level is around ) d# but the normal environmental noise is around " *+ d# which can be considered as normal. #ut if the noise level increases above $ d#, it can affect our psychomotor performance and creates high stress level, loss of attention, (hysiological changes etc. ,ver exposure to high intensity affects the hearing ability of many animals. -ery high sound causes the reduction in the number of animals in the habitats leading to habitat loss and may lead to extinction of species. 'oise interferes with the use of their own sound for communication related to reproduction and migration. 'oise level above . d# can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems due to hypertension, increased /ortsol production etc. Elevated noise can cause arterial constriction leading to elevated blood pressure and reduced blood flow. 0nnoyance due to very high sound increases the 0drenaline level which is the most important reason of arterial constriction and elevated blood pressure. ,ther effects include fatigue, headache, gastric problem etc.

UNIT OF SOUND

1ecibel 2d#3 is the unit used to measure the intensity of sound. 1ecibel is considered as a value between two powers rather than a specific unit. It is the logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. The ratio may be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other things. 4 d#5 occurs when the measured intensity is e6ual to the reference level ie, it is the sound level corresponding to . 2 mpa. In this case, sound level is, 2 log 2( measured 7 (reference3 8 2 log ! 8 d#

d# does not mean no sound 9 it means a sound level where the sound pressure is e6ual to that of the reference level. It is also possible to have negative sound levels. :or example, *2 d# means a sound with pressure ! times smaller than the reference pressure. That is 2 k(a %ound pressure level is given in units of d#203 or d#0. %ound pressure level on the d#0 scalar is easy to measure and is therefore widely used. :or sound pressure level, the reference level, 2reference level for air3 is usually chosen as 2 micropascals 22 k(a3, or . 2 m(a. %ome of the common sound levels in terms of decibel are, !. ;eakest sound d#

2. ). ". =. +.

%ilent environment with natural sound 'ormal human conversation /ity with heavy traffic 1rilling or grinding machinery >et aircraft ? explosion

) d# + *. d# $ *< d# < *!! d# !" *!= d#

(sychologists say that sense of hearing is roughly logarithmic. That is, we have to increase the sound intensity by the same factor to have the same increase in loudness. The 4(hon5 is a unit that is related to d# by the psychophysically measured fre6uency response of the ear. @%oneA is defined to be e6ual to " (hon. The %one is derived from (sychophysical measurements which involved volunteers adBusting sounds until they Budge them to be twice as loud.

Cere we introduce a simple circuit that senses and displays the noise intensity level in your room.

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MATERIALS REQUIRED Components Description 1. Resistors 0 resistor is a component of an electrical circuit that resists the flow of electrical current .0 resistor has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and is designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal to the next. 0 resistor is primarily used to create and maintain a known safe current within an electrical component.

Resistor

Desistance is measured in ohms, after ,hm5s law. This rule states that electrical resistance is e6ual to the drop in voltage across the terminals of the resistor divided by the current being applied to the resistor .0 high ohm rating indicates a high resistance to current. This rating can be written in a number of different ways depending on the ohm rating.

The amount of resistance offered by a resistor is determined by its physical construction. 0 resistor is coated with paint or enamel, or covered in molded plastic to protect it. #ecause resistors are often too small to be written on, a standardized colour coding systems used to identify them. The first three colors represent ohm value, and fourth indicate tolerance or how close by percentage the resistor is to its ohm value. This is important for two reasons9 the nature of resistor construction is imprecise, and if used above its maximum.

Eaximum power handling capacity of Desistors is F ;att Eax. = m0 G ;att Eax. . m0 ! ;att Eax. ! m0

2 ;att Eax. !" m0 2 ;att Eax."" Ea

2. Capacitors The capacitor5s function is to store electricity or electrical energy. The capacitor also functions as a filter passing alternating current 20/3 and blocking direct current 21/3.The symbol is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram. The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other but separated by an insulator. ;hen 1/ voltage is applied to the capacitor an electric charge is stored on each electrode. ;hile the capacitor is

charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged.

Disc Capacitor

Electrolytic Capacitor

1ifferent kinds of capacitors use different materials for the dielectric.

1ifferent kinds of capacitors are as follows Electrolytic capacitors2electro chemical type capacitors3

Tantalum capacitors /eramic capacitors

In 1isc capacitors, only a number is printed on its body so it is very difficult to determine its value in (:, H(:, u:, n etc. In some capacitor, its value is printed in u: eg. .! in some others EI0 code is used e.g. ! ". ,ne or two numbers on the capacitor represents value in (: e.g. $ 8 $(: If the t ir! n"m#er is $ero, then the value is in ( e.g. ! 8! (:

If the capacitor has t ree n"m#ers and the third number is not a zero, it represents the number of zeros after the first and second digits e.g. ! " 8 ! I (: If the value is obtained in (:, it is easy to convert it into H(: or u: (: 7 ! 8 H(: or n (: 7 ! , 8 u: :or example, if the capacitor is ! ", then it is ! * (: or ! or .! u: Eultilayer ceramic capacitors (olystyrene film capacitors Electric double layer capacitors2super capacitors3 (olyester film capacitors

H(: or n

(oly propylene capacitors Eica capacitors Eetalized polyester film capacitors -ariable capacitors

%. Inte&rate! Circ"its Op Amp The ,p0mp was originally designed to carry out mathematical operations in analogue computers, such as bombsights, but was soon recognized as having many other applications. The ,p0mp usually comes in the form of an $ pin integrated circuit, the most common one being the type ."!. It has two inputs and one output. The input marked with a * sign produces an amplified inverted output. The input marked with a J sign produces an amplified but non inverted output. The ,p0mp re6uires positive and negative power
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supplies, together with a common ground. %ome circuits can be designed to work from a single supply. If the two inputs are Boined together, then the output voltage should be midway between the two supply rails, i.e. zero volts.

If it is not, then there are two connections for adding a potentiometer, to remove this ,::%ET. The ,p0mp has a very high gain, typically 2! d#3 ! , times. Kooking at the left hand diagram, an input with a swing of a fraction of millivolts produces an output that changes between J !2 volts and * !2 volts. In most cases this gain is excessive, and is reduced by negative feed back. Kooking at the right hand diagram we can see that the ,p0mp amplifies right down to dc. Lain falls 6uite rapidly as the fre6uency increases. In fact the bandwidth 2the point at which the output has fallen by ) d#3 is only ! kCz. This is also improved upon by the use of negative feedback. The input impedance is high, !E. The output impedance is low, != ohms.

Disp'a( Dri)er
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KE )<!" 7 )<!= 7 )<!+ versions I/s are used in display circuits to drive either individual KE1 or Eatrix KE1. These are mainly used in circuits where precision output display is needed. Its each output becomes low one by one with the increment of !2= milli volts in the input. These I/s are used in 0udio displays, Temperature meters, 1ecibel meters etc. The maBor difference between KE )<!", KE)<!= and KE )<!+ are KE )<!" Internal resistors have e6ual value. (roduce linear response. &sed as volt meter KE )<!= %cale Kogarithmically and span d# to ) d# in ten ) d# steps. &sed in signal strength measurements. KE )<!+ Internal resistors related to semi*log fashion to simulate -& meter. (in connections are same in all I/s. These I/s have ! outputs each capable of sinking current to light KE1s brightly. &p to " KE1s can be connected to each output serially if the supply voltage is more than < volts. KE1 does not re6uire a series resistor since the I/ can regulate output current according to the value of the *ro&ramme resistor in the pins + and ..

+. LEDs

The KE1 has a semiconductor chip placed in its centre. The semiconductor consists of two regions namely a ( region that has positive charge carriers and an ' region with negative charge carriers. There are three layers in the chip. 0n active photon generating material is sandwiched between the ( and ' type materials so that photons will be generated when the electrons and holes combines. That is when a potential difference is applied between the ( and ' materials through the KE1 terminals, holes from the ( layer and electrons from the ' layer move towards the active material where they combine to produce the light though the phenomenon of Electroluminescence

0s the name implies light emitting diodes exploit the property of the pn Bunction to emit photons when it is biased. KE1s are specially made to emit light and there was a revolution in the KE1 industry during the past few years. KE1s form an inevitable part in the modern electronics as simple indicators to optical communication devices. The history of KE1 date backs to !< . when /aptain Cenry >oseph observed the property of electro* luminescence in %ilicon /arbide. The first KE1 was born in !<+2. It was developed by Colonyak worked at Leneral Electric 2LE3. It was a La0s( device. The first commercial version of KE1 came on !<+ s. KE1 industry made a boom during !<. s with the introduction of Lallium 0luminium 0rsenide 2La0l0s3. These KE1s are high bright types and are ten times brighter than the diffused varieties. #lue and ;hite KE1s born in !<< and used Indium Lallium 'itride 2InLa'3 as the semiconductor. ;hite KE1 contains a blue chip with white inorganic (hosphor. ;hen blue light strikes the phosphor, it emits white light.

Secrets #e in! LEDs #rightness is an important aspect of KE1. Cuman eye has maximum sensitivity to light near == nm region of yellow I green part of the spectrum. That is why a Lreen KE1 looks brighter than a Ded KE1 even though both uses same current. Three parameters of KE1 are responsible for its performance. a. Kuminous flux I It is the light energy radiating from the KE1. It is measured in terms of Kumen 2 lm 3 or Eilli lumen 2 mlm 3

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b. Kuminous intensity I is the luminous flux covering a large area. It is measured as /andela 2 cd 3 or milli candela 2 mcd 3 #rightness of KE1 is directly related to its luminous intensity. c.Kuminous efficacy * is the emitted light energy relative to the input power. It is measured in terms of lumen per watt 2 lm w3. :orward current, :orward voltage, -iewing angle and %peed of response are the factors affecting the brightness and performance of KE1s. :orward current 2 I: 3 is the current flowing through the KE1 when it is forward biases and it should be restricted to ! to ) milli amperes other wise KE1 will die. -iewing angle is the off I axis angle at which the luminous intensity fall to half its axial value. This is why the KE1 becomes brighter in full on condition. Cigh bright KE1s have narrow viewing angle so that light is focused into a beam. :orward voltage 2 - : 3 is the voltage drop across the KE1 when it conducts. The forward voltage drop range from !.$ - to 2.+ -olts in ordinary KE1s and in #lue and ;hite it will go up to = volts. %peed of response denotes how fast an KE1 switch on and off. This is an important factor if KE1s are used in communication systems. KE1 is a current dependent device. Einimum 2 m0 current is re6uired to get sufficient brightness. If excess current is flowing through the KE1, its semiconductor heats up and gradually deteriorate. This leads to poor performance and finally KE1 will be destroyed. ;attage of the KE1 is the forward voltage multiplied by the forward current. In high current KE1s, forward current can go up to )= m0. In these devices the wattage depends on the forward voltage drop ranging from !.$ volts to " volts. Therefore an average of ! watt is found in high current KE1s KE1 is always connected to the power supply through a series resistor. This resistor is called asA #allast resistorA which protects KE1 from damage due to excess current. It regulates the forward current to the KE1 to a safer limit and protects it from burning. -alue of the resistor determines the forward current and hence the brightness of KE1. The simple e6uation -s I -f 7 If is used to select the resistor value. -s represent input voltage of the circuit, -f the forward voltage drop of KE1 and If, the allowable current through the KE1. The resulting value will be in ,hms. It is better to restrict the current to a safer limit of 2 m0.

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,. Con!enser MIC

-. *ie$o B"$$er

.. Common *CB / *er0 Boar! 1

Eost experimenters are familiar with M(erf boardM which is a pre*drilled circuit for creating prototypes of simple circuits. ItNs not too expensive and for more easier to get started with than etching (/#Ns. The components are mounted by inserting the leads through the most appropriate holes then are wired on the back side, usually by bending the leads over to the desired connection point.

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CIRCUIT DESCRI*TION

The 'oise meter is designed to measure the sound level in the room in terms of decibel. The circuit has three sections I 0 sound detector, Inverting amplifier and an analogue display driver. The input section has a sound detector comprising a condenser Eicro phone and associated components like D!, /" and D2. Desistor D! regulates the current flowing into the mic, and determines its gain /apacitor /" is the 1/ blocking capacitor to remove 1/ fraction from the sound signals generated by the mic. Desistor D" 2!2H3 along with feed back resistor D= 2! E3 determines the gain of the amplifier built around I/ !. ,perational amplifier /0 )!) 2I/ !3 is designed as a mic amplifier using some discrete components. Desistor D) 2! H3 and D" 2! H3 provides half supply voltage 2".=-3 to the 'on*inverting input 2pin )3 of I/ !. The sound signals from the Eicro phone are fed to the Inverting input 2pin 23 of I/ ! through capacitor /" and resistor D2. /apacitor /" blocks the 1/ entering

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into the ,( 0mp since it may affects the functioning of the ,( 0mp. The output of I/ ! 2pin +3 is connected to the inverting input 2pin 23 through the feed back resister D= 2! E3. %ince the input impedance of I/ ! i.e. very high, even a small current can activate the ,( 0mp.

CIRCUIT DIA2RAM

*rotot(pe o0 E'ectronic Noise Meter

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The output of I/ ! is given to the preset -D ! via capacitor /= which is used to control the volume. /apacitor /= blocks the 1/ fractions from the amplified sound and allows only 0/ signals to pass through the preset -D !. The 0/ signal from the wiper of -D ! is rectified through a diode pump comprising 1!, 12 and /+ and D+. The diode pump rectifies the 0/ signals from the wiper of preset -D ! and maintains it at the output level of I/ !. /apacitor /+ acts as a reservoir capacitor for 1/ and resistor D+ act as the discharge path for its charge. The display section is built around the monolithic display driver I/ KE )<!" 2I/23. It senses the analogue voltage and drives ten KE1s to provide a logarithmic analogue display. /urrent through the KE1s is regulated by the internal resistor of I/2 eliminating the need of external resistors. The output pins of KE )<!", !$ to ! sinks current and turns low one by one from !$ to
!+

! , as the input pin = receives an increment of !2= m-. 1/. (in < of I/2 is connected to the supply line to set a dot mode5 display. ;hen the input of I/2 gets !2= m- from the diode pump, first KE1 2pin !$3 lights and the remaining KE1s at pins !. to !! lights or the input signal increases with !2= m- increments. ;hen the KE1 at pin ! lights, ('( transistor conducts due to negative base bias 2'ormally remains positive through D.3 and it conducts. This activates the buzzer. Cere in the circuits each KE1 represents ) d# sound level. That is, KE1 ! indicates ) d# and KE1 ! indicates ) d#. (resent -D! can be used to adBust the input signal to !/2 around !2= m- so that the first KE1 lights to indicate )d#. Then with each increment of !2= m- at the input of !/2, KE1s light one by one showing the sound levels, + d#, < d#, !2 d#, != d#, !$ d#, 2! d#, 2" d#, 2. d# and ) d#. ;hen the sound level crosses ) d#, buzzer sounds, indicating that the noise level is increasing above the normal limit.

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COM*ONENTS

RESISTORS D! D2 D) D" D= D+ D. D$ D< D! 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ! H !2 H ! H ! H ! E 2. H ! H ".. H !H =H

CA*ACITORS /! 8 ! u:, 2+-

!$

/2 /) /" /= /+ /.

8 8 8 8 8 8

.!u: .!u: .22 u: ".. u:, 2= ! u: , !+ 2.2 u: , !+-

TRANSISTOR /T11 #/ ==$ IC C3I*S IC 1 .$ < IC 2 /0 )!) IC % KE )<!" DIODES D1 I' "!"$ D2 I' "!"$ D% I' " !

MICRO*3ONE *RESET 4R 15 16 LED KE1 I * KE1 " * Lreen KE1 = * KE1 . * Oellow
!<

KE1 $ * KE1 ! I Ded BATTER7 SNA* 8 4 **% BATTER7 COMMON *CB

9OR6IN2 OF T3E CIRCUIT The circuit comprises a sound intensity sensor and a display unit. The sound intensity sensor is built around a condenser microphone. ,p amp I/ /0 )!) 2I/23 and associated components ,p amp I/2 is configured as a high gain inverting amplifier. The voltage supply to I/2 at its non inverting (in ) is divided to half by resistors D) and D", which is also used as the reference voltage. Desistor D! determines the sensitivity of the condenser microphone. The microphone picks up sound vibrations and converts them into the corresponding electric pulses, which are fed to the inverting input of I/ 2 2(in 23 via capacitor /" and resistor D2 /apacitor /" blocks any 1/ entering the op*amp, %ince it may affect the functioning of the op*amp. The output of I/ 2 is connected to the inverting input through resistor D= 2! E3 for negative

feed back. %ince the input impedance of I/2 is very high even a small current can activate the op*amp. The output of I/2 is given to preset -D! via capacitor /=, which is used to control the volume. /apacitor /= blocks 1/, allowing only 0/ to pass through preset -D !. The 0/ signals from the wiper of -D ! are fed to a diode pump comprising diodes 1! ? 12. The diode pump rectifies the 0/ and maintains it at the output level of I/2. /apacitor /+ acts as a reservoir capacitor for 1/ and resistor D+ provides the path for its discharge. The display circuit is built around monolithic I/ KE )<!" 2I/)3, which senses the analogue voltage and drives ten KE1s to provide a logarithmic analogue display. /urrent through the KE1s is regulated by the internal resistor of I/), eliminating the need for external resistors. The built in low bias input buffer of I/) accepts signals down to ground potential and drives ten individual comparators inside I/). The outputs of I/) go low in a descending order from !$ to ! as the input voltage increases. Each KE1 connected to the output to I/) represents the sound level of ) d#, so when all the ! KE1s glow it means the sound level intensity is ) d#.

2!

(in < of I/ ) is connected to <- to get the dot*mode display. In the dot*mode display, there is a small amount of overlap between segments. This assures that at no time will all the KE1s be 4off5. ;hen output pin ! of I/ ) goes low, pnp transistor T ! gets base bias 2normally cut I off due to resistor or D .3 to the sound piezobuzzer 2(P !3 connected to its collector. The circuit can be constructed on any general purpose (/#. /ondenser microphone should be connected using a shield wire and enclosed in a tube to increase its sensitivity. :or audiovisual indicators, use a small 1/ (iezo buzzer and transparent KE1s. 0dBust preset -D ! until only the first KE1 light up keep the circuit near the audio e6uipment or T- set to monitor the audio level.

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CONCLUSION This 4Electronic 'oise meter5 is made from the basic components like. Transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes I/ chips etc is meant to display the noise level in a room. The basic advantage of this 'oise meter is that it woks in a <*- battery and hence would work even at the time of power failure. This device can be placed at hospitals, libraries, laboratories, %ilent Pones etc to monitor the sound levels.

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REFERENCES Electronic principles* 0lbert (aul Ealvino (rinciples of electronics* -.H.Eehta

Electronic fundamentals and applications * Eillman ? Calkias

9EBSITES www.electronicsforu.com www.electroschematics.com

www.dmohankumar.wordpress.com

www.electroskan.wordpresscom www.alldatasheets.com

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