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First-Zone Distance Relaying Algorithm of Parallel Transmission Lines for Cross-Country Nonearthed Faults
Z. Y. Xu, Senior Member, IEEE, W. Li, T. S. Bi, Senior Member, IEEE, G. Xu, and Q. X. Yang
AbstractThose transmission lines that are on the same tower present unique problems to distance relays, especially for crosscountry faults. In this paper, a novel rst-zone distance relaying algorithm of parallel lines using only single-line sampling data is proposed for cross-country nonearthed faults. The relation between six phase currents and six sequence currents of parallel lines is derived. Moreover, the sequence currents of the adjacent parallel line at the relay location are expressed only by the sequence currents of the concerned line. Finally, the distance relaying algorithm using the one-end sampling data from the concerned line is presented. The computer simulations with PSCAD/EMTDC software and practical transmission-line parameters are carried out. The results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain the accurate measuring impedance for cross-country nonearthed faults and the accuracy is not affected by fault resistances, load currents, and source impedances. Index TermsCross-country nonearthed faults, distance relaying algorithm, parallel transmission lines, power systems, symmetrical component method.

and

In subscript, they denote the sequence-component variables of forward and reverse sequence. Fault resistance. Fractional distance from the relay location to . fault Fault components. Phase angle between synchronous sources. Calculating operator, which is equal to . Any phase of A, B, or C.

I. INTRODUCTION

NOMENCLATURE In subscript, they denote the variables of line I and II for parallel lines. , , and In subscript, they denote the electrical quantities of phase A, B, and C. In subscript, they denote the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence variables. In subscript, they denote the source impedances at bus M and N.

1, 2, and 0

Manuscript received October 25, 2010; revised January 25, 2011 and March 31, 2011; accepted May 10, 2011. Date of publication July 11, 2011; date of current version October 07, 2011. This work was supported in part by the Major International Joint Research Project (50920105705), in part by the Major Research Project (50837002) of the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), and in part by the 111 Project (B08013). Paper no. TPWRD-00819-2010. W. Li, T. S. Bi, G. Xu, and Q. X. Yang are with the Key Laboratory of Power System Protection and Dynamic Security Monitoring and Control (North China Electric Power University), Ministry of Education, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China (e-mail: li-wei@ncepu.edu.cn; tsbi@ncepu.edu.cn). Z. Y. Xu is with the Key Laboratory of Power System Protection and Dynamic Security Monitoring and Control (North China Electric Power University), Ministry of Education, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China. He is also with Beijing Sifang Automation Co. Ltd., Beijing 100085, China (e-mail: xuzhenyu@sf-auto.com). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2158455

ARALLEL transmission lines have been extensively utilized in modern power systems due to their signicantly economic and environmental advantages over single-circuit lines [1]. However, the distance relaying protection for parallel transmission lines is much more difcult than that of the single-circuit line because of mutual couplings between two circuits and cross-country faults. The mutual impedance between parallel lines can be as high as 5070% of the self-impedance for the zero-sequence coupling [2]. The need for zero-sequence current compensation of ground distance relaying of mutually coupled transmission lines has been recognized for many years [3][5]. However, for the traditional distance relays widely used in parallel transmission lines, when an asymmetry cross-country fault occurs, the fault distance estimation is affected by the mutual coupling of the zero-sequence current of the adjacent parallel line. There is zero-sequence current in each parallel transmission line but no zero-sequence voltage at the common bus considering the cases of simultaneous cross-country nonearthed faults (i.e., between phase B on line I and phase C on line II). Therefore, traditional distance relays are unable to correctly measure the fault distance. Some relays that compute the fault impedance with the sampling data from the one end of two parallel lines have been developed in the last few years [6][8]. It takes the zero-sequence current of the adjacent parallel lines into account. But this method will lead to complicated connection of the distance relays and might decrease the reliability of protective relays.

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nonearthed faults. The zero-sequence-current distribution factors at bus M, N are derived in Appendix A and the results are given as

Fig. 1. One-line system diagram of cross-country nonearthed fault.

(1)

Targeting these problems, a novel rst-zone distance relaying algorithm of parallel lines for cross-country nonearthed faults is proposed in this paper. The relation between six phase currents and six sequence currents of parallel lines is derived. Moreover, the sequence currents of the adjacent parallel line at the relay location are expressed only by the zero-sequence current of the concerned line. The method is potential for practical applications since it only requires one-end sampling data from a single line. The computer simulations with practical transmission-line parameters are carried out. In addition, the comparison is made between the traditional and the proposed methods. The detailed error analysis, such as the impact of the shunt capacitance and the unbalance of line parameters, is discussed. The results show that the proposed algorithm is independent of fault resistances and load currents, and insensitive to the variation of source impedances. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II reveals the relation between the sequence currents from the parallel lines. An impedance estimation algorithm for cross-country nonearthed faults is proposed in Section III. The behavior and estimation errors of the algorithm are evaluated in Section IV. The comparison between the proposed and the traditional distance relaying algorithm is also included in this part. Section V presents a sensitivity study including the impact of the shunt capacitance and line transposition condition. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section VI.

The forward and reverse sequence of zero-sequence currents at bus M, N can be written as follows: (2) The zero-sequence currents at bus M, N of line I, II can be expressed as

(3) Therefore, the relation between the zero-sequence currents of two lines can be given as follows: (4) There is no current through the circuit to ground at fault point (i.e., is equal to 0). Therefore, we have (5) From (4) and (5), the following can be obtained: (6) The relation between the positive-sequence current of line I and that of line II is similar to that of zero-sequence currents, which is given as

II. RELATION BETWEEN SEQUENCE CURRENTS OF PARALLEL LINES It is known that a phase selection algorithm is needed to identify the fault phases for distance protections. This paper focuses on the algorithm for calculating the fault distance and is developed based on the assumption that the fault phases are known by the phase selector [9]. Due to the page length limitation, the cross-country nonearthed fault is used as an example. For a cross-country nonearthed fault, the one-line system diagram is shown in Fig. 1. We assume that the mutual impedances between three-phase lines are the same alonng with the two circuits. The following analysis ignores the shunt capacitive current of parallel transmission lines for the concision of the formula form. Based on the symmetrical component method, the new relations between the sequences currents of parallel lines can be deduced by considering the boundary conditions of cross-country

(7) Applying Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) at the fault point K (Appendix A), we can obtain

(8) From (7), (8), the following can be obtained: (9) where , .

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The equations of negative-sequence components at bus M and N are also similar to the above equations of zero- and positivesequence components (Appendix A). It can be written as

If (19) is expressed as a rectangular coordinate form, then it can be written as (20)

(10) From (6), (9), and (10), the relations between the sequence currents of line I and those of line II at the relay location can be summarized as follows, which is the basis for the proposed impedance estimation algorithm of rst-zone protection (11) (12) (13) (14)

where

It is obvious that the real and imaginary parts of the two sides of the (20) are equal separately, i.e., (21) In (21), there are two equations for two variables and . from (21), then the fault distance can be obEliminating tained (22) Therefore, the measuring impedance at the relay location can be written as (23) Also, the fault resistance can be obtained

III. PROPOSED IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION ALGORITHM In Fig. 1, suppose a fault (IBIIC) happens, applying Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) for the circuit from the relay point M to fault point K, then

(15)

Assume that the positive- and negative-sequence impedances are equal. Since phase A is the special phase for fault IBIIC, phase A is used as the reference phase. The subscript A is omitted in following formulas for conciseness. Then, (15) can be rewritten as

(24) It is shown in (22) that the load current and source impedances have no inuence on the algorithm. It should be pointed out that the equations for different fault phases have the similar forms as (22)(24) and the corresponding coefcients for different fault phases are summarized in Table I. The nonfault phase is still the reference phase. For the fault type of IAIIA, the voltage at the fault location is the same as the prefault voltage, and there is no fault current. It has no impact on the operation of the line and is not considered here. IV. CASE STUDIES The proposed algorithm for rst-zone protection of parallel transmission lines can be implemented in a practical relay. Here in this paper, it is tested by using the fault data obtained from the power system shown in Fig. 1. The system has a base voltage of 500 kV and the detailed parameters are given in Appendix B. The PSCAD/EMTDC is adopted for the test system simulation and MATLAB for the algorithm implementation. Source M leads source N by 30 (heavy load) and 0 (no load). The fault occurs at 0.5 s. The full-cycle Fourier correlation is used as a lter algorithm with a sampling rate of 100 samples/cycle (for a 50-Hz system). Only the fundamental frequency component is evaluated. Equation (23) is employed to calculate the estimated impedance from the relay location to the fault point, while (24) . is adopted to calculate the fault resistance

(16)

Suppose represents the load current of phase A of line I which can be measured before the fault occurs, then (17) The load current of the same phase of two lines is the same before the fault occurs. Since the two lines are connected to the same bus, the following can be obtained: (18) Substituting (11)(14), (17), and (18) into (16), we get

(19)

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TABLE I LIST OF THE COEFFICIENTS FOR FORMULATE IN (22) AND (24)

Fig. 2. Estimated impedance for the IAIIB fault with a fault location of 0.8 p.u. from bus M. (a) Phase voltages of line I. (b) Phase currents of line I. (c) Estimated impedance and fault resistance by the sampling data from phase A of bus M of line I.

Fig. 3. Estimated impedance for the IBIIC fault with a fault location of 0.8 p.u. from bus M. (a) Phase voltages of line I. (b) Phase currents of line I. (c) Estimated impedance and fault resistance by the sampling the data from phase B of bus M of line I.

Figs. 24 show the phase voltages, phase currents, estimated impedance, and fault resistance for the fault types of IAIIB, IBIIC, and ICIIA separately. The fault location is 0.8 p.u. from bus M. Once the fault phase is selected, the proposed algorithm can calculate the estimated impedance during one cycle. It can be seen that the rst few estimates are erroneous because

the data window mainly contains prefault data. Once the data window is lled with postfault data, the estimates approach the actual impedance value gradually. The estimated impedance loci in Figs. 24 are similar, although the entering time to the setting zone has a minor difference. When the data window is fully lled with postfault data,

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TABLE II ERRORS (%) OF THE ESTIMATED IMPEDANCE FOR VARIOUS LOAD CURRENTS AND VARIOUS FAULT RESISTANCES AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

TABLE III ERRORS (%) OF THE ESTIMATED IMPEDANCE FOR VARIOUS SOURCE IMPEDANCE AND VARIOUS FAULT LOCATIONS

Fig. 4. Estimated impedance for the ICIIA fault with a fault location of 0.8 p.u. from bus M. (a) Phase voltages of line I (b) phase currents of line I. (c) Estimated impedance and fault resistance by the sampling data from phase C of bus M of line I.

the estimated impedances are smaller than the rst zones setting. It is shown that the algorithm has very good steady-state performance. The errors of the proposed algorithm for different load currents and different fault resistances at different locations are listed in Table II. Since the fault is the cross-country nonearthed fault instead of the earthed fault, the fault resistance chooses 050 . And the load current is taken into account by assuming (heavy load) and (no load). The error of the estimated impedance is calculated as (25) is the actual fault impedance of line I, is the calcuwhere is the total impedance of line I. lated fault impedance, and As shown in Table II, the load current and fault resistance have little inuence on the estimated impedance results. The errors increase when the fault distance becomes larger, which is mainly affected by the shunt capacitive currents. The maximum error is less than 5%, which should be acceptable.

The equation for calculating the fault distance in the proposed algorithm does not include source impedances. Therefore, the measuring impedance is independent of the variation of source impedances. Table III gives the errors of the proposed algorithm for different source impedances and different fault locations. Four types of extreme source impedances are considered. It can be seen from Table III that the errors of estimated impedance are almost immune to the variation of source impedances. Especially, the difference of estimated impedance errors for different source impedances is less than 2.5% at the end of the rst-zone protection. In order to verify and evaluate the proposed algorithm for rst-zone distance relay, the comparison result between the proposed and the traditional algorithm is presented in Fig. 5. The faults at different fault locations are simulated with the condi. The tion of the IBIIC nonearthed metallic fault and traditional algorithm does not take the zero-sequence current of the adjacent line of parallel lines into account, and the formula for impedance calculation is given as (26) . where As shown in Fig. 5, the maximum error of the proposed algorithm is less than 4%, and the maximum error of the traditional algorithm is larger than 20%. The traditional algorithm might lead to the maloperation at some conditions, while the proposed algorithm can satisfy the requirements of the rst-zone distance relay well.

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VI. CONCLUSION A novel rst-zone distance relaying algorithm of parallel lines using only single-line sampling data is proposed for cross-country nonearthed faults. It is noticed that the new algorithm ts the situations that symmetry and transposed parallel transmission lines be on the same tower, and suit the asymmetrical and untransposed transmission lines as well. The essential advantage over other distance estimation methods for parallel lines is that only one-end data of single-line is used. That means the relays has no need to communicate with the other end or connect with the other line, and the simple connection will make it practical. The proposed algorithm is insensitive to fault resistances, load currents, and source impedances. And it is computationally efcient, accurate, stable, and reliable. APPENDIX A A. Symmetrical Component Method for Parallel Lines The essence of the sequence-component algorithm for parallel lines is to eliminate mutual inductance. We can take a similar transformation as the well-known symmetrical components method of a single three-phase circuit to convert the impedance matrix into a diagonal matrix. It can be applied to analyzing all types of faults on parallel transmission lines

Fig. 5. Error of the proposed algorithm and the traditional algorithm.

Fig. 6. Estimated impedance error applying the proposed algorithm for the transposition and untransposition lines.

V. SENSITIVITY STUDIES A. Impact of Shunt Capacitance The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is independent of fault resistance, load currents, and source impedances. But it is noticed that the shunt capacitance is ignored in the derivation process of the method, which might introduce errors for the remote faults. Simulation studies, which are shown in Table I, give similar results. Due to the effect of the shunt capacitance, the maximum error of the faults occurring at the end of the line reaches 3.33%. But it is also permitted for the application of the proposed algorithm in the rst-zone distance relay. B. Impact of Line Transposition Condition It has been assumed that the parallel transmission lines are perfectly transposed and three phases of two lines are symmetrical in the previous analysis. If the lines are not perfectly transposed, the sequence impedances will depend on the line geometry. The asymmetrical lines cannot be strictly decoupled through the symmetrical component method, and it will bring some errors to the proposed algorithm. The conguration of a tower structure for 500-kV transmission lines is presented in Fig. 11 of Appendix B. For a zone-one distance relay whose setting range reaches 8090% of the protected line, it is often expected that the error be less than 5% around the reach of the setting [10]. Fig. 6 shows that the estimated impedance error is not more than 5% even through the algorithm is used for the systems with asymmetrical and untransposed transmission lines. Therefore, the fault distance error has not appeared signicantly different for the application of the proposed algorithm to rst-zone protection. (A3) (A1)

where is the self-impedance, is the phase-phase mutual is the line-line mutual impedance. impedance, and Equation (A1) can be simplied as (A2) The transforming matrix is presented as follows:

(A4)

Equation (A2) can be rewritten as (A5) . It is a diagonal matrix (i.e., where the coupled equations are transformed into decoupled ones depending on the sequence-component algorithm)

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Fig. 8. Fault boundary condition of IBIIC.

cross-country nonearthed faults, the fault boundary condition of IBIIC is shown in Fig. 8. Due to the sequence-component algorithm, the following equations can be obtained at the fault point:

Fig. 7. Sequence distribution networks of T and F components. (a) The T component distribution network of the fault component. (b) The F component distribution network of the fault component.

(A7) The following results can be derived from (A7):

, . The mutual coupling between two lines can be decoupled by sequence components which are nominated as the T component and F component. As shown in Fig. 7, it can be seen that the T component has equal quantities in both lines, and the F component has antiequal quantities in both lines (equal in magnitude but oppose in sign). Therefore, the T component and F component are also called forward component and reverse component, respectively. , we have ; From ( 0, 1, 2) and the same expression can and . In other words, , be derived for ( 0, 1, 2). Therefore, and are and are called reverse called forward components and components. It is easy to get the sequence current and sequence voltage of parallel lines from the mathematical model of the sequencecomponent algorithm (A6) and the fault boundary condition

(A8) Applying the KCL at the fault point K, there is (A9) The relation among (A8) and (A9) and can be expressed as is derived from

(A10) The following diagrams (Fig. 9) are the zero-sequence distribution networks of the fault component. The T component currents have the same directionality in two lines, and they ow through the same source impedances so that the source impedances multiplied by 2. While the F component currents have reverse directionality in two lines, they are circling in the parallel line and they do not ow through the source impedances, so that they have zero source impedance. The following equations of zero-sequence components at bus M, N can be derived from Fig. 9:

(A11) The positive-sequence distribution networks of the fault component are similar to the zero-sequence distribution networks. The diagrams in Fig. 10 are the positive-sequence distribution networks of the fault component. By using the sequence-component algorithm at the fault point, the following equations of positive-sequence fault current distribution factors at bus M, N are derived and given by: (B1)

(A6)

An example of the analysis IBIIC fault based on the sequence-component algorithm is given here. In case of the

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And have (B2)

(B3) The following equation can be derived from (B1)(B3) and (A10).

Fig. 9. Zero-sequence distribution networks of the fault component. (a) The forward-component distribution network of zero sequence. (b) The reverse-component distribution network of zero sequence.

(B4) The negative-sequence distribution networks of the fault component are the same as the positive-sequence distribution networks. From the previous assumption, the distribution factors for negative-sequence current equal to the distribution factors for positive-sequence fault current can be obtained. So it is easy to obtain the following equations: (C1) (C2) From (C1) and (C2), it can be deduced that (C3)

Fig. 10. Positive-sequence distribution networks of the fault component. (a) Forward-component distribution network of positive sequence. (b) The reverse-component distribution network of the positive sequence.

APPENDIX B A. Parameters of 300-km, 500-kV Bergeron Model Lines Positive/negative-sequence parameters

Zero-sequence parameters

S1 parameters

S2 parameters

Fig. 11. Conguration of the tower structure.

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B. Parameters of 150-km, 500-kV Asymmetrical and Untransposed Lines conductor radius: 0.011 m; dc resistance of the line: 0.0185 km; ground wire radius: 0.0065 m; dc resistance of ground wire: 0.58 /km. REFERENCES
[1] Y. Liao and S. Elangovan, Digital distance relaying algorithm for rstzone protection for parallel transmission lines, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen. Transm. Distrib., vol. 145, no. 5, pp. 531536, Sep. 1998. [2] B. R. Bhalja and R. P. Maheshwari, High-resistance faults on two terminal parallel transmission line: Analysis, simulation studies, and an adaptive distance relaying scheme, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 801812, Apr. 2007. [3] S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying. Taunton, U.K.: Research Studies Press, 1992, pp. 120121. [4] A. G. Jongepier and L. van der Sluis, Adaptive distance protection of a double circuit line, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 12891297, Jul. 1994. [5] P. G. McLaren, I. Fernando, H. Liu, E. Dirks, G. W. Swift, and C. Steele, Enhanced double circuit line protection, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 11001108, Jul. 1997. [6] A. G. Phadke and J. H. Lu, A new computer based integrated distance relay for parallel transmission lines, IEEE Trans Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-104, no. 2, pp. 445452, Feb. 1985. [7] M. I. Gilany, O. P. Malik, and G. S. Hope, A digital technique for parallel transmission lines using a single relay at each end, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 118123, Jan. 1992. [8] Q. C. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. N. Song, Y. X. Yu, and Z. G. Wang, Fault location of two-parallel transmission line for non-earth fault using oneterminal data, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 863867, Jul. 1999. [9] H. Khorashadi-Zadeh, Articial neural network approach to fault classication for double circuit transmission lines, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Sox. Transmiss. Distribution Conf. Expo.: Latin America, 2004, pp. 859862.

[10] Z. Y. Xu, S. F. Huang, L. Ran, J. F. Liu, Q. X. Yang, and J. L. He, A distance relay for a 1000-kV UHV transmission line, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 17951804, Oct. 2008. Z. Y. Xu (M08SM10) was born in 1963. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. Currently, he is a Professor at North China Electric Power University. Working with Sifang Automation Co. Ltd., he designed a series of ultra-high voltage/extremely high voltage transmission-line protection relays, which have been widely used on 220-kV1000-kV transmission lines in China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

W. Li was born in China in 1983. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

T. S. Bi (M98SM09) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical and electronics engineering at the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, in 2002. Currently, she is a Professor with North China Electric Power University. Her research interests include power system protection and control, synchronized phasor-measurement techniques, as well as application and fault diagnosis.

G. Xu was born in 1982. He received the M.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. Currently, he is with the Ofce of Power Network Operation and Inspection, Xingtai Power Supply Company, Hebei Province, China. His research interests include power system protection and control.

Q. X. Yang was born in China in 1937. Currently, he is a Chinese academician of engineering and a Professor at North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China. His research interests include power system protection and control, and substation automation.