Professional Documents
Culture Documents
John M. Riley
The information here was extracted with minor revisions from an article by John M. Riley that appeared in the 1981 CRF !earboo" #vol. 1$% 1981% pp.1&'(). The f*ll article contains important additional information on mechanisms of seed +ermination% propa+ation techni,*es% propa+ation media% container mixes and seed stora+e. -ee the bac" iss*e information for price and orderin+ information.
decomposition% they are not available in +arden s*pply centers. -oa"in+ for three min*tes in "inetin at concentration of 111 ppm has been recommended. &thylene This +as occ*rs nat*rally in plants and has a n*mber of biolo+ical effects% incl*din+ the stim*lation of seed +ermination. .ne of the chemicals available to +ardener to +enerate ethylene is ethephon. -ince +ibberellins% cyto"inins and ethylene are three dominant components in initiatin+ +ermination% it is nat*ral that they wor" best when applied to+ether. Potassium 'itrate Many freshly harvested dormant seeds +erminate better if soa"ed in a 1.64 potassi*m nitrate sol*tion. -eeds sho*ld be soa"ed for no more than 6' ho*rs and then rinsed well. Thiourea This has been *sed to stim*late +ermination of some dormant seeds% partic*larly those that do not +erminate in dar"ness or at hi+h temperat*res. : water sol*tion of 1.; to '4 is recommended. -ince thio*rea is somewhat inhibitory to +rowth% the seeds sho*ld be soa"ed no lon+er than 6' ho*rs and then rinsed well. (itamins The most common vitamin s*pplement for plants is vitamin <1 #thiamine). .ther vitamins of the < complex are also *sef*l. 9icotinic acid #niacin) and ascorbic acid #vitamin C) have all been recommended. Willow Tea : tea made from willow bar" contains a s*bstance that enhances the actions of plant hormones and appears to stim*late +ermination. -oa"in+ seed in willow tea for 6' to '8 ho*rs is s*++ested.
Procedures
The table that follows s*mmari3es specific information *sef*l for +rowin+ rare fr*it from seed. Rare fr*its #mostly those tried in California) are listed by their botanical names. Common names can be connected to their botanical names thro*+h the CRF Fr*it =ist. -tora+e =ife% in months% #ass*min+ proper treatment) is listed in col*mn two. The stora+e type #next col*mn) is cate+ori3ed as follows> WTM))WARM TR"P* A+ M"*ST -eed sho*ld be maintained above (12 F #612 C) and not allowed to dry o*t before plantin+. T*))TR"P* A+ *'T&RM&,*AT& -eed sho*ld be dried to abo*t (14 of harvest wei+ht and stored a temperat*re of abo*t '12 F #'2 C). T,))T&MP&RAT& ,R-eed sho*ld be dried to below ;14 of harvest wei+ht and stored at room temperat*re or preferably '12 F #'2 C). M)) ""+ M"*ST
-tore seed with s*fficient moist*re to prevent dryin+ o*t at abo*t '12 F #'2 C). ?ormancy <rea"er% col*mn fo*r% indicates any special treatment to brea" dormancy. 5n each case the seed can profit from a 6'&ho*r soa"in+ before plantin+. S ))S AR*F* AT*"' -eeds are made permeable to water by sandin+% filin+ or nic"in+ the seed coat. R))S&&, "AT R&M"(A+ Caref*lly crac" or remove o*ter seed coatin+. S.))PR&S"A. -oa" seed 6' ho*rs before plantin+. M ))M"*ST H*++*'G :fter soa"in+ 6' ho*rs% pac" the seed with moist sterile material and store for $1 to 01 days at '12 F #'2 C). ST))STRAT*F-oa" seed 6' ho*rs and store moist for one or more seasons in the nat*ral environment. ?o not let seed dry o*t. WMS))WARM M"*ST ST"RAG& :fter soa"in+ 6' ho*rs% store above (12 F #612 C). @lant soon. W))A+T&R'AT& "+,/M"*ST TR&ATM&'T -oa" seed for 6' ho*rs and s*bAect to periods of '12 F #'2 C). Cycle several times if necessary. ermination @eriod% col*mn five% lists the time lapse between seedbed plantin+ and emer+ence. Time re,*ired to brea" dormancy is not incl*ded. Times vary with c*ltivation and seed condition. Bardiness #de+. F and C)% col*mn six. Cal*es are approximate and are mostly ta"en from boo"s which incl*de the tropics% Florida and California. 5n a +iven sit*ation% plant si3e% previo*s environment% health and chill factor can alter the response to a +iven temperat*re. There may also be si+nificant differences in variants of the same species. The hardiness val*es listed are probably optimistic by abo*t ;2 F #62 C) for tropical fr*it tree seedlin+s or yo*n+ plants. eneral Comments. : n*mber followin+ a symbol indicates the days of treatment re,*ired. : pl*s #D) after a n*mber means the val*e may be exceeded. : temperat*re in parenthesis followin+ the +ermination period indicates the minim*m temperat*re #2F% 2C) re,*ired for +ermination. The information on +ermination time is approximate and based lar+ely on John RileyEs personal experience. HARA T&R*ST* S "F RAR& FR/*T PR"PAGAT*"' FR"M S&&, 0otanical name Storag e Stor age ,or man Germination days Hard iness
life 1mos23 :ctinidia chinensis ar+*ta "olomi"ta :e+le marmelo :"ebia ,*inata trifoliata :melanchier ainifoli canadensis dentic*lat*m :nacardi*m occidental :nnona cherimola 6'D 1 8 8 8 6'D 6'D 16D 16D 16D 16D
ty!e
cy $rea %er
4F 14 3
T? T? T?
T5
-G7 FM -
1'&61
68 #& 6)
T? T?
MC MC
1'&61 1'&61
T? T? T?
FT M
-G
1'&61
$1 #& 1)
T?
-G
1'&61
60 #& $)
p*rp*rea retic*lata s,*amosa :ntidesma b*ni*s dallachyan*m platyphyll*m :rb*t*s *nedo :rtocarp*s comm*nis inte+rifolia hypar+yrae*s :simina triloba :verrhoa bilimbi carambola <illardia
T5 T5 T5
-G -G -G
T5 T5 T5
-G -G -G
16&6'
T?
MC
$1
1; #& 11)
1 1 1
FT M FT M FT M
FM FM FM -
16D
CM
-C7 MC
$1&91
0 0
T5 T5
-G -G
1'&61 1'&61
68 #& 6) 68 #& 6)
cymosa scandens <li+hia sapida Carica +o*dotiana monoica papaya p*bescens stip*lata toronchi Carissa carandas ed*lis macrocarpa Carya illinoiensis Casimiroa ed*lis
6'D 6'D
T? T?
MC MC
1'&61 1'&61
FT M
FM -
(&61
$1 #& 1)
T? T? T? T? T? T?
-G -G -G -G -G -G
T5 T5 T5
-G -G -G
10 10 10
$0&'8
T5
MC
$1
T5
R7-G
1'&61
6' #&
;) tetrameria Castanea dentata p*mila Ceratonia sili,*a Cere*s per*vian*s Chrysophyll*m cainito Citr*s a*rantifolia a*ranti*m limon maxima mitis paradisi retic*lata 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 T5 T5 T5 T5 T5 T5 T5 -G -G -G -G -G -G -G 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 61 #& 8) 6; #& ') 6; #& ') 0 FT M FM 1'&61 68 #& 6) $0 T? li+ht $&1' 60 #& $) 01 T? -C 61&$1 61 #& 8) 8 8 CM CM MC MC 68 68 &11 #& 6$) &11 #& 6$) 0 T5 R7-G 1'&61 68 #& 6)
sinensis Cla*sena lansi*m Coccolaba *vifera Coffea arabica liberica Corn*s amon*m mas Coryl*s americana avellana Cratea+*s aestivalis p*bescens C*drania tric*spidata
16
T5
-G
1'&61
6; #& ')
16
T5
-G
1'&61
6; #& ')
16
T?
FM -
1'&61
$1 #& 1)
0 0
CM CM
FM FM -
1'&61 1'&61
68 #& 6) 68 #& 6)
6'D 6'D
T? T?
CF CF
1'&61 1'&61
16D 16D
CM CM
CF CF
11&$1 11&$1
6'D 6'D
T? T?
-C7 MC -C7 MC
$1&'1 $1&'1
$0
T?
-C7T
1'&61
Cydonia oblon+a Cyphomandra betacea ?iospyros di+yna 0 FT M FT M T5 T? -G7 FM -G7 FM -C7 MC -C7 MC 1'&61 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 1 #& 18) &11 #& 6$) 6' T? -G 1'&61 68 #& 6) 8 CM MC 1'&61 &1; #& 60)
discolor
1'&61
"a"i vir+iniana ?ovyalis abyssinica caffra hebecarpa Hlaea+n*s m*ltiflora philippensis p*n+aens Hriobotrya
16D 6'&$0
1'&61 1'&61
T5 T5 T5
-G -G -G
T5 T5 T5
-G7 MC -G -G7 MC
Aaponica H*+enia a++re+ata brasilliensis l*schnathiana *niflora H*phoria lon+an FeiAoa sellowiana Feronia limonia Fic*s carica Flaco*rtia ramonchi Fort*nella Aaponica mar+arita
8 days
CM
MC
1'&61
16 #& 11)
0 0 0 0
T5 T5 T5 T5
-G -G -G -G
FT M
FM -
10&$1
6'D
T5
MC
1'&61
16
T5
-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
6'D
T5
-G
1'&61
6; #& ')
16D
T5
-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
16 16
T5 T5
-G -G
1'&61 1'&61
xanthochym*s a*ltheria shallon ayl*ssacia frondosa resinosa ev*ina avellana Barpyphyll*m caffr*m Bibisc*s sabariffa Bovenia d*lcis 5n+a paterno =itchi
6&'
1'&61
68 #& 6)
16
T?
MC
$1
1 #& 18)
6'D 6'D
T? T?
CF CF
11&$1 11&$1
CM
FM -
1'&61
11 #& 16)
6'D
T5
1'&61
60 #& $)
$0
T?
-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
6'D
T?
-C7 MC
1'&$1
T5
-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
chinensis Macadamia inte+rifolia tetraphylla Malphi+ia +labra Mammea americana Man+ifer*m indica Manil"ara 3apota Melicocc*s biA*+at*s Mor*s alba ni+ra r*bra M*ntin+ia
FT M
FM -
10&$1
68 #& 6)
6' 6'
T5 T.
-G -G
1'&$1 1'&$1
T5
-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
6&'
FT M
-G7 FM -
1'&61
68 #& 6)
FT M
R7-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
6'
T?
-G
1;&$1
68 #& 6)
T5
-G
1'&61
68 #& 6)
T5 T5 T5
calib*ra M*sa balbisiana Myrciaria ca*liflora Myrt*s comm*nis @assiflora alata ed*lis la*rifolia li+*laris molissima ,*adran+*laris @ersea americana @istachia vera @ometia
16D
T5
-G7 FM -
1'&61
68 #& 6)
16
T5
-G7 FM -
1'&61
68 #& 6)
T5
-G
1'&61
6'D
T?
MC
1'&61
6; #& ')
T5 T5 T5 T5 T5 T5
-G -G -G -G -G -G
'
FT M
FM -
1'&61
6&$
T5
R7-G
1'&61
11 #& 16)
pinnata @oncir*s trifoliata @o*teria campechiana sapota viride @r*n*s salicifolia @sidi*m cattleian*m +*aAava @*nica +ranat*m Rhodomyrt*s tomentosa Ribes hirtell*m '8D T? MC $1 &$1 #&$; ni+r*m r*br*m
FT M
FM -
1'&61
68 #& 6)
16&6'
T5
-G
1'&61
1 #& 18)
0 0 0
FT M FT M FT M
FM FM FM -
6'
T5
-G
1'&61
61 #& ()
16D 16
T5 T5
-G -G
1'&61 1'&61
$0
T5
MC
1'&$1
16 #& 11)
16
T5
-G
1'&61
60 #& $)
'8D '8D
T? T?
MC MC
$1 $1
$;) sativ*m *va&crispa '8D T? MC $1 &$1 #& $;) Rollinia deliciosa -amb*c*s caer*lea canadensis racemosa -andoric*m "oetAape -hepherdia ar+entea -immondsia chinensis -olan*m ,*itoense topir* -orb*s a*c*paria 6' T? MC 11&$1 &61 #& 6' 6' T? T? -G -G 1'&61 1'&61 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 16D T? -G ;&( #(8I1(0J F% 60I1(0J C) 1; #& 11) '6D T? -C7 MC $1&01 &61 #& 68) $0 T? -G 1'&61 60 #& $) 6'D 6'D 6'D T5 T5 T5 -C7 MC -C7 MC -C7 MC $1 $1 $1 &61 #& 68) &61 #& 68) &61 #& 68) && T5 -G 1'&61 68 #& 6) '8D T? MC $1 &$1 #& $;)
68) domestica terminalis -ynsepal*m d*lcific*m -y3y+i*m aromatic*m c*mini Aamabos malaccense panic*lat*m Tamarind*s indica Theobroma cacao /+ni molinae Caccini*m an+*stifoli*m ashei 161 161 T5 T5 MC MC $1 $1 &61 #& 68) &11 #& 6'D T5 -G 1'&61 11 #& 16) 1 FT M -G (&1' #81I1(0J F% 6(I1(0J C) $1 #& 1) 0 T5 -G 1'&61 68 #& 6) 6&0 6&0 6&0 6&0 6&0 T5 T5 T5 T5 T5 -G -G -G -G -G 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 1'&61 $6 #1) 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 68 #& 6) 1 FT M FM (&61 $1 #& 1) 6' 6' T? T? MC MC 11&$1 11&$1 &11 #& 6$) &11 #& 6$)
6$) corymbos*m Citis labr*sca rot*ndifolia vinifera Ki3iph*s A*A*ba ma*ritiana 16&6' 16&6' T? T? R7-G R7-G 1'&61 1'&61 &61 #& 68) 61 #& () 6'D 6'D 6'D CM CM CM MC MC MC 61&$1 61&$1 61&$1 &61 #& 68) &; #& 61) &; #& 61) 161 T5 MC $1 &61 #& 68)
L Copyri+ht 1981%199(% California Rare Fr*it rowers% 5nc. 8*estions or commentsM Contact *s.