AP Biology Lab 7 Results

Table 7.1 F1 Generation Phenotype Wild Type Wrinkled Albino Red Eye Normal Females 22 2 4 6 28 Males 10 1 0 17 18

Table 7.2 F2 Generation Phenotype Wild Type Wrinkled White Eye Normal Females 13 9 2 22 Males 15 10 0 21

Cross A Genotype- AA x AA Cross B Genotype- Aa x Aa Cross C Genotype- AA x Aa

Questions:
1. Describe the observed mutations? The mutations we observed were Wrinkled Wings, White and Red Eyes in different sexes, and Albino flies. 2. Write a hypothesis which describes the mode of inheritance of the trait you studied. This is your null hypothesis ( as described in the Statistical Analysis Section).

Across all of the data, there will be a 1:1 ratio among the crosses. Because the trait is sex-linked, the ratio will remain in the crosses as a 1:1 ratio. 3. Refer to a textbook and review Punnett squares. In the space below construct two Punnett squares to predict the expected results of both the parental and F1 crosses from your null hypothesis.

Parental cross Y Xr

Xr

YXr

Xr Xr

Xr

YXr

Xr Xr

F1 cross Y Xr Y XR

XR

YXR

XR Xr

YXR

XRXR

XR

YXR

XR Xr

YXr

XR Xr

Xr Xr

YXr YXr

XrXr XrXr

YXr YXr

X RXr XRXr

4. Refer to the Punnett squares above. Record the expected ratios for the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 and F2 in the experiment below. Expected Genotypic Ratio F1 1:1 F2 1:1 Expected Phenotypic ratio 1:1 1:1

5. Do the actual results deviate from what was expected? If so, explain how. The results do not heavily deviate from what was expected. There were mutations, but that is a part of the experiment. 6. For the results describe your cross? The cross is sex-linked, recessive, and a monohybrid cross.

Analysis:
1. Why was it necessary for the females of the parental generation to be virgins? It was important because the females needed to mate with those specific males to ensure the cross was what we wanted it to be. 2. Why was it not necessary to isolate virgin females for the F1 cross? Once the cross had already happened, it did not matter whether they were virgins, because they were in the same vial. 3. Why the adult flies were removed from the vials at weeks 2 and 4? The adult flies were removed so that they did not mate with the younger flies, which would ruin the crosses.

Error Analysis and Conclusion:

Because so many people were involved in collecting the data, there was room for several errors. Many of the errors dealt with the issue of counting the flies. While some groups were careful in their count, others did it haphazardly, creating less accurate results. Thus, some groups had data for a lot of flies while others barely had any data for their flies. Another source of error was in that the data was collected differently. Some groups collected data concerning only gender when their data should have included info about mutations, wing structure, eye color, etc. Because of that, our data could be skewed. Another issue was the anesthetic used for the flies. Some groups used too much and killed their flies. It also made it a little harder to sex and sort the flies. The sexing and sorting of the flies was the biggest room for error as the flies were so small that it could be hard to do so sometimes. All in all, this experiment would be best done in a small group with experienced lab partners. In conclusion, this lab showed the real life application of Mendels theories. Although we did not do the Chi Squared Testing, looking at the data shows that the crosses followed the pattern that they were meant to follow. In nature, the facets of heredity are very much accurate, so it speaks wonders about what we will be able to find out in the future of the field of genetics. In the lab, we crossed different genotypes of flies in order to measure the accuracy of the genotype ratios in nature. We ended up with a result close to the 1:1 ratio that we desired in our lab. Had we done the Chi Square Analysis, our null hypothesis would have been accepted. The only kinks in the lab were human errors that could be avoided if the people doing the lab were more experienced and accurate. The mutations that we saw were sex linked and a part of the process, which further validated our data. From this data, we were able to conclude the genotypes of the original crosses, thus showing the power of heredity and genetics. This lab greatly expanded my understanding for the topic and will help in the future when I study the theory of genetics.