ADDING INFORMATION CONNECTORS: Besides Furthermore Moreover In addition Whats more In addition to Noun phrase; In addition to the dirty

room -ing; In adittion to ringing my bed at 3.00am Pronoun; In adittion to this/that/it

Subject+also+Vb Subject+to be+also ,too , as well

CONTRAST CONNECTOR: (on the one hand) ; on the other hand On the one hand, Peafiel is an absolutely incredible village, On the other hand it is very boring for young people. However Neverthless Nontheless In spite of/Despite of: Noun Phrase (NP); In spite of the rain -ing; Despite raining Pronoun; In spite of it

In spite of the fact that + subject + Vb : It was raining

USE OF ENGLISH: LIKE / AS / AS IF / ALIKE

AS: + profession: I would like to work as a banker + subject + Vb (formal): Nobody prepares pezzas as Sandra does + certain expressions: Regard as/ use as/ be known as; Describe as/ accept as/ dress as

LIKE: + noun phrase: She behaves like a crazy person + comparison: She looks like the princess + (colloquial) subject + Vb: Nobody prepares pizzas like Sonia does + to introduce examples: Maria loves sports like/such as aerobic, body-pump and weith lifting.

AS IF: It is used to describe the appearance of sth/sb: She looks as if/like she knows what she is doing.

ALIKE: It means like each other. It is not often used before a noun: The two brothers are alike in personality; They are similar brothers.

[Headmaster: director] [Yawn: bostezar]

PHRASAL VERBS 1) Transitive & Separable: Vb + Part + Direct Object: Look up this word Vb + Direct Object + Part: Look this word up on Me-us/ You-you/Him or Her or It-Then: Look it up on the internet 2) Intransitive: My car has broken down; My head is going to go off (Mi cabeza va a estallar) 3) Transitive with a particle but inseparable: Vb + Part + Do/Object pronoun: Im looking for a T-shirt/it 4) Transitive with 2 particle inseparable: Vb + Part + Part + Do/Object pronoun: I run out of money/it 2

WRITING: STORY
You must use: vivid language/ a strong storyline/ the characters must be very interesting Questions so as to make a good structure: What kind of story will your readers expect?; What effect do you want to have on the reader?

Paragraph Planning: P1. Set the scene (people and place) Who? What? When? Where? (What sort of people? How old?) P2 P4: Say what happens (the action) What? When? Where? Why? How? (How did it happen? How long did it last? How did they feel?) P5: Bring it to a conclusion What? How? Why?

Useful sentences: At the beginning That was when Right from the start Eventually (finalmente) (I manage to) To my amazement Luckily Naturally After it was all over In the end Of course (It was but )

Sequence connectors: To start/begin with First Firstly Second, secondly Then Later 3

After that After/Before + [Subject+ verb]/[+ing]: Then, we went to the cinema; After we went to the cinema we had dinner While/whereas/whilst + subject + verb Meanwhile Soon/long + afterall Finally Last

GRADABLE ADJECTIVES: There are adjectives that can be used in the comparative and in the superlative. Ejemplo: Tall taller, the tallest They are modified by adverbs of degree: Very Quiet Fairly Jolly A bit A little A little bit -Tall -Cold -Strong -Weak -Cloudy

UNGRADABLE ADJECTIVES: There are extreme adverbs in general are used to emphazise then: Totally Utterly Completely Fully Terribly Absolutely Brilliantly Fantastic Furious Wrong Exhausted

GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVE ORDER

Less specific the most specific OPSHACOM: OPinion Size sHape Age Color Origin Material

Una corbata roja de seda italiana: A red Italian silk tie Adjetive + noun (ed): A black-haired girl A blue-eyed girl A suntan-skinned (suntanned) girl A twenty-two year- (singular) old boy A twenty-five-kilometer road A ten-second pause/break

Un chico francs de 25 aos muy guapo de ojos azules: A very cute twenty-five-year old blueeyed French guy.

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE

1. Active: subject+ Vb + CD Passive: Subject + To be + participle + Complemento Agente (by ) Sonia is preparing a half-marathon A half-marathon is being prepared by Sonia By this time next week we will be receiving a different chapita A different chapita will be being received by this time next week 2. Passive voice with 2 objects. Subject + Vb + CI + CD Harvard University has offered me a grent (beca) P1: I have been offered a grant by Harvard University 5

P2: A grant has been offered to me by Harvard University 3. Say, Tell, Think, Believe, Consider, Expect, Hope, Fear, Know People expect that F.Alonso wont win the championship 1) Oracin impersonal: It + Vb (oracin principal) + Participio (oracin principal) that It is expected that F.Alonso wont win 2) Oracin personal: Subject (oracin subordinada) + to be (oracin principal) + participio (oracin principal) + [to + infinitivo](afirmativa)/[not to+infinitivo] (negativa) F.Alonso is expected not to win the Mara thought that Sonias pizzas are very generous. It was thought that Sonia Sonias pizzas were thought to be very generous. 4. Have/Get something done. Subject ( a quin se lo hacen) + Have/Get + Sobre qu te lo hacen + Participio (de lo que te hacen) I am having/getting my house painted We have/get our haircut in Galindos

5. PREGUNTAS PASIVAS Will they buy the food at the market? - They will buy the food at the market - The food will be bought at the market - Will the food be bought ?

GRAMMAR: VERB + TO + ING/ VERB + -ING

Verbo principal + to + infinitive Verbo principal + -ing Too would like Jessica to stop smoking Last Tuesday I was very tired, so she stopped to smoke a cigarette I cant imagine Cristina smoking a cigar

Stop Regret Forget Remember Go on Try

Suggest: Sonia suggested going running all the class together Decide: we have decided to go running

Verbo = noun (-ing): Smoking is unhealthy; Too goes running Preposition + -ing: You are the responsible for being late To + inf: I study to pass my exam

Excepciones:

Look forward to + -ing Be/Get/Become use to + -ing

EXPRESSIONS + ING It is no good It isnt any good It is no worth (no merece la pena) It is no use (no merece la pena)

Like Love Hope Prefer Enjoy Detest

+ ing (Hobbies, Likes & Dislikes) Maria loves going out with Jose Sonia hates ironing to + infinitive (preferencias) Sonia likes to iron on Sundays evening Too likes to make his bed just after breakfast

Would

Like Love Hate Prefer Enjoy Detest

(Someone)

To + inf Not to + inf

I would like to stay in Valladolid I would like no to do so much homework I would like Jose and Mario to come and have dinner with us Too wouldnt like us not to pass our exam

Make Help Let

Someone

+inf (sin TO)

My parents make me study a lot My boyfriend doesnt let me talk to other boys Please help me carry these bags

Modal verbs:

Have / had to Ought to (= should) Had better + inf (sin TO): Youd better go here 7

Verbos de percepcin: See, smell, taste, touch Vb + ing: percibo parte de la accin; I saw Too singing a song (parte de la cancin) +inf (sin TO): percibo la accin completa; I saw Too sing a song

WRITING ARTICLE
An article is not an essay!!! It will appear in a certain type of magazine. Questions so as to make a good structure: - What is the purpose of the article? To inform or to entertain - How many parts are there to the questions? In general two parts: Facts (which book/film/group) & Opinions (Why do you like it) - What style will you use? Lively (vivaz). It will depend on whom you are writing, but in general it must be personal or neutral. - Think of a title Paragraph planning: P1. Introduction: Catching the readers attention. You can use direct questions: - Have you seen/read ? - I have to tell you about my favourite book/film - It is the best It is the + superlative that subject+ ever + part : It is the best film that I have ever seen. It is a film/book Called Written by Directed by

P2. Describing the story. A brief description of your task. - It is set in (place) in (time) - It is about who/which P3. Saying what you like: I think the story/characters/descriptions/special effects are P4. Saying what you dont like. - I must admit some of the acting isnt so good - The story is a bit in some place - It gets a bit confusing when P5. Conclusion/Recommendation 8

Although it is still a great book/film You really must/should If you like romance/drama/comedy/thriller/terror/etc youll love this

PURPOSE CONNECTOR: (Para) To So as to In order to

+ Infinitive: Im so as to be ready for my marathon

Vb Adjective

For + ing: She is the responsible for being late

For + ing (to show what something is used for): Nespresso is a machine for making coffee . So that In order that + subject + Vb: Too runs so that he can finish his marathon

CONTRAST CONNECTORS: In spite of Despite NP (Noun Phrase): In spite of the heavy rain -ing: In spite of sleeping a little, I went to do English class Pronoun: Despite it/that/him

In spite of Despite

The fact that + subject + Vb: In spite of the fact that Sonia had slept a little

Although Though Even though

+ Vb + Vb: Although It was Saturday, Sonia was tired

However Nevertheless Nonetheless

It was raining, nevertheless we kept working

On the contrary, In contrast to Contrary to NP : Contrary to your opinion, I think -ing Pronoun

OPINION CONNECTORS I In my view From my point of view As I see it As for as Im concerned Frankly (francamente) To tell you the truth What can I say In my opinion Honestly To be honestly Strongly Frankly Definitely Totally Think Believe Consider See Agree

USE OF ENGLISH: WAND, INJURY, DAMAGE

WOUND It is used when the skin is clearly cut or penetrated by a knife or a bullet, for example. Noun: a wound: herida Vb: to wound: herir

INJURY It is used in connection with accidents. However, if you are referring very precisely to a cut on the skin, you can say wound even if it has been caused by an accident. Example: The nurse removed bits of glass from the wound. Noun: injury, injuries Vb: to injure

DAMAGE It is used for objects. However, you can use damage for brain damage. 10

Damages (daos y perjuicios): means a sum of money which is paid by someone who has committed libel/defamation or slander (calumnia).

USE OF ENGLISH: CURE, TREAT, HEAL

Cure: If the doctor cures you, you make a complete recovery Treat: the doctor will treat you, but giving you medicine, but there is no guarantee that the treatment will cause the illness to go away. Heal: To refer to the way in which skin which have been caught gradually returns to normal. It can also be used metaphysically. Ej: Only time heal a broken heart.

REPORTED SPEECH
You can help me fix my car tomorrow morning, my father said: My father said that I (change of pronoun) could (change of sentence) help him fix his car the following (change of time expression) day morning

Change of pronoun: DS (direct style) IS (indirect style) I He/she Me Him/her My His/her Mine His/hers

DS IS

You I/we

You Me/my

Your My/our

Yours Mine/ours

DS IS

Me They

My Them

Our Their

Ours theirs

La 3rd persona singular/plural no cambia!!!

Change of tenses: Direct Style Present simple Present continuous Past simple Past continuous Present Perfect Simple Indirect Style Past simple Past continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuos Past perfect simple 11

Present Perfect continuous Will Must Have to Can May

Past perfect continuous would Had to Could Might

Change of time expression: Direct Style Now Today Tonight Yesterday Last night Two weeks ago Tomorrow Next . Indirect Style Then That day That night The day before/the previous day The night before/the previous night Two weeks before The following day/the day after The after/ the following

This These Here

That Those There

STATEMENTS: Direct Style: Subject+Vb. : Fulanito+Vb Indirect Style: Fulanito said that + Subject + Vb I dont like chapitas Too said Too said that he didnt/doesnt like

COMANDS: Direct style: Imperative: Vb .! Dont + Vb ! Dont tell him Im angry, please! She said

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Indirect style: Fulanito Asked Told Order Commanded Someone To + infinitive Not to + infinitive: she asked me not to tell him she was angry

YES/WE QUESTIONS: Direct style: Auxiliary Vb + Subject + Vb? Indirect style: Fulanito Asked someone Wanted to know Wondered If/whether (si hay dos opciones) + subject + Vb

Will you come to my party? He wondered He wondered if I would come to his party

WH. QUESTIONS: Direct Style: Wh (How/Word) + Auxuliar + Subject + Vb ? Indirect style: Fulanito Asked (someone) Wanted to know Wondered Wh.word + subject + Vb

How much did you pay for these trousers last week? Too asked (me) how much I had paid for these trousers the week before

SUGGESTION: Direct style: Lets + Vb 13

Why dont + subject + Vb? What about + ing? Shall I/we + Vb?

Indirect style: Fulanito suggested that/ing +subject + Vb Lets go to the cinema What about going ? Why dont we go ? Shall we go to ? Jose said

Jose suggested going to the cinema

WRITING: REPORTS
Report will involve the presentation of mainly factual information, with suggestions and a recommendation. Headings: usually help to signpost the comment Reports are often written in an impersonal style.

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