62-4336 SCHULMAN, Alan Richard, 1930- MILITARY RANK, TITLE, AND ORGANIZATION IN THE EGYPTIAN NEW KINGDOM. University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D., 1962 History, ancient University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, MichiganMILITARY RANK, TITLE, AND ORGANIZATION IN THE EGYPTIAN NEW KINGDOM Alan Richard Schmiman A DISSERTATION in ORIRNTAL STUDIES Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Pulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1962 Supervisor, fo Dissertation gy. | (OO Hina airman 0: partment Please Note: Not original copy. Blurred and faint type on several pages. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, Inc.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: My sincerest thanks and gratitude are expressed to the many veople who assisted me in this work, especially to my teacher Dr. Rudolf Anthes, Professor of Egyptology and Curator of the Egyptian Section of the University Museum, who supervised my researches with unfailing patience and whose keen insights and penetrating criticisms and suggestions spurred me on, to Dr. E, A, Speiser, Chairman of the Oriental Studies Department of the University of Pennsylvania who verified my translations of the Akkadian material, to Drs. William F, Edgerton, Keith C, Seele, Helene J. Kantor, and John A, Wilson, of the Oriental institute of the University of Chicago, who gave me mich of their time and provided ne with a great number of helpful suggestions and criticisms in the earlier period of my researches, to Dra, John D. Cooney and Bernard V, Bothmer and the staff of the Wilbour Memorial Egyptological Library of the Egyptian Department of the Brooklyn Museum, who granted me every courtesy and full use aiitd of the Wilbour Library at all times, to Drs. William C, Hayes and Henry &, Fischer, of the Egyptian Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Dr, I. E. S. Bd-ards of the British Museum who kindly made some imortant unvublished material available to me, and to the many others, too numercus to mention, who also provided me “ith criticisms and suggestions, To all of these peorle this ~ork is most gratefully dedicated.adjutant (lame) 53-56 non-military adjutants 54 protocols of 208-212 administrative and combat backgrounds of officers 132-133 Amarna letters 23-24 army (gnfit) 19-21 army (mi) 14-19 army officer (mr mnf3t) 65466 Protocols of 219 army-scribe (s& m&¢) 102-107 protocols of 254-258 assault-officer (skt) 94-95 Protocols of 264 Broad Halls of the Palace 134-135 chariot-varrior (snnj) 96-102 Social background 98-99 protocols of 251-253 charfoteer (dn) 24, 111-114 protocols of 266-269 chariotry (ticntchtry) 21-25 activities 98 orgenization 22-23 Personnel 24, 101-102 recruiting 101 tactics 125-126 training 24-25, 100-101 ivchariotry (continued) units 97, 117 chief commander of "elite troops" (hry tp nfrv) 34 chief commander of the aray (hry tpn mnf2t) 94 classes eligibis for military service (d2me) 32-34 commander (hry) 80-81 of assault-officers (hry sket) 95 protocols of 264 of chariot-warriors (hry snniw) 98 protocols of 253 of the comvany (bry n pz sz). 92 protocols of 249 of a host (hry pdt) 87-91 of commanders of hosts (hry hrye ndt) 249 duties of 87-89 nonenilitery 91 protocols of 240-249 of horses (hry sD 93-94 protocols of 250 of mikbe (hry mikby) 78-79 of Nehesi (hry nhsyw) 80-81 protocols of 249 of suartermasters of the army (w(rtwy n 25 mét) 60-61 vrotocols of 218 of a shic's contingent (hry bnyt) 92-93 protocols of 250 of warriors (hry thiwtyw) 87vi company (82) 41-47 non-military 41 organization of 47 strength and components of 42-45 conseription 35 controller of a ship's contingent (hrp nyt) 93 protocols of 250-251 corrected lists of rank 136-141 crown prince (rp(t) 69 descriptions of victures 198-206 Nelite troops" (nfrw) 32-34 "fifty" (platoon) 44-46 foreign troons (thre) in Bgvptian service 34-38, 41 fort-officer (ar hts) 73-75 protocols of 229-231 garrison (iw‘yt) 28-29 locations and sizes of 26-28 personnel of 28-29 garrison-officer (mr intyt) €3-65 protocols of 218-219 garrison-troop leader (hry ivtyt) 82-83 general (mr mé¢ wr) 71-72 protocols of 226-229 great chief of Meshwesh (wr <3 n mi) 82 protocols of 218 group narshalter (ts pdt) 119-121 protocols of 281-282vit honorifie evithsts 57-58 host (pdt) 48-52 non-military 50 personnel of 51 strength of 49 infantry (mmfSt) 19-20 infantry (wt) 16-17 Aswt-troops, a non-military beiy 39-40 logistics 129-130 recruiting, sun-ly, training of infantry 126-130 infantryman (w(w) 96-59, 126-130 protocols of 212-217 "judge" of the arny (sib mf3t) 9% protocols of 251 km3-veorle 38 leader (hiety) 80-82 of the arny (hivty 5 n2 aft) 80 of foreign troovs ({3n thre) 35-36, 80-82 protocols of 207-208 of the hosts (hiwty n n3 pdt) 80 protocols of 237 of néen-troons (hiwty n ntrn) 80 lists of rank 8-13 Bahar, "hero"? 39, 77, 102 Bardany "chariot-warrior" 39, 63 marshaller (ts") 1194120 protocols of 282-283vill Medjai 38-39 Bgi-veovle 40 military officer (cr mst) protocols of 219-226 of non-military bodies military scribes 102-110 Bukb-officer 77-79 duties of 78 234-236 122-124 vrotocols of names of units naval-kilt 30 naval service on the nart of the aray nfm "soldier" 39 officials of the arny (sre mf?t) officer for army-scribes (mr siw mi) vrotocois of 234-235 officer for horses (mr ssmt) protocols of 231-234 66-71 m2 30-32, 131 20, 53 73, 103, 106 75-97 officer for military-officers (mr mw x%t) 70 vrotocols of 226 officer of chariotry (zr ti-nt-htry) vrotocols of | 245 officer of "elite troons” (mr nfrr) vrotocols of 229 outrost Gwtyt) 27 para-military bodies and designations tlatoon ("fifty") 44-46 nLatoon-leader (3 n 50) ae 72-73 38-40 44n85, 52, 81-82ix protocols of 207 ovarternaster of the arny (w(rtw n p3 mi) 59-61 rrotecols of 217-218 ranks and titles. distinction between 133-134 reorganization of the army 130-131 royel arzy-scribe (s¥ nswt m&¢) 257-258 runner (phrr) 1-62 in the Hittite army 62 scribe (s8) 102-110, 257, 267 of the assemblage of the army (s¥ shy n p2 mC) 109 protocols of 263 of the chariotry (eS n t2 ti-nt-htry) 108 vrotocols of 258-259 of the company (sb n p23) 107-108 protocols of 258 of the distribution of the army (si dni n p3 mi() 109 of "elite troops" (s§ nfrw) 103-106 vrotzeols of 259-262 of the fort (si htm) 74-75 of the garrison (ss iwyt) 110 protocols of 254 of horses (s¥ ssmt) 108 protocols of 264 cf the infantry (s3 mf3t) 109-110 of the prison of the army (ss hort n p3 m§<) 108-109 protocols of 263 of the stable (si nim) 108 protocols of 258fehe ds at the front of soldiers (s¥ nty r h3t mM(w/anf3t) 3 2 protocols of 262-263 scribe who writes commands for the army (s¥ shn n p? m&<) 109-110 protocols of 264 shield-bearer (kr(w) 111-114 vrotocols of 266 ship's contingent (t3 hnyt) 29-32 as a body of soldiers 30-32 soldiers (nb n mi‘) 52-53 soldiers (wSww) 59 soldiers (mf3t) 20-21 soldiers (mitw) 18-19 soldiers (rat mic) 79 soldis:; (gn mbt) 79 Speaker of the army (wha n v3 mi() 61 non-military 61 Souad 44-45 souad-leader ((3 [hry]10) 44-45 protocols of 207 stablemaster (hry itm) 83-87 protocols of 237-240 standard-bearer (431 sryt) 114-119 protocols of 269-281 duties of 118-119 ten-bearer (t31 thm) 102, 118-119 tst-troops, a non-militery body 39-40 valiant man (imi) 110Table LIST OF TABISS Parallel Arrangement of Infantry Ranks/Titles as given according to the Lists Parallel Arrangement of the Chariotry Ranks/ Titles as given according to the Lists Reconstructed Organization of the infantry ac- cording to the Lists and supplemented by those ranks/titles not found in them Reconstructed Organization of the Chariotry according to the Lists and suprlemented by those ranks/titles not found in them xi Page 12 139 141ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations have been used in this work: aw Ancient Egypt. 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"Les s partie," Xeni, es de Rauses II & Tanis, premiere (1949), 58-74.TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INDEX LIST OF TABLES ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter rT A, INTRODUCTION B, THE LISTS OF RANK Ir ARMS OF SERVICE ur ‘TYPES OF TROOPS v UNITS v RANKS AND TITIES ie 3, Te ConmereD Lists oF RANK VII THE SOURCES: TRANSLATIONS vill THE SOURCES: PROTOCOLS OF INDIVIDUAIS xxiv Page eel iv xi xit xiv “ 26 aL 52 22 136 142 207Chapter I IsTRUDUCTION A. General Remarks The Egyptian empire of the New Xingdom, (Dynasties Eighteen to Twenty, ca. 1585 - 1000 B.C.) sas one of the great powers which dominated the ancient Near Zast. It was an empire established, as were all empires of antiquity, by military conquest, as is concretely attested by the wealth of evidence preserved in the lengthy comuemorative insorip- tions of its kings, in the biographies and protocols of the individual soldiers who toox part in its making and, above all, by the magnificent temple wall-reliefs picturing the battles and conquests of the kings of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. Consequently, an attempt to unierstand and interpret those written pictorial, and archaeological Egyptian documents of the period relating to the establish- ment of the empire, must be based on a sound understanding of tue organization of the military machine of the Sgyptians, the medium w.ereby the empire was established. Although s number of studies and articles has already been written on the various phases of this military organization, and on military activity in the New 4ingdom, there has never been 8 comprehensive attenpt to take into account all of the known documents pertaining to military rank and titles, and to treat bota the land and sea forces of tne entire New Kingdom together. it is the hope of the author that the2 following study may fill tais lacuna. the material dealt with is almost inextricably intertwined. it is impossible to discuss a rank or title without also discussing tue units or arms of service with which the rank or title was associated, and vice-versa. Hence we have frequently had to anticipate in one portion of the discuzsions and conlusions a result arrived at in an- other portion of them. It shold be noted here, honever, that each rank, title, unit, or branch of the army discussed, was studied fully on its own merits firet, tie only evidence utilized for it being that contained within the rank, titi or unit-designation itself. unly afterwards wae the evidence adduced from other ranks, titles, eto. brought to Lear. the material bas been arranged arbitrarily, with our conclusions acd discussions listed first. ‘his is follow- ed by a listing of tne source materials used. This latter falls into two main classes: translations of texts or por- tions of them which contain mterial of a military nature, and lists of the various militery ranks ahd titles held by a epecific ipdividusl as recorded in his protocols. in the first category, the translations, only a rough effort has been md@ to group them chronologically by dynasty. vuther= wise, those texts taken from an individual source have teen gfoupec togetcer, e.g., all of the Urkunden, IV texts, ell of tue texts releting to the battle of Kadesh, all of the texts from Medinet Habu, etc. the second category of sources, tne protocols, have deen arranged according to tne Egyptian3 alphabet, separately by title. within each title the in- dividual references have been arranged first chronologically by dynasty, and then alphatetically within each dynasty. Thus, for examples, refs. 433 to 441 deal with the known protocols of chariot warriors, and are arranged a8 folio Bighteenth Dynasty: ref. 438 "the chariot-warrior HX", Fef. 434 "the chariot-warrior of his majesty NA", ef. 435 "the chariot-warrior of the garrison-troop of Pharaoh Ki", ref, 436 “the chariot-warrior of the 'Innundation(?7}! NET, Nineteenth Dynasty: ref. 437 “the cuariotewarrior NA", ref. 438 *tne chariotewarrior of his majesty NN", ref. 439 “the chariot-warriar of the lord of the Two lands NN", ‘There being no Twentieth Dynasty references in this case, we then list the rank as it is used as an element in another rank/title: ref. 440 "the commander of chariot-warriors KN", ref, 441 "the standard-cearer of chariotewarriors iN". Under each protosol-reference subheading we have attempted to List, according to the Egyptian alphabet, all the known in- dividuals who attest to having held the particular title. In those cases where the number of such individuals ic ez- cessive, we have given a random selection ending with passim.4 If this does not conclude the list, this means that all occur- rences of the rank/title known to us have been given, It is * of this nature, to have overlooked one possible, in a or another occurrences of a rank or title, and if this has deen done, it has been done strictly unwittingly, or else in ignorance of the rarticular occurrence's existence. Lastly, it should be noted that whenever possible, all known military ranks, titles, acd epithets of the various in- dividuals have been given, The majority of the conclusions reached for each “military rord" are given in the individual sections where the particular words are discussed, At the conclusion of these sections, ~e have given the remaining, more general, conclusions, and have attempted to reconstruct a series of tables, based on the attested lists of military rank and titles, and suprlemented by the study of the individual ranks/ titles. Although we have referred to the rork of other Scholars hen we are not in accord +ith them, ve have employed only the original Egyptian and Akkadian sources, the trans- lations of which are entirely our own responsibility, to arrive at those conclusions which have been reached. We have refrained, in general, from giving a philological commentary on the individual translations, since such commentaries would de ovt of place in a study of this nature, Nevertheless, each translation was carefully discussed and considered before being accepted for inclusion of this ~ork.5 Our definition of a military rank is the designa- tion given to a man h‘ch regularly indicates his relative standing in respect to his superiors and his shbordinates. We understand a title as an epithet describing either his post, or functions and activities, It 1s possible for a rank to be at the sane time a title. A unit 1s the designa- tion given to an organized body of troops, It may or may not have the connotation of a fixed size inherent in it. Arm of service refers to either the infantry or the charlotry. Type of troops refers to exactly that, e.g., “elite tropps", “garrison-troops", "shipboard troops", etc. It may be noted that ~e have, whenever possible, avoided the use of both hieroglyphs and transliterations for ranks, titles, units, ete, This has been done solely for the conventence of the reader, The folloving list, which contains the translations which we have assigned to the various Egyptian words denoting ran‘, title, unit, arm, and branen of service, will allow the reader to identify these translations when- ever they occur. In some cases they are literal translations of the Egyptian. In others they are artifical makeshifts de- rived from our study of the ‘ndividuel terms. we have attempted to be consistent in our use of then for their corresponding Egyptian enuivalents, and have used the same translation each time the Egyptian term occurs, Any departure from this Practice has been noted by the appropriate Egyptian trans- literation in parentheses intediately folloring the trans- literation.Trans la: "adjutant® . 2... the "army" (1) .. the “army" (2)... "army officer” . . "arnyeseribe” . . "assault officer", "(astatic) prince" *chartotewarrior™ the "chartotry". . "charloteer™ . . . "chief commander", "classes" eligible "commander", . . . “company*, . 6. "controller"... “count®™.,.. 1. "elite troops" . . "first charioteer" "foreign troops™ . "fort" (1)... . "fort" (2)... . "forteofficer™ , , “garrison”... "garrison-officer" “garrison-troop . general® .. . , “great chief™ . . Utary services"group marshaller", . .. . . “speaker of the army"... . Mhest™s see ce ee ene the "infantry" (1), 2... « the "infantry" (2), .... 6 "infantryman"... 1... "+ gudge' of the arey".. . . “leader of foreign troops” , leaders te "marshaller*,.. 1.2.0. "military officer"... 1... "officials of the army"... Nofficer®. 2. eee. eee “officer for horses"... . . “officer for arny scribes". . “officer for canals"... . . “officer of chariotry™, . . . “officer of telite troops!" . “officer of the rivermouth” . "elatoon”. . ee ee ee “ylatoon-leader™, 2.2... "quartermaster of the arzy™ , "royal arzy-scribe". 6... Gractiete ee SCT DO eae ee ee ee se "scribe of ‘elite troops! . "scribe of horses"... 1. . "seribe of the assenblage (of -m Heatenery > Be nite + me réchivt Ltew + 50 -2@ 50 + riot a pe meC + SB nsst (no p3) mB¢ k ls ia i > Fae Boe Be Bee i Fe &8 "scribe of the army ani the chariotry".. . . “scribe of the distribution (of the arzy)" . . Gs i “seribe of the infantry". .......... "scribe of the prison of the army", ..... lee [ee We Me | E Fs "scribe (who is) at the front of soldiers. . . s& (aty) r b3t aS (/ant3t "scribe who =rites commands for the army". . . s§ shn (n p2) m3¢ “shield-bearer". © 6 6. 6 ee eee eee ee ee "ship's contingent™, . 2.2... +. +o - bnyt “soldiers" (1)... ee eee ee ee ee Be "soldiers® (2)... 6. +. ee ee ee ee « mest "soldiers" (3)... 2 ee ee ee ee ee Mote re we "soldiers" (4)... 6 eee ee ee ee cmt me "soldiers" (5)... . 2 ee eee eee ee SH BBE Mead. wee ee ee ee ee ee "souad-leader" . . . 1 6 1 + ee ee ee + SB Chey) 10 “stablemaster" .. 6.664 ee ee ee es bey iw "standard-bearer", 2... eee 0 ee ee es $3h sryt eval ian ca@Slie te) cee e sees iets E B, Sequences of Rank/Title as Attested in the Egyptian Sources By lists of rank are meant those enumerations of ranks and titles found in the various sources, e.g., didactic texts, decrees, narratives, memberships of lawcourts, etc., and those included incidentally in the descriptive statenents which accompany scenes in reliefs, Not included are the enumera-9 tions of the various ranks held by an individual as attested in his protecol or blograpay, Since any conclusions derived from evidence of such a nature would be too subjective, For our purpose we define a list es containing at least two ranks. The Lists are studied here by thenselves, without any external evidence which wight be derived from the study of the ‘ndividual ranks and titles vhick are contained in them being utilized, This rill be done in the concluding portion of this ork, where the Lists rill be reexamined and supple- mented or corrected, 1f necessary, in the light of our re- searches on the individual ranke end titles, It should be noted that in some of these lists only military ranks occur, while in others non-military ranks and offices intervened between the military ranks, These have deen extracted, leaving only the military portions of the Lists, Likerise, those portions of the military lists coa- taining ranks and titles rh‘ch by their nature referred ex- clustvely to the charlotry have also been extracted and dealt vith separately. Of the totel of nine Lists rhich we have used, (refs.) €9, 120, 128, 143 - 144, 173, 207, 214, 223, 237, 238, 240), the Nauri Decree list is actually a synthesis of several sia- ilar lists (refs, 143 - 144), the Medinet Habu list is a synthesis of to lists (refs, 207, 214) one of which gives higher ran’s, and the other lower ones, and the Onomastica list is similerty a synthes‘s of two tists, that of P. Hood (ref. 237) and that of the Golenisheff Onomasticon (ref, 238)10 each of which is partially identical and partially supple- mentary to the other. These lists have been arranged in parallel columns (Tables 1 and 2) in such a manner that, ~ithout any manipule- tion on our part, the majority of those ranks which are common to more than one list occupy the seze slot in each list where they occur, Tt {s immediately striking that, ~hen this has been done, the otner ranks which precede or follor them with- in the individual lists, if they are also common to more than one list, occur almost rithout exception in exactly the sine relative sequences. We have therefore assumed as a wor'ing hypothesis for our future discussions of the in- dividual ranks and titles contained in the lists, that their Sequences as given ere generaity correct, It is further assumed and hoped that such discrenancies as do occur, may be etl her ex-lained or clarified by our study of the individual ranks and titles. We may, hovever, anticipate at this point, and state that “hen a sequence of tro ranks wh’ch occurs be= treen tro other ranks in one list is found in a transposed order in a second list, e.g., "Scribe, platoon-leader" in the P . Lansing tist and "platoon-leader, scribe” in the P, Butler list (of, Table 1), oth sequences falling betxeen the ranks of “adjutant” and “infantryuan", tt is reasonable to assume, 28 ~e have done, that they ~ere of about the same grade, That ts to say, their transposed or inverted se- avence ts of no great significance for the credibility of he lists. It ili also be immediately seen in sone cases,1 tant" and "charieteer", that, with different notably "adJ fications, they occur in tro different slots in the same lists, one fairly hig: aid one fairly lo~. This may, perhaps, be an ‘ndication that either there were tro differ= ent grades ~ith’n each rank, or that these were not ranks, wut titles ~hich could be borne by high and low-ranking officers alixe, We make no comment here, reserving it for our reconstruction of the Lists.S3STT 049 04 BuTpsoooe weATS ov seTITL/sUeY LaQuULJUT Jo QueMeZULIZY TeLLwIeG 11 eTQeL xeTPIos zeTPios RD 1897 IIO NO eqyso8 heute qetyeys —zeTieys ava dnogs -aem duca® “Tt 1004330 ~a1nkeee qeyveds eqrsos voy eqtaos -9NQTI3 stp esviquecsy aqyx9e eqTa9s UOT, eBuiquesse = -naqya3etD ‘Teoys JO 4a0y quegnt pe qereeq -paepueys sure kaa ~auvanfpe -quUynt pe uemAaquezUy UvMAEQUBZUT UBUsaqUEZUT UBUsTQUEZUT aepvey doory qerveq —_z0.rveq ~paepuvge -paepurys ‘Axyoyaeyo -quegnf pe jueynf pe 3804 ¥ Jo ys0y w JO Jepuswuos Jepuewmo. Aaquezuy Jo eqyaos zeoty -jo fare ZeoTJJo xVedzZJo sedqZJo £20371 Tu ATOZTL TO A083 FT TH jesoued — ersued z ex T a 9, yeeyen JO depuemmo /eaweq ~paepuegs qsoy ® Jo Jepusmuos eqtios repeey, -u0oqetd quegnfpe q0rveq ~pavpueys 4804 8 Jo Zepuemoa “wo stared xepeey ~u00qeTd eqyso8 guegnt pe Jerweq ~pawpueys e0Z ZO ~21ness0 4g0y ¥ Jo Jepusumos qeoqzz0 £x09 FT TH CO-EVT. TWety Teety Qemommey SB T4 sem NQSH POR = LOXNT §«9490QGV'd YOFUNR'd “8d FANwy seT4NG'g SupsueT 4B Onomastica Hanmamat Nauri Decree (237 -238) (240) (143-144) officer ror horses adjutant of chariotry charioteer charioteer charioteer of the Residence stablenaster stablemaster charioteer of the chariotry chariot- warrior Table 2: Parallel Arrangements of the Chariotry Ranks/ Titles a2 given in the ListsChapter II ARS OF SERVICE BC) the Army, Infantry, Soldiers 1. According to Wérterbuch, II, 155-156, m3‘ has a variety of military meanings, ranging from “das Heer, die Truppen" on the one hand, to "Soldaten" on the other, In addition Faulkner, JBA, 39, (1953), 42, Christophe, BIFAO 48, (1948), 32-24, and Breasted, The Battle of Kadesh, 8-10, have assigned to the tern the more restricted meaning of “a full division of soldiers", i.e., a fixed unit of the army, Occa= sionally the word is used to designate @ non-military body (Hb, loc, cit., no. 12). 2, Where m¥( is defined by the singular article (refs. 8, 16, 17, 19, 35, 44, 148, 151, 153, 155, passim), we may conclude that "the army" as a body of military people or people engaged in military activities was conceived of:as a single entity or totality, but that is all, We may not, on the basis of these references, conclude that this entity was fixed with regard to size or number. We may also not here lin view of the vast number of occurrences of the word m&<, the documentation for this term has been treated somewhat differently fron that of other "nilitary® vords with which we deal, It has deen chosen at random from those texts of a military nature vhich are typical for the New Kingdom, e.g., the Annals of Thutmose III, the texts of the battle of Kadesh, those of the battle scenes of Medinet Habu, etc, To these have been added, rather subjectively, certain selected texts which, in our opin‘on, will also contribute to our understanding of mit. “4wv that even when the singular article 1s used, the ord n&S itself 1s frequently written ~ith plural strokes. There- fore the plural strokes can be interpreted only as signify- ing that the word is a collective. 3. From a comparison of the "army" which Hatshepsut sent on the Punt expedition (refs, 11-12) with that of Thutmose III at the battle of Megiddo (ref. 19) which was $0 extensive that “its southern horn vas at the mountain Gouth of the val‘ey] of Kina and the northern horn (was) to the nortiwest of Meggiddo", we may conclude that tie size of an "ary" vas not fixeds the "arny" of the Punt expedition which vozld certainly have been limited by the number of ships ~hich made 1t up, could not have been very large. Wo such restriction sould have applied to Thutmose III's "army", To the contrary, ~e would expect that he had assembled as large a force as possible for his campaign. Then, if we take into consideration that the troops of Ramesses II at Kadesh, and similarly those of Seti I at Beth Shan (refs. 148, 151, 153, 163)"comprised several contingents, each an addition to these, A. Rove, "The Expedition at Beisan", PONE, 1927, 428-439, suggests the existence of an tarajt oP dathor et doth Shan’ in the Bighteenth Dynasty, on the basis of a standard-head depicting Hathor ‘ich he found there. However, it is not even certain that this was a military stand: for it vas found in the rubble in a root of a private house, and a military context cannot really be asstgned to it.16 called "the army" of a god. but that Ramesses generally speaks only of his “arny" which we. must assume consisted of all four cf the “amies" simultaneously and not any single one in particular, ~e must then again conclude that an “aruy", when conceived of as a Single entity or totality, contained no connotations of a fixed size. Consevuently ve are unable to follo~ Paulimer, Christophe, and Breasted in their understanding that m8¢ could mean a specific unit of the arcy. 4,,.Presuentiy the expression m§( occurs in contexts alongside of tne chariotry, ~here it is used to distinguish an arm of soldiers other than those of the chariotry; these could only have been “infantry", This is clearly shown by the folloring-randomly selected con- texts: "the chariotry was in battlelines beside him, his (ref. 38); "He (the prince of Kadesh) infantry was with him, has assembled to himself the princes .., their horses, their infantry" (ref, 14); "the place of making plans for your chariotry, the place of wustering your infantry" (ref. 95)3 "There has not been a lord who did for his infantry the 3 prom the adjective toy which, folloved by the genetive a, uscelty precedes the’ sctual nase, R. Fauliner, "Egyptian “Military Organization’ 39, 1953, 42) con cledes that thie sas the *tinee™ ee 32 eho ada Chrense leting tuyras the ordinal), ané suggests that this implies the extstence of a “second”, reserve arny of the same god, but one about which nothing is either knorn or directly attested, Our suggestion that try rae not an ord‘nel here but an adjective meaning "the foremost", or the like, would elininate the "second" arny theory,Ww things which my majesty did for your hearts: I perztitted you to sit in your villages »ithout performing the duty of ax infantryman, ly chariotry Likewise, I gave to them the road to their c‘ties" (ref. 159): "I registered the infantry and the chariotry" (ref. 98). 5. In the opposite direction, however, when m5 ~as used to deaote the entire arcy, it also imolicitly con= tained the understanding that it included chariotry as vell as infantry, This is conclusively shown in the biography of Amenemheb-Kehu (ref. 23) where he elaborates at length on his presence of mind in killing the mare vhich the prince of Kadesh sent into the ranks of the Egyptian “army” (mS¢), obviously to disrupt the horses of the Egyptian chariotry which oubt have been present, Similarly, in a list of plund- er from the battle of Megiddo (ref, 21) mention is made of "eight sundred and ninety-two chariots of his (the enemy) wretched arny", In the description of the crossing of the Aruna pass in the annals of Thutmose III (ref, 15) the king "went forth at the front of his army himself, and it ~as caused that very mar] knew his footsteps. Horse was behind hore, while fis majesty]vas on the vofnt of his army"; in the reply of the councillors of Ramesses III in a speech (ref, 215) it is stated that "the arny is collected; they are the bills of the land, being every vicked man of all ---, and betag all runners" (a chariotry designation). 6. Apparently a distinction was also made between