SBFS1103

FACULTY SCIENCE AND THECNOLOGY

JANUARI 2013

SBFS1103

THINKING SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING

MATRICULATION NO. IDENTITY CARD NO. TELEPHONE NO. E-MAIL LEARNING CENTRE

: : : : :

921001126593001 921001-12-6593 0145698719 mohdsufikar@yahoo.com OUM SANDAKAN

SBFS1103 TABLE OF CONTENTS m/s

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 DEFINITION 2.1 troubleshooting 2.2 decision

4 4 4

3.0 STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING 3.1 identification of environment problem 3.2 data analysis 3.3 formation of alternative 3.4 selection of alternative 3.5 implementation of alternative 3.6 evaluation & feedback

5 5 6 6 6 6 7

4.0 DESCRIPTION AND POBLEM SOLVING 4.1 statistical approach 4.2 collection of information based choice answer 4.3 chart average selection problem solving and description options

7 7 8 9

5.0 JUSTIFY MAKING DECISION BASE SOLUTION

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6.0 CONCLUTION

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7.0 REFERENCES

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SBFS1103 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Decision-making is important in life. According featuring Mohd (2003), the intellect is human nature to think, but in using common sense once in a while someone is making the wrong decision because he does not use his brain logic. What is important is that the decision must be taken for themselves, their families, organizations, communities and nations. Ahmad Hussain Meyer (1991) states that the decision is considered good if it is effective when implemented. Every decision made is rational but it is dependent on the situation surrounding the individual or group in making decisions. Situation analogous to affect decision-making. Decision is dependent on the efficiency of alternative choices through a variety of readily available through decision-making processes. The success of an organization is often associated with the leader because the leader is a person who determines the goals of an organization. In every leadership decision whether small, large or routine must be addressed. When aspects of the results are given attention, then all leaders plan and easier to perform and therefore whatever will achieve the desired goals can be met without involving a lot of trouble.

In most aspects of management, manager plays a significant character in the interest organization established in an environment. Managers are the people directly responsible for ensuring that work performed by persons or employees. Among the functions or manager role is to administer, coordinate resources efficiently and effectively. The aim, one of the important tasks in performing the functions of management is decision making. Decisionmaking can be defined as the process of identifying existing problems, generate alternative solutions, choose the best solution and implement the decisions made or the process of selecting a solution from several alternatives.

When discussing the decision, another important concept that should be considered is making a rational decision. Rational decision-making refers to making decisions based on facts and arguments is the best decision. However, not all decision makers can make rational decisions. This is due to the limitations of any existing or limit either in the environment or in the decision maker's own self.

Therefore, decision-makers in an organization are managers. In other words, the managers or decision makers in an organization is the person or party who sama.Dalam 3

SBFS1103 process technology development at present, in the environment of an organization are constantly changing. Thus, decision-makers must make decisions wisely.

2.0 DEFINITION

2.1 Troubleshooting

Some dictionaries define problem solving as:

(A) A question for consideration or solution ( WordNet 2.0, Princeton University, 2003).

(B) A question to be considered, solved or answered (The American Heritage Dictionary of the english Language, Fourth Edition, Updated 2009).

(C) Anything thing, person, etc., that are difficult taken action, settled or resolved (Collins english _ Complete and Unabridged Dictionary Sixth Edition 2003).

(D) Any other issues or matters that involve uncertainty, uncertainty, or difficulty (Dictionary.com Unabridged).

2.2 Decision Very important in the decision-making and management is the main task of a leader (manager). Decision (decision making) are processed by decision (decision maker) that result results (decision). Definition Decision According to Some Members:

G. R. Terry Decision cans is defined as "an alternative selection of a specific behavior from two or more Toggle available".

Harold Koontz and Cyril O'Donnel

SBFS1103 Decision is the selection between alternatives in a way act-is the core of planning. An article practically nothing, if there is no decision of a credible source, indication or reputation was made.

Theo Haiman The essence of all the planning is taking decisions, a selection of mode of action. In this we see the results as a way of acting that is chosen by the manager as the most effective means to achieve the target deployment and troubleshooting.

Drs. H. Malay S.P Hasibuan Decision making is a process of determining the best results from a number of alternatives to perform activities-activities in the future.

Chester I. Barnard Results are organizational behavior, interpersonal behavior berintisari and in the depiction of this decision process relative and may be said that the meaning of organizational behavior is more important than individual interests.

3.0 STRATEGIES IN DECISION MAKING

In making the best decision when faced a problem, understanding tips or steps to make that decision is very important to be understood. To understand the concept of making the right decision, in highlighting the six strategies or measures to make the perfect decision in problem solving.

3.1 Identification of Environmental Problems It is the first step in making a decision and this need is by looking at the environment problem. Factors that need to be taken in identifying environmental thinking for this problem is to first control problems. After that, the problem should be viewed in terms of the importance of the problem to be solved. Assess the degree of complexity of the problem is an important factor for research in identifying environmental problems and the last factor is assessing the long-time problems on arising need to be resolved with good results.

SBFS1103 3.2 Data Analysis Here of a strategy to assess the environment problems, not have been evaluated factors That will lead to a variety of data collection. The collected data need to be processed as soon as Possible to see Any possibility for sure and not sure That will happen in future decision making. Sure the probability is the result of data will Give the true picture of the problem and making Decisions uncertain probabilities while things are Possible That will happen as a result of the actions of decision-making.

3.3 Formation of Alternative This step is to design alternative or option to expand the range of design options or Selection Decisions based on the problem studied. It takes a view of the Borobudur Parties and the study through discussions, the Parties involved. This is very IMPORTANT Because the formation of alternative Decisions will provide design options, one of Selatan, will definitely be an option to Solve the problem. Expertise of the members appointed in the alternative formation is the bill to Ensure effective option.

3.4 Selection of Alternatives The third strategy in the strategic decision-making is to Consider alternative selection was done. Alternative selection must take into consideration whether the issues The annual selection take into account alternative control problem solving, decision-making options are appropriate, measurement of the Ability to exercise choice and decision making Decisions That diversity of terms not have been selected.

3.5 Implementation of Alternative Based on this strategy, the Implementation award of the Selection Decisions made and implemented. Features - That comment here play a role is the admissibility of actions undertaken in the interest of All Parties Involved about a particular problem. It is also rates necessary to look at the expectations are not sure That will be faced When the Implementation award of decision-making action performed. Alternative Provision of necessary assistance available samplers When making Decisions to deal with other problems without Having problems on the analyzed again and take a long time. Following the Implementation award of the action These Decisions need to see positive growth effect from time to time so the Objectives That cans be achieved problem solution.

SBFS1103 3.6 Evaluation & Feedback The last strategy in organizing the best decision-making is to do an assessment and to solicit feedback on the progress That has Been made. Top to Ensure That the Selected Alternative is The Most effective alternative. To measure the effectiveness of Toggle These, we must take into account the function of the effectiveness of decision-making tools or resources The annual respondents Provided research problems and data on the problem. That Evaluates Selection Decisions are capable of successfully solving problems. Growth from changes of efficiency problems solved as a result of effective decision making. Set this strategy to be Recorded as a reference When other problems arise. This is Able to Reduce the time and help study other problems to make more informed Decisions in the future.

4.0 DESCRIPTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING Referring to the situation to college RMC, research has identified the problem and it is due to the problems arising from the dependence on the main objectives of the RMC is to focus on student recruitment, offering a new program, student welfare, staff welfare and other problems that exist. As an independent consultant who has been appointed, a team was formed to identify the main causes of performance degradation based on the dependence of the RMC college as a source of problems. Consultants have taken action to make the classification problem by taking into account that high yields every problem is an issue that needs to be sorted out by the RMC college.

4.1 Statistical Approach The problems faced by RMC broken down into three main groups Using a set of feedback questions to the 100 Students and staff who were randomly selected to answer questions without prototypes Realized That the focus on problems in the face the by RMC. Three main groups of fractions are questions That Require prototypes to provide feedback to the problem to be solved IMPORTANT is the first based on priority. The breakdown of These questions are as below.

Code Choice

Score Group

Type Problems that Need Priority Given Solutions

SBFS1103 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 11- 14 6 - 10 0-5 College environment do change. Upgrading equipment and machinery must be implemented college. Extra-curricular activities should be increased. Handing over to the student in relation to planning outdoor activities. Student fundraising money required to be held by deduction loans. Provide the infrastructure for more advanced training workshop. Research on new module should do. Discontinuation of new courses and focus on courses available. The diversity of the learning process without too focused in class. Prioritization of matters relating to the welfare of students. Needs provision of more affordable trainers. Provision of career opportunities for career advancement for employees. Programs abroad courses for instructors. These revisions to the vision and mission of the college to be more forward. Upgrade rights related to employee welfare. Table 1: Code Choice and Statement of Problem Types 4.2 Collection of Information Based Choice Answers Based on the feedback form given to 100 people, which involves students and staff of the college, the following is a table of the answer choices given. All figures quoted in the table box represents a respondent answers to the most major alternative answers to the problems that need to be overcome for college RMC. 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2

Table 2: Distribution of answers of 100 respondents

SBFS1103 As stated earlier just now that, priority selection problem solution is broken down into three groups. The first group represents a digit from 0 to 5, the second group of 6 to 10 and the third group 11 to 14. When options can be seen in the distribution gather respondents are more options to the second group. It is more evident as illustrated in table 3.

Score Group 0-5 6 - 10 11- 14

Frequency 24 57 19

Level Medium high low

Table 3: Frequency of Respondents Answer Options

4.3 Chart Average Selection problem solving and Description Options To build a pie chart based on the table of distribution and frequency distribution of answers of respondents, as mentioned formula is used. Find the angle to produce a pie chart

Low level

Medium level

High level

Find the percentage of the produce pie charts

Low level

SBFS1103

Medium level

High level

= 19%

Preferential Option Chart Problem Solving College RMC

low 19%

medium 24%

high 57%

Chart 1: Chart Problem Solving Priority Choice College RMC

Based on the above pie chart can be explained that the respondent is more to choosing the scores of the second statement of the problem in figure 6 to 10 as the major problems that need to be resolved internally by the college RMC. When looking at the three fractions of 10

SBFS1103 scores, the issues become a problem college RMC is the matter of education-related problems such as the study of a new module, the diversity of learning approaches, promote students' welfare and the provision of a fully competent workforce. The findings will lead to a primary focus on college-related decision-making RMC about what problems need to be given priority to ensure the continued rapid RMC college and always prestigious.

5.0 JUSTIFY MAKING DECISIONS BASED SOLUTION. In making a decision based on the acquisition of resources to problem solving, creative thinking is billed to answer the question concerning the justification for the decision maker. Justification refers to the question of which involve the following decisions. Is it useful to resolve the problem? Necessary to realize that in this matter, there is a problem that more is needed from other problems. Therefore, you must first ask, what is the need to solve the problem you will study? That is, whether the designated problem is a problem whose solution would be beneficial, or pose a significant meaning? Is there wisdom needed for solving the problem? There are many methods to solve problems. You will need to make their own decisions on how wisely or methods which can be used to best advantage for solving problems of your choice. No doubt you need a knowledge of the formation of the sample, or the meaning of the correlation coefficient. In fact require calculation standard deviation and chi square arrangement. Does your choice is very interesting problem to be solved? Other problems, troubles and other levels. There is a problem that requires some time to resolve. Meanwhile, some problems require a long time, even up to be extended by researchers in the future. As a researcher, you need to find a target that is strong enough to make you feel so attracted to the problem. Perhaps your efforts are not getting support from colleagues or community out there. However, you need to instill passion to passion and your consistent effort is not broken in the middle of the road. Surely, you must be ready for criticism or face a skeptical reaction in defense of your problem immediately - preferably.

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SBFS1103 Is the problem bringing something new? As a researcher, you need to deepen your knowledge in the areas of tap, and trying to find something new in the world of knowledge. You should examine whether the problem was never investigated or not. You need to make sure whether the problem you try to solve it is something new for the old problem or whether new solutions will provide answers or suggestions to be implemented?

Problems relate to cases that confront the RMC college, studies to identify the causes of problems already described. What is important at this time is a wisdom college RMC to use all the data collected by the consultant for each matching decision making for the future of the college. It should be noted that what is important is the strength of the college to make the important factors that have been described as guidelines for decision making in solving setian problems have been identified. The basis of creative thinking course of action to be billed to ensure that decisions are best for college RMC continues to grow rapidly.

6.0 CONCLUSION The decision is the result of problem solving necessary to be done in a responsible manner. It is related to the answers to these questions about what to do 'and so on elements of planning decisions. Can also be argued that the decision was indeed the result of the thought process in the form of a selection between several alternatives that can be used to solve problems.

Once the meaning of the results presented, if necessary, was followed by a sense of "decision making". There are several definitions of the decision, in this case meaning the same decision in decision-making, such as the definition of alternative selection decision is the behavior of two or more alternative (leadership action to solve the problems in the organization led to the selection of an alternative between-possible alternatives).

From the explanation that we show in this paper we can conclude that the decision is a deliberate act, not an accident and can not be arbitrary in order to solve the problems faced by an organization. Where this decision and decided by the leadership suffered organizations concerned and to make good decisions that are in need of complete information about the problems, substance problems, problem solving, and the impact of the decision made. In addition to information, in problem solving are needed in the formulation of the problem 12

SBFS1103 well. Then create a problem of decision alternatives are accompanied by the effects of positive and negative angles. If all it can be submitted and searched accurately, the problem will be easier to resolve.

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SBFS1103

7.0 REFERENCES

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ManagerialSkills.org. Management Concepts for your Organization. online [available] http://www.managerialskills.org/management-concepts/

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http://www.netmba.com/strategy/process/ pembuatan keputusan. (n.d.). Retrieved december 23, 2008, from http://pembuatankeputusan.blogspot.com/2008/12/pengertian-pengambilan-keputusan.html raihana. (n.d.). pengenalan dalam membuat keputusan. Retrieved ogos 18, 2010, from http://pengurusanraiha.blogspot.com/2010/08/pengenalan-kepada-membuatkeputusan.html

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